<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001144204-18-025776.txt : 20180507
<SEC-HEADER>0001144204-18-025776.hdr.sgml : 20180507
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20180507172851
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001144204-18-025776
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-3
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		11
FILED AS OF DATE:		20180507
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20180507

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Synthetic Biologics, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000894158
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		IRS NUMBER:				133808303
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NV
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-224728
		FILM NUMBER:		18812317

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		617 DETROIT STREET, SUITE 100
		CITY:			ANN ARBOR
		STATE:			MI
		ZIP:			48104
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(734) 332-7800

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		9605 MEDICAL CENTER DRIVE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 270
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ADEONA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20081027

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	PIPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20061214

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	SHEFFIELD PHARMACEUTICALS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19970730
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-3
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>tv493141_s3.htm
<DESCRIPTION>S-3
<TEXT>
<HTML>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>As filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission on May 7, 2018</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Registration No. 333-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV ALIGN="LEFT" STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 2pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 100%">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>UNITED STATES </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Washington, D.C. 20549</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>FORM S-3</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>REGISTRATION STATEMENT </B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><IMG SRC="tv493141_logo01.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><I>(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified
in Its Charter)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 48%; text-align: center; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Nevada</B></FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>(State or Other Jurisdiction of</I></FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Incorporation or Organization)</I></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 4%; text-align: center; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 48%; text-align: center; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>13-3808303</B></FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>(I.R.S. Employer</I></FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Identification Number)</I></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Rockville, Maryland 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>(734) 332-7800</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><I>(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone
Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant&rsquo;s Principal Executive Offices)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Steven A. Shallcross</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Interim Chief Executive Officer and Chief
Financial Officer</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Rockville, Maryland 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>(734) 332-7800</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><I>(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and
Telephone Number, Including Area Code of Agent for Service)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B><I>With copies to:</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Leslie Marlow, Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Hank Gracin, Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Patrick J. Egan, Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>Gracin &amp; Marlow, LLP</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>The Chrysler Building</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>405 Lexington Avenue, 26th Floor</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>New York, New York 10174</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>(212) 907-6457</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the
public</B>: From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
the only securities being registered on this form are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please
check the following box. </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&uml;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under
the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check
the following box. </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&thorn;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check
the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for
the same offering. </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&uml;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list
the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&uml;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become
effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box. </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&uml;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated
filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions
of &ldquo;large accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; and &ldquo;emerging
growth company&rdquo; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 70%; padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large accelerated filer </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 30%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated filer </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated filer </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller reporting company </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Wingdings">o</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging growth company </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for
complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">o</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV ALIGN="LEFT" STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 2pt solid; width: 100%">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Title of each class of securities to be registered</TD><TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Amount to be<BR> registered/proposed<BR> maximum offering price<BR> per unit/proposed<BR> maximum aggregate<BR> offering price</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Amount of<BR> registration fee</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 70%; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 12%; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD NOWRAP STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">(1)(2)</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 12%; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">(1)(2)</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">Debt Securities</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">(1)</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">Warrants</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">(1)</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">Units</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">(1)</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">Total</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">200,000,000</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">(3)</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">24,900</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">(4)</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>
<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV ALIGN="LEFT" STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1pt solid; width: 25%">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(1)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">An unspecified number of securities or aggregate principal
amount, as applicable, is being registered as may from time to time be offered at unspecified prices.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(2)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Includes rights to acquire common stock of the Registrant
under any shareholder rights plan then in effect, if applicable under the terms of any such plan.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(3)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The proposed maximum aggregate offering price per class
of security will be determined from time to time by the Registrant in connection with the issuance by the Registrant of the securities
registered hereunder and is not specified as to each class of security pursuant to General Instruction II.D. of Form S-3 under
the Securities Act.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(4)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The registration fee has been calculated in accordance
with Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>The registrant hereby amends this registration
statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment
which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of
the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange
Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>EXPLANATORY
NOTE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 24.5pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in">This registration
statement contains two prospectuses:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&bull;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a
base prospectus, which covers the offering, issuance and sale by us of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $200,000,000
of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants to purchase our common stock, preferred stock or debt securities,
and/or units consisting of some or all of these securities; and</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&bull;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a
sales agreement prospectus covering the offering, issuance and sale by us of up to a maximum aggregate offering price of $14,870,000
of our common stock that may be issued and sold under a Sales Agreement dated August 5, 2016, as amended on May 7, 2018 with FBR
Capital Markets &amp; Co. (now known as B. Riley FBR, Inc.)</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 24.5pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The base prospectus
immediately follows this explanatory note. The specific terms of any securities to be offered pursuant to the base prospectus will
be specified in a prospectus supplement to the base prospectus. The sales agreement prospectus immediately follows the base prospectus.
The $14,870,000 of common stock that may be offered, issued and sold under the sales agreement prospectus is included in the $200,000,000
of securities that may be offered, issued and sold by us under the base prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; color: #DE1A1E"><B>The information in this
preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed
with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell nor does it seek
an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #DE1A1E"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: #DE1A1E"><B>Subject to Completion,
dated May 7, 2018.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><IMG SRC="tv493141_logo01.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>$200,000,000</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Common Stock<BR>
Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Debt Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Warrants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Units</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may offer and sell up to $200,000,000
in the aggregate of the securities identified above from time to time in one or more offerings. This prospectus provides you with
a general description of the securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each time we offer and sell securities,
we will provide a supplement to this prospectus that contains specific information about the offering and the amounts, prices and
terms of the securities. The supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus with respect to
that offering. You should carefully read this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement before you invest in any of our
securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may offer and sell the securities described
in this prospectus and any prospectus supplement to or through one or more underwriters, dealers and agents, or directly to purchasers,
or through a combination of these methods. If any underwriters, dealers or agents are involved in the sale of any of the securities,
their names and any applicable purchase price, fee, commission or discount arrangement between or among them will be set forth,
or will be calculable from the information set forth, in the applicable prospectus supplement. See the sections of this prospectus
entitled &ldquo;About this Prospectus&rdquo; and &ldquo;Plan of Distribution&rdquo; for more information. No securities may be
sold without delivery of this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement describing the method and terms of the offering
of such securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>This prospectus may not be used to sell
securities unless it is accompanied by a prospectus supplement.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES INVOLVES
RISKS. SEE THE &ldquo;RISK FACTORS&rdquo; ON PAGE 8 OF THIS PROSPECTUS AND ANY SIMILAR SECTION CONTAINED IN THE APPLICABLE PROSPECTUS
SUPPLEMENT CONCERNING FACTORS YOU SHOULD CONSIDER BEFORE INVESTING IN OUR SECURITIES.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our common stock is listed on the NYSE
American LLC under the symbol &ldquo;SYN.&rdquo; The last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE American LLC on May
3, 2018 was $0.23 per share. We urge prospective purchasers of our common stock to obtain current information about the market
prices of our common stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On February 22, 2018, the date we filed
our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, we became subject to the offering limits in General
Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3. As of the date of this prospectus, the aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates
pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3 is $44,622,699, which is calculated based on 114,799,845 shares of our common
stock outstanding held by non-affiliates and a price of $0.3887 per share, the closing price of our common stock on March 16, 2018,
which is the highest closing sale price of our common stock on the NYSE American LLC within the prior 60 days of this prospectus.
During the prior 12 calendar month period that ends on and includes the date hereof, we have not offered or sold any shares of
our common stock pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 to Form S-3.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Neither the Securities and Exchange
Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy
of the prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">The date of this prospectus is &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;,
2018</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 93%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 6%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_001"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">About this Prospectus</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_001"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">i</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_002"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Industry and Market Data</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_002"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ii</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_003"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Prospectus Summary</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_003"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_004"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Risk Factors</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_004"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_005"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_005"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#j_001">Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges and Preferred Stock Dividends</A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#j_001">9</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_006"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Use of Proceeds</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_006"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_007"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dividend Policy</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_007"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_008"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Description of Capital Stock</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_008"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_009"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Description of Debt Securities</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_009"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_010"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Description of Warrants</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_010"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_011"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Description of Units</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_011"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_012"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Legal Ownership of Securities</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_012"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_013"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Plan of Distribution</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_013"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">28</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_014"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Legal Matters</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_014"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_015"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Experts</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_015"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_016"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Where You Can Find More Information</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_016"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_017"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_017"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_018"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Disclosure of the Securities and Exchange Commission Position on Indemnification for Securities Act Liabilities</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_018"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></A></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>You should rely only on the information
we have provided or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or in any prospectus supplement. We have not authorized anyone
to provide you with information different from that contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus or in any prospectus
supplement. This prospectus and any prospectus supplement is an offer to sell only the securities offered hereby, but only under
circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. You should assume that the information contained in this prospectus
and in any prospectus supplement is accurate only as of their respective dates and that any information we have incorporated by
reference is accurate only as of the date of the document incorporated by reference, regardless of the time of delivery of this
prospectus or any prospective supplement or any sale of securities. The registration statement containing this prospectus, including
the exhibits to the registration statement, provides additional information about us and the common stock offered under this prospectus.
The registration statement, including the exhibits and the documents incorporated herein by reference, can be read on the Securities
and Exchange Commission website or at the Securities and Exchange Commission offices mentioned under the heading &ldquo;Where You
Can Find More Information.&rdquo;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_001"></A>ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus is part of a registration
statement that we filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, (the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;), using a &ldquo;shelf&rdquo;
registration process. By using a shelf registration statement, we may sell securities from time to time and in one or more offerings
up to a total dollar amount of $200,000,000 of securities as described in this prospectus. We have provided to you in this prospectus
a general description of the securities we may offer. Each time that we offer and sell securities under this shelf registration
statement, we will, to the extent required by law, provide a prospectus supplement to this prospectus that will contain specific
information about the securities being offered and sold and the specific terms of that offering. We may also authorize one or more
free writing prospectuses to be provided to you that may contain material information relating to these offerings. The prospectus
supplement and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you may also add, update or change information
contained in this prospectus with respect to that offering. If there is any inconsistency between the information in this prospectus
and the applicable prospectus supplement or any free writing prospectus, you should rely on the prospectus supplement or free writing
prospectus; provided that if any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a statement in another document having
a later date &mdash; for example, a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement or any related
free writing prospectus &mdash; the statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement.
Before purchasing any securities, you should carefully read both this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, together
with the additional information described under the heading &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information&rdquo; and &ldquo;Incorporation
of Certain Documents by Reference.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Unless otherwise stated or the context
otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to &ldquo;Synthetic&rdquo; the &ldquo;Company,&rdquo; &ldquo;we,&rdquo; &ldquo;our&rdquo;
and &ldquo;us&rdquo; refer to Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a Nevada corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless otherwise
specified. When we refer to &ldquo;you,&rdquo; we mean the holders of the applicable series of securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_002"></A>INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We obtained the industry and market data
in this prospectus from our own research as well as from industry and general publications, surveys and studies conducted by third
parties. These data involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates.
In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industry in which
we operate is necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described
in &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; and elsewhere in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus.
These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent
parties and by us.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_003"></A>PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>The
items in the following summary are described in more detail elsewhere in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference
herein. This summary provides an overview of selected information and does not contain all the information you should consider
before investing in our common stock. Therefore, you should carefully read the entire prospectus, any prospectus supplement and
any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with this offering, including the &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo;
section and other documents or information included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and any prospectus supplement
before making any investment decision</I></FONT><I>.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Our Business</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are a late-stage clinical company focused
on developing therapeutics designed to preserve the microbiome to protect and restore the health of patients. Our lead candidates
poised for Phase 3 development are: (1) SYN-004 (ribaxamase) which is designed to protect the gut microbiome from the effects of
certain commonly used intravenous (IV) beta-lactam antibiotics for the prevention of <I>C. difficile</I> infection (CDI), overgrowth
of pathogenic organisms and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and (2) SYN-010 which is intended to reduce the impact
of methane-producing organisms in the gut microbiome to treat an underlying cause of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation
(IBS-C). Our preclinical pursuits include an oral formulation of the enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) to treat both
local GI disorders and systemic diseases as well as monoclonal antibody therapies for the prevention and treatment of pertussis,
and novel discovery stage biotherapeutics for the treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Our Product Pipeline</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><IMG SRC="tv493141_img01.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">C- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Collaboration</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">I- Intrexon Collaboration</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">T- The University of Texas at Austin Collaboration</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">M &ndash; Scientific Collaboration with Massachusetts General
Hospital</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Summary of Clinical and Preclinical
Programs</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 22%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Therapeutic Area</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 17%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Product</B></FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Candidate</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 59%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Status</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD NOWRAP>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Prevention of CDI, overgrowth of pathogenic organisms and AMR (Degrade IV beta-lactam antibiotics)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SYN-004 (ribaxamase)</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(oral enzyme)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reported supportive Phase 1a/1b data (1Q 2015)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reported supportive topline data from two Phase 2a clinical trials (4Q 2015 &amp; 2Q 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Initiated Phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial (3Q 2015)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Received USAN approval of the generic name &ldquo;ribaxamase&rdquo; for SYN-004 (July 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Completed Enrollment of Phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial (3Q 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Awarded contract by the CDC (4Q 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Announced positive topline data from Phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial, including achievement of primary endpoint of
        significantly         reducing CDI (1Q 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Announced additional results from Phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial demonstrating SYN-004 (ribaxamase) protected and maintained
        the naturally occurring composition of gut microbes from antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis in treated patients (2Q 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Announced additional results from Phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial funded by a contract awarded by the CDC, demonstrating
        that SYN-004 (ribaxamase) prevented significant change to the presence of certain AMR genes in the gut resistome of patients receiving
        SYN-004 compared to placebo (3Q 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Presented additional supportive results regarding several exploratory endpoints from Phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial designed
        to evaluate SYN-004&rsquo;s (ribaxamase) ability to protect the gut microbiome from opportunistic bacterial infections and prevent
        the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the gut microbiome (4Q 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reached preliminary agreement with the FDA on a proposed Phase 3 clinical trial synopsis, including de-coupled co-primary endpoints
        designed to evaluate efficacy separate from safety in a patient population being treated with a representative selection of IV-beta-lactam
        antibiotics (1H 2018)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Anticipated End of Phase 2 meeting with FDA to solidify remaining elements of planned Phase 3 clinical trial (2H 2018)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Plan to initiate Phase 3 clinical trial(s) (2H 2019)</P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 22%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Treatment of IBS-C</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 17%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SYN-010</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(oral modified-release</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">lovastatin lactone)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 59%">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Collaboration with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reported supportive topline data from two Phase 2 clinical trials (4Q 2015 &amp; 1Q 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Received Type C meeting responses from FDA regarding late-stage aspects of clinical pathway (2Q 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Presented detailed data supporting previously reported positive topline data from two Phase 2 clinical trials at DDW (May 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Held End of Phase 2 meeting with FDA (July 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Confirmed key elements of Pivotal Phase 2b/3 clinical trial design pursuant to consultations with FDA (1Q 2017)</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 20.7pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.7pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Announced issuance of key U.S. composition of matter patent providing important intellectual property protection in the U.S until at least 2035 (Q2 2018)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Prevention of CDI, overgrowth of pathogenic organisms and AMR (Degrade IV carbapenem antibiotics)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">SYN-006</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(oral enzyme)</P></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Identified P2A as a potent carbapenemase that is stable in the GI tract</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Manufactured and formulated research lot for oral delivery (2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Demonstrated microbiome protection in a pig model if ertapenem administration (Q1 2018)</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Prevention of CDI, overgrowth of pathogenic organisms and AMR (Degrade oral beta-lactam antibiotics) </FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SYN-007</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(oral enzyme)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Preclinical work ongoing to expand the utility of SYN-004 (ribaxamase) for use with oral beta-lactam antibiotics</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Preserve gut barrier, treat local GI inflammation, restore gut microbiome</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SYN-020</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(oral IAP enzyme)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Generated high expressing manufacturing cell lines for intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) (1H 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Identified downstream process and potential tablet formulations (2H 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Ongoing preclinical efficacy studies</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Prevention and treatment of pertussis</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SYN-005</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(monoclonal antibody</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">therapies)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reported supportive preclinical research findings (2014)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        The University of Texas at Austin (&ldquo;UT Austin&rdquo;) received a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to support
        a preclinical study to evaluate the prophylactic capability of SYN-005 (4Q 2015)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reported supportive preclinical data demonstrating hu1B7, a component of SYN-005, provided protection from pertussis for five weeks
        in neonatal non-human primate study (Q2 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reported supportive preclinical data demonstrating that an extended half-life version of hu1B7, a component of SYN-005, provided
        protection from pertussis for five weeks in a non-human neonatal primate study (Q4 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Collaborations with Intrexon and UT Austin</P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Our Microbiome-Focused Pipeline</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our CDI and IBS-C programs are focused
on protecting the healthy function of the gut microbiome, or gut flora, which is home to billions of microbial species and composed
of a natural balance of both &ldquo;good&rdquo; beneficial species and potentially &ldquo;bad&rdquo; pathogenic species. When the
natural balance or normal function of these microbial species is disrupted, a person&rsquo;s health can be compromised. All of
our programs are supported by our growing intellectual property portfolio. We are maintaining and building our patent portfolio
through: filing new patent applications; prosecuting existing applications; and licensing and acquiring new patents and patent
applications. Our plan remains focused on the advancement of our two late-stage clinical programs. We continue to actively manage
resources in preparation for the late-stage clinical advancement of our two lead microbiome-focused clinical programs, including
our pursuit of successful and viable opportunities that will allow us to establish the clinical infrastructure and financial resources
necessary to successfully initiate and complete this plan.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Company History</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our predecessor, Sheffield Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., was incorporated in 1986, and in 2006 engaged in a reverse merger with Pipex Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation formed
in 2001. After the merger, we changed our name to Pipex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and in October 2008 we changed our name to Adeona
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. On October 15, 2009, we engaged in a merger with a wholly owned subsidiary for the purpose of reincorporating
in the State of Nevada. After reprioritizing our focus on the emerging area of synthetic biologics and entering into our first
collaboration with Intrexon, we amended our Articles of Incorporation to change our name to Synthetic Biologics, Inc. on February
15, 2012.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Corporate Information</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our executive offices are located at 9605
Medical Center Drive, Suite 270, Rockville, Maryland 20850. Our telephone number is (732) 332-7800, and our website address is
<I>www.syntheticbiologics.com</I>. The information contained on our website is not part of, and should not be construed as being
incorporated by reference into this prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>The Securities That May Be Offered</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may offer shares of our common stock
and preferred stock, various series of debt securities and /or warrants to purchase any of such securities, either individually
or in combination with other securities or as units, with a total value of up to $200,000,000 from time to time under this prospectus,
together with the applicable prospectus supplement and any related free writing prospectus, at prices and on terms to be determined
by market conditions at the time of any offering. This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we
may offer. Each time we offer a type or series of securities under this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement that
will describe the specific amounts, prices and other important terms of the securities, including, to the extent applicable:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">designation or classification;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">aggregate principal amount or aggregate offering price;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">maturity date, if applicable;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">original issue discount, if any;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">rates and times of payment of interest or dividends, if any;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">redemption, conversion, exercise, exchange or sinking fund terms, if any;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">ranking;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">restrictive covenants, if any;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">voting or other rights, if any;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">conversion or exchange prices or rates, if any, and, if applicable, any provisions for changes
to or adjustments in the conversion or exchange prices or rates and in the securities or other property receivable upon conversion
or exchange; and</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">material or special U.S. federal income tax considerations, if any.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The applicable prospectus supplement and
any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you may also add, update or change any of the information
contained in this prospectus or in the documents we have incorporated by reference. However, no prospectus supplement or free writing
prospectus will offer a security that is not registered and described in this prospectus at the time of the effectiveness of the
registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>THIS PROSPECTUS MAY NOT BE USED TO CONSUMMATE
A SALE OF SECURITIES UNLESS IT IS<BR>
ACCOMPANIED BY A PROSPECTUS SUPPLEMENT.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may offer and sell these securities
directly to investors or to or through one or more agents, underwriters, dealers or other third parties. We or underwriters, reserve
the right to accept or reject all or part of any proposed purchase of securities. If we do offer securities to or through agents
or underwriters, we will include in the applicable prospectus supplement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the names of those agents or underwriters;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">applicable fees, discounts and commissions to be paid to them;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">details regarding over-allotment options, if any; and</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the net proceeds to us.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may issue shares of our common stock
from time to time. We currently have authorized 350,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $.001 per share. We may offer shares
of common stock alone or underlying the registered securities convertible into or exercisable for our common stock. Each holder
of our common stock is entitled to one vote for each share on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders, including the
election of directors. Under our Articles of Incorporation as amended and amended and restated bylaws our stockholders do not have
cumulative voting rights. Because of this, the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election
of directors can elect all of the directors standing for election, if they should so choose. Subject to preferences that may be
applicable to any then-outstanding preferred stock, holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably those dividends, if
any, as may be declared from time to time by the board of directors out of legally available funds. In the event of our liquidation,
dissolution or winding up, holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in the net assets legally available for distribution
to stockholders after the payment of all of our debts and other liabilities and the satisfaction of any liquidation preference
granted to the holders of any then-outstanding shares of preferred stock. Holders of common stock have no preemptive, conversion
or subscription rights and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. The rights, preferences
and privileges of the holders of common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares
of any series of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may issue shares
of our preferred stock from time to time, in one or more series. Under our Articles of Incorporation, as amended, our board of
directors has the authority, without further action by the stockholders (unless such stockholder action is required by applicable
law or the rules of any stock exchange or market on which our securities are then traded), to designate and issue up to 10,000,000
shares of preferred stock in one or more series (of which 120,000 shares have been designated Series A Preferred Stock and are
outstanding), to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, to fix the rights, preferences
and privileges of the shares of each wholly unissued series and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereon and to
increase or decrease the number of shares of any such series, but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding.
Any authorized and undesignated shares of preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series pursuant to a resolution
or resolutions providing for such issue duly adopted by our Board of Directors (authority to do so being hereby expressly vested
in the Board of Directors). The Board of Directors is further authorized, subject to limitations prescribed by law, to fix by resolution
or resolutions the designations, powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, of
any wholly unissued series of preferred stock, including without limitation authority to fix by resolution or resolutions the dividend
rights, dividend rate, conversion rights, voting rights, rights and terms of redemption (including sinking fund provisions), redemption
price or prices, and liquidation preferences of any such series, and the number of shares constituting any such series and the
designation thereof, or any of the foregoing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The rights, preferences,
privileges and restrictions granted to or imposed upon any series of preferred stock that we offer and sell under this prospectus
and applicable prospectus supplements will be set forth in a certificate of designation relating to the series. We will incorporate
by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part the form of any certificate of designation that
describes the terms of the series of preferred stock we are offering before the issuance of shares of that series of preferred
stock. You should read any prospectus supplement and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you related
to the series of preferred stock being offered, as well as the complete certificate of designation that contains the terms of the
applicable series of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our board of directors may authorize the
issuance of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the
holders of the common stock. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions
and other corporate purposes, could, among other things, have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in our control
that may otherwise benefit holders of our common stock and may adversely affect the market price of the common stock and the voting
and other rights of the holders of common stock. It is not possible to state the actual effect of the issuance of any shares of
preferred stock on the rights of holders of common stock until the board of directors determines the specific rights attached to
that preferred stock. We have no current plans to issue any shares of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In this prospectus, we have summarized
certain general features of the preferred stock under &ldquo;Description of Capital Stock&mdash;Preferred Stock.&rdquo; We urge
you, however, to read the applicable prospectus supplement (and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be
provided to you) related to the series of preferred stock being offered, as well as the complete certificate of designation that
contains the terms of the applicable series of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Debt Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may offer general
debt obligations, which may be secured or unsecured, senior or subordinated and convertible into shares of our common stock. In
this prospectus, we refer to the senior debt securities and the subordinated debt securities together as the &ldquo;debt securities.&rdquo;
We may issue debt securities under a note purchase agreement or under an indenture to be entered between us and a trustee; forms
of the senior and subordinated indentures are included as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is
a part. The indentures do not limit the amount of securities that may be issued under them and provide that debt securities may
be issued in one or more series. The senior debt securities will have the same rank as all of our other indebtedness that is not
subordinated. The subordinated debt securities will be subordinated to our senior debt on terms set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement. In addition, the subordinated debt securities will be effectively subordinated to creditors and preferred stockholders
of our subsidiaries. Our Board of Directors will determine the terms of each series of debt securities being offered. This prospectus
contains only general terms and provisions of the debt securities. The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the particular
terms of the debt securities offered thereby. You should read any prospectus supplement and any free writing prospectus that we
may authorize to be provided to you related to the series of debt securities being offered, as well as the complete note agreements
and/or indentures that contain the terms of the debt securities. Forms of indentures have been filed as exhibits to the registration
statement of which this prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of
debt securities being offered will be incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part
from reports we file with the SEC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Warrants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may issue warrants for
the purchase of common stock and/or preferred stock and/or debt securities in one or more series. We may issue warrants
independently or in combination with common stock and/or preferred stock. In this prospectus, we have summarized certain
general features of the warrants under &ldquo;Description of Warrants.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We urge you, however, to read the applicable
prospectus supplement (and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you) related to the particular
series of warrants being offered, as well as the form of warrant and/or the warrant agreement and warrant certificate, as applicable,
that contain the terms of the warrants. We will file as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part,
or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of warrant and/or the warrant agreement and warrant
certificate, as applicable, that contain the terms of the particular series of warrants we are offering, and any supplemental agreements,
before the issuance of such warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Warrants may be issued under a warrant
agreement that we enter into with a warrant agent. We will indicate the name and address of the warrant agent, if any, in the applicable
prospectus supplement relating to a particular series of warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Units</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may offer units consisting of
any combination of our common stock,  preferred stock, debt securities and/or warrants to purchase any of these securities in
one or more series. We may evidence each series of units by unit certificates that we will issue under a separate agreement.
We may enter into unit agreements with a unit agent. Each unit agent will be a bank or trust company that we select. We
will indicate the name and address of the unit agent in the applicable prospectus supplement relating to a particular series
of units. This prospectus contains only a summary of certain general features of the units. The applicable prospectus
supplement will describe the particular features of the units being offered thereby. You should read any prospectus
supplement and any free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to you related to the series of units being
offered, as well as the complete unit agreements that contain the terms of the units. Specific unit agreements will contain
additional important terms and provisions and will be incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this
prospectus is apart from reports we file with the SEC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_004"></A>RISK FACTORS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>An investment in our securities involves
a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks discussed under the section captioned &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo;
contained in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K and in our subsequent quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, as updated by our
subsequent filings under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;), each of which is incorporated
by reference in this prospectus in its entirety, together with other information in this prospectus, and the information and documents
incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and any free writing prospectus that we have authorized for use in connection with
this offering before you make a decision to invest in our securities. If any of these events actually occur, our business, operating
results, prospects or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. This could cause the trading price of our
common stock to decline and you may lose all or part of your investment.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_005"></A>SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING
STATEMENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Some of the statements contained or incorporated
by reference in this prospectus may include forward-looking statements that reflect our current views with respect to our ongoing
and planned clinical trials, business strategy, business plan, financial performance and other future events. These statements
include forward-looking statements both with respect to us, specifically, and the biotechnology sector, in general. We make these
statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Statements that include
the words &ldquo;expect,&rdquo; &ldquo;intend,&rdquo; &ldquo;plan,&rdquo; &ldquo;believe,&rdquo; &ldquo;project,&rdquo; &ldquo;estimate,&rdquo;
&ldquo;may,&rdquo; &ldquo;should,&rdquo; &ldquo;anticipate,&rdquo; &ldquo;will&rdquo; and similar statements of a future or forward-looking
nature identify forward-looking statements for purposes of the federal securities laws or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">All forward-looking statements involve
inherent risks and uncertainties, and there are or will be important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially
from those indicated in these statements. We believe that these factors include, but are not limited to, those factors set forth
under the caption &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; in this prospectus and under the captions &ldquo;Risk Factors,&rdquo; &ldquo;Business,&rdquo;
and &ldquo;Management&rsquo;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,&rdquo; in our most recent
Annual Report on Form 10-K and our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, all of which you should review carefully. Please
consider our forward-looking statements in light of those risks as you read this prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus.
We undertake no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information,
future developments or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If one or more of these or other risks
or uncertainties materializes, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from
what we anticipate. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or individuals acting on our
behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this Note. Before purchasing any of our securities, you should consider carefully
all of the factors set forth or referred to in this prospectus that could cause actual results to differ.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;<B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="j_001"></A><B>RATIO OF
EARNINGS TO FIXED CHARGES AND PREFERRED STOCK DIVIDENDS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 24.5pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0; text-align: justify">The following summary is qualified by the
more detailed information appearing in the computation table found in Exhibit 12.1 to the registration statement of which this
prospectus is part and the historical financial statements, including the notes to those financial statements, incorporated by
reference in this prospectus. The following table sets forth our ratio of earnings to fixed charges for each of the periods indicated:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP COLSPAN="18" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Year Ended December&nbsp;31</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">2017</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">2016</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">2015</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">2014</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">2013</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 1pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 7%; text-align: right"></TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 7%; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 7%; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 7%; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 7%; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-indent: -12pt; padding-left: 12pt">Ratio of earnings to fixed charges (1)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left"></TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right">N/A</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">(2)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">N/A</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">(2)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">N/A</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">(2)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">N/A</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">(2)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">N/A</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">(2)</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; text-indent: -12pt; padding-left: 12pt">Ratio of
    earnings to fixed charges and preferred stock dividends (1)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right">&ndash;&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right">N/A</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">(2)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right">N/A </TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">(2)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right">N/A</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">(2)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: right">N/A</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: left">(2)</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">The ratio of earnings to fixed charges is calculated pursuant
                                                                                                                   to instructions of Item 503 of Regulation S-K and by dividing earnings by fixed charges.&nbsp; For this purpose,
                                                                                                                   &ldquo;earnings&rdquo; are determined by adding fixed charges to our income (loss) before income taxes adjusted for losses
                                                                                                                   allocated to the non-controlling interest in our subsidiaries
                                                                                                                   and
                                                                                                                   &ldquo;fixed
                                                                                                                   charges and preferred stock dividends&rdquo; consist solely of Preferred Stock Dividends.</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Earnings were insufficient to cover fixed charges for these
                                                                                                                   periods. We have not included a ratio of earnings to combined fixed charges and preferred stock dividends for the years
                                                                                                                   ended
                                                                                                                   December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013 because we did not have any preferred stock outstanding as of the dates thereof. The
                                                                                                                   amount of the deficiency to cover fixed charges and the combined fixed charge and preferred stock dividends for the year
                                                                                                                   ended December 31, 2017 was $25.9 million and $32.9 million, respectively. The
                                                                                                                   amount                                                                                                                    of
                                                                                                                   the
                                                                                                                   fixed charge coverage
                                                                                                                   deficiency was $38.7&nbsp;million,
                                                                                                                   $39.9&nbsp;million,
                                                                                                                   $20.5&nbsp;million, and
                                                                                                                   $12.3&nbsp;million for the years ended December&nbsp;31,  2016, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_006"></A>USE OF PROCEEDS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Unless otherwise set forth in the applicable
prospectus supplement, we intend to use the net proceeds, if any, from the sales of securities offered by this prospectus for general
corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, payment of general and administrative expenses and accounts payable,
increasing our working capital and funding research and development, clinical trials and capital expenditures. In addition, we
may use a portion of the net proceeds for licensing or acquiring intellectual property to incorporate into our products and product
candidates or our research and development programs. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to in-license, acquire or invest
in complementary businesses or products, and intellectual property, however, we have no current commitments or obligations to do
so.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The amounts and timing of our actual expenditures
will depend on numerous factors, including our development and commercialization efforts, as well as the amount of cash used in
our operations. We therefore cannot estimate with certainty the amount of net proceeds to be used for the purposes described above.
We may find it necessary or advisable to use the net proceeds for other purposes, and we will have broad discretion in the application
of the net proceeds. Pending the uses described above, we plan to invest the net proceeds from this offering in short-term, investment-grade,
interest-bearing securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_007"></A>DIVIDEND POLICY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
have never paid cash dividends on our common stock. Moreover, we do not anticipate paying periodic cash dividends on our
common stock for the foreseeable future. We intend to use all available cash and liquid assets in the operation and growth of
our business, subject to terms of any preferred stock or debt securities. Any future determination about the payment of dividends will
be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will be subject to the rights of any outstanding preferred stock and
will depend upon our earnings, if any, capital requirements, operating and financial conditions and on such other factors as
our board of directors deems relevant. The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to the shares of our common stock
with respect to dividend rights and holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of
2.0% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears, as set forth in the Certificate of Designation of Series A Convertible
Preferred Stock</FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_008"></A>DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Authorized Capital</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our authorized capital consists of 350
million shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 10 million shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share.
As of May 7, 2018, 128,566,886 shares of common stock were issued and outstanding, and 120,000 shares of preferred stock were issued
and outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Common Stock</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may issue shares of our common stock
from time to time. We currently have authorized 350,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $.001 per share. We may offer shares
of common stock alone or underlying the registered securities convertible into or exercisable for our common stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>Voting. </I>The
holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders,
including the election of directors, and do not have cumulative voting rights. Accordingly, the holders of a majority of the shares
of our common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors can elect all of the directors standing for election.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>Dividends. </I>Subject
to preferences that may be applicable to any then outstanding preferred stock, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive
dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our board of directors out of legally available funds.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>Liquidation.</I>
In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of our common stock will be entitled to share ratably in the
net assets legally available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all of our debts and other liabilities, subject
to the satisfaction of any liquidation preference granted to the holders of any then outstanding shares of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>Rights and Preferences.</I>
The holders of our common stock have no preemptive, conversion or subscription rights, and there are no redemption or sinking fund
provisions applicable to our common stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of our common stock are subject
to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of our preferred stock that we may designate
and issue in the future.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>Fully Paid and Nonassessable</I>.
All of our outstanding shares of common stock are, and the shares of common stock to be issued under this prospectus will be, fully
paid and nonassessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In this prospectus,
we have summarized certain general features of our common stock under &ldquo;Description of Capital Stock&mdash;Common Stock.&rdquo;
We urge you, however, to read the applicable prospectus supplement (and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize
to be provided to you) related to any common stock being offered.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Preferred Stock</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our Board of Directors has the authority,
without action by our stockholders, to designate and issue up to 10 million shares of preferred stock in one or more series or
classes and to designate the rights, preferences and privileges of each series or class, which may be greater than the rights of
our common stock. It is not possible to state the actual effect of the issuance of any shares of preferred stock upon the rights
of holders of our common stock until our Board of Directors determines the specific rights of the holders of the preferred stock.
However, the effects might include:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.15in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">restricting dividends on our common stock;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.15in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">diluting the voting power of our common stock;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.15in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">impairing liquidation rights of our common stock; or</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.15in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.15in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">delaying or preventing a change in control of us without
further action by our stockholders.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Board of Directors&rsquo; authority
to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire control of our
company, and could discourage such attempt. We have no present plans to issue any shares of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Series A Preferred</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We had 120,000 shares of Series A Preferred
Stock outstanding as of May 7, 2018.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior
to the shares of our common stock, and any other class or series of stock issued by us with respect to dividend rights, redemption
rights and rights on the distribution of assets on our voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up. Holders
of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of 2.0% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears,
as set forth in the Certificate of Designation of Series A Preferred Stock classifying the Series A Preferred Stock. The Series
A Preferred Stock is convertible at the option of the holders at any time into shares of common stock at an initial conversion
price of $0.54 per share, subject to certain customary anti-dilution adjustments.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Any conversion of Series A Preferred Stock
may be settled by us in shares of common stock only.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The holder&rsquo;s ability to convert the
Series A Preferred Stock into common stock is subject to (i) a 19.99% blocker provision to comply with NYSE American Listing Rules,
(ii) if so elected by the holder, a 4.99% blocker provision that will prohibit beneficial ownership of more than 4.99% of our
outstanding shares common stock or voting power at any time, and (iii) applicable regulatory restrictions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In the event of our liquidation, dissolution
or winding-up, holders of the Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to a preference on liquidation equal to the greater of (i)
an amount per share equal to the stated value plus any accrued and unpaid dividends on such share of Series A Preferred Stock (the
&ldquo;Accreted Value&rdquo;), and (ii) the amount such holders would receive in such liquidation if they converted their shares
of Series A Preferred Stock (based on the Accreted Value and without regard to any conversion limitation) into shares of the common
stock immediately prior to any such liquidation, dissolution or winding-up (the greater of (i) and (ii), is referred to as the
&ldquo;Liquidation Value&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Except as otherwise required by law, the
holders of Series A Preferred Stock have no voting rights, other than customary protections against adverse amendments and issuance
of <I>pari passu</I> or senior preferred stock. Upon certain change of control events involving our company, we will be required
to repurchase all of the Series A Preferred Stock at a redemption price equal to the greater of (i) the Accreted Value and (ii)
the amount that would be payable upon a change of control (as defined in the Certificate of Designation) in respect of common stock
issuable upon conversion of such share of Series A Preferred Stock if all outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock were converted
into common stock immediately prior to the change of control.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On or at any time after (i) the VWAP (as
defined in the Certificate of Designation) for at least 20 trading days in any 30 trading day period is greater than $2.00, subject
to adjustment in the case of stock split, stock dividends or the like we have the right, after providing notice not less than 6
months prior to the redemption date, to redeem, in whole or in part, on a pro rata basis from all holders thereof based on the
number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock then held, the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock, for cash, at a redemption price
per share of Series A Preferred Stock of $225.00, subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of any stock dividend, stock split,
combination or other similar recapitalization with respect to the Series A  Preferred Stock, or (ii) the five year anniversary
of the issue date, we have the right to redeem, in whole or in part, on a pro rata basis from all holders thereof based on the
number of shares of Series A  Preferred Stock then held, the outstanding Series A Preferred Stock, for cash, at a redemption
price per share equal to the Liquidation Value.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Warrants</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As of May 7, 2018, we had issued and outstanding
a total of 32,054,809 warrants to purchase our common stock outstanding at a weighted-average price of $1.50.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On November 18, 2016, we completed
a public offering of 25,000,000 shares of common stock in combination with accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate
of 50,000,000 shares of the common stock, of which warrants to purchase 25,000,000 shares of common stock are outstanding
(the &ldquo;Series A Warrants&rdquo;). The initial per share exercise price of the Series A Warrants is $1.43 subject to adjustment as specified in the
warrant agreements. The Series A Warrants may be exercised at any time until the four-year anniversary of the issuance date.
The warrants include a provision that if we were to enter into a certain transaction, as defined in the agreement, the
warrants would be purchased from the holder for cash.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On October 10, 2014, we issued 14,059,616
units at a price of $1.47 per unit to certain institutional investors in a registered direct offering, each unit consisted of one
share of our common stock and a warrant to purchase 0.5 shares of common stock. The warrants, exercisable for an aggregate of 7,029,808
shares of common stock, have an exercise price of $1.75 per share and a life of five years. The warrants vested immediately and
expire on October 10, 2019.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Options</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As of May 7, 2018,
options to purchase an aggregate of 12,168,515 shares of common stock were outstanding under our equity incentive plans.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Stockholder Registration Rights</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are party to a registration rights agreement
(the &ldquo;Registration Rights Agreement&rdquo;) that provides the holder of the Series A Preferred Stock with certain registration
rights. Pursuant to the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement, we agreed to file a registration statement covering resales
of the shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock with the SEC within 60 days following receipt
of a request at any time (as long as it beneficially owns at least ten percent (10%) of our common stock then outstanding or is
otherwise deemed our affiliate) and to use reasonable best efforts to have the registration statement declared effective within
120 days following receipt of such request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have agreed to pay certain penalties
if the registration statement is not declared effective by the SEC on or before the required deadline. After that deadline and
until such time as the registration statement is declared effective (or until we are no longer required to cause the registration
statement to be declared effective), we will be required to pay additional liquidated damages.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Anti-Takeover Effects of Certain Provisions
of our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our Articles of Incorporation, as
amended, and amended and restated bylaws contain certain provisions that may have anti-takeover effects, making it more
difficult for or preventing a third party from acquiring control of the Company or changing its board of directors and
management. According to our Amended and Restated Bylaws and Articles of Incorporation, neither the holders of our common
stock nor the holders of any preferred stock we may issue in the future have cumulative voting rights in the election of our
directors. The lack of cumulative voting makes it more difficult for other stockholders to replace our board of directors or
for a third party to obtain control of our company by replacing its board of directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Authorized
but Unissued Shares</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our authorized
but unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock will be available for future issuance without stockholder approval. We may use
additional shares for a variety of purposes, including future public offerings to raise additional capital, to fund acquisitions
and as employee compensation. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock could render
more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of us by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Anti-Takeover Effects of Nevada Law</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Business Combinations</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The
&ldquo;business combination&rdquo; provisions of Sections 78.411 to 78.444, inclusive, of the Nevada Revised Statute (the
&ldquo;NRS&rdquo;) generally prohibit a Nevada corporation with at least 200 stockholders from engaging in various
&ldquo;combination&rdquo; transactions with any interested stockholder for a period of two years after the date of the
transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the transaction is approved by the board of
directors prior to the date the interested stockholder obtained such status or the combination is approved by the board of
directors and thereafter is approved at a meeting of the stockholders by the affirmative vote of stockholders representing at
least 60% of the outstanding voting power held by disinterested stockholders, and extends beyond the expiration of the
two-year period, unless:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><B>&middot;</B></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the
combination was approved by the board of directors prior to the person becoming an interested stockholder or the transaction by
which the person first became an interested stockholder was approved by the board of directors before the person became an interested
stockholder or the combination is later approved by a majority of the voting power held by disinterested stockholders; or</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt"><B>&middot;</B></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if
the consideration to be paid by the interested stockholder is at least equal to the highest of: (a) the highest price per share
paid by the interested stockholder within the two years immediately preceding the date of the announcement of the combination
or in the transaction in which it became an interested stockholder, whichever is higher, (b) the market value per share of common
stock on the date of announcement of the combination and the date the interested stockholder acquired the shares, whichever is
higher, or (c) for holders of preferred stock, the highest liquidation value of the preferred stock, if it is higher.</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A &ldquo;combination&rdquo; is generally
defined to include mergers or consolidations or any sale, lease exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer, or other disposition, in
one transaction or a series of transactions, with an &ldquo;interested stockholder&rdquo; having: (a) an aggregate market value
equal to 5% or more of the aggregate market value of the assets of the corporation, (b) an aggregate market value equal to 5% or
more of the aggregate market value of all outstanding shares of the corporation, (c) 10% or more of the earning power or net income
of the corporation, and (d) certain other transactions with an interested stockholder or an affiliate or associate of an interested
stockholder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In general, an &ldquo;interested stockholder&rdquo;
is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns (or within two years, did own) 10% or more of a corporation&rsquo;s
voting stock. The statute could prohibit or delay mergers or other takeover or change in control attempts and, accordingly, may
discourage attempts to acquire our company even though such a transaction may offer our stockholders the opportunity to sell their
stock at a price above the prevailing market price.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Control Share Acquisitions</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The &ldquo;control share&rdquo; provisions
of Sections 78.378 to 78.3793, inclusive, of the NRS apply to &ldquo;issuing corporations&rdquo; that are Nevada corporations with
at least 200 stockholders, including at least 100 stockholders of record who are Nevada residents, and that conduct business directly
or indirectly in Nevada. The control share statute prohibits an acquirer, under certain circumstances, from voting its shares of
a target corporation&rsquo;s stock after crossing certain ownership threshold percentages, unless the acquirer obtains approval
of the target corporation&rsquo;s disinterested stockholders. The statute specifies three thresholds: one-fifth or more but less
than one-third, one-third but less than a majority, and a majority or more, of the outstanding voting power. Generally, once an
acquirer crosses one of the above thresholds, those shares in an offer or acquisition and acquired within 90 days thereof become
&ldquo;control shares&rdquo; and such control shares are deprived of the right to vote until disinterested stockholders restore
the right. These provisions also provide that if control shares are accorded full voting rights and the acquiring person has acquired
a majority or more of all voting power, all other stockholders who do not vote in favor of authorizing voting rights to the control
shares are entitled to demand payment for the fair value of their shares in accordance with statutory procedures established for
dissenters&rsquo; rights.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A corporation may elect to not be governed
by, or &ldquo;opt out&rdquo; of, the control share provisions by making an election in its articles of incorporation or bylaws,
provided that the opt-out election must be in place on the 10th day following the date an acquiring person has acquired a controlling
interest, that is, crossing any of the three thresholds described above. We have not opted out of the control share statutes, and
will be subject to these statutes if we are an &ldquo;issuing corporation&rdquo; as defined in such statutes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The effect of the Nevada control share
statutes is that the acquiring person, and those acting in association with the acquiring person, will obtain only such voting
rights in the control shares as are conferred by a resolution of the stockholders at an annual or special meeting. The Nevada control
share law, if applicable, could have the effect of discouraging takeovers of our company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Transfer Agent
and Registrar</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The transfer agent
and registrar for our common stock is Corporate Stock Transfer, Inc. The transfer agent&rsquo;s address is 3200 Cherry Creek South
Drive, Suite 430, Denver, Colorado 80209. The transfer agent for any series of preferred stock that we may offer under this prospectus
will be named and described in the prospectus supplement for that series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Listing on
the NYSE American LLC</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Our common stock is listed on the NYSE American LLC under the
symbol &ldquo;SYN.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_009"></A>DESCRIPTION OF DEBT SECURITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following description, together with
the additional information we include in any applicable prospectus supplements or free writing prospectuses, summarizes the material
terms and provisions of the debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus. We may issue debt securities, in one or more
series, as either senior or subordinated debt or as senior or subordinated convertible debt. While the terms we have summarized
below will apply generally to any future debt securities we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms
of any debt securities that we may offer in more detail in the applicable prospectus supplement or free writing prospectus. The
terms of any debt securities we offer under a prospectus supplement may differ from the terms we describe below. However, no prospectus
supplement shall fundamentally change the terms that are set forth in this prospectus or offer a security that is not registered
and described in this prospectus at the time of its effectiveness. As of the date of this prospectus, we have no outstanding registered
debt securities. Unless the context requires otherwise, whenever we refer to the &ldquo;indentures,&rdquo; we also are referring
to any supplemental indentures that specify the terms of a particular series of debt securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will issue any senior debt securities
under the senior indenture that we will enter into with the trustee named in the senior indenture. We will issue any subordinated
debt securities under the subordinated indenture and any supplemental indentures that we will enter into with the trustee named
in the subordinated indenture. We have filed forms of these documents as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this
prospectus is a part, and supplemental indentures and forms of debt securities containing the terms of the debt securities being
offered will be filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part or will be incorporated by reference
from reports that we file with the SEC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The indentures will be qualified under
the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the &ldquo;Trust Indenture Act&rdquo;). We use the term &ldquo;trustee&rdquo; to refer
to either the trustee under the senior indenture or the trustee under the subordinated indenture, as applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following summaries of material provisions
of the senior debt securities, the subordinated debt securities and the indentures are subject to, and qualified in their entirety
by reference to, all of the provisions of the indenture and any supplemental indentures applicable to a particular series of debt
securities. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements and any related free writing prospectuses related to the
debt securities that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete indentures that contain the terms of the debt
securities. Except as we may otherwise indicate, the terms of the senior indenture and the subordinated indenture are identical.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>General</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The terms of each series of debt securities
will be established by or pursuant to a resolution of our Board of Directors and set forth or determined in the manner provided
in an officers&rsquo; certificate or by a supplemental indenture. Debt securities may be issued in separate series without limitation
as to aggregate principal amount. We may specify a maximum aggregate principal amount for the debt securities of any series. We
will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the terms of the series of debt securities being offered, including:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the title;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the principal amount being offered and if a series, the total amount authorized and the total amount outstanding;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any limit on the amount that may be issued;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether or not we will issue the series of debt securities in global form and, if so, the terms and who the depositary will be;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the maturity date;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether and under what circumstances, if any, we will pay additional amounts on any debt securities held by a person who is not a United States person for tax purposes, and whether we can redeem the debt securities if we have to pay such additional amounts;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the annual interest rate, which may be fixed or variable, or the method for determining the rate and the date interest will begin to accrue, the dates interest will be payable and the regular record dates for interest payment dates or the method for determining such dates;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether or not the debt securities will be secured or unsecured, and the terms of any secured debt;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the terms of the subordination of any series of subordinated debt;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the place where payments will be made;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">restrictions on transfer, sale or other assignment, if any;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our right, if any, to defer payment of interest and the maximum length of any such deferral period;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the date, if any, after which, and the price at which, we may, at our option, redeem the series of debt securities pursuant to any optional or provisional redemption provisions and the terms of those redemption provisions;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">provisions for a sinking fund purchase or other analogous fund, if any, including the date, if any, on which, and the price at which we are obligated, pursuant thereto or otherwise, to redeem, or at the holder&rsquo;s option, to purchase, the series of debt securities and the currency or currency unit in which the debt securities are payable;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">whether the indenture will restrict our ability or the ability of our subsidiaries to:</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 1.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">incur additional indebtedness;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 1.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">issue additional securities;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 1.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">create liens;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 1.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">pay dividends or make distributions in respect of our capital
stock or the capital stock of our subsidiaries;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 1.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">redeem capital stock;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 1.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">place restrictions on our subsidiaries&rsquo; ability to
pay dividends, make distributions or transfer assets;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 1.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">make investments or other restricted payments;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 1.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">sell or otherwise dispose of assets;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 1.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">enter into sale-leaseback transactions;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 1.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">engage in transactions with stockholders or affiliates;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 1.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">issue or sell stock of our subsidiaries; or</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 1.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">o</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">effect a consolidation or merger;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether the indenture will require us to maintain any interest
coverage, fixed charge, cash flow-based, asset-based or other financial ratios;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">a discussion of certain material or special United States
federal income tax considerations applicable to the debt securities;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">information describing any book-entry features;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the applicability of the provisions in the indenture on
discharge;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">whether the debt securities are to be offered at a price
such that they will be deemed to be offered at an &ldquo;original issue discount&rdquo; as defined in paragraph (a) of Section
1273 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the denominations in which we will issue the series of
debt securities, if other than denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the currency of payment of debt securities if other than
U.S. dollars and the manner of determining the equivalent amount in U.S. dollars; and</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: justify">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations
of, or restrictions on, the debt securities, including any additional events of default or covenants provided with respect to
the debt securities, and any terms that may be required by us or advisable under applicable laws or regulations.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Conversion or Exchange Rights</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will set forth in the applicable prospectus
supplement the terms under which a series of debt securities may be convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock, our
preferred stock or other securities (including securities of a third party). We will include provisions as to whether conversion
or exchange is mandatory, at the option of the holder or at our option. We may include provisions pursuant to which the number
of shares of our common stock, our preferred stock or other securities (including securities of a third party) that the holders
of the series of debt securities receive would be subject to adjustment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Consolidation, Merger or Sale</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus
supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, the indentures will not contain any covenant that restricts our
ability to merge or consolidate, or sell, convey, transfer or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets. However,
any successor to or acquirer of such assets must assume all of our obligations under the indentures or the debt securities, as
appropriate. If the debt securities are convertible into or exchangeable for our other securities or securities of other entities,
the person with whom we consolidate or merge or to whom we sell all of our property must make provisions for the conversion of
the debt securities into securities that the holders of the debt securities would have received if they had converted the debt
securities before the consolidation, merger or sale.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Events of Default under the Indenture</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Unless we provide otherwise in the prospectus supplement applicable
to a particular series of debt securities, the following are events of default under the indentures with respect to any series
of debt securities that we may issue:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if we fail to pay interest when due and payable and our
failure continues for 90 days and the time for payment has not been extended;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if we fail to pay the principal, premium or sinking fund
payment, if any, when due and payable at maturity, upon redemption or repurchase or otherwise, and the time for payment has not
been extended;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if we fail to observe or perform any other covenant contained
in the debt securities or the indentures, other than a covenant specifically relating to another series of debt securities, and
our failure continues for 90 days after we receive notice from the trustee or we and the trustee receive notice from the holders
of at least 25%  of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of the applicable series; and</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if specified events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization
occur.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will describe in each applicable prospectus
supplement any additional events of default relating to the relevant series of debt securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If an event of default with respect to
debt securities of any series occurs and is continuing, other than an event of default specified in the last bullet point above,
the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series, by
notice to us in writing, and to the trustee if notice is given by such holders, may declare the unpaid principal, premium, if any,
and accrued interest, if any, due and payable immediately. If an event of default arises due to the occurrence of certain specified
bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization events, the unpaid principal, premium, if any, and accrued interest, if any, of each issue
of debt securities then outstanding shall be due and payable without any notice or other action on the part of the trustee or any
holder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The holders of a majority in principal
amount of the outstanding debt securities of an affected series may waive any default or event of default with respect to the series
and its consequences, except defaults or events of default regarding payment of principal, premium, if any, or interest, unless
we have cured the default or event of default in accordance with the indenture. Any waiver shall cure the default or event of default.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Subject to the terms of the indentures,
if an event of default under an indenture shall occur and be continuing, the trustee will be under no obligation to exercise any
of its rights or powers under such indenture at the request or direction of any of the holders of the applicable series of debt
securities, unless such holders have offered the trustee reasonable indemnity or security satisfactory to it against any loss,
liability or expense. The holders of a majority in principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of any series will have
the right to direct the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the trustee, or exercising
any trust or power conferred on the trustee, with respect to the debt securities of that series, provided that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the direction so given by the holder is not in conflict
with any law or the applicable indenture; and</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">subject to its duties under the Trust Indenture Act, the
trustee need not take any action that might involve it in personal liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the holders not
involved in the proceeding.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The indentures provide that if an event
of default has occurred and is continuing, the trustee will be required in the exercise of its powers to use the degree of care
that a prudent person would use in the conduct of its own affairs. The trustee, however, may refuse to follow any direction that
conflicts with law or the indenture, or that the trustee determines is unduly prejudicial to the rights of any other holder of
the relevant series of debt securities, or that would involve the trustee in personal liability. Prior to taking any action under
the indentures, the trustee will be entitled to indemnification against all costs, expenses and liabilities that would be incurred
by taking or not taking such action.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A holder of the debt securities of any
series will have the right to institute a proceeding under the indentures or to appoint a receiver or trustee, or to seek other
remedies only if:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the holder has given written notice to the trustee of a
continuing event of default with respect to that series;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount
of the outstanding debt securities of that series have made a written request and such holders have offered reasonable indemnity
to the trustee or security satisfactory to it against any loss, liability or expense or to be incurred in compliance with instituting
the proceeding as trustee; and</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the trustee does not institute the proceeding, and does
not receive from the holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of that series other
conflicting directions within 90 days after the notice, request and offer.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">These limitations do not apply to a suit
instituted by a holder of debt securities if we default in the payment of the principal, premium, if any, or interest on, the debt
securities, or other defaults that may be specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will periodically file statements with
the trustee regarding our compliance with specified covenants in the indentures.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The indentures provide that if a default
occurs and is continuing and is actually known to a responsible officer of the trustee, the trustee must mail to each holder notice
of the default within the earlier of 90 days after it occurs and 30 days after it is known by a responsible officer of the trustee
or written notice of it is received by the trustee, unless such default has been cured or waived. Except in the case of a default
in the payment of principal or premium of, or interest on, any debt security or certain other defaults specified in an indenture,
the trustee shall be protected in withholding such notice if and so long as the Board of Directors, the executive committee or
a trust committee of directors, or responsible officers of the trustee, in good faith determine that withholding notice is in the
best interests of holders of the relevant series of debt securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Modification of Indenture; Waiver</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Subject to the terms of the indenture for
any series of debt securities that we may issue, we and the trustee may change an indenture without the consent of any holders
with respect to the following specific matters:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to fix any ambiguity, defect or inconsistency in the indenture;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to comply with the provisions described above under &ldquo;Description
of Debt Securities &mdash;Consolidation, Merger or Sale;&rdquo;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to comply with any requirements of the SEC in connection
with the qualification of any indenture under the Trust Indenture Act;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to add to, delete from or revise the conditions, limitations
and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms or purposes of issue, authentication and delivery of debt securities, as set
forth in the indenture;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to provide for the issuance of, and establish the form
and terms and conditions of, the debt securities of any series as provided under &ldquo;Description of Debt Securities &mdash;
General,&rdquo; to establish the form of any certifications required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of the indenture or
any series of debt securities, or to add to the rights of the holders of any series of debt securities;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment
hereunder by a successor trustee;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to provide for uncertificated debt securities and to make
all appropriate changes for such purpose;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to add such new covenants, restrictions, conditions or
provisions for the benefit of the holders, to make the occurrence, or the occurrence and the continuance, of a default in any
such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an event of default or to surrender any right or power conferred
to us in the indenture; or</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">to change anything that does not adversely affect the interests
of any holder of debt securities of any series in any material respect.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In addition, under the indentures, the
rights of holders of a series of debt securities may be changed by us and the trustee with the written consent of the holders of
at least a majority in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding debt securities of each series that is affected. However,
subject to the terms of the indenture for any series of debt securities that we may issue or otherwise provided in the prospectus
supplement applicable to a particular series of debt securities, we and the trustee may only make the following changes with the
consent of each holder of any outstanding debt securities affected:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">extending the stated maturity of the series of debt securities;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">reducing the principal amount, reducing the rate of or
extending the time of payment of interest, or reducing any premium payable upon the redemption or repurchase of any debt securities;
or</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">reducing the percentage of debt securities, the holders
of which are required to consent to any amendment, supplement, modification or waiver.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Discharge</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each indenture provides that, subject to
the terms of the indenture and any limitation otherwise provided in the prospectus supplement applicable to a particular series
of debt securities, we may elect to be discharged from our obligations with respect to one or more series of debt securities, except
for specified obligations, including obligations to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">register the transfer or exchange of debt securities of
the series;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">replace stolen, lost or mutilated debt securities of the
series;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">maintain paying agencies;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">hold monies for payment in trust;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">recover excess money held by the trustee;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">compensate and indemnify the trustee; and</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">appoint any successor trustee.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In order to exercise our rights to be discharged,
we must deposit with the trustee money or government obligations sufficient to pay all the principal of, and any premium and interest
on, the debt securities of the series on the dates payments are due.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Form, Exchange and Transfer</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will issue the debt securities of each
series only in fully registered form without coupons and, unless we otherwise specify in the applicable prospectus supplement,
in denominations of $1,000 and any integral multiple thereof. The indentures provide that we may issue debt securities of a series
in temporary or permanent global form and as book-entry securities that will be deposited with, or on behalf of, The Depository
Trust Company or another depositary named by us and identified in a prospectus supplement with respect to that series. See &ldquo;Legal
Ownership of Securities&rdquo; below for a further description of the terms relating to any book-entry securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">At the option of the holder, subject to
the terms of the indentures and the limitations applicable to global securities described in the applicable prospectus supplement,
the holder of the debt securities of any series can exchange the debt securities for other debt securities of the same series,
in any authorized denomination and of like tenor and aggregate principal amount.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Subject to the terms of the indentures
and the limitations applicable to global securities set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement, holders of the debt securities
may present the debt securities for exchange or for registration of transfer, duly endorsed or with the form of transfer endorsed
thereon duly executed if so required by us or the security registrar, at the office of the security registrar or at the office
of any transfer agent designated by us for this purpose. Unless otherwise provided in the debt securities that the holder presents
for transfer or exchange, we will make no service charge for any registration of transfer or exchange, but we may require payment
of any taxes or other governmental charges.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will name in the applicable prospectus
supplement the security registrar, and any transfer agent in addition to the security registrar, that we initially designate for
any debt securities. We may at any time designate additional transfer agents or rescind the designation of any transfer agent or
approve a change in the office through which any transfer agent acts, except that we will be required to maintain a transfer agent
in each place of payment for the debt securities of each series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If we elect to redeem the debt securities
of any series, we will not be required to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">issue, register the transfer of, or exchange any debt securities
of that series during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of mailing of a notice of redemption
of any debt securities that may be selected for redemption and ending at the close of business on the day of the mailing; or</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">register the transfer of or exchange any debt securities
so selected for redemption, in whole or in part, except the unredeemed portion of any debt securities we are redeeming in part.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Information Concerning the Trustee</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The trustee, other than during the occurrence
and continuance of an event of default under an indenture, undertakes to perform only those duties as are specifically set forth
in the applicable indenture and is under no obligation to exercise any of the powers given it by the indentures at the request
of any holder of debt securities unless it is offered reasonable security and indemnity against the costs, expenses and liabilities
that it might incur. However, upon an event of default under an indenture, the trustee must use the same degree of care as a prudent
person would exercise or use in the conduct of his or her own affairs</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Payment and Paying Agents</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable
prospectus supplement, we will make payment of the interest on any debt securities on any interest payment date to the person in
whose name the debt securities, or one or more predecessor securities, are registered at the close of business on the regular record
date for the interest payment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will pay principal of and any premium
and interest on the debt securities of a particular series at the office of the paying agents designated by us, except that unless
we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will make interest payments by check that we will mail to the
holder or by wire transfer to certain holders. Unless we otherwise indicate in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will designate
the corporate trust office of the trustee as our sole paying agent for payments with respect to debt securities of each series.
We will name in the applicable prospectus supplement any other paying agents that we initially designate for the debt securities
of a particular series. We will maintain a paying agent in each place of payment for the debt securities of a particular series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">All money we pay to a paying agent or the
trustee for the payment of the principal of or any premium or interest on any debt securities that remains unclaimed at the end
of two years after such principal, premium or interest has become due and payable will be repaid to us, and the holder of the debt
security thereafter may look only to us for payment thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Governing Law</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The indentures and the debt securities
will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture
Act is applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Ranking Debt Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The subordinated debt securities will be
unsecured and will be subordinate and junior in priority of payment to certain other indebtedness to the extent described in a
prospectus supplement. The subordinated indenture does not limit the amount of subordinated debt securities that we may issue.
It also does not limit us from issuing any other secured or unsecured debt. The senior debt securities will be unsecured and will
rank equally in right of payment to all our other senior unsecured debt. The senior indenture does not limit the amount of senior
debt securities that we may issue. It also does not limit us from issuing any other secured or unsecured debt.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_010"></A>DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Warrants</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may issue warrants for the
purchase of common stock, preferred stock or debt securities. We may issue warrants independently or in combination with
other securities. In this prospectus, we have summarized certain general features of the warrants. We urge you, however, to
read the applicable prospectus supplement (and any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be provided to
you) related to the particular series of warrants being offered, as well as any warrant agreements and warrant certificates
that contain the terms of the warrants. We will file as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a
part, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form of warrant and/or the warrant
agreement and warrant certificate, as applicable, that contain the terms of the particular series of warrants we are
offering, and any supplemental agreements, before the issuance of such warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Any warrants issued under this prospectus
may be evidenced by warrant certificates. Warrants also may be issued under an applicable warrant agreement that we enter into
with a warrant agent. We will indicate the name and address of the warrant agent, if applicable, in the prospectus supplement relating
to the particular series of warrants being offered.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following description, together with
the additional information that we include in any applicable prospectus supplement and in any related free writing prospectus that
we may authorize to be distributed to you, summarizes the material terms and provisions of the warrants that we may offer under
this prospectus, which may be issued in one or more series. While the terms we have summarized below will apply generally to any
warrants that we may offer under this prospectus, we will describe the particular terms of any series of warrants in more detail
in the applicable prospectus supplement and in any related free writing prospectus that we may authorize to be distributed to you.
The following description of warrants will apply to the warrants offered by this prospectus unless we provide otherwise in the
applicable prospectus supplement. The applicable prospectus supplement for a particular series of warrants may specify different
or additional terms.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The summary below and that contained in
any prospectus supplement is qualified in its entirety by reference to all of the provisions of the warrant and/or the warrant
agreement and warrant certificate, as applicable, applicable to a particular series of securities. We urge you to read the applicable
prospectus supplements and any related free writing prospectuses related to the warrants that we may offer under this prospectus,
as well as the complete warrant and/or the warrant agreement and warrant certificate, as applicable, that contains the terms of
the warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>General</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">We will describe in the applicable prospectus supplement the
terms of the series of warrants being offered, including:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the offering price and aggregate number of warrants offered;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the currency for which the warrants may be purchased;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">if applicable, the number of warrants issued with each
such security;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the number of shares of common stock, as the case may be,
purchasable upon the exercise of one warrant and the price at which these shares may be purchased upon such exercise;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the effect of any merger, consolidation, sale or other
disposition of our business on the warrant agreements and the warrants;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the terms of any rights to redeem or call the warrants;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any provisions for changes to or adjustments in the exercise
price or number of securities issuable upon exercise of the warrants;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the dates on which the right to exercise the warrants will
commence and expire;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the manner in which the warrant agreements and warrants
may be modified;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">a discussion of any material or special U.S. federal income
tax considerations of holding or exercising the warrants;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the terms of the securities issuable upon exercise of the
warrants; and</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&#9679;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any other specific terms, preferences, rights or limitations
of or restrictions on the warrants.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Before exercising their warrants, holders
of warrants will not have any of the rights of holders of the securities purchasable upon such exercise, including the right to
receive dividends, if any, or payments upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up or to exercise voting rights, if any:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><U>Exercise of Warrants</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each warrant will entitle the holder to
purchase the securities that we specify in the applicable prospectus supplement at the exercise price that we describe in the applicable
prospectus supplement. The warrants may be exercised as set forth in the prospectus supplement relating to the warrants offered.
Unless we otherwise specify in the applicable prospectus supplement, warrants may be exercised at any time up to the close of business
on the expiration date set forth in the prospectus supplement relating to the warrants offered thereby. After the close of business
on the expiration date, unexercised warrants will become void.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Upon receipt of payment and the warrant
or warrant certificate, as applicable, properly completed and duly executed at the corporate trust office of the warrant agent,
if any, or any other office, including ours, indicated in the prospectus supplement, we will, as soon as practicable, issue and
deliver the securities purchasable upon such exercise. If less than all of the warrants (or the warrants represented by such warrant
certificate) are exercised, a new warrant or a new warrant certificate, as applicable, will be issued for the remaining warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>Enforceability of Rights by Holders of Warrants</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each warrant agent, if any, will act solely
as our agent under the applicable warrant agreement and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust with
any holder of any warrant. A warrant agent may act as warrant agent for more than one issue of warrants. A warrant agent will have
no duty or responsibility in case of any default by us under the applicable warrant agreement or warrant, including any duty or
responsibility to initiate any proceedings at law or otherwise, or to make any demand upon us. Any holder of a warrant may, without
the consent of the related warrant agent or the holder of any other warrant, enforce by appropriate legal action its right to exercise,
and receive the securities purchasable upon exercise of, its warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><U>Governing Law</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Unless we otherwise specify in the applicable
prospectus supplement, the warrants and any warrant agreements will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of
the State of New York.</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B><A NAME="a_011"></A>DESCRIPTION OF UNITS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Units</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may issue units consisting of
any combination of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, and warrants. We will issue each unit so that the holder
of the unit is also the holder of each security included in the unit. As a result, the holder of a unit will have the rights
and obligations of a holder of each included security. The unit agreement under which a unit is issued may provide that the
securities included in the unit may not be held or transferred separately, at any time or at any time before a specified
date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The summary below and that contained in
any prospectus supplement is qualified in its entirety by reference to all of the provisions of the unit agreement and/or unit
certificate, and depositary arrangements, if applicable. We urge you to read the applicable prospectus supplements and any related
free writing prospectuses related to the units that we may offer under this prospectus, as well as the complete unit agreement
and/or unit certificate, and depositary arrangements, as applicable, that contain the terms of the units.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will file as exhibits to the registration
statement of which this prospectus is a part, or will incorporate by reference from reports that we file with the SEC, the form
of unit agreement and/or unit certificate, and depositary arrangements, as applicable, that contain the terms of the particular
series of units we are offering, and any supplemental agreements, before the issuance of such units.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The applicable prospectus supplement, information
incorporated by reference or free writing prospectus may describe:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the
designation and terms of the units and of the securities comprising the units, including whether and under what circumstances
those securities may be held or transferred separately;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any
provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer, or exchange of the units or of the securities composing the units;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">whether
the units will be issued in fully registered or global form; and</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">any
other terms of the units.</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The applicable provisions described
in this section, as well as those described under &ldquo;Description of Capital Stock,&rdquo; &ldquo;Description of Debt
Securities&rdquo; and &ldquo;Description of Warrants&rdquo; above, will apply to each unit and to each security included
in each unit, respectively.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_012"></A>LEGAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">We can issue securities in registered form or in the form of
one or more global securities. We describe global securities in greater detail below. We refer to those persons who have securities
registered in their own names on the books that we or any applicable trustee, depositary or warrant agent maintain for this purpose
as the &ldquo;holders&rdquo; of those securities. These persons are the legal holders of the securities. We refer to those persons
who, indirectly through others, own beneficial interests in securities that are not registered in their own names, as &ldquo;indirect
holders&rdquo; of those securities. As we discuss below, indirect holders are not legal holders, and investors in securities issued
in book-entry form or in street name will be indirect holders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Book-Entry Holders</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may issue securities in book-entry form
only, as we will specify in any applicable prospectus supplement. This means securities may be represented by one or more global
securities registered in the name of a financial institution that holds them as depositary on behalf of other financial institutions
that participate in the depositary&rsquo;s book-entry system. These participating institutions, which are referred to as participants,
in turn, hold beneficial interests in the securities on behalf of themselves or their customers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Only the person in whose name a security
is registered is recognized as the holder of that security. Securities issued in global form will be registered in the name of
the depositary or its participants. Consequently, for securities issued in global form, we will recognize only the depositary as
the holder of the securities, and we will make all payments on the securities to the depositary. The depositary passes along the
payments it receives to its participants, which in turn pass the payments along to their customers who are the beneficial owners.
The depositary and its participants do so under agreements they have made with one another or with their customers; they are not
obligated to do so under the terms of the securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As a result, investors in a global security
will not own securities directly. Instead, they will own beneficial interests in a global security, through a bank, broker or other
financial institution that participates in the depositary&rsquo;s book-entry system or holds an interest through a participant.
As long as the securities are issued in global form, investors will be indirect holders, and not legal holders, of the securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Street Name Holders</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may terminate a global security or issue
securities in non-global form. In these cases, investors may choose to hold their securities in their own names or in &ldquo;street
name.&rdquo; Securities held by an investor in street name would be registered in the name of a bank, broker or other financial
institution that the investor chooses, and the investor would hold only a beneficial interest in those securities through an account
he or she maintains at that institution.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">For securities held in street name, we or any applicable trustee
or depositary will recognize only the intermediary banks, brokers and other financial institutions in whose names the securities
are registered as the holders of those securities, and we or any applicable trustee or depositary will make all payments on those
securities to them. These institutions pass along the payments they receive to their customers who are the beneficial owners, but
only because they agree to do so in their customer agreements or because they are legally required to do so. Investors who hold
securities in street name will be indirect holders, not holders, of those securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Legal Holders</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our obligations, as well as the obligations of any applicable
trustee and of any third parties employed by us or a trustee, run only to the legal holders of the securities. We do not have obligations
to investors who hold beneficial interests in global securities, in street name or by any other indirect means. This will be the
case whether an investor chooses to be an indirect holder of a security or has no choice because we are issuing the securities
only in global form.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">For example, once we make a payment or give a notice to the
legal holder, we have no further responsibility for the payment or notice even if that legal holder is required, under agreements
with its participants or customers or by law, to pass it along to the indirect holders but does not do so. Similarly, we may want
to obtain the approval of the legal holders to amend an indenture, to relieve us of the consequences of a default or of our obligation
to comply with a particular provision of the indenture or for other purposes. In such an event, we would seek approval only from
the holders, and not the indirect holders, of the securities. Whether and how the legal holders contact the indirect holders is
up to the legal holders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Special Considerations for Indirect Holders</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If you hold securities through a bank, broker or other financial
institution, either in book-entry form because the securities are represented by one or more global securities or in street name,
you should check with your own institution to find out:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">how
it handles securities payments and notices;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">whether
it imposes fees or charges;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">how
it would handle a request for the holders&rsquo; consent, if ever required;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">whether
and how you can instruct it to send you securities registered in your own name so you can be a holder, if that is permitted in
the future;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">how
it would exercise rights under the securities if there were a default or other event triggering the need for holders to act to
protect their interests; and</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">if
the securities are in book-entry form, how the depositary&rsquo;s rules and procedures will affect these matters.</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Global Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A global security is a security that represents
one or any other number of individual securities held by a depositary. Generally, all securities represented by the same global
securities will have the same terms.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each security issued in book-entry
form will be represented by a global security that we issue to, deposit with and register in the name of a financial
institution or its nominee that we select. The financial institution that we select for this purpose is called the
depositary. Unless we specify otherwise in any applicable prospectus supplement, The Depository Trust Company (&ldquo;DTC&rdquo;) will be
the depositary for all securities issued in book-entry form.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A global security may not be transferred
to or registered in the name of anyone other than the depositary, its nominee or a successor depositary, unless special termination
situations arise. We describe those situations below under &ldquo;Special Situations When a Global Security Will Be Terminated.&rdquo;
As a result of these arrangements, the depositary, or its nominee, will be the sole registered owner and legal holder of all securities
represented by a global security, and investors will be permitted to own only beneficial interests in a global security. Beneficial
interests must be held by means of an account with a broker, bank or other financial institution that in turn has an account with
the depositary or with another institution that does. Thus, an investor whose security is represented by a global security will
not be a legal holder of the security, but only an indirect holder of a beneficial interest in the global security.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If the prospectus supplement for a particular
security indicates that the security will be issued in global form only, then the security will be represented by a global security
at all times unless and until the global security is terminated. If termination occurs, we may issue the securities through another
book-entry clearing system or decide that the securities may no longer be held through any book-entry clearing system.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Special Considerations for Global Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The rights of an indirect holder relating
to a global security will be governed by the account rules of the investor&rsquo;s financial institution and of the depositary,
as well as general laws relating to securities transfers. We do not recognize an indirect holder as a holder of securities and
instead deal only with the depositary that holds the global security.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If securities are issued only in the form
of a global security, an investor should be aware of the following:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">an
investor cannot cause the securities to be registered in his or her name, and cannot obtain non-global certificates for his or
her interest in the securities, except in the special situations we describe below;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">an
investor will be an indirect holder and must look to his or her own bank, broker or other financial institution for payments on
the securities and protection of his or her legal rights relating to the securities, as we describe above;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">an
investor may not be able to sell interests in the securities to some insurance companies and to other institutions that are required
by law to own their securities in non-book-entry form;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">an
investor may not be able to pledge his or her interest in a global security in circumstances where certificates representing the
securities must be delivered to the lender or other beneficiary of the pledge in order for the pledge to be effective;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the
depositary&rsquo;s policies, which may change from time to time, will govern payments, transfers, exchanges and other matters
relating to an investor&rsquo;s interest in a global security;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">we
and any applicable trustee have no responsibility for any aspect of the depositary&rsquo;s actions or for its records of ownership
interests in a global security, nor do we or any applicable trustee supervise the depositary in any way;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the
depositary may, and we understand that DTC will, require that those who purchase and sell interests in a global security within
its book-entry system use immediately available funds, and your bank, broker or other financial institution may require you to
do so as well; and</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">financial
institutions that participate in the depositary&rsquo;s book-entry system, and through which an investor holds its interest in
a global security, may also have their own policies affecting payments, notices and other matters relating to the securities.</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">There may be more than one financial intermediary
in the chain of ownership for an investor. We do not monitor and are not responsible for the actions of any of those intermediaries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Special Situations When a Global Security
Will Be Terminated</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In a few special situations described below,
the global security will terminate and interests in it will be exchanged for physical certificates representing those interests.
After that exchange, the choice of whether to hold securities directly or in street name will be up to the investor. Investors
must consult their own banks, brokers or other financial institutions to find out how to have their interests in securities transferred
to their own name, so that they will be direct holders. We have described the rights of holders and street name investors above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Unless we provide otherwise in any applicable
prospectus supplement, the global security will terminate when the following special situations occur:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">if
the depositary notifies us that it is unwilling, unable or no longer qualified to continue as depositary for that global security
and we do not appoint another institution to act as depositary within 90 days;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">if
we notify any applicable trustee that we wish to terminate that global security; or</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">if an event of default has occurred
                                                                                                                                with regard to securities represented by that global security and such default has not been cured or waived.</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The prospectus supplement may also list
additional situations for terminating a global security that would apply only to the particular series of securities covered by
any applicable prospectus supplement. When a global security terminates, the depositary, and not we or any applicable trustee,
is responsible for deciding the names of the institutions that will be the initial direct holders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_013"></A>PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may sell the securities from time to
time pursuant to underwritten public offerings, negotiated transactions, block trades or a combination of these methods or through
underwriters or dealers, through agents and/or directly to one or more purchasers. The securities may be distributed from time
to time in one or more transactions:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&bull;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&bull;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">at market prices prevailing at the time of sale;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&bull;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&bull;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">at negotiated prices.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each time that we sell securities covered
by this prospectus, we will provide a prospectus supplement or supplements that will describe the method of distribution and set
forth the terms and conditions of the offering of such securities, including</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&bull;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the name or names of any underwriters, dealers or agents;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&bull;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the amounts of securities underwritten or purchased by
each of them;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&bull;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the purchase price of securities and the proceeds we will
receive from the sale;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&bull;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any over-allotment options under which underwriters may
purchase additional securities from us;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&bull;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any underwriting discounts or commissions or agency fees
and other items constituting underwriters&rsquo; or agents&rsquo; compensation;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&bull;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">the public offering price of the securities;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&bull;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any discounts, commissions or concessions allowed or reallowed
or paid to dealers; and</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">&bull;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">any securities exchange or market on which the securities
may be listed.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Offers to purchase the securities being
offered by this prospectus may be solicited directly. Agents may also be designated to solicit offers to purchase the securities
from time to time. Any agent involved in the offer or sale of our securities will be identified in a prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If a dealer is utilized in the sale of
the securities being offered by this prospectus, the securities will be sold to the dealer, as principal. The dealer may then resell
the securities to the public at varying prices to be determined by the dealer at the time of resale. The name of the dealer and
the terms of the transaction will be set forth in the prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If an underwriter is utilized in the sale
of the securities being offered by this prospectus, an underwriting agreement will be executed with the underwriter at the time
of sale and the name of any underwriter will be provided in the prospectus supplement that the underwriter will use to make resales
of the securities to the public. In connection with the sale of the securities, we, or the purchasers of securities for whom the
underwriter may act as agent, may compensate the underwriter in the form of underwriting discounts or commissions. The underwriter
may sell the securities to or through dealers, and those dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions
or commissions from the underwriters and/or commissions from the purchasers for which they may act as agent. Unless otherwise indicated
in a prospectus supplement, an agent will be acting on a best efforts basis and a dealer will purchase securities as a principal,
and may then resell the securities at varying prices to be determined by the dealer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Any compensation paid to underwriters,
dealers or agents in connection with the offering of the securities, and any discounts, concessions or commissions allowed by underwriters
to participating dealers will be provided in the applicable prospectus supplement. Underwriters, dealers and agents participating
in the distribution of the securities may be deemed to be underwriters within the meaning of the Securities Act, and any discounts
and commissions received by them and any profit realized by them on resale of the securities may be deemed to be underwriting discounts
and commissions. We may enter into agreements to indemnify underwriters, dealers and agents against civil liabilities, including
liabilities under the Securities Act, or to contribute to payments they may be required to make in respect thereof and to reimburse
those persons for certain expenses.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Any common stock will be listed on
the NYSE American, LLC or any other market for our common stock, but any other securities may or may not be listed on a national
securities exchange. To facilitate the offering of securities, certain persons participating in the offering may engage
in transactions that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of the securities. This may include over-allotments
or short sales of the securities, which involve the sale by persons participating in the offering of more securities than
were sold to them. In these circumstances, these persons would cover such over-allotments or short positions by making
purchases in the open market or by exercising their over-allotment option, if any. In addition, these persons may stabilize
or maintain the price of the securities by bidding for or purchasing securities in the open market or by imposing penalty
bids, whereby selling concessions allowed to dealers participating in the offering may be reclaimed if securities sold by
them are repurchased in connection with stabilization transactions. The effect of these transactions may be to stabilize
or maintain the market price of the securities at a level above that which might otherwise prevail in the open market.
These transactions may be discontinued at any time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If indicated in the applicable prospectus
supplement, underwriters or other persons acting as agents may be authorized to solicit offers by institutions or other suitable
purchasers to purchase the securities at the public offering price set forth in the prospectus supplement, pursuant to delayed
delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on the date or dates stated in the prospectus supplement. These purchasers
may include, among others, commercial and savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies and educational
and charitable institutions. Delayed delivery contracts will be subject to the condition that the purchase of the securities covered
by the delayed delivery contracts will not at the time of delivery be prohibited under the laws of any jurisdiction in the United
States to which the purchaser is subject. The underwriters and agents will not have any responsibility with respect to the validity
or performance of these contracts.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may engage in at the market offerings
into an existing trading market in accordance with Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act. In addition, we may enter into derivative
transactions with third parties, or sell securities not covered by this prospectus to third parties in privately negotiated transactions.
If the applicable prospectus supplement so indicates, in connection with those derivatives, the third parties may sell securities
covered by this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement, including in short sale transactions. If so, the third party
may use securities pledged by us or borrowed from us or others to settle those sales or to close out any related open borrowings
of stock, and may use securities received from us in settlement of those derivatives to close out any related open borrowings of
stock. The third party in such sale transactions will be an underwriter and, if not identified in this prospectus, will be named
in the applicable prospectus supplement (or a post-effective amendment). In addition, we may otherwise loan or pledge securities
to a financial institution or other third party that in turn may sell the securities short using this prospectus and an applicable
prospectus supplement. Such financial institution or other third party may transfer its economic short position to investors in
our securities or in connection with a concurrent offering of other securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The specific terms of any lock-up provisions
in respect of any given offering will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The underwriters, dealers and agents may
engage in transactions with us, or perform services for us, in the ordinary course of business for which they receive compensation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_014"></A>LEGAL MATTERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Gracin &amp; Marlow, LLP, New York,
New York will pass upon certain legal matters relating to the issuance and sale of the debt securities, warrants and units
offered hereby on our behalf and Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer, Reno, Nevada will pass on certain legal matters related to the issuance and sale of the
common stock and preferred stock offered hereby on our behalf. Additional legal matters may be passed upon for us or any
underwriters, dealers, of agents, by counsel that we will name in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_015"></A>EXPERTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The financial statements of Synthetic
Biologics, Inc. as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for each of the three years ended in the period ended December 31, 2017
and management&rsquo;s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017
incorporated by reference in this prospectus have been so incorporated in reliance on the reports of BDO USA, LLP, an
independent registered public accounting firm, incorporated herein by reference, given on authority of said firm as experts
in auditing and accounting. The report on the financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph regarding our ability to
continue as a going concern.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_016"></A>WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We file annual, quarterly and special reports,
proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You may read and copy any document we file at the SEC&rsquo;s public reference
room located at 100 F Street N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the
operation of the public reference room. Our public filings are also available to the public at the SEC&rsquo;s web site at http://www.sec.gov.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus is part of a registration
statement on Form S-3 that we have filed with the SEC under the Securities Act. This prospectus does not contain all of the information
in the registration statement. We have omitted certain parts of the registration statement, as permitted by the rules and regulations
of the SEC. You may inspect and copy the registration statement, including exhibits, at the SEC&rsquo;s public reference room or
Internet site.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_017"></A>INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY
REFERENCE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The SEC allows us to &ldquo;incorporate
by reference&rdquo; the information we file with it which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring
you to those documents instead of having to repeat the information in this prospectus. The information incorporated by reference
is considered to be part of this prospectus, and later information that we file with the SEC will automatically update and supersede
this information. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any future filings made with the SEC (other than any
portions of any such documents that are not deemed &ldquo;filed&rdquo; under the Exchange Act in accordance with the Exchange Act
and applicable SEC rules) under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act after (i) the date of the initial registration
statement and prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement, and (ii) the date of this prospectus and before the completion
of the offerings of the securities included in this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC on February 22, 2018 (File No. 001-12584);</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
current reports on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12584) filed with the SEC on January 8, 2018, March 7, 2018; April 23, 2018 and May
7, 2018;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on July 18, 2017 (File No. 001-12584); and</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
description of our common stock set forth in our registration statement on Form 8-A12B, filed with the SEC on June 20, 2007 (File
No. 000-12584).</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You may obtain, free of charge, a copy
of any of these documents (other than exhibits to these documents unless the exhibits are specifically incorporated by reference
into these documents or referred to in this prospectus) by writing or calling us at the following address and telephone number:
Synthetic Biologics, Inc., 9605 Medical Center Drive, Ste. 270, Rockville, Maryland 20850. Our telephone number is (301) 417-4364.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_018"></A>DISCLOSURE OF SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE
COMMISSION POSITION ON INDEMNIFICATION<BR>
FOR SECURITIES ACT LIABILITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our amended and restated bylaws
and Articles of Incorporation, as amended, contain provisions that permit us to indemnify our directors and officers to the
full extent permitted by Nevada law, and our Articles of Incorporation, as amended, contain provisions that eliminate the
personal liability of our directors in each case for monetary damages to us or our stockholders for breach of their fiduciary
duties, except to the extent that Nevada law prohibits indemnification or elimination of liability. These provisions do not
limit or eliminate our rights or the rights of any stockholder to seek an injunction or any other non-monetary relief in the
event of a breach of a director&rsquo;s or officer&rsquo;s fiduciary duty. In addition, these provisions apply only to claims
against a director or officer arising out of his or her role as a director or officer and do not relieve a director or
officer from liability if he or she engaged in willful misconduct or a knowing violation of the criminal law or any federal
or state securities law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The rights of indemnification provided
in our amended and restated bylaws are not exclusive of any other rights that may be available under any insurance or other agreement,
by vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Insofar as indemnification for liabilities
arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions,
we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC this type of indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the
Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tv493141_logo01.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; color: red"><B>The information in this
prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell nor does it seek an offer to buy these
securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: red">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; color: red"><B>SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED
MAY 7, 2018</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: red">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: red"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tv493141_logo01.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Up to $14,870,000 of Shares</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We entered into an At Market Issuance Sales
Agreement, dated August 5, 2016, with FBR Capital Markets &amp; Co. (now known as B. Riley FBR, Inc.) (&ldquo;B. Riley FBR&rdquo;),
relating to shares of our common stock, $0.001 par value per share, offered under our prior effective shelf registration statement
on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-206266) and a related prospectus, dated August 5, 2016. On May 7, 2018, we entered into amendment
no. 1 to the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (as so amended, the &ldquo;sales agreement&rdquo;) with B. Riley FBR in order to,
among other things, offer shares of our common stock under the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. In accordance
with the terms of the sales agreement, under this prospectus we may offer and sell up to $14,870,000 of shares of our common stock
from time to time through B. Riley FBR, acting as sales agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our common stock is listed on the NYSE
American LLC under the symbol &ldquo;SYN.&rdquo; The last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE American LLC on May
3, 2018 was $0.23 per share.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Sales of our common stock, if any, under
this prospectus will be made by any method permitted that is deemed an &ldquo;at the market offering&rdquo; as defined in Rule
415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;Securities Act&rdquo;). B. Riley FBR is not required to sell any specific
amount, but will act as our sales agent using commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices.
There is no arrangement for funds to be received in any escrow, trust or similar arrangement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">B. Riley FBR will be entitled to compensation
at a commission rate equal to up to 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold. In connection with the sale of the common stock
on our behalf, B. Riley FBR will be deemed to be an &ldquo;underwriter&rdquo; within the meaning of the Securities Act and the
compensation of B. Riley FBR will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have also agreed to provide indemnification
and contribution to B. Riley FBR with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On February 22, 2018, the date we filed
our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, we became subject to the offering limits in General
Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3. As of the date of this prospectus, the aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates
pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 of Form S-3 is $44,622,699, which is calculated based on 114,799,845 shares of our common
stock outstanding held by non-affiliates and a price of $0.3887 per share, the closing price of our common stock on March 16, 2018,
which is the highest closing sale price of our common stock on the NYSE American LLC within the prior 60 days of this prospectus.
During the prior 12 calendar month period that ends on and includes the date hereof, we have not offered or sold any shares of
our common stock pursuant to General Instruction I.B.6 to Form S-3.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As a result of the limitations set forth
in General Instruction I.B.6 to Form S-3 and the current public float of our common stock, and in accordance with the terms of
the sales agreement, we may offer and sell additional shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $14,874,089
(which is one-third of $44,622,699) from time to time through B. Riley FBR. If our public float increases such that we may sell
additional amounts under the sales agreement and the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, we will file a
prospectus supplement prior to making additional sales.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Investing in our common stock involves
a high degree of risk. Before making an investment decision, please read the information under the heading &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo;
beginning on page S-6 of this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus and the accompanying
base prospectus.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Neither the Securities and Exchange
Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy
of this prospectus or the accompanying base prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>B. RILEY FBR</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">The date of this prospectus is May [&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;],
2018.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 90%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 10%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_001"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_001"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-i</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_002"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_002"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-ii</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_003"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_003"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-1</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_004"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">THE OFFERING</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_004"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-5</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_005"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RISK FACTORS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_005"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-6</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_006"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_006"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-8</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_007"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">USE OF PROCEEDS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_007"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-9</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_008"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DIVIDEND POLICY</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_008"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-9</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_009"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DILUTION</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_009"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-10</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_010"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_010"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-11</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_011"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">LEGAL MATTERS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_011"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-12</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_012"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">EXPERTS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_012"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-12</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_013"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_013"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-12</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><A HREF="#b_014"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: right"><A HREF="#b_014"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">S-12</FONT></A></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_001"></A>ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus is
part of a registration statement that we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;) utilizing
a &ldquo;shelf&rdquo; registration process. Under the shelf registration process, we may offer shares of our common stock having
an aggregate offering price of up to $200,000,000 under the accompanying base prospectus. Under this prospectus and the accompanying
base prospectus, we may offer shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $14,870,000 from time to time
at prices and on terms to be determined by market conditions at the time of offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We provide information
to you about this offering of shares of our common stock in two separate documents that are bound together: (1) this sales agreement
prospectus, which describes the specific details regarding this offering; and (2) the accompanying base prospectus, which provides
general information, some of which may not apply to this offering. Generally, when we refer to this &ldquo;prospectus,&rdquo; we
are referring to both documents combined. If information in this sales agreement prospectus is inconsistent with the accompanying
base prospectus, you should rely on this prospectus. However, if any statement in one of these documents is inconsistent with a
statement in another document having a later date&mdash;for example, a document incorporated by reference in this prospectus&mdash;the
statement in the document having the later date modifies or supersedes the earlier statement as our business, financial condition,
results of operations and prospects may have changed since the earlier dates. This prospectus, the accompanying base prospectus
and the documents incorporated into each by reference include important information about us, the securities being offered and
other information you should know before investing in our securities. You should also read and consider information in the documents
we have referred you to in the section of this prospectus and the accompanying base prospectus entitled &ldquo;Where You Can Find
More Information&rdquo;.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">You should rely only
on this prospectus, the accompanying base prospectus and the information incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference
therein. We have not and B. Riley FBR has not authorized anyone to provide you with information that is in addition to or different
from that contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and the accompanying base prospectus. If anyone provides you
with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We are not offering to sell these securities in any jurisdiction
where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information contained or incorporated by reference in
this prospectus or the accompanying base prospectus is accurate as of any date other than as of the date of this prospectus or
the accompanying base prospectus, as the case may be, or in the case of the documents incorporated by reference, the date of such
documents regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus and the accompanying base prospectus or any sale of our securities.
Our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We further note that
the representations, warranties and covenants made by us in any agreement that is filed as an exhibit to any document that is incorporated
by reference in the accompanying base prospectus were made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, including,
in some cases, for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to such agreements, and should not be deemed to be a representation,
warranty or covenant to you. Moreover, such representations, warranties or covenants were accurate only as of the date when made.
Accordingly, such representations, warranties and covenants should not be relied on as accurately representing the current state
of our affairs.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">No action has been
or will be taken in any jurisdiction by us or B. Riley FBR that would permit a public offering of the common stock or the possession
or distribution of this prospectus and the accompanying base prospectus in any jurisdiction, other than in the United States. Persons
outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus and the accompanying base prospectus must inform themselves
about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the common stock and the distribution of this prospectus and the
accompanying base prospectus outside the United States. This prospectus and the accompanying base prospectus do not constitute,
and may not be used in connection with, an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, any securities offered by this
prospectus and the accompanying base prospectus by any person in any jurisdiction in which it is unlawful for such person to make
such an offer or solicitation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_002"></A>INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We obtained the industry
and market data in this prospectus from our own research as well as from industry and general publications, surveys and studies
conducted by third parties. These data involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue
weight to such estimates. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance
of the industry in which we operate is necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors,
including those described in &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; and elsewhere in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference
in this prospectus. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made
by the independent parties and by us.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_003"></A>PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>The items in the
following summary are described in more detail elsewhere in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference herein.
This summary provides an overview of selected information and does not contain all of the information you should consider before
investing in our common stock. Therefore, you should read the entire prospectus and any free writing prospectus that we have authorized
for use in connection with this offering carefully, including the &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; section and other documents or information
included or incorporated by reference in this prospectus before making any investment decision. Unless the context requires otherwise,
references in this prospectus to &ldquo;Synthetic,&rdquo; &ldquo;the Company,&rdquo; &ldquo;we,&rdquo; &ldquo;us&rdquo; and &ldquo;our&rdquo;
refer to Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Our Business</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We are a late-stage clinical company focused
on developing therapeutics designed to preserve the microbiome to protect and restore the health of patients. Our lead candidates
poised for Phase 3 development are: (1) SYN-004 (ribaxamase) which is designed to protect the gut microbiome from the effects of
certain commonly used intravenous (IV) beta-lactam antibiotics for the prevention of <I>C. difficile</I> infection (CDI), overgrowth
of pathogenic organisms and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and (2) SYN-010 which is intended to reduce the impact
of methane-producing organisms in the gut microbiome to treat an underlying cause of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation
(IBS-C). Our preclinical pursuits include an oral formulation of the enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) to treat both
local GI disorders and systemic diseases as well as monoclonal antibody therapies for the prevention and treatment of pertussis,
and novel discovery stage biotherapeutics for the treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Our Product Pipeline</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tv493141_img02.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">C- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Collaboration</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">I- Intrexon Collaboration</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">T- The University of Texas at Austin Collaboration</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">M &ndash; Scientific Collaboration with Massachusetts General
Hospital</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Summary of Clinical and Preclinical
Programs</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 22%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Therapeutic Area</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 17%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Product</B></FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Candidate</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 59%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>Status</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD NOWRAP>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD NOWRAP>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Prevention of CDI, overgrowth of pathogenic organisms and AMR (Degrade IV beta-lactam antibiotics)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SYN-004 (ribaxamase)</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(oral enzyme)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reported supportive Phase 1a/1b data (1Q 2015)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reported supportive topline data from two Phase 2a clinical trials (4Q 2015 &amp; 2Q 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Initiated Phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial (3Q 2015)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Received USAN approval of the generic name &ldquo;ribaxamase&rdquo; for SYN-004 (July 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Completed Enrollment of Phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial (3Q 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Awarded contract by the CDC (4Q 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Announced positive topline data from Phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial, including achievement of primary endpoint of significantly
        reducing CDI (1Q 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Announced additional results from Phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial demonstrating SYN-004 (ribaxamase) protected and maintained
        the naturally occurring composition of gut microbes from antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis in treated patients (2Q 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Announced additional results from Phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial funded by a contract awarded by the CDC, demonstrating
        that SYN-004 (ribaxamase) prevented significant change to the presence of certain AMR genes in the gut resistome of patients receiving
        SYN-004 compared to placebo (3Q 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Presented additional supportive results regarding several exploratory endpoints from Phase 2b proof-of-concept clinical trial designed
        to evaluate SYN-004&rsquo;s (ribaxamase) ability to protect the gut microbiome from opportunistic bacterial infections and prevent
        the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the gut microbiome (4Q 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reached preliminary agreement with the FDA on a proposed Phase 3 clinical trial synopsis, including de-coupled co-primary endpoints
        designed to evaluate efficacy separate from safety in a patient population being treated with a representative selection of IV-beta-lactam
        antibiotics (1H 2018)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Anticipated End of Phase 2 meeting with FDA to solidify remaining elements of planned Phase 3 clinical trial (2H 2018)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Plan to initiate Phase 3 clinical trial(s) (2H 2019)</P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 22%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Treatment of IBS-C</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 17%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SYN-010</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(oral modified-release</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">lovastatin lactone)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 59%">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Collaboration with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reported supportive topline data from two Phase 2 clinical trials (4Q 2015 &amp; 1Q 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Received Type C meeting responses from FDA regarding late-stage aspects of clinical pathway (2Q 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Presented detailed data supporting previously reported positive topline data from two Phase 2 clinical trials at DDW (May 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Held End of Phase 2 meeting with FDA (July 2016)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Confirmed key elements of Pivotal Phase 2b/3 clinical trial design pursuant to consultations with FDA (1Q 2017)</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 20.7pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -20.7pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Announced issuance of key U.S. composition of matter patent providing important intellectual property protection in the U.S until at least 2035 (Q2 2018)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Prevention of CDI, overgrowth of pathogenic organisms and AMR (Degrade IV carbapenem antibiotics)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">SYN-006</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(oral enzyme)</P></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Identified P2A as a potent carbapenemase that is stable in the GI tract</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Manufactured and formulated research lot for oral delivery (2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Demonstrated microbiome protection in a pig model if ertapenem administration (Q1 2018)</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Prevention of CDI, overgrowth of pathogenic organisms and AMR (Degrade oral beta-lactam antibiotics) </FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SYN-007</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(oral enzyme)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Preclinical work ongoing to expand the utility of SYN-004 (ribaxamase) for use with oral beta-lactam antibiotics</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Preserve gut barrier, treat local GI inflammation, restore gut microbiome</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SYN-020</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(oral IAP enzyme)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Generated high expressing manufacturing cell lines for intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) (1H 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Identified downstream process and potential tablet formulations (2H 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Ongoing preclinical efficacy studies</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.1in; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -0.1in"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Prevention and treatment of pertussis</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SYN-005</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(monoclonal antibody</FONT><BR>
<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">therapies)</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reported supportive preclinical research findings (2014)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        The University of Texas at Austin (&ldquo;UT Austin&rdquo;) received a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to support
        a preclinical study to evaluate the prophylactic capability of SYN-005 (4Q 2015)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reported supportive preclinical data demonstrating hu1B7, a component of SYN-005, provided protection from pertussis for five weeks
        in neonatal non-human primate study (Q2 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Reported supportive preclinical data demonstrating that an extended half-life version of hu1B7, a component of SYN-005, provided
        protection from pertussis for five weeks in a non-human neonatal primate study (Q4 2017)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>
        Collaborations with Intrexon and UT Austin</P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Our Microbiome-Focused Pipeline</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our CDI and IBS-C programs are focused
on protecting the healthy function of the gut microbiome, or gut flora, which is home to billions of microbial species and composed
of a natural balance of both &ldquo;good&rdquo; beneficial species and potentially &ldquo;bad&rdquo; pathogenic species. When the
natural balance or normal function of these microbial species is disrupted, a person&rsquo;s health can be compromised. All of
our programs are supported by our growing intellectual property portfolio. We are maintaining and building our patent portfolio
through: filing new patent applications; prosecuting existing applications; and licensing and acquiring new patents and patent
applications. Our plan remains focused on the advancement of our two late-stage clinical programs. We continue to actively manage
resources in preparation for the late-stage clinical advancement of our two lead microbiome-focused clinical programs, including
our pursuit of successful and viable opportunities that will allow us to establish the clinical infrastructure and financial resources
necessary to successfully initiate and complete this plan.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Company History</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our predecessor, Sheffield Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., was incorporated in 1986, and in 2006 engaged in a reverse merger with Pipex Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation formed
in 2001. After the merger, we changed our name to Pipex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and in October 2008 we changed our name to Adeona
Pharmaceuticals, Inc. On October 15, 2009, we engaged in a merger with a wholly owned subsidiary for the purpose of reincorporating
in the State of Nevada. After reprioritizing our focus on the emerging area of synthetic biologics and entering into our first
collaboration with Intrexon, we amended our Articles of Incorporation to change our name to Synthetic Biologics, Inc. on February
15, 2012.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Corporate Information</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our executive offices are located at 9605
Medical Center Drive, Suite 270, Rockville, Maryland 20850. Our telephone number is (732) 332-7800, and our website address is
<I>www.syntheticbiologics.com</I>. The information contained on our website is not part of, and should not be construed as being
incorporated by reference into this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For further information regarding us and
our financial information, you should refer to our recent filings with the SEC. See &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_004"></A>THE OFFERING</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 30%; padding-right: 0.8pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common stock offered by us pursuant to this prospectus</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 2%; padding-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 68%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $14,870,000.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common stock to be outstanding after this offering</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Up to 193,219,059 shares (as more fully described in the notes following this table), assuming sales of 64,652,173 shares of our common stock in this offering at an offering price of $0.23 per share, which was the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE American on May 3, 2018. The actual number of shares issued will vary depending on the sales price under this offering.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Manner of offering</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;At the market offering&rdquo; that may be made from time to time on the NYSE American or other market for our common stock in the United States through our agent, B. Riley FBR, Inc. See the section entitled &ldquo;Plan of Distribution&rdquo; on page S-11 of this prospectus.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-indent: -10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Use of proceeds</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We intend to use the net proceeds, if any, from this offering for general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, for clinical trials for our product candidates, paying general and administrative expenses and accounts payable, increasing our working capital, funding research and development and funding capital expenditures. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds for licensing or acquiring intellectual property to incorporate into our products and product candidates or our research and development programs and to in-license, acquire or invest in complementary businesses or products, although we have no commitments or agreements with respect to any such licenses, acquisitions or investments as of the date of this prospectus. See &ldquo;Use of Proceeds&rdquo; on page S-9.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risk factors</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">You should read the &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; section of this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider before deciding to purchase shares of our common stock.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt; padding-left: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>NYSE American symbol</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.75pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SYN</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify">Except as otherwise indicated, all information
in this prospectus is based on 128,566,886 shares outstanding as of May 3, 2018 and excludes:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">12,168,515 shares of our common stock subject to options outstanding as of May 3, 2018 having a weighted-average exercise price
of $1.55 per share;</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">5,973,607 shares of our common stock that have been reserved for issuance in connection with future grants under our stock
option plans as of May 3, 2018; and</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">32,054,809 shares of our common stock that have been reserved for issuance upon exercise of outstanding warrants as of May
3, 2018 having a weighted-average exercise price of $1.50 per share.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in; text-align: justify">Unless otherwise stated, all information
contained in this prospectus reflects an assumed public offering price of $0.23 per share, which was the last reported sale price
of our common stock on the NYSE American on May 3, 2018.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_005"></A>RISK FACTORS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>Investing in our common stock involves
a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks discussed under the section captioned &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo;
contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, any subsequent Annual Reports on Form 10-K, any
subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q or Current Reports on Form 8-K, and all other information contained or incorporated by
reference into this prospectus and the accompanying base prospectus before deciding whether to purchase any of the common stock
being offered under this prospectus. Each of the risks described below could adversely affect our business, operating results and
financial condition, as well as adversely affect the value of an investment in our common stock, and the occurrence of any of these
risks might cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Moreover, the risks described below are not the only ones that we
face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our
business operations. Please also read carefully the section below titled &ldquo;Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.&rdquo;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Risks Relating to the Offering</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B><I>Our management
team may invest or spend the proceeds of this offering in ways with which you may not agree or in ways which may not yield a significant
return.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our management will
have broad discretion over the use of proceeds from this offering. The net proceeds from this offering will be used primarily for
general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, for clinical trials for our product candidates, paying general
and administrative expenses and accounts payable, increasing our working capital, funding research and development and funding
capital expenditures. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds for licensing or acquiring intellectual property to incorporate
into our products and product candidates or our research and development programs and to in-license, acquire or invest in complementary
businesses or products, although we have no commitments or agreements with respect to any such licenses, acquisitions or investments
as of the date of this prospectus. Our management will have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds, and
you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately.
The net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not increase our operating results or enhance the value of our common
stock. The failure of our management to use these funds effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, cause
the market price of our common stock to decline and impair the commercialization of our products and/or delay the development of
our product candidates. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing
instruments and U.S. government securities. These investments may not yield a favorable return to our stockholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B><I>If you purchase
shares of our common stock sold in this offering, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution in the net tangible book
value of your shares. In addition, we may issue additional equity or convertible debt securities in the future, which may result
in additional dilution to investors.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The price per share
of our common stock being offered may be higher than the net tangible book value per share of our outstanding common stock prior
to this offering. Assuming that an aggregate of 64,652,173 shares of our common stock are sold at a price of $0.23 per share, the
last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE American on May 3, 2018, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately
$14,870,000 million and after deducting commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, new investors in this offering
will incur immediate dilution of $0.11 per share. For a more detailed discussion of the foregoing, see the section entitled &ldquo;Dilution&rdquo;
below. To the extent outstanding stock options or warrants are exercised, there will be further dilution to new investors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B><I>You may experience
future dilution as a result of future equity offerings.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In order to raise additional
capital, we may in the future offer additional shares of our common stock or other securities convertible into or exchangeable
for our common stock at prices that may not be the same as the price per share in this offering. We may sell shares or other securities
in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in this offering, and investors
purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at
which we sell additional shares of our common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, in future transactions
may be higher or lower than the price per share paid by investors in this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B><I>Because we do
not intend to declare cash dividends on our shares of common stock in the foreseeable future, stockholders must rely on appreciation
of the value of our common stock for any return on their investment.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have
never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for
the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on our
common stock in the foreseeable future. In addition, the terms of any existing or future preferred stock or debt agreements
may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, we expect that only appreciation of the price of our common stock, if
any, will provide a return to investors in this offering for the foreseeable future.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B><I>Resales of our
common stock in the public market during this offering by our stockholders may cause the market price of our common stock to fall.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We may issue common
stock from time to time in connection with this offering. This issuance from time to time of these new shares of our common stock,
or our ability to issue these shares of common stock in this offering, could result in resales of our common stock by our current
stockholders concerned about the potential dilution of their holdings. In turn, these resales could have the effect of depressing
the market price for our common stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B><I>The shares of
common stock offered under this prospectus and the accompanying base prospectus may be sold in &ldquo;at the market&rdquo; offerings,
and investors who buy shares at different times will likely pay different prices.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B><I>&nbsp;</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Investors who purchase
shares under this prospectus and the accompanying base prospectus at different times will likely pay different prices, and so may
experience different outcomes in their investment results. We will have discretion, subject to market demand, to vary the timing,
prices, and numbers of shares sold, and there is no minimum or maximum sales price. Investors may experience declines in the value
of their shares as a result of share sales made at prices lower than the prices they paid.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_006"></A>SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING
STATEMENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus, the
accompanying base prospectus and the documents we file with the SEC that are incorporated by reference herein and therein contain
&ldquo;forward-looking statements&rdquo; within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;), these statements reflect our current views with respect to our
ongoing and planned clinical trials, business strategy, business plan, financial performance and other future events. These statements
include forward-looking statements both with respect to us, specifically, and the biotechnology sector, in general. We make these
statements pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Statements that include
the words &ldquo;expect,&rdquo; &ldquo;intend,&rdquo; &ldquo;plan,&rdquo; &ldquo;believe,&rdquo; &ldquo;project,&rdquo; &ldquo;estimate,&rdquo;
&ldquo;may,&rdquo; &ldquo;should,&rdquo; &ldquo;anticipate,&rdquo; &ldquo;will&rdquo; and similar statements of a future or forward-looking
nature identify forward-looking statements for purposes of the federal securities laws or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All forward-looking
statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties, and there are or will be important factors that could cause actual results
to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. We believe that these factors include, but are not limited to, those
factors set forth under the caption &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; in this prospectus and in the accompanying base prospectus and under
the captions &ldquo;Risk Factors,&rdquo; &ldquo;Business,&rdquo; and &ldquo;Management&rsquo;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial
Condition and Results of Operations,&rdquo; in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and our subsequent Quarterly Reports
on Form 10-Q, all of which you should review carefully. Please consider our forward-looking statements in light of those risks
as you read this prospectus and the accompanying base prospectus. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor
can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause
actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. Given these uncertainties,
you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">You should not assume
that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of this prospectus,
or that any information incorporated by reference into this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date of the document
so incorporated by reference. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly,
or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even
if new information becomes available in the future. Thus, you should not assume that our silence over time means that actual events
are bearing out as expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If one or more of these
or other risks or uncertainties materializes, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially
from what we anticipate. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or individuals acting on
our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this Note. Before purchasing any shares of common stock, you should consider
carefully all of the factors set forth or referred to in this prospectus and in the accompanying base prospectus that could cause
actual results to differ.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_007"></A>USE OF PROCEEDS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We may issue and sell
shares of our common stock having aggregate gross proceeds of up to $14,870,000 from time to time under the sales agreement. Because
there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to close this offering, the actual total offering amount, commissions
and proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable at this time. The amount of proceeds from this offering will depend upon the number
of shares of our common stock sold and the market price at which they are sold. There can be no assurance that we will be able
to sell any shares under or fully utilize the sales agreement with B. Riley FBR as a source of financing. We intend to use the
net proceeds, if any, from this offering for general corporate purposes, which may include, among other things, for clinical trials
for our product candidates, paying general and administrative expenses and accounts payable, increasing our working capital, funding
research and development and funding capital expenditures. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds for licensing or acquiring
intellectual property to incorporate into our products and product candidates or our research and development programs and to in-license,
acquire or invest in complementary businesses or products, although we have no commitments or agreements with respect to any such
licenses, acquisitions or investments as of the date of this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The amounts and timing
of our actual expenditures will depend on numerous factors, including our development and commercialization efforts, as well as
the amount of cash used in our operations. We therefore cannot estimate with certainty the amount of net proceeds to be used for
the purposes described above. We may find it necessary or advisable to use the net proceeds for other purposes, and we will have
broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds. Pending the uses described above, we plan to invest the net proceeds from
this offering in short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_008"></A>DIVIDEND POLICY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We
have never paid cash dividends on our common stock. Moreover, we do not anticipate paying periodic cash dividends on our common
stock for the foreseeable future. We intend to use all available cash and liquid assets in the operation and growth of our business, subject to terms of any preferred stock or debt securities.
Any future determination about the payment of dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will be subject
to the rights of any outstanding preferred stock and will depend upon our earnings, if any, capital requirements, operating and
financial conditions and on such other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior
to the shares of our common stock with respect to dividend rights and holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative
dividend at the rate of 2.0% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears, as set forth in the Certificate of Designation of Series
A Convertible Preferred Stock</FONT>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_009"></A>DILUTION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If you invest in our
common stock, your interest will be diluted immediately to the extent of the difference between the offering price and the adjusted
net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our net tangible book
value on December 31, 2017 was approximately $8.6 million, or $0.067 per share. &ldquo;Net tangible book value&rdquo; is total
assets minus the sum of liabilities and intangible assets. &ldquo;Net tangible book value per share&rdquo; is net tangible book
value divided by the total number of shares outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">After giving effect
to the sale of shares of common stock in this offering in the aggregate amount of $14,870,000 at an assumed offering price of $0.23
per share, which is the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE American on May 3, 2018 and after deducting estimated
offering commissions and estimated aggregate offering expenses payable by us, our as adjusted net tangible book value as of December
31, 2017 would have been approximately $23.0 million, or $0.12 per share of common stock. This represents an immediate increase
in net tangible book value of $0.05 per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value
of $.11 per share to investors participating in this offering. The following table illustrates this dilution per share to investors
participating in this offering:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 74%; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">Assumed public offering price per share</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right">0.23</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 27pt">Net tangible book value per share as of December 31, 2017</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">0.07</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 27pt">Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors purchasing our common stock in this offering</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">0.05</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">As adjusted net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">0.12</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">Dilution per share to investors purchasing our common stock in this offering</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">0.11</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The above discussion
and table are based on 128,648,366 shares of our common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2017, which does not include the
following, all as of December 31, 2017:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">15,564,098
shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options with a weighted-average exercise price of $1.55 per share;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5,578,024
shares of common stock which were reserved for future equity awards that may be granted in the future under our equity incentive
plans; and</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">32,029,809
shares of our common stock reserved for issuance upon the exercise of outstanding warrants, each with a weighted-average exercise
price of $1.50 per share.</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The above illustration
of dilution per share to investors participating in this offering assumes no exercise of outstanding options to purchase our common
stock or outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. To the extent that any of these outstanding options or warrants
are exercised or we issue additional shares under our equity incentive plans, there will be further dilution to new investors.
In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital due to market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe
we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. To the extent that additional capital is raised through the
sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_010"></A>PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We entered into the
sales agreement with B. Riley FBR under which we may issue and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate gross sales
price of up to $14,870,000 from time to time through B. Riley FBR acting as sales agent, subject to certain limitations, including
the number of shares registered under the registration statement to which the offering relates. Through the date of this prospectus,
we sold an aggregate of 11,876,024 shares of common stock through B. Riley as sales agent under the sales agreement and received
gross proceeds of $8,077,603.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The sales,
if any, of shares made under the sales agreement will be made by any method that is deemed an &ldquo;at the
market offering&rdquo; as defined in Rule 415 promulgated under the Securities Act, as amended. We may instruct B. Riley FBR not to sell common stock if the sales cannot be effected at or above the price designated
by us from time to time. We or B. Riley FBR may suspend the offering of common stock upon notice and subject to other
conditions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">B. Riley FBR will offer
our common stock subject to the terms and conditions of the sales agreement as agreed upon by us and B. Riley FBR. Each time we
wish to issue and sell common stock under the sales agreement, we will notify B. Riley FBR of the number of shares to be issued,
the time period during which such sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the number of shares that may be sold in one
day, any minimum price below which sales may not be made and other sales parameters as we deem appropriate. Once we have so instructed
B. Riley FBR, unless B. Riley FBR declines to accept the terms of the notice, B. Riley FBR has agreed to use its commercially reasonable
efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell such shares up to the amount specified on such terms. The
obligations of B. Riley FBR under the sales agreement to sell our common stock are subject to a number of conditions that we must
meet.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We will pay B. Riley
FBR commissions for its services in acting as agent in the sale of common stock. B. Riley FBR will be paid a commission in an amount
equal to up to 3.0% of the gross sales price per share sold. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition
to close this offering, the actual total public offering amount, commissions and proceeds to us, if any, are not determinable at
this time. We have also agreed to reimburse B. Riley FBR for certain specified expenses, including the fees and disbursements of
its legal counsel in an amount not to exceed $30,000. We estimate that the total expenses for the offering, excluding commissions
and reimbursements payable to B. Riley FBR under the terms of the sales agreement, will be approximately $150,000.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Settlement for sales
of common stock will generally occur on the second business day following the date on which any sales are made, or on some other
date that is agreed upon by us and B. Riley FBR in connection with a particular transaction, in return for payment of the net proceeds
to us. There is no arrangement for funds to be received in an escrow, trust or similar arrangement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In connection with
the sale of the common stock on our behalf, B. Riley FBR will with respect to sales effected in an &ldquo;at the market
offering,&rdquo; be deemed to be an &ldquo;underwriter&rdquo; within the meaning of the Securities Act and the compensation of
B. Riley FBR will be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts. We have agreed to provide indemnification and contribution
to B. Riley FBR against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The offering of our
common stock pursuant to the sales agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (i) the sale of all of our common stock subject
to the sales agreement, or (ii) termination of the sales agreement as provided therein. We may terminate the sales agreement at
any time upon five days&rsquo; prior notice to B. Riley FBR and B. Riley FBR may terminate the sales agreement at any time upon
ten days&rsquo; prior notice to us.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">B. Riley FBR and its
affiliates may in the future provide various investment banking and other financial services for us and our affiliates, for which
services they may in the future receive customary fees. To the extent required by Regulation M, B. Riley FBR will not engage in
any market making activities involving our common stock while the offering is ongoing under this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This summary of the
material provisions of the sales agreement does not purport to be a complete statement of its terms and conditions. A copy of the
initial sales agreement, dated August 5, 2016, has been filed with the SEC as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form 8-K, dated
August 5, 2016, and amendment no. 1 to the sales agreement will be filed with the SEC on or about the date of this prospectus as
an exhibit to a Current Report on Form 8-K.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus in
electronic format may be made available on a website maintained by B. Riley FBR and B. Riley FBR may distribute this prospectus
electronically.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_011"></A>LEGAL MATTERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Gracin
&amp; Marlow, LLP, New York, New York is representing us in connection with the offering. The validity of the securities
offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer, Reno, Nevada. Duane Morris LLP, Newark, New
Jersey is acting as counsel for B. Riley FBR in connection with this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_012"></A>EXPERTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The financial
statements of Synthetic Biologics, Inc. as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and for each of the three years ended in the period
ended December 31, 2017 and management&rsquo;s assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting
as of December 31, 2017 incorporated by reference in this prospectus have been so incorporated in reliance on the reports of
BDO USA, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, incorporated herein by reference, given on authority of said
firm as experts in auditing and accounting. The report on the financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph
regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_013"></A>WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This prospectus is
part of a registration statement on Form S-3 that we have filed with the SEC under the Securities Act. The rules and regulations
of the SEC allow us to omit from this prospectus certain information included in the registration statement. For further information
about us and the securities we are offering under this prospectus, you should refer to the registration statement and the exhibits
and schedules filed with the registration statement. With respect to the statements contained in this prospectus and the accompanying
base prospectus regarding the contents of any agreement or any other document, in each instance, the statement is qualified in
all respects by the complete text of the agreement or document, a copy of which has been filed as an exhibit to the registration
statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We file reports, proxy
statements and other information with the SEC under the Exchange Act. You may read and copy this information from the Public Reference
Room of the SEC, 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549, at prescribed rates. You may obtain information on the
operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains
reports, proxy statements and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that
website is <I>www.sec.gov</I>. In addition, all of the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus may be accessed
via the Internet at our website: <I>www.syntheticbiologics.com</I>. We have not incorporated by reference into this prospectus
the information on our website, and you should not consider it to be a part of this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="b_014"></A>INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY
REFERENCE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The SEC allows us to
&ldquo;incorporate by reference&rdquo; the information we file with it which means that we can disclose important information to
you by referring you to those documents instead of having to repeat the information in this prospectus. The information incorporated
by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus, and later information that we file with the SEC will automatically update
and supersede this information. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and any future filings made with the SEC
(other than any portions of any such documents that are not deemed &ldquo;filed&rdquo; under the Exchange Act in accordance with
the Exchange Act and applicable SEC rules) under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act after (i) the date of the
initial registration statement and prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement, and (ii) the date of this prospectus
and before the completion of the offerings of the shares of our common stock included in this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC on February 22, 2018 (File No. 001-12584);</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
current reports on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12584) filed with the SEC on January 8, 2018, March 7, 2018; April 23, 2018 and May
7, 2018;</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on July 18, 2017 (File No. 001-12584); and</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
description of our common stock set forth in our registration statement on Form 8-A12B, filed with the SEC on June 20, 2007 (File
No. 000-12584).</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any statement contained
in this prospectus or in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus will be deemed
to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained in this prospectus or any
other subsequently filed document that is deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus modifies or supersedes the
statement. Any statement so modified or superseded will not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part
of this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We will furnish without
charge to you, on written or oral request, a copy of any or all of the documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus
and the accompanying base prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus, including exhibits which are specifically incorporated
by reference into such documents. You should direct any requests for documents to Synthetic Biologics, Inc., Attn: Steven A. Shallcross,
Interim Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, 9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270, Rockville, Maryland 20850, or
telephoning us at (301) 417-4364.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">You should rely only
on information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus and the accompanying base prospectus. We have not
authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference
in this prospectus or the accompanying base prospectus. We are not making offers to sell the securities in any jurisdiction in
which such an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which the person making such offer or solicitation is not qualified
to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tv493141_logo01.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Up to $14,870,000 of Shares</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 12pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>B. RILEY FBR</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>May 7, 2018</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PART II</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN THE PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.75in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 14.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.</I></B></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following table sets forth the estimated
fees and expenses in connection with the shelf registration of the common stock registered under this registration statement, other
than any underwriting discounts and commissions. The actual amounts of such fees and expenses will be determined from time to time.
All amounts shown are estimates except for the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;) registration fee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 87%; text-align: left">SEC registration fee</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right">24,900</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">FINRA fee</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">30,500</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">Legal fees and expenses</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">(1)</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">Accounting fees and expenses</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">(1)</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">Transfer agent and registrar fees and expenses</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">(1)</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">Printing and engraving expenses</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">(1)</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">Miscellaneous</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; text-align: left">(1)</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; text-align: left">(1)</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(1)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">These fees are calculated based on the securities offered
and the number of issuances and accordingly cannot be estimated at this time.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.75in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 15.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Indemnification of Directors and Officers.</I></B></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Section 78.138 of the Nevada Revised Statute
provides that a director or officer is not individually liable to the corporation or its stockholders or creditors for any damages
as a result of any act or failure to act in his capacity as a director or officer unless it is proven that (1) his act or failure
to act constituted a breach of his fiduciary duties as a director or officer and (2) his breach of those duties involved intentional
misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This provision is intended to afford directors
and officers protection against and to limit their potential liability for monetary damages resulting from suits alleging a breach
of the duty of care by a director or officer. As a consequence of this provision, stockholders of our company will be unable to
recover monetary damages against directors or officers for action taken by them that may constitute negligence or gross negligence
in performance of their duties unless such conduct falls within one of the foregoing exceptions. The provision, however, does not
alter the applicable standards governing a director&rsquo;s or officer&rsquo;s fiduciary duty and does not eliminate or limit the
right of our company or any stockholder to obtain an injunction or any other type of non-monetary relief in the event of a breach
of fiduciary duty.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Registrant&rsquo;s Articles of Incorporation,
as amended, and amended and restated bylaws provide for indemnification of directors, officers, employees or agents of the Registrant
to the fullest extent permitted by Nevada law (as amended from time to time). Section 78.7502 of the Nevada Revised Statute provides
that such indemnification may only be provided if the person acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed
to be in, or not opposed to, the best interest of the Registrant and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no
reasonable cause to behave his conduct was unlawful.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.75in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 16.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>Exhibits.</I></B></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">1.1&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Form of Underwriting Agreement#</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420416116716/v446112_ex1-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">1.2</A></TD>
<TD><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420416116716/v446112_ex1-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">At-the-Market Issuance Sales Agreement dated August 5, 2016 between the Registrant and <FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">FBR Capital Markets &amp; Co. (&ldquo;<U>FBR</U>&rdquo;) (Incorporated by reference to 1.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 5, 2016 (File No. 001-12584)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418025766/tv493213_ex1-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">1.3</A></TD>
<TD><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418025766/tv493213_ex1-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Amendment No. 1 to the At-the-Market Issuance Sales Agreement dated August 5, 2016 between the Registrant and <FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">FBR Capital Markets &amp; Co. (&ldquo;<U>FBR</U>&rdquo;) (Incorporated by reference to 1.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 7, 2018 (File No. 001-12584</FONT>)</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>3.1</TD>
<TD>Certificate of Incorporation, as amended&nbsp;(Incorporated by reference to <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016308000665/s11-8824_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">(i) Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 16, 2008 (File No. 001-12584)</A>,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000095012401502861/c64437ex3-1.txt" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">(ii) Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2001 filed August 14, 2001 (File No. 001-12584)</A> and <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/0000921895-98-000694.txt" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">(iii) Exhibits 3.1, 4.1 and 4.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 1998 filed August 14, 1998 (File No. 001-12584)</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.2</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Articles of Merger (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009 (File No. 001-12584)).</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex32.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.3</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex32.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certificate of Merger filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009 (File No. 001-12584)).</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex33.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.4</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex33.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Articles of Incorporation filed with the Nevada Secretary of State (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009 (File No. 001-12584)).</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.5</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">By-Laws (Incorporated by reference to <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex34.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">(i) Exhibit 3.4 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009</A> and <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016310000169/s22-9770_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">(ii) Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 3, 2010 (File No. 001-12584)).</A></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420411060729/v238878_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.6</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420411060729/v238878_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Amended and Restated Bylaws Adopted and Effective October 31, 2011 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 2, 2011 (File No. 001-12584)).</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412009508/v302955_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3.7</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412009508/v302955_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 16, 2012 (File No. 001-12584)).</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415031962/v411020_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">3.8</A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415031962/v411020_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 18, 2015 (File No. 001-12584)).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047548/v474946_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">3.9</A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047548/v474946_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate of Designations for Series A Preferred Stock to Certificate of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 12, 2017, File No. 001-12584.)</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047316/v474831_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">3.10</A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047316/v474831_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 8, 2017 (File No. 001-12584)).</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420413038075/v348628_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.1</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420413038075/v348628_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Specimen Stock Certificate evidencing shares of Common Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of Registrant&rsquo;s registration statement on Form S-3 filed on July 3, 2013 (File No. 333-189794)).</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="tv493141_ex4-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.2</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="tv493141_ex4-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Form of Senior Indenture*</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="tv493141_ex4-3.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.3</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="tv493141_ex4-3.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Form of Subordinated Indenture*</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>4.4</TD>
<TD>Form of Senior Note#</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>4.5</TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Form of Subordinated Note#</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.6</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Form of Warrant#</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.7</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Form of Warrant Agreement#</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.8</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Form of Unit#</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.9</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Form of Unit Agreement#</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="tv493141_ex5-1a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.1(a)</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="tv493141_ex5-1a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Legal
opinion of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer*</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="tv493141_ex5-1b.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.1(b)</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="tv493141_ex5-1b.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Legal opinion of Gracin &amp; Marlow, LLP*</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="tv493141_ex12-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">12.1</A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="tv493141_ex12-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Statement
of Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Combined Fixed Charges and Preferred Stock Dividends*</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415016433/v397966_exh21.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">21</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415016433/v397966_exh21.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">List of Subsidiaries (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21 to the Registrant&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 16, 2015 (File No. 001-12584))</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="tv493141_ex23-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">23.1</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="tv493141_ex23-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (BDO USA, LLP)*</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="tv493141_ex5-1a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">23.2</A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="tv493141_ex5-1a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Consent of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer (included in Exhibit 5.1a)*</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="tv493141_ex5-1b.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">23.3</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="tv493141_ex5-1b.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consent of Gracin &amp; Marlow, LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1b)* </FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><A HREF="#sig"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">24.1</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#sig"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Powers of Attorney for our directors (included on signature page)*</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">25.1</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Statement of Eligibility of Trustee on Form T-1 under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended#</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">* Filed herewith</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"># To be filed by amendment or as an amendment to a document
to be incorporated by reference herein in connection with an offering of securities to the extent applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B><TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top"><TD STYLE="width: 0.75in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 17.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><B><I>Undertakings.</I></B></TD></TR>
</TABLE></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(1) To file, during
any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(i) To include
any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(ii) To reflect
in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent
post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information
set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities
offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from
the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC
pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20 percent change in
the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the &ldquo;Calculation of Registration Fee&rdquo; table in the effective
registration statement; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(iii) To include
any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or
any material change to such information in the registration statement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>provided, however</I>, that the undertakings
set forth in paragraphs (1)(i), (1)(ii) and (1)(iii) above do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective
amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the registrant pursuant to Section
13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement or
is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is a part of the registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(2) That, for the
purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be
a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall
be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(3) To remove from
registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination
of the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(4) That, for the
purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(i) Each prospectus
filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the
filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(ii) Each prospectus
required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B
relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required
by section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the
earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities
in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that
is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to
the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time
shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement
or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference
into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of
contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or
prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(iii) Each prospectus
filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying
on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration
statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness <I>; provided, however,</I> that no statement made in a registration
statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by
reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with
a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement
or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first
use.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(5) That, for the
purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution
of the securities, the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant
pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if
the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant
will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(i) Any preliminary
prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(ii) Any free writing
prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned
registrant;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(iii) The portion
of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant
or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(iv) Any other communication
that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(b) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes
that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the registrant&rsquo;s annual
report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee
benefit plan&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference
in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and
the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial <I>bona fide</I> offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(c) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities
arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers, and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant
to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission
such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the
event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred
or paid by a director, officer, or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding)
is asserted by such director, officer, or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant
will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate
jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933
and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(6) If this registration
statement is permitted by Rule 430A, that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(i) For purposes of
determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of
this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to
Rule 424(b) (1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as
of the time it was declared effective.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">(ii) For the purpose
of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus
shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities
at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="sig"></A>SIGNATURES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Act of 1933, as amended, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements
for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto
duly authorized, in the City of Rockville, State of Maryland, May 7, 2018.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 55%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 41%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Interim Chief Executive Officer and</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Financial Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Principal Executive Officer and Principal</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Financial and Accounting Officer) </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>POWER OF ATTORNEY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We, the undersigned hereby severally constitute
and appoint Steven A. Shallcross our true and lawful attorney and agent, with full power to sign for us, and in our names in the
capacities indicated below, any and all amendments to this registration statement, any subsequent registration statements pursuant
to Rule 462 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection
therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full
power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises,
as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact
and agent, or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof. This power of attorney may be
executed in counterparts.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Act 1933, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates
indicated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 35%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 45%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 16%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross </FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Interim Chief Executive Officer and<BR>
 Chief Financial Officer</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;(Principal Executive Officer and<BR>
 Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May 7, 2018</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Jeffrey J. Kraws</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chairman</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May 7, 2018</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jeffrey J. Kraws</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Scott L. Tarriff</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May 7, 2018</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Scott L. Tarriff</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Jeffrey Wolf</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May 7, 2018</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jeffrey Wolf</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-4.2
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>tv493141_ex4-2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 4.2
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 4.2</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.,</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ISSUER</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>AND</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>[TRUSTEE],</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>TRUSTEE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>INDENTURE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>DATED AS OF &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;,
20</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SENIOR DEBT SECURITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;<B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 10pt">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 90%; padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;I DEFINITIONS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;1.1 Definitions of Terms</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;II ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.1 Designation and Terms of Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.2 Form&nbsp;of Securities and Trustee&rsquo;s Certificate</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.3 Denominations: Provisions for Payment</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.4 Execution and Authentications</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">9</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.5 Registration of Transfer and Exchange</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.6 Temporary Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.7 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.8 Cancellation</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.9 Benefits of Indenture</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.10 Authenticating Agent</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;2.11 Global Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;III REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.1 Redemption</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.2 Notice of Redemption</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.3 Payment Upon Redemption</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.4 Sinking Fund</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.5 Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;3.6 Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;IV COVENANTS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;4.1 Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;4.2 Maintenance of Office or Agency</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;4.3 Paying Agents</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;4.4 Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;4.5 Compliance with Consolidation Provisions</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;V SECURITYHOLDERS&rsquo; LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;5.1 Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;5.2 Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;5.3 Reports by the Company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;5.4 Reports by the Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;VI REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.1 Events of Default</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.2 Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">17</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.3 Application of Moneys Collected</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.4 Limitation on Suits</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.5 Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.6 Control by Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;6.7 Undertaking to Pay Costs</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;VII CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.1 Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.2 Certain Rights of Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.3 Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.4&nbsp;May&nbsp;Hold Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.5 Moneys Held in Trust</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.6 Compensation and Reimbursement</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.7 Reliance on Officer&rsquo;s Certificate</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.8 Disqualification; Conflicting Interests</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.9 Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.10 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.11 Acceptance of Appointment By Successor</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="width: 90%; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.13 Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;7.14 Notice of Default</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;ARTICLE&nbsp;VIII CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;8.1 Evidence of Action by Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;8.2 Proof of Execution by Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;8.3 Who May&nbsp;be Deemed Owners</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;8.4 Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;8.5 Actions Binding on Future Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">26</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;IX SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">26</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;9.1 Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">26</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;9.2 Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">27</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;9.3 Effect of Supplemental Indentures</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">27</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;9.4 Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">27</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;9.5 Execution of Supplemental Indentures</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">27</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;X SUCCESSOR ENTITY</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">28</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;10.1 Company May&nbsp;Consolidate, Etc</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">28</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;10.2 Successor Entity Substituted</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">28</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;10.3 Evidence of Consolidation, Etc</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">28</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;XI SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">29</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;11.1 Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">29</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;11.2 Discharge of Obligations</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">29</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;11.3 Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">29</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;11.4 Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">29</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;11.5 Repayment to Company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">29</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;XII IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;12.1 No Recourse</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE&nbsp;XIII MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.1 Effect on Successors and Assigns</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.2 Actions by Successor</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.3 Surrender of Company Powers</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.4 Notices</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.5 Governing Law</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.6 Treatment of Securities as Debt</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.7 Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.8 Payments on Business Days</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.9 Conflict with Trust Indenture Act</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.10 Counterparts</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.11 Separability</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section&nbsp;13.12 Compliance Certificates</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>INDENTURE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">INDENTURE,
dated as of [ </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol"><B>&middot;</B></FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">],
among Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;), and [TRUSTEE], as trustee (the &ldquo;Trustee&rdquo;):</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">WHEREAS, for its lawful corporate purposes, the Company has
duly authorized the execution and delivery of this Indenture to provide for the issuance of debt securities (hereinafter referred
to as the &ldquo;Securities&rdquo;), in an unlimited aggregate principal amount to be issued from time to time in one or more series
as in this Indenture provided, as registered Securities without coupons, to be authenticated by the certificate of the Trustee;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">WHEREAS, to provide the terms and conditions upon which the
Securities are to be authenticated, issued and delivered, the Company has duly authorized the execution of this Indenture; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">WHEREAS, all things necessary to make this Indenture a valid
agreement of the Company, in accordance with its terms, have been done.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the
purchase of the Securities by the holders thereof, it is mutually covenanted and agreed as follows for the equal and ratable benefit
of the holders of Securities:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE&nbsp;I</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>DEFINITIONS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section&nbsp;1.1 Definitions of Terms</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The terms defined in this Section&nbsp;(except as in this
Indenture or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires) for all purposes
of this Indenture and of any indenture supplemental hereto shall have the respective meanings specified in this Section&nbsp;and
shall include the plural as well as the singular. All other terms used in this Indenture that are defined in the Trust Indenture
Act of 1939, as amended, or that are by reference in such Act defined in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (except as herein
or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires), shall have the meanings
assigned to such terms in said Trust Indenture Act and in said Securities Act as in force at the date of the execution of this
instrument.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Authenticating Agent&rdquo; means an authenticating
agent with respect to all or any of the series of Securities appointed by the Trustee pursuant to Section 2.10.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Bankruptcy Law&rdquo; means Title 11, U.S. Code, or
any similar federal or state law for the relief of debtors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Board of Directors&rdquo; means the Board of Directors
of the Company or any duly authorized committee of such Board.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Board Resolution&rdquo; means a copy of a resolution
certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company to have been duly adopted by the Board of Directors and to
be in full force and effect on the date of such certification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Business Day&rdquo; means, with respect to any series
of Securities, any day other than a day on which federal or state banking institutions in the Borough of Manhattan, the City of
New York, or in the city of the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, are authorized or obligated by law, executive order or regulation
to close.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Certificate&rdquo; means a certificate signed by any
Officer. The Certificate need not comply with the provisions of Section 13.07.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Company&rdquo; means Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a
corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Nevada, and, subject to the provisions of Article Ten, shall
also include its successors and assigns.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Corporate Trust Office&rdquo; means the office of
the Trustee at which, at any particular time, its corporate trust business shall be principally administered, which office at the
date hereof is located at .</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Custodian&rdquo; means any receiver, trustee, assignee,
liquidator or similar official under any Bankruptcy Law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Default&rdquo; means any event, act or condition that
with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute an Event of Default.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Defaulted Interest&rdquo; has the meaning set forth
in Section 2.03.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Depositary&rdquo; means, with respect to Securities
of any series for which the Company shall determine that such Securities will be issued as a Global Security, The Depository Trust
Company, another clearing agency, or any successor registered as a clearing agency under the Exchange Act, or other applicable
statute or regulation, which, in each case, shall be designated by the Company pursuant to either Section 2.01 or 2.11.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Event of Default&rdquo; means, with respect to Securities
of a particular series, any event specified in Section 6.01, continued for the period of time, if any, therein designated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo; means the Securities and Exchange
Act of 1934, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Global Security&rdquo; means, with respect to any
series of Securities, a Security executed by the Company and delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary&rsquo;s
instruction, all in accordance with the Indenture, which shall be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Governmental Obligations&rdquo; means securities that
are (a) direct obligations of the United States of America for the payment of which its full faith and credit is pledged or (b)
obligations of a Person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality of the United States of America,
the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by the United States of America that,
in either case, are not callable or redeemable at the option of the issuer thereof at any time prior to the stated maturity of
the Securities, and shall also include a depositary receipt issued by a bank or trust company as custodian with respect to any
such Governmental Obligation or a specific payment of principal of or interest on any such Governmental Obligation held by such
custodian for the account of the holder of such depositary receipt; provided, however, that (except as required by law) such custodian
is not authorized to make any deduction from the amount payable to the holder of such depositary receipt from any amount received
by the custodian in respect of the Governmental Obligation or the specific payment of principal of or interest on the Governmental
Obligation evidenced by such depositary receipt.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;herein&rdquo;, &ldquo;hereof&rdquo; and &ldquo;hereunder&rdquo;,
and other words of similar import, refer to this Indenture as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section or other subdivision.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Indenture&rdquo; means this instrument as originally
executed or as it may from time to time be supplemented or amended by one or more indentures supplemental hereto entered into in
accordance with the terms hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Interest Payment Date&rdquo;, when used with respect
to any installment of interest on a Security of a particular series, means the date specified in such Security or in a Board Resolution
or in an indenture supplemental hereto with respect to such series as the fixed date on which an installment of interest with respect
to Securities of that series is due and payable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Officer&rdquo; means, with respect to the Company,
the chairman of the Board of Directors, a chief executive officer, a president, a chief financial officer, a chief operating officer,
any executive vice president, any senior vice president, any vice president, the treasurer or any assistant treasurer, the controller
or any assistant controller or the secretary or any assistant secretary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Officer&rsquo;s Certificate&rdquo; means a certificate
signed by any Officer. Each such certificate shall include the statements provided for in Section 13.07, if and to the extent required
by the provisions thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Opinion of Counsel&rdquo; means an opinion in writing
subject to customary exceptions of legal counsel, who may be an employee of or counsel for the Company, that is delivered to the
Trustee in accordance with the terms hereof. Each such opinion shall include the statements provided for in Section 13.07, if and
to the extent required by the provisions thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Outstanding&rdquo;, when used with reference to Securities
of any series, means, subject to the provisions of Section 8.04, as of any particular time, all Securities of that series theretofore
authenticated and delivered by the Trustee under this Indenture, except (a) Securities theretofore canceled by the Trustee or any
paying agent, or delivered to the Trustee or any paying agent for cancellation or that have previously been canceled; (b) Securities
or portions thereof for the payment or redemption of which moneys or Governmental Obligations in the necessary amount shall have
been deposited in trust with the Trustee or with any paying agent (other than the Company) or shall have been set aside and segregated
in trust by the Company (if the Company shall act as its own paying agent); provided, however, that if such Securities or portions
of such Securities are to be redeemed prior to the maturity thereof, notice of such redemption shall have been given as provided
in Article Three, or provision satisfactory to the Trustee shall have been made for giving such notice; and (c) Securities in lieu
of or in substitution for which other Securities shall have been authenticated and delivered pursuant to the terms of Section 2.07.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Person&rdquo; means any individual, corporation, partnership,
joint venture, joint-stock company, limited liability company, association, trust, unincorporated organization, any other entity
or organization, including a government or political subdivision or an agency or instrumentality thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Predecessor Security&rdquo; of any particular Security
means every previous Security evidencing all or a portion of the same debt as that evidenced by such particular Security; and,
for the purposes of this definition, any Security authenticated and delivered under Section 2.07 in lieu of a lost, destroyed or
stolen Security shall be deemed to evidence the same debt as the lost, destroyed or stolen Security.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Responsible Officer&rdquo; when used with respect
to the Trustee means the chairman of its board of directors, the chief executive officer, the president, any vice president, the
secretary, the treasurer, any trust officer, any corporate trust officer or any other officer or assistant officer of the Trustee
customarily performing functions similar to those performed by the Persons who at the time shall be such officers, respectively,
or to whom any corporate trust matter is referred because of his or her knowledge of and familiarity with the particular subject.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Securities&rdquo; means the debt Securities authenticated
and delivered under this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Securityholder&rdquo;, &ldquo;holder of Securities&rdquo;,
&ldquo;registered holder&rdquo;, or other similar term, means the Person or Persons in whose name or names a particular Security
shall be registered on the books of the Company kept for that purpose in accordance with the terms of this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Security Register&rdquo; and &ldquo;Security Registrar&rdquo;
shall have the meanings as set forth in Section 2.05.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Subsidiary&rdquo; means, with respect to any Person,
(i) any corporation at least a majority of whose outstanding Voting Stock shall at the time be owned, directly or indirectly, by
such Person or by one or more of its Subsidiaries or by such Person and one or more of its Subsidiaries, (ii) any general partnership,
joint venture or similar entity, at least a majority of whose outstanding partnership or similar interests shall at the time be
owned by such Person, or by one or more of its Subsidiaries, or by such Person and one or more of its Subsidiaries and (iii) any
limited partnership of which such Person or any of its Subsidiaries is a general partner.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Trustee&rdquo; means &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;, and, subject to the provisions
of Article Seven, shall also include its successors and assigns, and, if at any time there is more than one Person acting in such
capacity hereunder, &ldquo;Trustee&rdquo; shall mean each such Person. The term &ldquo;Trustee&rdquo; as used with respect to a
particular series of the Securities shall mean the trustee with respect to that series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Trust Indenture Act&rdquo; means the Trust Indenture
Act of 1939, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Voting Stock&rdquo;, as applied to stock of any Person,
means shares, interests, participations or other equivalents in the equity interest (however designated) in such Person having
ordinary voting power for the election of a majority of the directors (or the equivalent) of such Person, other than shares, interests,
participations or other equivalents having such power only by reason of the occurrence of a contingency.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE II</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION,
REGISTRATION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.1 Designation and Terms of Securities.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The aggregate principal amount of Securities that may
be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture is unlimited. The Securities may be issued in one or more series up to the
aggregate principal amount of Securities of that series from time to time authorized by or pursuant to a Board Resolution or pursuant
to one or more indentures supplemental hereto. Prior to the initial issuance of Securities of any series, there shall be established
in or pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures
supplemental hereto:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(i) the title of the Securities of the series (which shall
distinguish the Securities of that series from all other Securities);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(ii) any limit upon the aggregate principal amount of the
Securities of that series that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture (except for Securities authenticated and
delivered upon registration of transfer of, or in exchange for, or in lieu of, other Securities of that series);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(iii) the date or dates on which the principal of the Securities
of the series is payable, any original issue discount that may apply to the Securities of that series upon their issuance, the
principal amount due at maturity, and the place(s) of payment;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(iv) the rate or rates at which the Securities of the series
shall bear interest or the manner of calculation of such rate or rates, if any;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(v) the date or dates from which such interest shall accrue,
the Interest Payment Dates on which such interest will be payable or the manner of determination of such Interest Payment Dates,
the place(s) of payment, and the record date for the determination of holders to whom interest is payable on any such Interest
Payment Dates or the manner of determination of such record dates;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(vi) the right, if any, to extend the interest payment periods
and the duration of such extension;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(vii) the period or periods within which, the price or prices
at which and the terms and conditions upon which Securities of the series may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at the option of
the Company;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(viii) the obligation, if any, of the Company to redeem or
purchase Securities of the series pursuant to any sinking fund, mandatory redemption, or analogous provisions (including payments
made in cash in satisfaction of future sinking fund obligations) or at the option of a holder thereof and the period or periods
within which, the price or prices at which, and the terms and conditions upon which, Securities of the series shall be redeemed
or purchased, in whole or in part, pursuant to such obligation;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(ix) the form of the Securities of the series including the
form of the Certificate of Authentication for such series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(x) if other than denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars
($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, the denominations in which the Securities of the series shall be issuable;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(xi) any and all other terms (including terms, to the extent
applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the Securities of that series and any security for the obligations of the
Company with respect to such Securities) with respect to such series (which terms shall not be inconsistent with the terms of this
Indenture, as amended by any supplemental indenture) including any terms which may be required by or advisable under United States
laws or regulations or advisable in connection with the marketing of Securities of that series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(xii) whether the Securities are issuable as a Global Security
and, in such case, the terms and the identity of the Depositary for such series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(xiii) whether the Securities will be convertible into or
exchangeable for shares of common stock, preferred stock or other securities of the Company or any other Person and, if so, the
terms and conditions upon which such Securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price,
as applicable, or how it will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at the Company&rsquo;s option or the
holders&rsquo; option) conversion or exchange features, and the applicable conversion or exchange period;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(xiv) if other than the principal amount thereof, the portion
of the principal amount of Securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof
pursuant to Section 6.01;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(xv) any additional or different Events of Default or restrictive
covenants (which may include, among other restrictions, restrictions on the Company&rsquo;s ability or the ability of the Company&rsquo;s
Subsidiaries to: incur additional indebtedness; issue additional securities; create liens; pay dividends or make distributions
in respect of the capital stock of the Company or the Company&rsquo;s Subsidiaries; redeem capital stock; place restrictions on
the Company&rsquo;s Subsidiaries&rsquo; ability to pay dividends, make distributions or transfer assets; make investments or other
restricted payments; sell or otherwise dispose of assets; enter into sale- leaseback transactions; engage in transactions with
stockholders or affiliates; issue or sell stock of the Company&rsquo;s Subsidiaries; or effect a consolidation or merger) or financial
covenants (which may include, among other financial covenants, financial covenants that require the Company and its Subsidiaries
to maintain specified interest coverage, fixed charge, cash flow-based, asset-based or other financial ratios) provided for with
respect to the Securities of the series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(xvi) if other than dollars, the coin or currency in which
the Securities of the series are denominated (including, but not limited to, foreign currency);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(xvii) the terms and conditions, if any, upon which the Company
shall pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if any and principal amounts of the Securities of the series to
any Securityholder that is not a &ldquo;United States person&rdquo; for federal tax purposes; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(xviii) any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment
of the Securities of the series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">All Securities of any one series shall be substantially identical
except as may otherwise be provided in or pursuant to any such Board Resolution or in any indentures supplemental hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If any of the terms of the series are established by action
taken pursuant to a Board Resolution of the Company, a copy of an appropriate record of such action shall be certified by the secretary
or an assistant secretary of the Company and delivered to the Trustee at or prior to the delivery of the Officer&rsquo;s Certificate
of the Company setting forth the terms of the series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Securities of any particular series may be issued at various
times, with different dates on which the principal or any installment of principal is payable, with different rates of interest,
if any, or different methods by which rates of interest may be determined, with different dates on which such interest may be payable
and with different redemption dates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.2 Form of Securities and Trustee&rsquo;s Certificate</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Securities of any series and the Trustee&rsquo;s certificate
of authentication to be borne by such Securities shall be substantially of the tenor and purport as set forth in one or more indentures
supplemental hereto or as provided in a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, and they may have such
letters, numbers or other marks of identification or designation and such legends or endorsements printed, lithographed or engraved
thereon as the Company may deem appropriate and as are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Indenture, or as may be required
to comply with any law or with any rule or regulation made pursuant thereto or with any rule or regulation of any securities exchange
on which Securities of that series may be listed, or to conform to usage.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.3 Denominations: Provisions for Payment</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Securities shall be issuable as registered Securities
and in the denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, subject to Section 2.01(a)(10).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Securities of a particular series shall bear interest
payable on the dates and at the rate specified with respect to that series. Subject to Section 2.01(a)(16), the principal of and
the interest on the Securities of any series, as well as any premium thereon in case of redemption thereof prior to maturity, shall
be payable in the coin or currency of the United States of America that at the time is legal tender for public and private debt,
at the office or agency of the Company maintained for that purpose. Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication.
Interest on the Securities shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day year composed of twelve 30-day months.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The interest installment on any Security that is payable,
and is punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of that series shall be paid to the Person
in whose name said Security (or one or more Predecessor Securities) is registered at the close of business on the regular record
date for such interest installment. In the event that any Security of a particular series or portion thereof is called for redemption
and the redemption date is subsequent to a regular record date with respect to any Interest Payment Date and prior to such Interest
Payment Date, interest on such Security will be paid upon presentation and surrender of such Security as provided in Section 3.03.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any interest on any Security that is payable, but is not
punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of the same series (herein called &ldquo;Defaulted
Interest&rdquo;) shall forthwith cease to be payable to the registered holder on the relevant regular record date by virtue of
having been such holder; and such Defaulted Interest shall be paid by the Company, at its election, as provided in clause (1) or
clause (2) below:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(i) The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest
on Securities to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are registered at the
close of business on a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest, which shall be fixed in the following manner:
the Company shall notify the Trustee in writing of the amount of Defaulted Interest proposed to be paid on each such Security and
the date of the proposed payment, and at the same time the Company shall deposit with the Trustee an amount of money equal to the
aggregate amount proposed to be paid in respect of such Defaulted Interest or shall make arrangements satisfactory to the Trustee
for such deposit prior to the date of the proposed payment, such money when deposited to be held in trust for the benefit of the
Persons entitled to such Defaulted Interest as in this clause provided. Thereupon the Trustee shall fix a special record date for
the payment of such Defaulted Interest which shall not be more than 15 nor less than 10 days prior to the date of the proposed
payment and not less than 10 days after the receipt by the Trustee of the notice of the proposed payment. The Trustee shall promptly
notify the Company of such special record date and, in the name and at the expense of the Company, shall cause notice of the proposed
payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor to be mailed, first class postage prepaid, to each Securityholder
at his or her address as it appears in the Security Register (as hereinafter defined), not less than 10 days prior to such special
record date. Notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor having been mailed
as aforesaid, such Defaulted Interest shall be paid to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor
Securities) are registered on such special record date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(ii) The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest
on any Securities in any other lawful manner not inconsistent with the requirements of any securities exchange on which such Securities
may be listed, and upon such notice as may be required by such exchange, if, after notice given by the Company to the Trustee of
the proposed payment pursuant to this clause, such manner of payment shall be deemed practicable by the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Unless otherwise set forth in a Board Resolution or one or
more indentures supplemental hereto establishing the terms of any series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the term
&ldquo;regular record date&rdquo; as used in this Section with respect to a series of Securities and any Interest Payment Date
for such series shall mean either the fifteenth day of the month immediately preceding the month in which an Interest Payment Date
established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the first day of a month,
or the first day of the month in which an Interest Payment Date established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof shall
occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the fifteenth day of a month, whether or not such date is a Business Day.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Section, each
Security of a series delivered under this Indenture upon transfer of or in exchange for or in lieu of any other Security of such
series shall carry the rights to interest accrued and unpaid, and to accrue, that were carried by such other Security.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.4 Execution and Authentications</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Securities shall be signed on behalf of the Company by
one of its Officers. Signatures may be in the form of a manual or facsimile signature.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company may use the facsimile signature of any Person
who shall have been an Officer, notwithstanding the fact that at the time the Securities shall be authenticated and delivered or
disposed of such Person shall have ceased to be such an officer of the Company. The Securities may contain such notations, legends
or endorsements required by law, stock exchange rule or usage. Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication by the
Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">A Security shall not be valid until authenticated manually
by an authorized signatory of the Trustee, or by an Authenticating Agent. Such signature shall be conclusive evidence that the
Security so authenticated has been duly authenticated and delivered hereunder and that the holder is entitled to the benefits of
this Indenture. At any time and from time to time after the execution and delivery of this Indenture, the Company may deliver Securities
of any series executed by the Company to the Trustee for authentication, together with a written order of the Company for the authentication
and delivery of such Securities, signed by an Officer, and the Trustee in accordance with such written order shall authenticate
and deliver such Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In authenticating such Securities and accepting the additional
responsibilities under this Indenture in relation to such Securities, the Trustee shall be entitled to receive, if requested, and
(subject to Section 7.01) shall be fully protected in relying upon, an Opinion of Counsel stating that the form and terms thereof
have been established in conformity with the provisions of this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Trustee shall not be required to authenticate such Securities
if the issue of such Securities pursuant to this Indenture will affect the Trustee&rsquo;s own rights, duties or immunities under
the Securities and this Indenture or otherwise in a manner that is not reasonably acceptable to the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.5 Registration of Transfer and Exchange.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) Securities of any series may be exchanged upon presentation
thereof at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, for other Securities of such series of authorized denominations,
and for a like aggregate principal amount, upon payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge in relation
thereto, all as provided in this Section. In respect of any Securities so surrendered for exchange, the Company shall execute,
the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in exchange therefor the Security or Securities of the same
series that the Securityholder making the exchange shall be entitled to receive, bearing numbers not contemporaneously outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) The Company shall keep, or cause to be kept, at its office
or agency designated for such purpose a register or registers (herein referred to as the &ldquo;Security Register&rdquo;) in which,
subject to such reasonable regulations as it may prescribe, the Company shall register the Securities and the transfers of Securities
as in this Article provided and which at all reasonable times shall be open for inspection by the Trustee. The registrar for the
purpose of registering Securities and transfer of Securities as herein provided shall be appointed as authorized by Board Resolution
(the &ldquo;Security Registrar&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Upon surrender for transfer of any Security at the office
or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate and such office
or agency shall deliver in the name of the transferee or transferees a new Security or Securities of the same series as the Security
presented for a like aggregate principal amount.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">All Securities presented or surrendered for exchange or registration
of transfer, as provided in this Section, shall be accompanied (if so required by the Company or the Security Registrar) by a written
instrument or instruments of transfer, in form satisfactory to the Company or the Security Registrar, duly executed by the registered
holder or by such holder&rsquo;s duly authorized attorney in writing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant
to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to
this Indenture, no service charge shall be made for any exchange or registration of transfer of Securities, or issue of new Securities
in case of partial redemption of any series, but the Company may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other
governmental charge in relation thereto, other than exchanges pursuant to Section 2.06, Section 3.03(b) and Section 9.04 not involving
any transfer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) The Company shall not be required (i) to issue, exchange
or register the transfer of any Securities during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of the mailing
of a notice of redemption of less than all the Outstanding Securities of the same series and ending at the close of business on
the day of such mailing, nor (ii) to register the transfer of or exchange any Securities of any series or portions thereof called
for redemption, other than the unredeemed portion of any such Securities being redeemed in part. The provisions of this Section
2.05 are, with respect to any Global Security, subject to Section 2.11 hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.6 Temporary Securities.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Pending the preparation of definitive Securities of any series,
the Company may execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, temporary Securities (printed, lithographed or typewritten)
of any authorized denomination. Such temporary Securities shall be substantially in the form of the definitive Securities in lieu
of which they are issued, but with such omissions, insertions and variations as may be appropriate for temporary Securities, all
as may be determined by the Company. Every temporary Security of any series shall be executed by the Company and be authenticated
by the Trustee upon the same conditions and in substantially the same manner, and with like effect, as the definitive Securities
of such series. Without unnecessary delay the Company will execute and will furnish definitive Securities of such series and thereupon
any or all temporary Securities of such series may be surrendered in exchange therefor (without charge to the holders), at the
office or agency of the Company designated for the purpose, and the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall
deliver in exchange for such temporary Securities an equal aggregate principal amount of definitive Securities of such series,
unless the Company advises the Trustee to the effect that definitive Securities need not be executed and furnished until further
notice from the Company. Until so exchanged, the temporary Securities of such series shall be entitled to the same benefits under
this Indenture as definitive Securities of such series authenticated and delivered hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.7 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In case any temporary or definitive Security shall become
mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company (subject to the next succeeding sentence) shall execute, and upon the Company&rsquo;s
request the Trustee (subject as aforesaid) shall authenticate and deliver, a new Security of the same series, bearing a number
not contemporaneously outstanding, in exchange and substitution for the mutilated Security, or in lieu of and in substitution for
the Security so destroyed, lost or stolen. In every case the applicant for a substituted Security shall furnish to the Company
and the Trustee such security or indemnity as may be required by them to save each of them harmless, and, in every case of destruction,
loss or theft, the applicant shall also furnish to the Company and the Trustee evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction,
loss or theft of the applicant&rsquo;s Security and of the ownership thereof. The Trustee may authenticate any such substituted
Security and deliver the same upon the written request or authorization of any officer of the Company. Upon the issuance of any
substituted Security, the Company may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that
may be imposed in relation thereto and any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Trustee) connected therewith.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In case any Security that has matured or is about to mature
shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company may, instead of issuing a substitute Security, pay or authorize
the payment of the same (without surrender thereof except in the case of a mutilated Security) if the applicant for such payment
shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such security or indemnity as they may require to save them harmless, and, in case
of destruction, loss or theft, evidence to the satisfaction of the Company and the Trustee of the destruction, loss or theft of
such Security and of the ownership thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Every replacement Security issued pursuant to the provisions
of this Section shall constitute an additional contractual obligation of the Company whether or not the mutilated, destroyed,
lost or stolen Security shall be found at any time, or be enforceable by anyone, and shall be entitled to all the benefits of
this Indenture equally and proportionately with any and all other Securities of the same series duly issued hereunder. All Securities
shall be held and owned upon the express condition that the foregoing provisions are exclusive with respect to the replacement
or payment of mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities, and shall preclude (to the extent lawful) any and all other rights
or remedies, notwithstanding any law or statute existing or hereafter enacted to the contrary with respect to the replacement
or payment of negotiable instruments or other securities without their surrender.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.8 Cancellation.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">All Securities surrendered for the purpose of payment, redemption,
exchange or registration of transfer shall, if surrendered to the Company or any paying agent, be delivered to the Trustee for
cancellation, or, if surrendered to the Trustee, shall be cancelled by it, and no Securities shall be issued in lieu thereof except
as expressly required or permitted by any of the provisions of this Indenture. On request of the Company at the time of such surrender,
the Trustee shall deliver to the Company canceled Securities held by the Trustee. In the absence of such request the Trustee may
dispose of canceled Securities in accordance with its standard procedures and deliver a certificate of disposition to the Company.
If the Company shall otherwise acquire any of the Securities, however, such acquisition shall not operate as a redemption or satisfaction
of the indebtedness represented by such Securities unless and until the same are delivered to the Trustee for cancellation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.9 Benefits of Indenture.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Nothing in this Indenture or in the Securities, express or
implied, shall give or be construed to give to any Person, other than the parties hereto and the holders of the Securities any
legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Indenture, or under any covenant, condition or provision
herein contained; all such covenants, conditions and provisions being for the sole benefit of the parties hereto and of the holders
of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.10 Authenticating Agent.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">So long as any of the Securities of any series remain Outstanding
there may be an Authenticating Agent for any or all such series of Securities which the Trustee shall have the right to appoint.
Said Authenticating Agent shall be authorized to act on behalf of the Trustee to authenticate Securities of such series issued
upon exchange, transfer or partial redemption thereof, and Securities so authenticated shall be entitled to the benefits of this
Indenture and shall be valid and obligatory for all purposes as if authenticated by the Trustee hereunder. All references in this
Indenture to the authentication of Securities by the Trustee shall be deemed to include authentication by an Authenticating Agent
for such series. Each Authenticating Agent shall be acceptable to the Company and shall be a corporation that has a combined capital
and surplus, as most recently reported or determined by it, sufficient under the laws of any jurisdiction under which it is organized
or in which it is doing business to conduct a trust business, and that is otherwise authorized under such laws to conduct such
business and is subject to supervision or examination by federal or state authorities. If at any time any Authenticating Agent
shall cease to be eligible in accordance with these provisions, it shall resign immediately.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any Authenticating Agent may at any time resign by giving
written notice of resignation to the Trustee and to the Company. The Trustee may at any time (and upon request by the Company shall)
terminate the agency of any Authenticating Agent by giving written notice of termination to such Authenticating Agent and to the
Company. Upon resignation, termination or cessation of eligibility of any Authenticating Agent, the Trustee may appoint an eligible
successor Authenticating Agent acceptable to the Company. Any successor Authenticating Agent, upon acceptance of its appointment
hereunder, shall become vested with all the rights, powers and duties of its predecessor hereunder as if originally named as an
Authenticating Agent pursuant hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.11 Global Securities.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) If the Company shall establish pursuant to Section 2.01
that the Securities of a particular series are to be issued as a Global Security, then the Company shall execute and the Trustee
shall, in accordance with Section 2.04, authenticate and deliver, a Global Security that (i) shall represent, and shall be denominated
in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount of, all of the Outstanding Securities of such series, (ii) shall be registered
in the name of the Depositary or its nominee, (iii) shall be delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary&rsquo;s
instruction and (iv) shall bear a legend substantially to the following effect: &ldquo;Except as otherwise provided in Section
2.11 of the Indenture, this Security may be transferred, in whole but not in part, only to another nominee of the Depositary or
to a successor Depositary or to a nominee of such successor Depositary.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2.05, the Global
Security of a series may be transferred, in whole but not in part and in the manner provided in Section 2.05, only to another nominee
of the Depositary for such series, or to a successor Depositary for such series selected or approved by the Company or to a nominee
of such successor Depositary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) If at any time the Depositary for a series of the Securities
notifies the Company that it is unwilling or unable to continue as Depositary for such series or if at any time the Depositary
for such series shall no longer be registered or in good standing under the Exchange Act, or other applicable statute or regulation,
and a successor Depositary for such series is not appointed by the Company within 90 days after the Company receives such notice
or becomes aware of such condition, as the case may be, or if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing and the Company
has received a request from the Depositary or from the Trustee, this Section 2.11 shall no longer be applicable to the Securities
of such series and the Company will execute, and subject to Section 2.04, the Trustee will authenticate and deliver the Securities
of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, and in an aggregate principal amount
equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. In addition, the Company
may at any time determine that the Securities of any series shall no longer be represented by a Global Security and that the provisions
of this Section 2.11 shall no longer apply to the Securities of such series. In such event the Company will execute and, subject
to Section 2.04, the Trustee, upon receipt of an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate evidencing such determination by the Company, will
authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations,
and in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global
Security. Upon the exchange of the Global Security for such Securities in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized
denominations, the Global Security shall be canceled by the Trustee. Such Securities in definitive registered form issued in exchange
for the Global Security pursuant to this Section 2.11(c) shall be registered in such names and in such authorized denominations
as the Depositary, pursuant to instructions from its direct or indirect participants or otherwise, shall instruct the Trustee.
The Trustee shall deliver such Securities to the Depositary for delivery to the Persons in whose names such Securities are so registered.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE III</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING
FUND PROVISIONS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 3.1 Redemption.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company may redeem the Securities of any series issued
hereunder on and after the dates and in accordance with the terms established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 3.2 Notice of Redemption</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) In case the Company shall desire to exercise such right
to redeem all or, as the case may be, a portion of the Securities of any series in accordance with any right the Company reserved
for itself to do so pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the Company shall, or shall cause the Trustee to, give notice of such redemption
to holders of the Securities of such series to be redeemed by mailing, first class postage prepaid, a notice of such redemption
not less than 30 days and not more than 90 days before the date fixed for redemption of that series to such holders at their last
addresses as they shall appear upon the Security Register, unless a shorter period is specified in the Securities to be redeemed.
Any notice that is mailed in the manner herein provided shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not
the registered holder receives the notice. In any case, failure duly to give such notice to the holder of any Security of any series
designated for redemption in whole or in part, or any defect in the notice, shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for
the redemption of any other Securities of such series or any other series. In the case of any redemption of Securities prior to
the expiration of any restriction on such redemption provided in the terms of such Securities or elsewhere in this Indenture, the
Company shall furnish the Trustee with an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate evidencing compliance with any such restriction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Each such notice of redemption shall specify the date fixed
for redemption and the redemption price at which Securities of that series are to be redeemed, and shall state that payment of
the redemption price of such Securities to be redeemed will be made at the office or agency of the Company, upon presentation and
surrender of such Securities, that interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption will be paid as specified in said notice,
that from and after said date interest will cease to accrue and that the redemption is from a sinking fund, if such is the case.
If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the notice to the holders of Securities of that series to be redeemed
in part shall specify the particular Securities to be so redeemed.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In case any Security is to be redeemed in part only, the
notice that relates to such Security shall state the portion of the principal amount thereof to be redeemed, and shall state that
on and after the redemption date, upon surrender of such Security, a new Security or Securities of such series in principal amount
equal to the unredeemed portion thereof will be issued.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) If less than all the Securities of a series are to be
redeemed, the Company shall give the Trustee at least 45 days&rsquo; notice (unless a shorter notice shall be satisfactory to the
Trustee) in advance of the date fixed for redemption as to the aggregate principal amount of Securities of the series to be redeemed,
and thereupon the Trustee shall select, by lot or in such other manner as it shall deem appropriate and fair in its discretion
and that may provide for the selection of a portion or portions (equal to one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple
thereof) of the principal amount of such Securities of a denomination larger than $1,000, the Securities to be redeemed and shall
thereafter promptly notify the Company in writing of the numbers of the Securities to be redeemed, in whole or in part. The Company
may, if and whenever it shall so elect, by delivery of instructions signed on its behalf by an Officer, instruct the Trustee or
any paying agent to call all or any part of the Securities of a particular series for redemption and to give notice of redemption
in the manner set forth in this Section, such notice to be in the name of the Company or its own name as the Trustee or such paying
agent may deem advisable. In any case in which notice of redemption is to be given by the Trustee or any such paying agent, the
Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to, or permit to remain with, the Trustee or such paying agent, as the case may
be, such Security Register, transfer books or other records, or suitable copies or extracts therefrom, sufficient to enable the
Trustee or such paying agent to give any notice by mail that may be required under the provisions of this Section.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 3.3 Payment Upon Redemption.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) If the giving of notice of redemption shall have been
completed as above provided, the Securities or portions of Securities of the series to be redeemed specified in such notice shall
become due and payable on the date and at the place stated in such notice at the applicable redemption price, together with interest
accrued to the date fixed for redemption and interest on such Securities or portions of Securities shall cease to accrue on and
after the date fixed for redemption, unless the Company shall default in the payment of such redemption price and accrued interest
with respect to any such Security or portion thereof. On presentation and surrender of such Securities on or after the date fixed
for redemption at the place of payment specified in the notice, said Securities shall be paid and redeemed at the applicable redemption
price for such series, together with interest accrued thereon to the date fixed for redemption (but if the date fixed for redemption
is an interest payment date, the interest installment payable on such date shall be payable to the registered holder at the close
of business on the applicable record date pursuant to Section 2.03).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) Upon presentation of any Security of such series that
is to be redeemed in part only, the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and the office or agency where the
Security is presented shall deliver to the holder thereof, at the expense of the Company, a new Security of the same series of
authorized denominations in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion of the Security so presented.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 3.4 Sinking Fund.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The provisions of Sections 3.04, 3.05 and 3.06 shall be applicable
to any sinking fund for the retirement of Securities of a series, except as otherwise specified as contemplated by Section 2.01
for Securities of such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The minimum amount of any sinking fund payment provided for
by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as a &ldquo;mandatory sinking fund payment,&rdquo; and any payment
in excess of such minimum amount provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as an &ldquo;optional
sinking fund payment&rdquo;. If provided for by the terms of Securities of any series, the cash amount of any sinking fund payment
may be subject to reduction as provided in Section 3.05. Each sinking fund payment shall be applied to the redemption of Securities
of any series as provided for by the terms of Securities of such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 3.5 Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with
Securities.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company (i) may deliver Outstanding Securities of a series
and (ii) may apply as a credit Securities of a series that have been redeemed either at the election of the Company pursuant to
the terms of such Securities or through the application of permitted optional sinking fund payments pursuant to the terms of such
Securities, in each case in satisfaction of all or any part of any sinking fund payment with respect to the Securities of such
series required to be made pursuant to the terms of such Securities as provided for by the terms of such series, provided that
such Securities have not been previously so credited. Such Securities shall be received and credited for such purpose by the Trustee
at the redemption price specified in such Securities for redemption through operation of the sinking fund and the amount of such
sinking fund payment shall be reduced accordingly.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 3.6 Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Not less than 45 days prior to each sinking fund payment
date for any series of Securities (unless a shorter period shall be satisfactory to the Trustee), the Company will deliver to the
Trustee an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate specifying the amount of the next ensuing sinking fund payment for that series pursuant
to the terms of the series, the portion thereof, if any, that is to be satisfied by delivering and crediting Securities of that
series pursuant to Section 3.05 and the basis for such credit and will, together with such Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, deliver
to the Trustee any Securities to be so delivered. Not less than 30 days before each such sinking fund payment date the Trustee
shall select the Securities to be redeemed upon such sinking fund payment date in the manner specified in Section 3.02 and cause
notice of the redemption thereof to be given in the name of and at the expense of the Company in the manner provided in Section
3.02. Such notice having been duly given, the redemption of such Securities shall be made upon the terms and in the manner stated
in Section 3.03.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE IV</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>COVENANTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 4.1 Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company will duly and punctually pay or cause to be paid
the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest on the Securities of that series at the time and place and in the manner provided
herein and established with respect to such Securities. Payments of principal on the Securities may be made at the time provided
herein and established with respect to such Securities by U.S. dollar check drawn on and mailed to the address of the Securityholder
entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account
(such wire transfer to be made only to a Securityholder of an aggregate principal amount of Securities of the applicable series
in excess of U.S. $2,000,000 and only if such Securityholder shall have furnished wire instructions to the Trustee no later than
15 days prior to the relevant payment date). Payments of interest on the Securities may be made at the time provided herein and
established with respect to such Securities by U.S. dollar check mailed to the address of the Securityholder entitled thereto as
such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account (such a wire transfer
to be made only to a Securityholder of an aggregate principal amount of Securities of the applicable series in excess of U.S. $2,000,000
and only if such Securityholder shall have furnished wire instructions in writing to the Security Registrar and the Trustee no
later than 15 days prior to the relevant payment date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 4.2 Maintenance of Office or Agency.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">So long as any series of the Securities remain Outstanding,
the Company agrees to maintain an office or agency with respect to each such series and at such other location or locations as
may be designated as provided in this Section 4.02, where (i) Securities of that series may be presented for payment, (ii) Securities
of that series may be presented as herein above authorized for registration of transfer and exchange, and (iii) notices and demands
to or upon the Company in respect of the Securities of that series and this Indenture may be given or served, such designation
to continue with respect to such office or agency until the Company shall, by written notice signed by any officer authorized to
sign an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate and delivered to the Trustee, designate some other office or agency for such purposes or any
of them. If at any time the Company shall fail to maintain any such required office or agency or shall fail to furnish the Trustee
with the address thereof, such presentations, notices and demands may be made or served at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee,
and the Company hereby appoints the Trustee as its agent to receive all such presentations, notices and demands. The Company initially
appoints the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee as its paying agent with respect to the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 4.3 Paying Agents.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) If the Company shall appoint one or more paying agents
for all or any series of the Securities, other than the Trustee, the Company will cause each such paying agent to execute and deliver
to the Trustee an instrument in which such agent shall agree with the Trustee, subject to the provisions of this Section:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(i) that it will hold all sums held by it as such agent for
the payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the Securities of that series (whether such sums have been
paid to it by the Company or by any other obligor of such Securities) in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(ii) that it will give the Trustee notice of any failure
by the Company (or by any other obligor of such Securities) to make any payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest
on the Securities of that series when the same shall be due and payable;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(iii) that it will, at any time during the continuance of
any failure referred to in the preceding paragraph (a)(2) above, upon the written request of the Trustee, forthwith pay to the
Trustee all sums so held in trust by such paying agent; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(iv) that it will perform all other duties of paying agent
as set forth in this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) If the Company shall act as its own paying agent with
respect to any series of the Securities, it will on or before each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest
on Securities of that series, set aside, segregate and hold in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto a sum sufficient
to pay such principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming due on Securities of that series until such sums shall be paid
to such Persons or otherwise disposed of as herein provided and will promptly notify the Trustee of such action, or any failure
(by it or any other obligor on such Securities) to take such action. Whenever the Company shall have one or more paying agents
for any series of Securities, it will, prior to each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on any Securities
of that series, deposit with the paying agent a sum sufficient to pay the principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming
due, such sum to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such principal, premium or interest, and (unless such
paying agent is the Trustee) the Company will promptly notify the Trustee of this action or failure so to act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) Notwithstanding anything in this Section to the contrary,
(i) the agreement to hold sums in trust as provided in this Section is subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, and (ii) the
Company may at any time, for the purpose of obtaining the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture or for any other purpose,
pay, or direct any paying agent to pay, to the Trustee all sums held in trust by the Company or such paying agent, such sums to
be held by the Trustee upon the same terms and conditions as those upon which such sums were held by the Company or such paying
agent; and, upon such payment by the Company or any paying agent to the Trustee, the Company or such paying agent shall be released
from all further liability with respect to such money.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 4.4 Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company, whenever necessary to avoid or fill a vacancy
in the office of Trustee, will appoint, in the manner provided in Section 7.10, a Trustee, so that there shall at all times be
a Trustee hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 4.5 Compliance with Consolidation Provisions.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company will not, while any of the Securities remain
Outstanding, consolidate with or merge into any other Person, in either case where the Company is not the survivor of such transaction,
or sell or convey all or substantially all of its property to any other Person unless the provisions of Article Ten hereof are
complied with.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE V</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SECURITYHOLDERS&rsquo; LISTS AND REPORTS
BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 5.1 Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses
of Securityholders.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company will furnish or cause to be furnished to the
Trustee (a) within 15 days after each regular record date (as defined in Section 2.03) a list, in such form as the Trustee may
reasonably require, of the names and addresses of the holders of each series of Securities as of such regular record date, provided
that the Company shall not be obligated to furnish or cause to furnish such list at any time that the list shall not differ in
any respect from the most recent list furnished to the Trustee by the Company and (b) at such other times as the Trustee may request
in writing within 30 days after the receipt by the Company of any such request, a list of similar form and content as of a date
not more than 15 days prior to the time such list is furnished; provided, however, that, in either case, no such list need be furnished
for any series for which the Trustee shall be the Security Registrar.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 5.2 Preservation Of Information; Communications
With Securityholders</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The Trustee shall preserve, in as current a form as is
reasonably practicable, all information as to the names and addresses of the holders of Securities contained in the most recent
list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 and as to the names and addresses of holders of Securities received by the Trustee
in its capacity as Security Registrar (if acting in such capacity).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) The Trustee may destroy any list furnished to it as provided
in Section 5.01 upon receipt of a new list so furnished.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) Securityholders may communicate as provided in Section
312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act with other Securityholders with respect to their rights under this Indenture or under the Securities,
and, in connection with any such communications, the Trustee shall satisfy its obligations under Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture
Act in accordance with the provisions of Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 5.3 Reports by the Company.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company covenants and agrees to provide (which delivery
may be via electronic mail) to the Trustee, after the Company files the same with the Securities and Exchange Commission, copies
of the annual reports and of the information, documents and other reports (or copies of such portions of any of the foregoing as
the Securities and Exchange Commission may from time to time by rules and regulations prescribe) that the Company files with the
Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; provided, however, the Company
shall not be required to deliver to the Trustee any materials for which the Company has sought and received confidential treatment
by the Securities and Exchange Commission; and provided further, so long as such filings by the Company are available on the Securities
and Exchange Commission&rsquo;s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval System (EDGAR), such filings shall be deemed
to have been filed with the Trustee for purposes of this Section 5.03 without any further action required by the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 5.4 Reports by the Trustee.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) If required by Section 313(a) of the Trust Indenture
Act, the Trustee, within sixty (60) days after each May 1, shall transmit by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders,
as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register, a brief report dated as of such May 1, which complies with Section
313(a) of the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) The Trustee shall comply with Section 313(b) and 313(c)
of the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) A copy of each such report shall, at the time of such
transmission to Securityholders, be filed by the Trustee with the Company, with each securities exchange upon which any Securities
are listed (if so listed) and also with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company agrees to notify the Trustee when any
Securities become listed on any securities exchange.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE VI</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS
ON EVENT OF DEFAULT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.1 Events of Default.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) Whenever used herein with respect to Securities of a
particular series, &ldquo;Event of Default&rdquo; means any one or more of the following events that has occurred and is continuing:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(i) the Company defaults in the payment of any installment
of interest upon any of the Securities of that series, as and when the same shall become due and payable, and such default continues
for a period of 90 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by the Company in accordance with
the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of interest for this purpose;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(ii) the Company defaults in the payment of the principal
of (or premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due and payable whether at maturity,
upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect
to that series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such Securities in accordance with the terms of any
indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(iii) the Company fails to observe or perform any other of
its covenants or agreements with respect to that series contained in this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to that
series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof (other than a covenant or agreement that has been expressly included in this
Indenture solely for the benefit of one or more series of Securities other than such series) for a period of 90 days after the
date on which written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such notice is a &ldquo;Notice
of Default&rdquo; hereunder, shall have been given to the Company by the Trustee, by registered or certified mail, or to the Company
and the Trustee by the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the Securities of that series at the time Outstanding;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(iv) the Company pursuant to or within the meaning of any
Bankruptcy Law (i) commences a voluntary case, (ii) consents to the entry of an order for relief against it in an involuntary case,
(iii) consents to the appointment of a Custodian of it or for all or substantially all of its property or (iv) makes a general
assignment for the benefit of its creditors; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(v) a court of competent jurisdiction enters an order under
any Bankruptcy Law that (i) is for relief against the Company in an involuntary case, (ii) appoints a Custodian of the Company
for all or substantially all of its property or (iii) orders the liquidation of the Company, and the order or decree remains unstayed
and in effect for 90 days.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) In each and every such case (other than an Event of Default
specified in clause (4) or clause (5) above), unless the principal of all the Securities of that series shall have already become
due and payable, either the Trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that
series then Outstanding hereunder, by notice in writing to the Company (and to the Trustee if given by such Securityholders), may
declare the principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities of that series to be due
and payable immediately, and upon any such declaration the same shall become and shall be immediately due and payable. If an Event
of Default specified in clause (4) or clause (5) above occurs, the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities
of that series shall automatically be immediately due and payable without any declaration or other act on the part of the Trustee
or the holders of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) At any time after the principal of (and premium, if any,
on) and accrued and unpaid interest on the Securities of that series shall have been so declared due and payable, and before any
judgment or decree for the payment of the moneys due shall have been obtained or entered as hereinafter provided, the holders of
a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder, by written notice to the
Company and the Trustee, may rescind and annul such declaration and its consequences if: (i) the Company has paid or deposited
with the Trustee a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest upon all the Securities of that series and the principal
of (and premium, if any, on) any and all Securities of that series that shall have become due otherwise than by acceleration (with
interest upon such principal and premium, if any, and, to the extent that such payment is enforceable under applicable law, upon
overdue installments of interest, at the rate per annum expressed in the Securities of that series to the date of such payment
or deposit) and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06, and (ii) any and all Events of Default under the Indenture
with respect to such series, other than the nonpayment of principal on (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest
on Securities of that series that shall not have become due by their terms, shall have been remedied or waived as provided in Section
6.06.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">No such rescission and annulment shall extend to or shall
affect any subsequent default or impair any right consequent thereon.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) In case the Trustee shall have proceeded to enforce any
right with respect to Securities of that series under this Indenture and such proceedings shall have been discontinued or abandoned
because of such rescission or annulment or for any other reason or shall have been determined adversely to the Trustee, then and
in every such case, subject to any determination in such proceedings, the Company and the Trustee shall be restored respectively
to their former positions and rights hereunder, and all rights, remedies and powers of the Company and the Trustee shall continue
as though no such proceedings had been taken.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.2 Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement
by Trustee.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The Company covenants that (i) in case it shall default
in the payment of any installment of interest on any of the Securities of a series, or in any payment required by any sinking or
analogous fund established with respect to that series as and when the same shall have become due and payable, and such default
shall have continued for a period of 90 days, or (ii) in case it shall default in the payment of the principal of (or premium,
if any, on) any of the Securities of a series when the same shall have become due and payable, whether upon maturity of the Securities
of a series or upon redemption or upon declaration or otherwise then, upon demand of the Trustee, the Company will pay to the Trustee,
for the benefit of the holders of the Securities of that series, the whole amount that then shall have been become due and payable
on all such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) or interest, or both, as the case may be, with interest upon the overdue
principal (and premium, if any) and (to the extent that payment of such interest is enforceable under applicable law) upon overdue
installments of interest at the rate per annum expressed in the Securities of that series; and, in addition thereto, such further
amount as shall be sufficient to cover the costs and expenses of collection, and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section
7.06.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) If the Company shall fail to pay such amounts forthwith
upon such demand, the Trustee, in its own name and as trustee of an express trust, shall be entitled and empowered to institute
any action or proceedings at law or in equity for the collection of the sums so due and unpaid, and may prosecute any such action
or proceeding to judgment or final decree, and may enforce any such judgment or final decree against the Company or other obligor
upon the Securities of that series and collect the moneys adjudged or decreed to be payable in the manner provided by law or equity
out of the property of the Company or other obligor upon the Securities of that series, wherever situated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) In case of any receivership, insolvency, liquidation,
bankruptcy, reorganization, readjustment, arrangement, composition or judicial proceedings affecting the Company, or its creditors
or property, the Trustee shall have power to intervene in such proceedings and take any action therein that may be permitted by
the court and shall (except as may be otherwise provided by law) be entitled to file such proofs of claim and other papers and
documents as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Trustee and of the holders of Securities of such
series allowed for the entire amount due and payable by the Company under the Indenture at the date of institution of such proceedings
and for any additional amount that may become due and payable by the Company after such date, and to collect and receive any moneys
or other property payable or deliverable on any such claim, and to distribute the same after the deduction of the amount payable
to the Trustee under Section 7.06; and any receiver, assignee or trustee in bankruptcy or reorganization is hereby authorized by
each of the holders of Securities of such series to make such payments to the Trustee, and, in the event that the Trustee shall
consent to the making of such payments directly to such Securityholders, to pay to the Trustee any amount due it under Section
7.06.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) All rights of action and of asserting claims under this
Indenture, or under any of the terms established with respect to Securities of that series, may be enforced by the Trustee without
the possession of any of such Securities, or the production thereof at any trial or other proceeding relative thereto, and any
such suit or proceeding instituted by the Trustee shall be brought in its own name as trustee of an express trust, and any recovery
of judgment shall, after provision for payment to the Trustee of any amounts due under Section 7.06, be for the ratable benefit
of the holders of the Securities of such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In case of an Event of Default hereunder, the Trustee may
in its discretion proceed to protect and enforce the rights vested in it by this Indenture by such appropriate judicial proceedings
as the Trustee shall deem most effectual to protect and enforce any of such rights, either at law or in equity or in bankruptcy
or otherwise, whether for the specific enforcement of any covenant or agreement contained in the Indenture or in aid of the exercise
of any power granted in this Indenture, or to enforce any other legal or equitable right vested in the Trustee by this Indenture
or by law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to authorize the
Trustee to authorize or consent to or accept or adopt on behalf of any Securityholder any plan of reorganization, arrangement,
adjustment or composition affecting the Securities of that series or the rights of any holder thereof or to authorize the Trustee
to vote in respect of the claim of any Securityholder in any such proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.3 Application of Moneys Collected.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any moneys collected by the Trustee pursuant to this Article
with respect to a particular series of Securities shall be applied in the following order, at the date or dates fixed by the Trustee
and, in case of the distribution of such moneys on account of principal (or premium, if any) or interest, upon presentation of
the Securities of that series, and notation thereon of the payment, if only partially paid, and upon surrender thereof if fully
paid:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">FIRST: To the payment of reasonable costs and expenses of
collection and of all amounts payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">SECOND: To the payment of the amounts then due and unpaid
upon Securities of such series for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, in respect of which or for the benefit of which
such money has been collected, ratably, without preference or priority of any kind, according to the amounts due and payable on
such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, respectively; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">THIRD: To the payment of the remainder, if any, to the Company
or any other Person lawfully entitled thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.4 Limitation on Suits.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">No holder of any Security of any series shall have any right
by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to institute any suit, action or proceeding in equity or at law upon
or under or with respect to this Indenture or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee, or for any other remedy hereunder,
unless (i) such holder previously shall have given to the Trustee written notice of an Event of Default and of the continuance
thereof with respect to the Securities of such series specifying such Event of Default, as hereinbefore provided; (ii) the holders
of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding shall have made written request
upon the Trustee to institute such action, suit or proceeding in its own name as Trustee hereunder; (iii) such holder or holders
shall have offered to the Trustee such reasonable indemnity as it may require against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be
incurred therein or thereby; (iv) the Trustee for 90 days after its receipt of such notice, request and offer of indemnity, shall
have failed to institute any such action, suit or proceeding and (v) during such 90 day period, the holders of a majority in principal
amount of the Securities of that series do not give the Trustee a direction inconsistent with the request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary
or any other provisions of this Indenture, the right of any holder of any Security to receive payment of the principal of (and
premium, if any) and interest on such Security, as therein provided, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security
(or in the case of redemption, on the redemption date), or to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment on or after
such respective dates or redemption date, shall not be impaired or affected without the consent of such holder and by accepting
a Security hereunder it is expressly understood, intended and covenanted by the taker and holder of every Security of such series
with every other such taker and holder and the Trustee, that no one or more holders of Securities of such series shall have any
right in any manner whatsoever by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to affect, disturb or prejudice the
rights of the holders of any other of such Securities, or to obtain or seek to obtain priority over or preference to any other
such holder, or to enforce any right under this Indenture, except in the manner herein provided and for the equal, ratable and
common benefit of all holders of Securities of such series. For the protection and enforcement of the provisions of this Section,
each and every Securityholder and the Trustee shall be entitled to such relief as can be given either at law or in equity.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.5 Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission
Not Waiver.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) Except as otherwise provided in Section 2.07, all powers
and remedies given by this Article to the Trustee or to the Securityholders shall, to the extent permitted by law, be deemed cumulative
and not exclusive of any other powers and remedies available to the Trustee or the holders of the Securities, by judicial proceedings
or otherwise, to enforce the performance or observance of the covenants and agreements contained in this Indenture or otherwise
established with respect to such Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) No delay or omission of the Trustee or of any holder
of any of the Securities to exercise any right or power accruing upon any Event of Default occurring and continuing as aforesaid
shall impair any such right or power, or shall be construed to be a waiver of any such default or an acquiescence therein; and,
subject to the provisions of Section 6.04, every power and remedy given by this Article or by law to the Trustee or the Securityholders
may be exercised from time to time, and as often as shall be deemed expedient, by the Trustee or by the Securityholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.6 Control by Securityholders.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of
the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding, determined in accordance with Section 8.04, shall have the right to direct
the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power
conferred on the Trustee with respect to such series; provided, however, that such direction shall not be in conflict with any
rule of law or with this Indenture. Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, the Trustee shall have the right to decline to follow
any such direction if the Trustee in good faith shall, by a Responsible Officer or officers of the Trustee, determine that the
proceeding so directed, subject to the Trustee&rsquo;s duties under the Trust Indenture Act, would involve the Trustee in personal
liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the Securityholders not involved in the proceeding. The holders of a majority in aggregate
principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding affected thereby, determined in accordance with Section
8.04, may on behalf of the holders of all of the Securities of such series waive any past default in the performance of any of
the covenants contained herein or established pursuant to Section 2.01 with respect to such series and its consequences, except
a default in the payment of the principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, any of the Securities of that series as and when
the same shall become due by the terms of such Securities otherwise than by acceleration (unless such default has been cured and
a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest and principal and any premium has been deposited with the Trustee
(in accordance with Section 6.01(c)). Upon any such waiver, the default covered thereby shall be deemed to be cured for all purposes
of this Indenture and the Company, the Trustee and the holders of the Securities of such series shall be restored to their former
positions and rights hereunder, respectively; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or impair any
right consequent thereon.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.7 Undertaking to Pay Costs.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">All parties to this Indenture agree, and each holder of any
Securities by such holder&rsquo;s acceptance thereof shall be deemed to have agreed, that any court may in its discretion require,
in any suit for the enforcement of any right or remedy under this Indenture, or in any suit against the Trustee for any action
taken or omitted by it as Trustee, the filing by any party litigant in such suit of an undertaking to pay the costs of such suit,
and that such court may in its discretion assess reasonable costs, including reasonable attorneys&rsquo; fees, against any party
litigant in such suit, having due regard to the merits and good faith of the claims or defenses made by such party litigant; but
the provisions of this Section shall not apply to any suit instituted by the Trustee, to any suit instituted by any Securityholder,
or group of Securityholders, holding more than 10% in aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of any series, or
to any suit instituted by any Securityholder for the enforcement of the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest
on any Security of such series, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security or established pursuant to this
Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE VII</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.1 Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The Trustee, prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default
with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing of all Events of Default with respect to the Securities of that
series that may have occurred, shall undertake to perform with respect to the Securities of such series such duties and only such
duties as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants shall be read into this Indenture against the
Trustee. In case an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series has occurred (that has not been cured or waived),
the Trustee shall exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture,
and use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in
the conduct of his own affairs.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) No provision of this Indenture shall be construed to
relieve the Trustee from liability for its own negligent action, its own negligent failure to act, or its own willful misconduct,
except that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(1) prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect
to the Securities of a series and after the curing or waiving of all such Events of Default with respect to that series that may
have occurred: (A) the duties and obligations of the Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of such series be determined
solely by the express provisions of this Indenture, and the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to the Securities of such
series except for the performance of such duties and obligations as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied
covenants or obligations shall be read into this Indenture against the Trustee; and (B) in the absence of bad faith on the part
of the Trustee, the Trustee may with respect to the Securities of such series conclusively rely, as to the truth of the statements
and the correctness of the opinions expressed therein, upon any certificates or opinions furnished to the Trustee and conforming
to the requirements of this Indenture; but in the case of any such certificates or opinions that by any provision hereof are specifically
required to be furnished to the Trustee, the Trustee shall be under a duty to examine the same to determine whether or not they
conform to the requirements of this Indenture;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(2) the Trustee shall not be liable for any error of judgment
made in good faith by a Responsible Officer or Responsible Officers of the Trustee, unless it shall be proved that the Trustee
was negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(3) the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to any action
taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the direction of the holders of not less than a majority in
principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding relating to the time, method and place of conducting any
proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred upon the Trustee under this Indenture
with respect to the Securities of that series; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(4) none of the provisions contained in this Indenture shall
require the Trustee to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur personal financial liability in the performance of any of
its duties or in the exercise of any of its rights or powers if there is reasonable ground for believing that the repayment of
such funds or liability is not reasonably assured to it under the terms of this Indenture or adequate indemnity against such risk
is not reasonably assured to it.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.2 Certain Rights of Trustee.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The Trustee may rely and shall be protected in acting
or refraining from acting upon any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order,
approval, bond, security or other paper or document believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper
party or parties;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) Any request, direction, order or demand of the Company
mentioned herein shall be sufficiently evidenced by a Board Resolution or an instrument signed in the name of the Company by any
authorized officer of the Company (unless other evidence in respect thereof is specifically prescribed herein);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) The Trustee may consult with counsel and the written
advice of such counsel or, if requested, any Opinion of Counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect
of any action taken or suffered or omitted hereunder in good faith and in reliance thereon;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) The Trustee shall be under no obligation to exercise
any of the rights or powers vested in it by this Indenture at the request, order or direction of any of the Securityholders pursuant
to the provisions of this Indenture, unless such Securityholders shall have offered to the Trustee reasonable security or indemnity
against the costs, expenses and liabilities that may be incurred therein or thereby; nothing contained herein shall, however, relieve
the Trustee of the obligation, upon the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to a series of the Securities (that has
not been cured or waived), to exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers vested in it by
this Indenture, and to use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the
circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(e) The Trustee shall not be liable for any action taken
or omitted to be taken by it in good faith and believed by it to be authorized or within the discretion or rights or powers conferred
upon it by this Indenture;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(f) The Trustee shall not be bound to make any investigation
into the facts or matters stated in any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent,
order, approval, bond, security, or other papers or documents, unless requested in writing so to do by the holders of not less
than a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of the particular series affected thereby (determined as provided
in Section 8.04); provided, however, that if the payment within a reasonable time to the Trustee of the costs, expenses or liabilities
likely to be incurred by it in the making of such investigation is, in the opinion of the Trustee, not reasonably assured to the
Trustee by the security afforded to it by the terms of this Indenture, the Trustee may require reasonable indemnity against such
costs, expenses or liabilities as a condition to so proceeding. The reasonable expense of every such examination shall be paid
by the Company or, if paid by the Trustee, shall be repaid by the Company upon demand; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(g) The Trustee may execute any of the trusts or powers hereunder
or perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or through agents or attorneys and the Trustee shall not be responsible for
any misconduct or negligence on the part of any agent or attorney appointed with due care by it hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In addition, the Trustee shall not be deemed to have knowledge
of any Default or Event of Default except (1) any Event of Default occurring pursuant to Sections 6.01(a)(1) and 6.01(a)(2) or
(2) any Default or Event of Default of which the Trustee shall have received written notification in the manner set forth in this
Indenture or a Responsible Officer of the Trustee shall have obtained actual knowledge. Delivery of reports, information and documents
to the Trustee under Section 5.03 is for informational purposes only and the information and the Trustee&rsquo;s receipt of the
foregoing shall not constitute constructive notice of any information contained therein, or determinable from information contained
therein including the Company&rsquo;s compliance with any of their covenants thereunder (as to which the Trustee is entitled to
rely exclusively on an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.3 Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance
or Securities.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The recitals contained herein and in the Securities shall
be taken as the statements of the Company, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility for the correctness of the same.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) The Trustee makes no representations as to the validity
or sufficiency of this Indenture or of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) The Trustee shall not be accountable for the use or application
by the Company of any of the Securities or of the proceeds of such Securities, or for the use or application of any moneys paid
over by the Trustee in accordance with any provision of this Indenture or established pursuant to Section 2.01, or for the use
or application of any moneys received by any paying agent other than the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.4 May Hold Securities.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Trustee or any paying agent or Security Registrar, in
its individual or any other capacity, may become the owner or pledgee of Securities with the same rights it would have if it were
not Trustee, paying agent or Security Registrar.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.5 Moneys Held in Trust.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, all moneys received
by the Trustee shall, until used or applied as herein provided, be held in trust for the purposes for which they were received,
but need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required by law. The Trustee shall be under no liability for interest
on any moneys received by it hereunder except such as it may agree with the Company to pay thereon.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.6 Compensation and Reimbursement.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The Company covenants and agrees to pay to the Trustee,
and the Trustee shall be entitled to, such reasonable compensation (which shall not be limited by any provision of law in regard
to the compensation of a trustee of an express trust) as the Company and the Trustee may from time to time agree in writing, for
all services rendered by it in the execution of the trusts hereby created and in the exercise and performance of any of the powers
and duties hereunder of the Trustee, and, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, the Company will pay or reimburse the
Trustee upon its request for all reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances incurred or made by the Trustee in accordance
with any of the provisions of this Indenture (including the reasonable compensation and the expenses and disbursements of its counsel
and of all Persons not regularly in its employ), except any such expense, disbursement or advance as may arise from its negligence
or bad faith and except as the Company and Trustee may from time to time agree in writing. The Company also covenants to indemnify
the Trustee (and its officers, agents, directors and employees) for, and to hold it harmless against, any loss, liability or expense
incurred without negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee and arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or
administration of this trust, including the reasonable costs and expenses of defending itself against any claim of liability in
the premises.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) The obligations of the Company under this Section to
compensate and indemnify the Trustee and to pay or reimburse the Trustee for reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances shall
constitute additional indebtedness hereunder. Such additional indebtedness shall be secured by a lien prior to that of the Securities
upon all property and funds held or collected by the Trustee as such, except funds held in trust for the benefit of the holders
of particular Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.7 Reliance on Officer&rsquo;s Certificate.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01, whenever in
the administration of the provisions of this Indenture the Trustee shall deem it reasonably necessary or desirable that a matter
be proved or established prior to taking or suffering or omitting to take any action hereunder, such matter (unless other evidence
in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee,
be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate delivered to the Trustee and such certificate,
in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, shall be full warrant to the Trustee for any action taken,
suffered or omitted to be taken by it under the provisions of this Indenture upon the faith thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.8 Disqualification; Conflicting Interests.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If the Trustee has or shall acquire any &ldquo;conflicting
interest&rdquo; within the meaning of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee and the Company shall in all respects
comply with the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.9 Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">There shall at all times be a Trustee with respect to the
Securities issued hereunder which shall at all times be a corporation organized and doing business under the laws of the United
States of America or any state or territory thereof or of the District of Columbia, or a corporation or other Person permitted
to act as trustee by the Securities and Exchange Commission, authorized under such laws to exercise corporate trust powers, having
a combined capital and surplus of at least fifty million U.S. dollars ($50,000,000), and subject to supervision or examination
by federal, state, territorial, or District of Columbia authority.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If such corporation or other Person publishes reports of
condition at least annually, pursuant to law or to the requirements of the aforesaid supervising or examining authority, then for
the purposes of this Section, the combined capital and surplus of such corporation or other Person shall be deemed to be its combined
capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published. The Company may not, nor may any Person directly
or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Company, serve as Trustee. In case at any time the Trustee
shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall resign immediately in the manner
and with the effect specified in Section 7.10.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.10 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The Trustee or any successor hereafter appointed may
at any time resign with respect to the Securities of one or more series by giving written notice thereof to the Company and by
transmitting notice of resignation by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders of such series, as their names
and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Upon receiving such notice of resignation, the Company shall promptly appoint
a successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board
of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the resigning Trustee and one copy to the successor trustee. If
no successor trustee shall have been so appointed and have accepted appointment within 30 days after the mailing of such notice
of resignation, the resigning Trustee may petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment of a successor trustee
with respect to Securities of such series, or any Securityholder of that series who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or
Securities for at least six months may on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, petition any such court for the
appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, appoint
a successor trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) In case at any time any one of the following shall occur:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(1) the Trustee shall fail to comply with the provisions
of Section 7.08 after written request therefor by the Company or by any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security
or Securities for at least six months; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(2) the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance
with the provisions of Section 7.09 and shall fail to resign after written request therefor by the Company or by any such Securityholder;
or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(3) the Trustee shall become incapable of acting, or shall
be adjudged a bankrupt or insolvent, or commence a voluntary bankruptcy proceeding, or a receiver of the Trustee or of its property
shall be appointed or consented to, or any public officer shall take charge or control of the Trustee or of its property or affairs
for the purpose of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation; then, in any such case, the Company may remove the Trustee with
respect to all Securities and appoint a successor trustee by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board of
Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the Trustee so removed and one copy to the successor trustee, or
any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may, on behalf of that holder
and all others similarly situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the removal of the Trustee and the appointment
of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, remove the Trustee
and appoint a successor trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount
of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding may at any time remove the Trustee with respect to such series by so notifying
the Trustee and the Company and may appoint a successor Trustee for such series with the consent of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) Any resignation or removal of the Trustee and appointment
of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of a series pursuant to any of the provisions of this Section shall become
effective upon acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee as provided in Section 7.11.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(e) Any successor trustee appointed pursuant to this Section
may be appointed with respect to the Securities of one or more series or all of such series, and at any time there shall be only
one Trustee with respect to the Securities of any particular series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.11 Acceptance of Appointment By Successor.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee
with respect to all Securities, every such successor trustee so appointed shall execute, acknowledge and deliver to the Company
and to the retiring Trustee an instrument accepting such appointment, and thereupon the resignation or removal of the retiring
Trustee shall become effective and such successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with
all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee; but, on the request of the Company or the successor trustee,
such retiring Trustee shall, upon payment of its charges, execute and deliver an instrument transferring to such successor trustee
all the rights, powers, and trusts of the retiring Trustee and shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee
all property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee
with respect to the Securities of one or more (but not all) series, the Company, the retiring Trustee and each successor trustee
with respect to the Securities of one or more series shall execute and deliver an indenture supplemental hereto wherein each successor
trustee shall accept such appointment and which (i) shall contain such provisions as shall be necessary or desirable to transfer
and confirm to, and to vest in, each successor trustee all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect
to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates, (ii) shall contain such provisions
as shall be deemed necessary or desirable to confirm that all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with
respect to the Securities of that or those series as to which the retiring Trustee is not retiring shall continue to be vested
in the retiring Trustee, and (iii) shall add to or change any of the provisions of this Indenture as shall be necessary to provide
for or facilitate the administration of the trusts hereunder by more than one Trustee, it being understood that nothing herein
or in such supplemental indenture shall constitute such Trustees co-trustees of the same trust, that each such Trustee shall be
trustee of a trust or trusts hereunder separate and apart from any trust or trusts hereunder administered by any other such Trustee
and that no Trustee shall be responsible for any act or failure to act on the part of any other Trustee hereunder; and upon the
execution and delivery of such supplemental indenture the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective
to the extent provided therein, such retiring Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the
appointment of such successor trustee relates have no further responsibility for the exercise of rights and powers or for the performance
of the duties and obligations vested in the Trustee under this Indenture, and each such successor trustee, without any further
act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect
to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates; but, on request of the Company
or any successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee, to the extent
contemplated by such supplemental indenture, the property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder with respect to the
Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) Upon request of any such successor trustee, the Company
shall execute any and all instruments for more fully and certainly vesting in and confirming to such successor trustee all such
rights, powers and trusts referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Section, as the case may be.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) No successor trustee shall accept its appointment unless
at the time of such acceptance such successor trustee shall be qualified and eligible under this Article.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(e) Upon acceptance of appointment by a successor trustee
as provided in this Section, the Company shall transmit notice of the succession of such trustee hereunder by mail, first class
postage prepaid, to the Securityholders, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. If the Company fails to
transmit such notice within ten days after acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee, the successor trustee shall cause
such notice to be transmitted at the expense of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession
to Business.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any corporation into which the Trustee may be merged or converted
or with which it may be consolidated, or any corporation resulting from any merger, conversion or consolidation to which the Trustee
shall be a party, or any corporation succeeding to the corporate trust business of the Trustee, including the administration of
the trust created by this Indenture, shall be the successor of the Trustee hereunder, provided that such corporation shall be qualified
under the provisions of Section 7.08 and eligible under the provisions of Section 7.09, without the execution or filing of any
paper or any further act on the part of any of the parties hereto, anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding. In case any
Securities shall have been authenticated, but not delivered, by the Trustee then in office, any successor by merger, conversion
or consolidation to such authenticating Trustee may adopt such authentication and deliver the Securities so authenticated with
the same effect as if such successor Trustee had itself authenticated such Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.13 Preferential Collection of Claims Against
the Company.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Trustee shall comply with Section 311(a) of the Trust
Indenture Act, excluding any creditor relationship described in Section 311(b) of the Trust Indenture Act. A Trustee who has resigned
or been removed shall be subject to Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act to the extent included therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.14 Notice of Default</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If any Default or any Event of Default occurs and is continuing
and if such Default or Event of Default is known to a Responsible Officer of the Trustee, the Trustee shall mail to each Securityholder
in the manner and to the extent provided in Section 313(c) of the Trust Indenture Act notice of the Default or Event of Default
within the earlier of 90 days after it occurs and 30 days after it is known to a Responsible Officer of the Trustee or written
notice of it is received by the Trustee, unless such Default or Event of Default has been cured; provided, however, that, except
in the case of a default in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security, the Trustee shall
be protected in withholding such notice if and so long as the board of directors, the executive committee or a trust committee
of directors and/or Responsible Officers of the Trustee in good faith determine that the withholding of such notice is in the interest
of the Securityholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE VIII</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 8.1 Evidence of Action by Securityholders</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Whenever in this Indenture it is provided that the holders
of a majority or specified percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series may take any action
(including the making of any demand or request, the giving of any notice, consent or waiver or the taking of any other action),
the fact that at the time of taking any such action the holders of such majority or specified percentage of that series have joined
therein may be evidenced by any instrument or any number of instruments of similar tenor executed by such holders of Securities
of that series in person or by agent or proxy appointed in writing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If the Company shall solicit from the Securityholders of
any series any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, the Company may, at its option,
as evidenced by an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, fix in advance a record date for such series for the determination of Securityholders
entitled to give such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, but the Company shall
have no obligation to do so. If such a record date is fixed, such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver
or other action may be given before or after the record date, but only the Securityholders of record at the close of business on
the record date shall be deemed to be Securityholders for the purposes of determining whether Securityholders of the requisite
proportion of Outstanding Securities of that series have authorized or agreed or consented to such request, demand, authorization,
direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, and for that purpose the Outstanding Securities of that series shall be computed
as of the record date; provided, however, that no such authorization, agreement or consent by such Securityholders on the record
date shall be deemed effective unless it shall become effective pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture not later than six
months after the record date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 8.2 Proof of Execution by Securityholders.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, proof of the execution
of any instrument by a Securityholder (such proof will not require notarization) or his agent or proxy and proof of the holding
by any Person of any of the Securities shall be sufficient if made in the following manner:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The fact and date of the execution by any such Person
of any instrument may be proved in any reasonable manner acceptable to the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) The ownership of Securities shall be proved by the Security
Register of such Securities or by a certificate of the Security Registrar thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Trustee may require such additional proof of any matter
referred to in this Section as it shall deem necessary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 8.3 Who May be Deemed Owners.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Prior to the due presentment for registration of transfer
of any Security, the Company, the Trustee, any paying agent and any Security Registrar may deem and treat the Person in whose name
such Security shall be registered upon the books of the Company as the absolute owner of such Security (whether or not such Security
shall be overdue and notwithstanding any notice of ownership or writing thereon made by anyone other than the Security Registrar)
for the purpose of receiving payment of or on account of the principal of, premium, if any, and (subject to Section 2.03) interest
on such Security and for all other purposes; and neither the Company nor the Trustee nor any paying agent nor any Security Registrar
shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 8.4 Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In determining whether the holders of the requisite aggregate
principal amount of Securities of a particular series have concurred in any direction, consent or waiver under this Indenture,
the Securities of that series that are owned by the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series or by any Person
directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under common control with the Company or any other obligor on the Securities
of that series shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding for the purpose of any such determination, except that for
the purpose of determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying on any such direction, consent or waiver, only Securities
of such series that the Trustee actually knows are so owned shall be so disregarded. The Securities so owned that have been pledged
in good faith may be regarded as Outstanding for the purposes of this Section, if the pledgee shall establish to the satisfaction
of the Trustee the pledgee&rsquo;s right so to act with respect to such Securities and that the pledgee is not a Person directly
or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Company or any such other obligor.
In case of a dispute as to such right, any decision by the Trustee taken upon the advice of counsel shall be full protection to
the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 8.5 Actions Binding on Future Securityholders.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">At any time prior to (but not after) the evidencing to the
Trustee, as provided in Section 8.01, of the taking of any action by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal
amount of the Securities of a particular series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action, any holder of a Security
of that series that is shown by the evidence to be included in the Securities the holders of which have consented to such action
may, by filing written notice with the Trustee, and upon proof of holding as provided in Section 8.02, revoke such action so far
as concerns such Security. Except as aforesaid any such action taken by the holder of any Security shall be conclusive and binding
upon such holder and upon all future holders and owners of such Security, and of any Security issued in exchange therefor, on registration
of transfer thereof or in place thereof, irrespective of whether or not any notation in regard thereto is made upon such Security.
Any action taken by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series
specified in this Indenture in connection with such action shall be conclusively binding upon the Company, the Trustee and the
holders of all the Securities of that series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE IX</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 9.1 Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent
of Securityholders</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In addition to any supplemental indenture otherwise authorized
by this Indenture, the Company and the Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental
hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect), without the consent of the Securityholders,
for one or more of the following purposes:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) to cure any ambiguity, defect, or inconsistency herein
or in the Securities of any series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) to comply with Article Ten;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) to provide for uncertificated Securities in addition
to or in place of certificated Securities;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) to add to the covenants, restrictions, conditions or
provisions relating to the Company for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of Securities (and if such covenants, restrictions,
conditions or provisions are to be for the benefit of less than all series of Securities, stating that such covenants, restrictions,
conditions or provisions are expressly being included solely for the benefit of such series), to make the occurrence, or the occurrence
and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an Event of Default,
or to surrender any right or power herein conferred upon the Company;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(e) to add to, delete from, or revise the conditions, limitations,
and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication, and delivery of Securities, as herein set
forth;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(f) to make any change that does not adversely affect the
rights of any Securityholder in any material respect;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(g) to provide for the issuance of and establish the form
and terms and conditions of the Securities of any series as provided in Section 2.01, to establish the form of any certifications
required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of this Indenture or any series of Securities, or to add to the rights of the holders
of any series of Securities;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(h) to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment
hereunder by a successor trustee; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(i) to comply with any requirements of the Securities and
Exchange Commission or any successor in connection with the qualification of this Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Trustee is hereby authorized to join with the Company
in the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and to make any further appropriate agreements and stipulations that may be
therein contained, but the Trustee shall not be obligated to enter into any such supplemental indenture that affects the Trustee&rsquo;s
own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any supplemental indenture authorized by the provisions of
this Section may be executed by the Company and the Trustee without the consent of the holders of any of the Securities at the
time Outstanding, notwithstanding any of the provisions of Section 9.02.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 9.2 Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">With the consent (evidenced as provided in Section 8.01)
of the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of each series affected by such supplemental
indenture or indentures at the time Outstanding, the Company, when authorized by a Board Resolution, and the Trustee may from time
to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the
Trust Indenture Act as then in effect) for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating any
of the provisions of this Indenture or of any supplemental indenture or of modifying in any manner not covered by Section 9.01
the rights of the holders of the Securities of such series under this Indenture; provided, however, that no such supplemental indenture
shall, without the consent of the holders of each Security then Outstanding and affected thereby, (a) extend the fixed maturity
of any Securities of any series, or reduce the principal amount thereof, or reduce the rate or extend the time of payment of interest
thereon, or reduce any premium payable upon the redemption thereof or (b) reduce the aforesaid percentage of Securities, the holders
of which are required to consent to any such supplemental indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">It shall not be necessary for the consent of the Securityholders
of any series affected thereby under this Section to approve the particular form of any proposed supplemental indenture, but it
shall be sufficient if such consent shall approve the substance thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 9.3 Effect of Supplemental Indentures.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Upon the execution of any supplemental indenture pursuant
to the provisions of this Article or of Section 10.01, this Indenture shall, with respect to such series, be and be deemed to be
modified and amended in accordance therewith and the respective rights, limitations of rights, obligations, duties and immunities
under this Indenture of the Trustee, the Company and the holders of Securities of the series affected thereby shall thereafter
be determined, exercised and enforced hereunder subject in all respects to such modifications and amendments, and all the terms
and conditions of any such supplemental indenture shall be and be deemed to be part of the terms and conditions of this Indenture
for any and all purposes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 9.4 Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Securities of any series affected by a supplemental indenture,
authenticated and delivered after the execution of such supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article or of
Section 10.01, may bear a notation in form approved by the Company, provided such form meets the requirements of any securities
exchange upon which such series may be listed, as to any matter provided for in such supplemental indenture. If the Company shall
so determine, new Securities of that series so modified as to conform, in the opinion of the Board of Directors, to any modification
of this Indenture contained in any such supplemental indenture may be prepared by the Company, authenticated by the Trustee and
delivered in exchange for the Securities of that series then Outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 9.5 Execution of Supplemental Indentures.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Upon the request of the Company, accompanied by its Board
Resolutions authorizing the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and upon the filing with the Trustee of evidence of the
consent of Securityholders required to consent thereto as aforesaid, the Trustee shall join with the Company in the execution of
such supplemental indenture unless such supplemental indenture affects the Trustee&rsquo;s own rights, duties or immunities under
this Indenture or otherwise, in which case the Trustee may in its discretion but shall not be obligated to enter into such supplemental
indenture. The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, may receive an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate or, if requested,
an Opinion of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any supplemental indenture executed pursuant to this Article is authorized or
permitted by, and conforms to, the terms of this Article and that it is proper for the Trustee under the provisions of this Article
to join in the execution thereof; provided, however, that such Officer&rsquo;s Certificate or Opinion of Counsel need not be provided
in connection with the execution of a supplemental indenture that establishes the terms of a series of Securities pursuant to Section
2.01 hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Promptly after the execution by the Company and the Trustee
of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall transmit by mail, first class postage
prepaid, a notice, setting forth in general terms the substance of such supplemental indenture, to the Securityholders of all series
affected thereby as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Any failure of the Trustee to mail such notice,
or any defect therein, shall not, however, in any way impair or affect the validity of any such supplemental indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE X</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SUCCESSOR ENTITY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 10.1 Company May Consolidate, Etc</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a
Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to this
Indenture, nothing contained in this Indenture shall prevent any consolidation or merger of the Company with or into any other
Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company) or successive consolidations or mergers in which the Company or its successor
or successors shall be a party or parties, or shall prevent any sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition of the property
of the Company or its successor or successors as an entirety, or substantially as an entirety, to any other corporation (whether
or not affiliated with the Company or its successor or successors) authorized to acquire and operate the same; provided, however,
(a) the Company hereby covenants and agrees that, upon any such consolidation or merger (in each case, if the Company is not the
survivor of such transaction), sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, the due and punctual payment of the principal of
(premium, if any) and interest on all of the Securities of all series in accordance with the terms of each series, according to
their tenor, and the due and punctual performance and observance of all the covenants and conditions of this Indenture with respect
to each series or established with respect to such series pursuant to Section 2.01 to be kept or performed by the Company shall
be expressly assumed, by supplemental indenture (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act, as then in effect)
reasonably satisfactory in form to the Trustee executed and delivered to the Trustee by the entity formed by such consolidation,
or into which the Company shall have been merged, or by the entity which shall have acquired such property and (b) in the event
that the Securities of any series then Outstanding are convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock or other securities
of the Company, such entity shall, by such supplemental indenture, make provision so that the Securityholders of Securities of
that series shall thereafter be entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange of such Securities the number of securities or
property to which a holder of the number of shares of common stock or other securities of the Company deliverable upon conversion
or exchange of those Securities would have been entitled had such conversion or exchange occurred immediately prior to such consolidation,
merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 10.2 Successor Entity Substituted.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance,
transfer or other disposition and upon the assumption by the successor entity by supplemental indenture, executed and delivered
to the Trustee and satisfactory in form to the Trustee, of the obligations set forth under Section 10.01 on all of the Securities
of all series Outstanding, such successor entity shall succeed to and be substituted for the Company with the same effect as if
it had been named as the Company herein, and thereupon the predecessor corporation shall be relieved of all obligations and covenants
under this Indenture and the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance,
transfer or other disposition, such changes in phraseology and form (but not in substance) may be made in the Securities thereafter
to be issued as may be appropriate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) Nothing contained in this Article shall require any action
by the Company in the case of a consolidation or merger of any Person into the Company where the Company is the survivor of such
transaction, or the acquisition by the Company, by purchase or otherwise, of all or any part of the property of any other Person
(whether or not affiliated with the Company).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 10.3 Evidence of Consolidation, Etc. to Trustee.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, may
receive an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate and, if requested, an Opinion of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any such consolidation,
merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, and any such assumption, comply with the provisions of this Article.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE XI</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 11.1 Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If at any time: (a) the Company shall have delivered to the
Trustee for cancellation all Securities of a series theretofore authenticated and not delivered to the Trustee for cancellation
(other than any Securities that shall have been destroyed, lost or stolen and that shall have been replaced or paid as provided
in Section 2.07 and Securities for whose payment money or Governmental Obligations have theretofore been deposited in trust or
segregated and held in trust by the Company and thereupon repaid to the Company or discharged from such trust, as provided in Section
11.05); or (b) all such Securities of a particular series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation shall have
become due and payable, or are by their terms to become due and payable within one year or are to be called for redemption within
one year under arrangements satisfactory to the Trustee for the giving of notice of redemption, and the Company shall deposit or
cause to be deposited with the Trustee as trust funds the entire amount in moneys or Governmental Obligations or a combination
thereof, sufficient in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants expressed in a written certification
thereof delivered to the Trustee, to pay at maturity or upon redemption all Securities of that series not theretofore delivered
to the Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity
or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable
hereunder with respect to such series by the Company then this Indenture shall thereupon cease to be of further effect with respect
to such series except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4.01, 4.02, 4.03 and 7.10, that shall survive until the
date of maturity or redemption date, as the case may be, and Sections 7.06 and 11.05, that shall survive to such date and thereafter,
and the Trustee, on demand of the Company and at the cost and expense of the Company shall execute proper instruments acknowledging
satisfaction of and discharging this Indenture with respect to such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 11.2 Discharge of Obligations.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If at any time all such Securities of a particular series
not heretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation or that have not become due and payable as described in Section 11.01
shall have been paid by the Company by depositing irrevocably with the Trustee as trust funds moneys or an amount of Governmental
Obligations sufficient to pay at maturity or upon redemption all such Securities of that series not theretofore delivered to the
Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity
or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable
hereunder by the Company with respect to such series, then after the date such moneys or Governmental Obligations, as the case
may be, are deposited with the Trustee the obligations of the Company under this Indenture with respect to such series shall cease
to be of further effect except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4,01, 4.02, 4,03, 7.06, 7.10 and 11.05 hereof that
shall survive until such Securities shall mature and be paid.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Thereafter, Sections 7.06 and 11.05 shall survive.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 11.3 Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">All moneys or Governmental Obligations deposited with the
Trustee pursuant to Sections 11.01 or 11.02 shall be held in trust and shall be available for payment as due, either directly or
through any paying agent (including the Company acting as its own paying agent), to the holders of the particular series of Securities
for the payment or redemption of which such moneys or Governmental Obligations have been deposited with the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 11.4 Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In connection with the satisfaction and discharge of this
Indenture all moneys or Governmental Obligations then held by any paying agent under the provisions of this Indenture shall, upon
demand of the Company, be paid to the Trustee and thereupon such paying agent shall be released from all further liability with
respect to such moneys or Governmental Obligations.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 11.5 Repayment to Company.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any moneys or Governmental Obligations deposited with any
paying agent or the Trustee, or then held by the Company, in trust for payment of principal of or premium, if any, or interest
on the Securities of a particular series that are not applied but remain unclaimed by the holders of such Securities for at least
two years after the date upon which the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on such Securities shall have respectively
become due and payable, or such other shorter period set forth in applicable escheat or abandoned or unclaimed property law, shall
be repaid to the Company on May 31 of each year or upon the Company&rsquo;s request or (if then held by the Company) shall be discharged
from such trust; and thereupon the paying agent and the Trustee shall be released from all further liability with respect to such
moneys or Governmental Obligations, and the holder of any of the Securities entitled to receive such payment shall thereafter,
as a general creditor, look only to the Company for the payment thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE XII</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS,
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 12.1 No Recourse</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">No recourse under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement
of this Indenture, or of any Security, or for any claim based thereon or otherwise in respect thereof, shall be had against any
incorporator, stockholder, officer or director, past, present or future as such, of the Company or of any predecessor or successor
corporation, either directly or through the Company or any such predecessor or successor corporation, whether by virtue of any
constitution, statute or rule of law, or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise; it being expressly understood
that this Indenture and the obligations issued hereunder are solely corporate obligations, and that no such personal liability
whatever shall attach to, or is or shall be incurred by, the incorporators, stockholders, officers or directors as such, of the
Company or of any predecessor or successor corporation, or any of them, because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized,
or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied
therefrom; and that any and all such personal liability of every name and nature, either at common law or in equity or by constitution
or statute, of, and any and all such rights and claims against, every such incorporator, stockholder, officer or director as such,
because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements
contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom, are hereby expressly waived and released as a condition
of, and as a consideration for, the execution of this Indenture and the issuance of such Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE XIII</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.1 Effect on Successors and Assigns</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">All the covenants, stipulations, promises and agreements
in this Indenture made by or on behalf of the Company shall bind its successors and assigns, whether so expressed or not.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.2 Actions by Successor</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any act or proceeding by any provision of this Indenture
authorized or required to be done or performed by any board, committee or officer of the Company shall and may be done and performed
with like force and effect by the corresponding board, committee or officer of any corporation that shall at the time be the lawful
successor of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.3 Surrender of Company Powers.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company by instrument in writing executed by authority
of its Board of Directors and delivered to the Trustee may surrender any of the powers reserved to the Company, and thereupon such
power so surrendered shall terminate both as to the Company and as to any successor corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.4 Notices.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, any notice,
request or demand that by any provision of this Indenture is required or permitted to be given, made or served by the Trustee or
by the holders of Securities or by any other Person pursuant to this Indenture to or on the Company may be given or served by being
deposited in first class mail, postage prepaid, addressed (until another address is filed in writing by the Company with the Trustee),
as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any notice, election, request or demand by the Company or
any Securityholder or by any other Person pursuant to this Indenture to or upon the Trustee shall be deemed to have been sufficiently
given or made, for all purposes, if given or made in writing at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.5 Governing Law.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">This Indenture and each Security shall be deemed to be a
contract made under the internal laws of the State of New York, and for all purposes shall be construed in accordance with the
laws of said State, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.6 Treatment of Securities as Debt.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">It is intended that the Securities will be treated as indebtedness
and not as equity for federal income tax purposes. The provisions of this Indenture shall be interpreted to further this intention.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.7 Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions
Precedent.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) Upon any application or demand by the Company to the
Trustee to take any action under any of the provisions of this Indenture, the Company shall furnish to the Trustee an Officer&rsquo;s
Certificate stating that all conditions precedent provided for in this Indenture (other than the certificate to be delivered pursuant
to Section 13.12) relating to the proposed action have been complied with and, if requested, an Opinion of Counsel stating that
in the opinion of such counsel all such conditions precedent have been complied with, except that in the case of any such application
or demand as to which the furnishing of such documents is specifically required by any provision of this Indenture relating to
such particular application or demand, no additional certificate or opinion need be furnished.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) Each certificate or opinion provided for in this Indenture
and delivered to the Trustee with respect to compliance with a condition or covenant in this Indenture shall include (i) a statement
that the Person making such certificate or opinion has read such covenant or condition; (ii) a brief statement as to the nature
and scope of the examination or investigation upon which the statements or opinions contained in such certificate or opinion are
based; (iii) a statement that, in the opinion of such Person, he has made such examination or investigation as is reasonably necessary
to enable him to express an informed opinion as to whether or not such covenant or condition has been complied with; and (iv) a
statement as to whether or not, in the opinion of such Person, such condition or covenant has been complied with.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.8 Payments on Business Days.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a
Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to this
Indenture, in any case where the date of maturity of interest or principal of any Security or the date of redemption of any Security
shall not be a Business Day, then payment of interest or principal (and premium, if any) may be made on the next succeeding Business
Day with the same force and effect as if made on the nominal date of maturity or redemption, and no interest shall accrue for the
period after such nominal date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.9 Conflict with Trust Indenture Act.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If and to the extent that any provision of this Indenture
limits, qualifies or conflicts with the duties imposed by Sections 310 to 317, inclusive, of the Trust Indenture Act, such imposed
duties shall control.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.10 Counterparts.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">This Indenture may be executed in any number of counterparts,
each of which shall be an original, but such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.11 Separability.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In case any one or more of the provisions contained in this
Indenture or in the Securities of any series shall for any reason be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect,
such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability shall not affect any other provisions of this Indenture or of such Securities,
but this Indenture and such Securities shall be construed as if such invalid or illegal or unenforceable provision had never been
contained herein or therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.12 Compliance Certificates.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company shall deliver to the Trustee, within 120 days
after the end of each fiscal year during which any Securities of any series were outstanding, an officer&rsquo;s certificate stating
whether or not the signers know of any Default or Event of Default that occurred during such fiscal year. Such certificate shall
contain a certification from the principal executive officer, principal financial officer or principal accounting officer of the
Company that a review has been conducted of the activities of the Company and the Company&rsquo;s performance under this Indenture
and that the Company has complied with all conditions and covenants under this Indenture. For purposes of this Section 13.12, such
compliance shall be determined without regard to any period of grace or requirement of notice provided under this Indenture. If
the officer of the Company signing such certificate has knowledge of such a Default or Event of Default, the certificate shall
describe any such Default or Event of Default and its status.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Indenture
to be duly executed all as of the day and year first above written.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 10pt">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-right: 1.8pt; text-align: left; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-right: 1.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 47%; padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 8%; padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 45%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-right: 1.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>[TRUSTEE], as Trustee</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
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    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
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<TYPE>EX-4.3
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tv493141_ex4-3.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 4.3
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 4.3</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.,</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ISSUER</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>AND</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>[TRUSTEE],</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>TRUSTEE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>INDENTURE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>DATED AS OF &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;, 20</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SUBORDINATED DEBT SECURITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 10pt">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 90%; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 1 DEFINITIONS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">4</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 1.01 Definitions of Terms</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 2 ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION, REGISTRATION AND EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">7</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 2.01 Designation and Terms of Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">7</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 2.02 Form of Securities and Trustee&rsquo;s Certificate</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">8</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 2.03 Denominations: Provisions for Payment</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">8</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 2.04 Execution and Authentications</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">9</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 2.05 Registration of Transfer and Exchange</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">10</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 2.06 Temporary Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">10</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 2.07 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">11</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 2.08 Cancellation</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">11</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 2.09 Benefits of Indenture</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">11</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 2.10 Authenticating Agent</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">11</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 2.11 Global Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">12</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 3 REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING FUND PROVISIONS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">12</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 3.01 Redemption</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">12</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 3.02 Notice of Redemption</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">13</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 3.03 Payment Upon Redemption</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 3.04 Sinking Fund</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 3.05 Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 3.06 Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 4 COVENANTS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 4.01 Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 4.02 Maintenance of Office or Agency</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 4.03 Paying Agents</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 4.04 Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 4.05 Compliance with Consolidation Provisions</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">15</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 5 SECURITYHOLDERS&rsquo; LISTS AND REPORTS BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 5.01 Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses of Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 5.02 Preservation Of Information; Communications With Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 5.03 Reports by the Company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 5.04 Reports by the Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 6 REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS ON EVENT OF DEFAULT</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 6.01 Events of Default</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 6.02 Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for Enforcement by Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 6.03 Application of Moneys Collected</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 6.04 Limitation on Suits</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 6.05 Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or Omission Not Waiver</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 6.06 Control by Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">19</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 6.07 Undertaking to Pay Costs</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">20</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 7 CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.01 Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">20</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.02 Certain Rights of Trustee</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.03 Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance or Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.04 May Hold Securities</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.05 Moneys Held in Trust</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.06 Compensation and Reimbursement</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.07 Reliance on Officer&rsquo;s Certificate</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.08 Disqualification; Conflicting Interests</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.09 Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">22</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.10 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.11 Acceptance of Appointment By Successor</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 10pt">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 90%; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession to Business</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.13 Preferential Collection of Claims Against the Company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 7.14 Notice of Default</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 8 CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 8.01 Evidence of Action by Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 8.02 Proof of Execution by Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 8.03 Who May be Deemed Owners</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">25</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 8.04 Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">26</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 8.05 Actions Binding on Future Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">26</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 9 SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">26</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 9.01 Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent of Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">26</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 9.02 Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">27</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 9.03 Effect of Supplemental Indentures</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">27</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 9.04 Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">27</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 9.05 Execution of Supplemental Indentures</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">27</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 10 SUCCESSOR ENTITY</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">28</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 10.01 Company May Consolidate, Etc</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">28</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 10.02 Successor Entity Substituted</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">28</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 10.03 Evidence of Consolidation, Etc</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">28</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 11 SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">29</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 11.01 Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">29</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 11.02 Discharge of Obligations</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">29</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 11.03 Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">29</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 11.04 Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">29</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 11.05 Repayment to Company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 12 IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 12.01 No Recourse</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 13 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 13.01 Effect on Successors and Assigns</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 13.02 Actions by Successor</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 13.03 Surrender of Company Powers</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 13.04 Notices</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">30</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 13.05 Governing Law</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 13.06 Treatment of Securities as Debt</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 13.07 Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions Precedent</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 13.08 Payments on Business Days</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 13.09 Conflict with Trust Indenture Act</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 13.10 Counterparts</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 13.11 Separability</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 13.12 Compliance Certificates</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">31</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ARTICLE 14 SUBORDINATION OF SECURITIES</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">32</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Section 14.01 Subordination Terms</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">32</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 10pt">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This Table of Contents does not constitute part of the Indenture and shall not have any bearing on the interpretation of any of its terms or provisions.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>INDENTURE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">INDENTURE
, dated as of [ </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol"><B>&middot;</B></FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">],
among <B>Synthetic Biologics, Inc. </B>, a Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;), and [ <B>TRUSTEE</B> ], as trustee
(the &ldquo;Trustee&rdquo;):</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">WHEREAS, for its lawful corporate purposes, the Company has
duly authorized the execution and delivery of this Indenture to provide for the issuance of subordinated debt securities (hereinafter
referred to as the &ldquo;Securities&rdquo;), in an unlimited aggregate principal amount to be issued from time to time in one
or more series as in this Indenture provided, as registered Securities without coupons, to be authenticated by the certificate
of the Trustee;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">WHEREAS, to provide the terms and conditions upon which the
Securities are to be authenticated, issued and delivered, the Company has duly authorized the execution of this Indenture; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">WHEREAS, all things necessary to make this Indenture a valid
agreement of the Company, in accordance with its terms, have been done.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the
purchase of the Securities by the holders thereof, it is mutually covenanted and agreed as follows for the equal and ratable benefit
of the holders of Securities:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>DEFINITIONS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 1.01 Definitions of Terms</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The terms defined in this Section (except as in this Indenture
or any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires) for all purposes of
this Indenture and of any indenture supplemental hereto shall have the respective meanings specified in this Section and shall
include the plural as well as the singular. All other terms used in this Indenture that are defined in the Trust Indenture Act
of 1939, as amended, or that are by reference in such Act defined in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (except as herein or
any indenture supplemental hereto otherwise expressly provided or unless the context otherwise requires), shall have the meanings
assigned to such terms in said Trust Indenture Act and in said Securities Act as in force at the date of the execution of this
instrument.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Authenticating Agent&rdquo; means an authenticating
agent with respect to all or any of the series of Securities appointed by the Trustee pursuant to Section 2.10.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Bankruptcy Law&rdquo; means Title 11, U.S. Code, or
any similar federal or state law for the relief of debtors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Board of Directors&rdquo; means the Board of Directors
of the Company or any duly authorized committee of such Board.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Board Resolution&rdquo; means a copy of a resolution
certified by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company to have been duly adopted by the Board of Directors and to
be in full force and effect on the date of such certification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Business Day&rdquo; means, with respect to any series
of Securities, any day other than a day on which federal or state banking institutions in the Borough of Manhattan, the City of
New York, or in the city of the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee, are authorized or obligated by law, executive order or regulation
to close.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Certificate&rdquo; means a certificate signed by any
Officer. The Certificate need not comply with the provisions of Section 13.07.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Company&rdquo; means Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a
corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of Nevada, and, subject to the provisions of Article Ten, shall
also include its successors and assigns.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Corporate Trust Office&rdquo; means the office of
the Trustee at which, at any particular time, its corporate trust business shall be principally administered, which office at the
date hereof is located at .</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Custodian&rdquo; means any receiver, trustee, assignee,
liquidator or similar official under any Bankruptcy Law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Default&rdquo; means any event, act or condition that
with notice or lapse of time, or both, would constitute an Event of Default.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Defaulted Interest&rdquo; has the meaning set forth
in Section 2.03.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Depositary&rdquo; means, with respect to Securities
of any series for which the Company shall determine that such Securities will be issued as a Global Security, The Depository Trust
Company, another clearing agency, or any successor registered as a clearing agency under the Exchange Act, or other applicable
statute or regulation, which, in each case, shall be designated by the Company pursuant to either Section 2.01 or 2.11.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Event of Default&rdquo; means, with respect to Securities
of a particular series, any event specified in Section 6.01, continued for the period of time, if any, therein designated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo; means the Securities and Exchange
Act of 1934, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Global Security&rdquo; means, with respect to any
series of Securities, a Security executed by the Company and delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary&rsquo;s
instruction, all in accordance with the Indenture, which shall be registered in the name of the Depositary or its nominee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Governmental Obligations&rdquo; means securities that
are (a) direct obligations of the United States of America for the payment of which its full faith and credit is pledged or (b)
obligations of a Person controlled or supervised by and acting as an agency or instrumentality of the United States of America,
the payment of which is unconditionally guaranteed as a full faith and credit obligation by the United States of America that,
in either case, are not callable or redeemable at the option of the issuer thereof at any time prior to the stated maturity of
the Securities, and shall also include a depositary receipt issued by a bank or trust company as custodian with respect to any
such Governmental Obligation or a specific payment of principal of or interest on any such Governmental Obligation held by such
custodian for the account of the holder of such depositary receipt; provided, however, that (except as required by law) such custodian
is not authorized to make any deduction from the amount payable to the holder of such depositary receipt from any amount received
by the custodian in respect of the Governmental Obligation or the specific payment of principal of or interest on the Governmental
Obligation evidenced by such depositary receipt.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;herein&rdquo;, &ldquo;hereof&rdquo; and &ldquo;hereunder&rdquo;,
and other words of similar import, refer to this Indenture as a whole and not to any particular Article, Section or other subdivision.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Indenture&rdquo; means this instrument as originally
executed or as it may from time to time be supplemented or amended by one or more indentures supplemental hereto entered into in
accordance with the terms hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Interest Payment Date&rdquo;, when used with respect
to any installment of interest on a Security of a particular series, means the date specified in such Security or in a Board Resolution
or in an indenture supplemental hereto with respect to such series as the fixed date on which an installment of interest with respect
to Securities of that series is due and payable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Officer&rdquo; means, with respect to the Company,
the chairman of the Board of Directors, a chief executive officer, a president, a chief financial officer, a chief operating officer,
any executive vice president, any senior vice president, any vice president, the treasurer or any assistant treasurer, the controller
or any assistant controller or the secretary or any assistant secretary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Officer&rsquo;s Certificate&rdquo; means a certificate
signed by any Officer. Each such certificate shall include the statements provided for in Section 13.07, if and to the extent required
by the provisions thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Opinion of Counsel&rdquo; means an opinion in writing
subject to customary exceptions of legal counsel, who may be an employee of or counsel for the Company, that is delivered to the
Trustee in accordance with the terms hereof. Each such opinion shall include the statements provided for in Section 13.07, if and
to the extent required by the provisions thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Outstanding&rdquo;, when used with reference to Securities
of any series, means, subject to the provisions of Section 8.04, as of any particular time, all Securities of that series theretofore
authenticated and delivered by the Trustee under this Indenture, except (a) Securities theretofore canceled by the Trustee or any
paying agent, or delivered to the Trustee or any paying agent for cancellation or that have previously been canceled; (b) Securities
or portions thereof for the payment or redemption of which moneys or Governmental Obligations in the necessary amount shall have
been deposited in trust with the Trustee or with any paying agent (other than the Company) or shall have been set aside and segregated
in trust by the Company (if the Company shall act as its own paying agent); provided, however, that if such Securities or portions
of such Securities are to be redeemed prior to the maturity thereof, notice of such redemption shall have been given as provided
in Article Three, or provision satisfactory to the Trustee shall have been made for giving such notice; and (c) Securities in lieu
of or in substitution for which other Securities shall have been authenticated and delivered pursuant to the terms of Section 2.07.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Person&rdquo; means any individual, corporation, partnership,
joint venture, joint-stock company, limited liability company, association, trust, unincorporated organization, any other entity
or organization, including a government or political subdivision or an agency or instrumentality thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Predecessor Security&rdquo; of any particular Security
means every previous Security evidencing all or a portion of the same debt as that evidenced by such particular Security; and,
for the purposes of this definition, any Security authenticated and delivered under Section 2.07 in lieu of a lost, destroyed or
stolen Security shall be deemed to evidence the same debt as the lost, destroyed or stolen Security.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Responsible Officer&rdquo; when used with respect
to the Trustee means the chairman of its board of directors, the chief executive officer, the president, any vice president, the
secretary, the treasurer, any trust officer, any corporate trust officer or any other officer or assistant officer of the Trustee
customarily performing functions similar to those performed by the Persons who at the time shall be such officers, respectively,
or to whom any corporate trust matter is referred because of his or her knowledge of and familiarity with the particular subject.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Securities&rdquo; means the debt Securities authenticated
and delivered under this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Securityholder&rdquo;, &ldquo;holder of Securities&rdquo;,
&ldquo;registered holder&rdquo;, or other similar term, means the Person or Persons in whose name or names a particular Security
shall be registered on the books of the Company kept for that purpose in accordance with the terms of this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Security Register&rdquo; and &ldquo;Security Registrar&rdquo;
shall have the meanings as set forth in Section 2.05.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Subsidiary&rdquo; means, with respect to any Person,
(i) any corporation at least a majority of whose outstanding Voting Stock shall at the time be owned, directly or indirectly, by
such Person or by one or more of its Subsidiaries or by such Person and one or more of its Subsidiaries, (ii) any general partnership,
joint venture or similar entity, at least a majority of whose outstanding partnership or similar interests shall at the time be
owned by such Person, or by one or more of its Subsidiaries, or by such Person and one or more of its Subsidiaries and (iii) any
limited partnership of which such Person or any of its Subsidiaries is a general partner.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Trustee&rdquo; means , and, subject to the provisions
of Article Seven, shall also include its successors and assigns, and, if at any time there is more than one Person acting in such
capacity hereunder, &ldquo;Trustee&rdquo; shall mean each such Person. The term &ldquo;Trustee&rdquo; as used with respect to a
particular series of the Securities shall mean the trustee with respect to that series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Trust Indenture Act&rdquo; means the Trust Indenture
Act of 1939, as amended.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&ldquo;Voting Stock&rdquo;, as applied to stock of any Person,
means shares, interests, participations or other equivalents in the equity interest (however designated) in such Person having
ordinary voting power for the election of a majority of the directors (or the equivalent) of such Person, other than shares, interests,
participations or other equivalents having such power only by reason of the occurrence of a contingency.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 2</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ISSUE, DESCRIPTION, TERMS, EXECUTION,
REGISTRATION AND</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>EXCHANGE OF SECURITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.01 Designation and Terms of Securities</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The aggregate principal amount of Securities that may
be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture is unlimited. The Securities may be issued in one or more series up to the
aggregate principal amount of Securities of that series from time to time authorized by or pursuant to a Board Resolution or pursuant
to one or more indentures supplemental hereto. Prior to the initial issuance of Securities of any series, there shall be established
in or pursuant to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures
supplemental hereto:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(1) the title of the Securities of the series (which shall
distinguish the Securities of that series from all other Securities);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(2) any limit upon the aggregate principal amount of the
Securities of that series that may be authenticated and delivered under this Indenture (except for Securities authenticated and
delivered upon registration of transfer of, or in exchange for, or in lieu of, other Securities of that series);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(3) the date or dates on which the principal of the Securities
of the series is payable, any original issue discount that may apply to the Securities of that series upon their issuance, the
principal amount due at maturity, and the place(s) of payment;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(4) the rate or rates at which the Securities of the series
shall bear interest or the manner of calculation of such rate or rates, if any;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(5) the date or dates from which such interest shall accrue,
the Interest Payment Dates on which such interest will be payable or the manner of determination of such Interest Payment Dates,
the place(s) of payment, and the record date for the determination of holders to whom interest is payable on any such Interest
Payment Dates or the manner of determination of such record dates;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(6) the right, if any, to extend the interest payment periods
and the duration of such extension;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(7) the period or periods within which, the price or prices
at which and the terms and conditions upon which Securities of the series may be redeemed, in whole or in part, at the option of
the Company;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(8) the obligation, if any, of the Company to redeem or purchase
Securities of the series pursuant to any sinking fund, mandatory redemption, or analogous provisions (including payments made in
cash in satisfaction of future sinking fund obligations) or at the option of a holder thereof and the period or periods within
which, the price or prices at which, and the terms and conditions upon which, Securities of the series shall be redeemed or purchased,
in whole or in part, pursuant to such obligation;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(9) the form of the Securities of the series including the
form of the Certificate of Authentication for such series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(10) if other than denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars
($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, the denominations in which the Securities of the series shall be issuable;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(11) any and all other terms (including terms, to the extent
applicable, relating to any auction or remarketing of the Securities of that series and any security for the obligations of the
Company with respect to such Securities) with respect to such series (which terms shall not be inconsistent with the terms of this
Indenture, as amended by any supplemental indenture) including any terms which may be required by or advisable under United States
laws or regulations or advisable in connection with the marketing of Securities of that series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(12) whether the Securities are issuable as a Global Security
and, in such case, the terms and the identity of the Depositary for such series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(13) whether the Securities will be convertible into or exchangeable
for shares of common stock, preferred stock or other securities of the Company or any other Person and, if so, the terms and conditions
upon which such Securities will be so convertible or exchangeable, including the conversion or exchange price, as applicable, or
how it will be calculated and may be adjusted, any mandatory or optional (at the Company&rsquo;s option or the holders&rsquo; option)
conversion or exchange features, and the applicable conversion or exchange period;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(14) if other than the principal amount thereof, the portion
of the principal amount of Securities of the series which shall be payable upon declaration of acceleration of the maturity thereof
pursuant to Section 6.01;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(15) any additional or different Events of Default or restrictive
covenants (which may include, among other restrictions, restrictions on the Company&rsquo;s ability or the ability of the Company&rsquo;s
Subsidiaries to: incur additional indebtedness; issue additional securities; create liens; pay dividends or make distributions
in respect of the capital stock of the Company or the Company&rsquo;s Subsidiaries; redeem capital stock; place restrictions on
the Company&rsquo;s Subsidiaries&rsquo; ability to pay dividends, make distributions or transfer assets; make investments or other
restricted payments; sell or otherwise dispose of assets; enter into sale-leaseback transactions; engage in transactions with stockholders
or affiliates; issue or sell stock of the Company&rsquo;s Subsidiaries; or effect a consolidation or merger) or financial covenants
(which may include, among other financial covenants, financial covenants that require the Company and its Subsidiaries to maintain
specified interest coverage, fixed charge, cash flow-based, asset-based or other financial ratios) provided for with respect to
the Securities of the series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(16) if other than dollars, the coin or currency in which
the Securities of the series are denominated (including, but not limited to, foreign currency);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(17) the terms and conditions, if any, upon which the Company
shall pay amounts in addition to the stated interest, premium, if any and principal amounts of the Securities of the series to
any Securityholder that is not a &ldquo;United States person&rdquo; for federal tax purposes;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(18) any restrictions on transfer, sale or assignment of
the Securities of the series; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(19) the subordination terms of the Securities of the series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">All Securities of any one series shall be substantially identical
except as may otherwise be provided in or pursuant to any such Board Resolution or in any indentures supplemental hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If any of the terms of the series are established by action
taken pursuant to a Board Resolution of the Company, a copy of an appropriate record of such action shall be certified by the secretary
or an assistant secretary of the Company and delivered to the Trustee at or prior to the delivery of the Officer&rsquo;s Certificate
of the Company setting forth the terms of the series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Securities of any particular series may be issued at various
times, with different dates on which the principal or any installment of principal is payable, with different rates of interest,
if any, or different methods by which rates of interest may be determined, with different dates on which such interest may be payable
and with different redemption dates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.02 Form of Securities and Trustee&rsquo;s Certificate</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Securities of any series and the Trustee&rsquo;s certificate
of authentication to be borne by such Securities shall be substantially of the tenor and purport as set forth in one or more indentures
supplemental hereto or as provided in a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, and they may have such
letters, numbers or other marks of identification or designation and such legends or endorsements printed, lithographed or engraved
thereon as the Company may deem appropriate and as are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Indenture, or as may be required
to comply with any law or with any rule or regulation made pursuant thereto or with any rule or regulation of any securities exchange
on which Securities of that series may be listed, or to conform to usage.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.03 Denominations: Provisions for Payment</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Securities shall be issuable as registered Securities
and in the denominations of one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple thereof, subject to Section 2.01(a)(10).
The Securities of a particular series shall bear interest payable on the dates and at the rate specified with respect to that series.
Subject to Section 2.01(a)(16), the principal of and the interest on the Securities of any series, as well as any premium thereon
in case of redemption thereof prior to maturity, shall be payable in the coin or currency of the United States of America that
at the time is legal tender for public and private debt, at the office or agency of the Company maintained for that purpose. Each
Security shall be dated the date of its authentication. Interest on the Securities shall be computed on the basis of a 360-day
year composed of twelve 30-day months.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The interest installment on any Security that is payable,
and is punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of that series shall be paid to the Person
in whose name said Security (or one or more Predecessor Securities) is registered at the close of business on the regular record
date for such interest installment. In the event that any Security of a particular series or portion thereof is called for redemption
and the redemption date is subsequent to a regular record date with respect to any Interest Payment Date and prior to such Interest
Payment Date, interest on such Security will be paid upon presentation and surrender of such Security as provided in Section 3.03.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any interest on any Security that is payable, but is not
punctually paid or duly provided for, on any Interest Payment Date for Securities of the same series (herein called &ldquo;Defaulted
Interest&rdquo;) shall forthwith cease to be payable to the registered holder on the relevant regular record date by virtue of
having been such holder; and such Defaulted Interest shall be paid by the Company, at its election, as provided in clause (1) or
clause (2) below:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(1) The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest
on Securities to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor Securities) are registered at the
close of business on a special record date for the payment of such Defaulted Interest, which shall be fixed in the following manner:
the Company shall notify the Trustee in writing of the amount of Defaulted Interest proposed to be paid on each such Security and
the date of the proposed payment, and at the same time the Company shall deposit with the Trustee an amount of money equal to the
aggregate amount proposed to be paid in respect of such Defaulted Interest or shall make arrangements satisfactory to the Trustee
for such deposit prior to the date of the proposed payment, such money when deposited to be held in trust for the benefit of the
Persons entitled to such Defaulted Interest as in this clause provided. Thereupon the Trustee shall fix a special record date for
the payment of such Defaulted Interest which shall not be more than 15 nor less than 10 days prior to the date of the proposed
payment and not less than 10 days after the receipt by the Trustee of the notice of the proposed payment. The Trustee shall promptly
notify the Company of such special record date and, in the name and at the expense of the Company, shall cause notice of the proposed
payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor to be mailed, first class postage prepaid, to each Securityholder
at his or her address as it appears in the Security Register (as hereinafter defined), not less than 10 days prior to such special
record date. Notice of the proposed payment of such Defaulted Interest and the special record date therefor having been mailed
as aforesaid, such Defaulted Interest shall be paid to the Persons in whose names such Securities (or their respective Predecessor
Securities) are registered on such special record date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(2) The Company may make payment of any Defaulted Interest
on any Securities in any other lawful manner not inconsistent with the requirements of any securities exchange on which such Securities
may be listed, and upon such notice as may be required by such exchange, if, after notice given by the Company to the Trustee of
the proposed payment pursuant to this clause, such manner of payment shall be deemed practicable by the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Unless otherwise set forth in a Board Resolution or one or
more indentures supplemental hereto establishing the terms of any series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the term
&ldquo;regular record date&rdquo; as used in this Section with respect to a series of Securities and any Interest Payment Date
for such series shall mean either the fifteenth day of the month immediately preceding the month in which an Interest Payment Date
established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof shall occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the first day of a month,
or the first day of the month in which an Interest Payment Date established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof shall
occur, if such Interest Payment Date is the fifteenth day of a month, whether or not such date is a Business Day.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Subject to the foregoing provisions of this Section, each
Security of a series delivered under this Indenture upon transfer of or in exchange for or in lieu of any other Security of such
series shall carry the rights to interest accrued and unpaid, and to accrue, that were carried by such other Security.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.04 Execution and Authentications</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Securities shall be signed on behalf of the Company by
one of its Officers. Signatures may be in the form of a manual or facsimile signature.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company may use the facsimile signature of any Person
who shall have been an Officer, notwithstanding the fact that at the time the Securities shall be authenticated and delivered or
disposed of such Person shall have ceased to be such an officer of the Company. The Securities may contain such notations, legends
or endorsements required by law, stock exchange rule or usage. Each Security shall be dated the date of its authentication by the
Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">A Security shall not be valid until authenticated manually
by an authorized signatory of the Trustee, or by an Authenticating Agent. Such signature shall be conclusive evidence that the
Security so authenticated has been duly authenticated and delivered hereunder and that the holder is entitled to the benefits of
this Indenture. At any time and from time to time after the execution and delivery of this Indenture, the Company may deliver Securities
of any series executed by the Company to the Trustee for authentication, together with a written order of the Company for the authentication
and delivery of such Securities, signed by an Officer, and the Trustee in accordance with such written order shall authenticate
and deliver such Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In authenticating such Securities and accepting the additional
responsibilities under this Indenture in relation to such Securities, the Trustee shall be entitled to receive, if requested, and
(subject to Section 7.01) shall be fully protected in relying upon, an Opinion of Counsel stating that the form and terms thereof
have been established in conformity with the provisions of this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Trustee shall not be required to authenticate such Securities
if the issue of such Securities pursuant to this Indenture will affect the Trustee&rsquo;s own rights, duties or immunities under
the Securities and this Indenture or otherwise in a manner that is not reasonably acceptable to the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.05 Registration of Transfer and Exchange</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) Securities of any series may be exchanged upon presentation
thereof at the office or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, for other Securities of such series of authorized denominations,
and for a like aggregate principal amount, upon payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge in relation
thereto, all as provided in this Section. In respect of any Securities so surrendered for exchange, the Company shall execute,
the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall deliver in exchange therefor the Security or Securities of the same
series that the Securityholder making the exchange shall be entitled to receive, bearing numbers not contemporaneously outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) The Company shall keep, or cause to be kept, at its office
or agency designated for such purpose a register or registers (herein referred to as the &ldquo;Security Register&rdquo;) in which,
subject to such reasonable regulations as it may prescribe, the Company shall register the Securities and the transfers of Securities
as in this Article provided and which at all reasonable times shall be open for inspection by the Trustee. The registrar for the
purpose of registering Securities and transfer of Securities as herein provided shall be appointed as authorized by Board Resolution
(the &ldquo;Security Registrar&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Upon surrender for transfer of any Security at the office
or agency of the Company designated for such purpose, the Company shall execute, the Trustee shall authenticate and such office
or agency shall deliver in the name of the transferee or transferees a new Security or Securities of the same series as the Security
presented for a like aggregate principal amount.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">All Securities presented or surrendered for exchange or registration
of transfer, as provided in this Section, shall be accompanied (if so required by the Company or the Security Registrar) by a written
instrument or instruments of transfer, in form satisfactory to the Company or the Security Registrar, duly executed by the registered
holder or by such holder&rsquo;s duly authorized attorney in writing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant
to a Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to
this Indenture, no service charge shall be made for any exchange or registration of transfer of Securities, or issue of new Securities
in case of partial redemption of any series, but the Company may require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other
governmental charge in relation thereto, other than exchanges pursuant to Section 2.06, Section 3.03(b) and Section 9.04 not involving
any transfer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) The Company shall not be required (i) to issue, exchange
or register the transfer of any Securities during a period beginning at the opening of business 15 days before the day of the mailing
of a notice of redemption of less than all the Outstanding Securities of the same series and ending at the close of business on
the day of such mailing, nor (ii) to register the transfer of or exchange any Securities of any series or portions thereof called
for redemption, other than the unredeemed portion of any such Securities being redeemed in part. The provisions of this Section
2.05 are, with respect to any Global Security, subject to Section 2.11 hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.06 Temporary Securities</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Pending the preparation of definitive Securities of any series,
the Company may execute, and the Trustee shall authenticate and deliver, temporary Securities (printed, lithographed or typewritten)
of any authorized denomination. Such temporary Securities shall be substantially in the form of the definitive Securities in lieu
of which they are issued, but with such omissions, insertions and variations as may be appropriate for temporary Securities, all
as may be determined by the Company. Every temporary Security of any series shall be executed by the Company and be authenticated
by the Trustee upon the same conditions and in substantially the same manner, and with like effect, as the definitive Securities
of such series. Without unnecessary delay the Company will execute and will furnish definitive Securities of such series and thereupon
any or all temporary Securities of such series may be surrendered in exchange therefor (without charge to the holders), at the
office or agency of the Company designated for the purpose, and the Trustee shall authenticate and such office or agency shall
deliver in exchange for such temporary Securities an equal aggregate principal amount of definitive Securities of such series,
unless the Company advises the Trustee to the effect that definitive Securities need not be executed and furnished until further
notice from the Company. Until so exchanged, the temporary Securities of such series shall be entitled to the same benefits under
this Indenture as definitive Securities of such series authenticated and delivered hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.07 Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Securities</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In case any temporary or definitive Security shall become
mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company (subject to the next succeeding sentence) shall execute, and upon the Company&rsquo;s
request the Trustee (subject as aforesaid) shall authenticate and deliver, a new Security of the same series, bearing a number
not contemporaneously outstanding, in exchange and substitution for the mutilated Security, or in lieu of and in substitution for
the Security so destroyed, lost or stolen. In every case the applicant for a substituted Security shall furnish to the Company
and the Trustee such security or indemnity as may be required by them to save each of them harmless, and, in every case of destruction,
loss or theft, the applicant shall also furnish to the Company and the Trustee evidence to their satisfaction of the destruction,
loss or theft of the applicant&rsquo;s Security and of the ownership thereof. The Trustee may authenticate any such substituted
Security and deliver the same upon the written request or authorization of any officer of the Company. Upon the issuance of any
substituted Security, the Company may require the payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental charge that
may be imposed in relation thereto and any other expenses (including the fees and expenses of the Trustee) connected therewith.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In case any Security that has matured or is about to mature
shall become mutilated or be destroyed, lost or stolen, the Company may, instead of issuing a substitute Security, pay or authorize
the payment of the same (without surrender thereof except in the case of a mutilated Security) if the applicant for such payment
shall furnish to the Company and the Trustee such security or indemnity as they may require to save them harmless, and, in case
of destruction, loss or theft, evidence to the satisfaction of the Company and the Trustee of the destruction, loss or theft of
such Security and of the ownership thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Every replacement Security issued pursuant to the provisions
of this Section shall constitute an additional contractual obligation of the Company whether or not the mutilated, destroyed, lost
or stolen Security shall be found at any time, or be enforceable by anyone, and shall be entitled to all the benefits of this Indenture
equally and proportionately with any and all other Securities of the same series duly issued hereunder. All Securities shall be
held and owned upon the express condition that the foregoing provisions are exclusive with respect to the replacement or payment
of mutilated, destroyed, lost or stolen Securities, and shall preclude (to the extent lawful) any and all other rights or remedies,
notwithstanding any law or statute existing or hereafter enacted to the contrary with respect to the replacement or payment of
negotiable instruments or other securities without their surrender.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.08 Cancellation</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">All Securities surrendered for the purpose of payment, redemption,
exchange or registration of transfer shall, if surrendered to the Company or any paying agent, be delivered to the Trustee for
cancellation, or, if surrendered to the Trustee, shall be cancelled by it, and no Securities shall be issued in lieu thereof except
as expressly required or permitted by any of the provisions of this Indenture. On request of the Company at the time of such surrender,
the Trustee shall deliver to the Company canceled Securities held by the Trustee. In the absence of such request the Trustee may
dispose of canceled Securities in accordance with its standard procedures and deliver a certificate of disposition to the Company.
If the Company shall otherwise acquire any of the Securities, however, such acquisition shall not operate as a redemption or satisfaction
of the indebtedness represented by such Securities unless and until the same are delivered to the Trustee for cancellation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.09 Benefits of Indenture</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Nothing in this Indenture or in the Securities, express or
implied, shall give or be construed to give to any Person, other than the parties hereto and the holders of the Securities (and,
with respect to the provisions of Article Fourteen, the holders of any indebtedness of the Company to which the Securities of any
series are subordinated) any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Indenture, or under any covenant,
condition or provision herein contained; all such covenants, conditions and provisions being for the sole benefit of the parties
hereto and of the holders of the Securities (and, with respect to the provisions of Article Fourteen, the holders of any indebtedness
of the Company to which the Securities of any series are subordinated).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.10 Authenticating Agent</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">So long as any of the Securities of any series remain Outstanding
there may be an Authenticating Agent for any or all such series of Securities which the Trustee shall have the right to appoint.
Said Authenticating Agent shall be authorized to act on behalf of the Trustee to authenticate Securities of such series issued
upon exchange, transfer or partial redemption thereof, and Securities so authenticated shall be entitled to the benefits of this
Indenture and shall be valid and obligatory for all purposes as if authenticated by the Trustee hereunder. All references in this
Indenture to the authentication of Securities by the Trustee shall be deemed to include authentication by an Authenticating Agent
for such series. Each Authenticating Agent shall be acceptable to the Company and shall be a corporation that has a combined capital
and surplus, as most recently reported or determined by it, sufficient under the laws of any jurisdiction under which it is organized
or in which it is doing business to conduct a trust business, and that is otherwise authorized under such laws to conduct such
business and is subject to supervision or examination by federal or state authorities. If at any time any Authenticating Agent
shall cease to be eligible in accordance with these provisions, it shall resign immediately.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any Authenticating Agent may at any time resign by giving
written notice of resignation to the Trustee and to the Company. The Trustee may at any time (and upon request by the Company shall)
terminate the agency of any Authenticating Agent by giving written notice of termination to such Authenticating Agent and to the
Company. Upon resignation, termination or cessation of eligibility of any Authenticating Agent, the Trustee may appoint an eligible
successor Authenticating Agent acceptable to the Company. Any successor Authenticating Agent, upon acceptance of its appointment
hereunder, shall become vested with all the rights, powers and duties of its predecessor hereunder as if originally named as an
Authenticating Agent pursuant hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 2.11 Global Securities</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) If the Company shall establish pursuant to Section 2.01
that the Securities of a particular series are to be issued as a Global Security, then the Company shall execute and the Trustee
shall, in accordance with Section 2.04, authenticate and deliver, a Global Security that (i) shall represent, and shall be denominated
in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount of, all of the Outstanding Securities of such series, (ii) shall be registered
in the name of the Depositary or its nominee, (iii) shall be delivered by the Trustee to the Depositary or pursuant to the Depositary&rsquo;s
instruction and (iv) shall bear a legend substantially to the following effect: &ldquo;Except as otherwise provided in Section
2.11 of the Indenture, this Security may be transferred, in whole but not in part, only to another nominee of the Depositary or
to a successor Depositary or to a nominee of such successor Depositary.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 2.05, the Global
Security of a series may be transferred, in whole but not in part and in the manner provided in Section 2.05, only to another nominee
of the Depositary for such series, or to a successor Depositary for such series selected or approved by the Company or to a nominee
of such successor Depositary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) If at any time the Depositary for a series of the Securities
notifies the Company that it is unwilling or unable to continue as Depositary for such series or if at any time the Depositary
for such series shall no longer be registered or in good standing under the Exchange Act, or other applicable statute or regulation,
and a successor Depositary for such series is not appointed by the Company within 90 days after the Company receives such notice
or becomes aware of such condition, as the case may be, or if an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing and the Company
has received a request from the Depositary or from the Trustee, this Section 2.11 shall no longer be applicable to the Securities
of such series and the Company will execute, and subject to Section 2.04, the Trustee will authenticate and deliver the Securities
of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations, and in an aggregate principal amount
equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global Security. In addition, the Company
may at any time determine that the Securities of any series shall no longer be represented by a Global Security and that the provisions
of this Section 2.11 shall no longer apply to the Securities of such series. In such event the Company will execute and, subject
to Section 2.04, the Trustee, upon receipt of an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate evidencing such determination by the Company, will
authenticate and deliver the Securities of such series in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized denominations,
and in an aggregate principal amount equal to the principal amount of the Global Security of such series in exchange for such Global
Security. Upon the exchange of the Global Security for such Securities in definitive registered form without coupons, in authorized
denominations, the Global Security shall be canceled by the Trustee. Such Securities in definitive registered form issued in exchange
for the Global Security pursuant to this Section 2.11(c) shall be registered in such names and in such authorized denominations
as the Depositary, pursuant to instructions from its direct or indirect participants or otherwise, shall instruct the Trustee.
The Trustee shall deliver such Securities to the Depositary for delivery to the Persons in whose names such Securities are so registered.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 3</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>REDEMPTION OF SECURITIES AND SINKING
FUND PROVISIONS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 3.01 Redemption.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company may redeem the Securities of any series issued
hereunder on and after the dates and in accordance with the terms established for such series pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 3.02 Notice of Redemption</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) In case the Company shall desire to exercise such right
to redeem all or, as the case may be, a portion of the Securities of any series in accordance with any right the Company reserved
for itself to do so pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof, the Company shall, or shall cause the Trustee to, give notice of such redemption
to holders of the Securities of such series to be redeemed by mailing, first class postage prepaid, a notice of such redemption
not less than 30 days and not more than 90 days before the date fixed for redemption of that series to such holders at their last
addresses as they shall appear upon the Security Register, unless a shorter period is specified in the Securities to be redeemed.
Any notice that is mailed in the manner herein provided shall be conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not
the registered holder receives the notice. In any case, failure duly to give such notice to the holder of any Security of any series
designated for redemption in whole or in part, or any defect in the notice, shall not affect the validity of the proceedings for
the redemption of any other Securities of such series or any other series. In the case of any redemption of Securities prior to
the expiration of any restriction on such redemption provided in the terms of such Securities or elsewhere in this Indenture, the
Company shall furnish the Trustee with an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate evidencing compliance with any such restriction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Each such notice of redemption shall specify the date fixed
for redemption and the redemption price at which Securities of that series are to be redeemed, and shall state that payment of
the redemption price of such Securities to be redeemed will be made at the office or agency of the Company, upon presentation and
surrender of such Securities, that interest accrued to the date fixed for redemption will be paid as specified in said notice,
that from and after said date interest will cease to accrue and that the redemption is from a sinking fund, if such is the case.
If less than all the Securities of a series are to be redeemed, the notice to the holders of Securities of that series to be redeemed
in part shall specify the particular Securities to be so redeemed.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In case any Security is to be redeemed in part only, the
notice that relates to such Security shall state the portion of the principal amount thereof to be redeemed, and shall state that
on and after the redemption date, upon surrender of such Security, a new Security or Securities of such series in principal amount
equal to the unredeemed portion thereof will be issued.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) If less than all the Securities of a series are to be
redeemed, the Company shall give the Trustee at least 45 days&rsquo; notice (unless a shorter notice shall be satisfactory to the
Trustee) in advance of the date fixed for redemption as to the aggregate principal amount of Securities of the series to be redeemed,
and thereupon the Trustee shall select, by lot or in such other manner as it shall deem appropriate and fair in its discretion
and that may provide for the selection of a portion or portions (equal to one thousand U.S. dollars ($1,000) or any integral multiple
thereof) of the principal amount of such Securities of a denomination larger than $1,000, the Securities to be redeemed and shall
thereafter promptly notify the Company in writing of the numbers of the Securities to be redeemed, in whole or in part. The Company
may, if and whenever it shall so elect, by delivery of instructions signed on its behalf by an Officer, instruct the Trustee or
any paying agent to call all or any part of the Securities of a particular series for redemption and to give notice of redemption
in the manner set forth in this Section, such notice to be in the name of the Company or its own name as the Trustee or such paying
agent may deem advisable. In any case in which notice of redemption is to be given by the Trustee or any such paying agent, the
Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to, or permit to remain with, the Trustee or such paying agent, as the case may
be, such Security Register, transfer books or other records, or suitable copies or extracts therefrom, sufficient to enable the
Trustee or such paying agent to give any notice by mail that may be required under the provisions of this Section.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 3.03 Payment Upon Redemption</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) If the giving of notice of redemption shall have been
completed as above provided, the Securities or portions of Securities of the series to be redeemed specified in such notice shall
become due and payable on the date and at the place stated in such notice at the applicable redemption price, together with interest
accrued to the date fixed for redemption and interest on such Securities or portions of Securities shall cease to accrue on and
after the date fixed for redemption, unless the Company shall default in the payment of such redemption price and accrued interest
with respect to any such Security or portion thereof. On presentation and surrender of such Securities on or after the date fixed
for redemption at the place of payment specified in the notice, said Securities shall be paid and redeemed at the applicable redemption
price for such series, together with interest accrued thereon to the date fixed for redemption (but if the date fixed for redemption
is an interest payment date, the interest installment payable on such date shall be payable to the registered holder at the close
of business on the applicable record date pursuant to Section 2.03).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) Upon presentation of any Security of such series that
is to be redeemed in part only, the Company shall execute and the Trustee shall authenticate and the office or agency where the
Security is presented shall deliver to the holder thereof, at the expense of the Company, a new Security of the same series of
authorized denominations in principal amount equal to the unredeemed portion of the Security so presented.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 3.04 Sinking Fund</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The provisions of Sections 3.04, 3.05 and 3.06 shall be applicable
to any sinking fund for the retirement of Securities of a series, except as otherwise specified as contemplated by Section 2.01
for Securities of such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The minimum amount of any sinking fund payment provided for
by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as a &ldquo;mandatory sinking fund payment,&rdquo; and any payment
in excess of such minimum amount provided for by the terms of Securities of any series is herein referred to as an &ldquo;optional
sinking fund payment&rdquo;. If provided for by the terms of Securities of any series, the cash amount of any sinking fund payment
may be subject to reduction as provided in Section 3.05. Each sinking fund payment shall be applied to the redemption of Securities
of any series as provided for by the terms of Securities of such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 3.05 Satisfaction of Sinking Fund Payments with
Securities</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company (i) may deliver Outstanding Securities of a series
and (ii) may apply as a credit Securities of a series that have been redeemed either at the election of the Company pursuant to
the terms of such Securities or through the application of permitted optional sinking fund payments pursuant to the terms of such
Securities, in each case in satisfaction of all or any part of any sinking fund payment with respect to the Securities of such
series required to be made pursuant to the terms of such Securities as provided for by the terms of such series, provided that
such Securities have not been previously so credited. Such Securities shall be received and credited for such purpose by the Trustee
at the redemption price specified in such Securities for redemption through operation of the sinking fund and the amount of such
sinking fund payment shall be reduced accordingly.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 3.06 Redemption of Securities for Sinking Fund</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Not less than 45 days prior to each sinking fund payment
date for any series of Securities (unless a shorter period shall be satisfactory to the Trustee), the Company will deliver to the
Trustee an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate specifying the amount of the next ensuing sinking fund payment for that series pursuant
to the terms of the series, the portion thereof, if any, that is to be satisfied by delivering and crediting Securities of that
series pursuant to Section 3.05 and the basis for such credit and will, together with such Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, deliver
to the Trustee any Securities to be so delivered. Not less than 30 days before each such sinking fund payment date the Trustee
shall select the Securities to be redeemed upon such sinking fund payment date in the manner specified in Section 3.02 and cause
notice of the redemption thereof to be given in the name of and at the expense of the Company in the manner provided in Section
3.02. Such notice having been duly given, the redemption of such Securities shall be made upon the terms and in the manner stated
in Section 3.03.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 4</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>COVENANTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 4.01 Payment of Principal, Premium and Interest</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company will duly and punctually pay or cause to be paid
the principal of (and premium, if any) and interest on the Securities of that series at the time and place and in the manner provided
herein and established with respect to such Securities. Payments of principal on the Securities may be made at the time provided
herein and established with respect to such Securities by U.S. dollar check drawn on and mailed to the address of the Securityholder
entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account
(such wire transfer to be made only to a Securityholder of an aggregate principal amount of Securities of the applicable series
in excess of U.S. $2,000,000 and only if such Securityholder shall have furnished wire instructions to the Trustee no later than
15 days prior to the relevant payment date). Payments of interest on the Securities may be made at the time provided herein and
established with respect to such Securities by U.S. dollar check mailed to the address of the Securityholder entitled thereto as
such address shall appear in the Security Register, or U.S. dollar wire transfer to, a U.S. dollar account (such a wire transfer
to be made only to a Securityholder of an aggregate principal amount of Securities of the applicable series in excess of U.S. $2,000,000
and only if such Securityholder shall have furnished wire instructions in writing to the Security Registrar and the Trustee no
later than 15 days prior to the relevant payment date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 4.02 Maintenance of Office or Agency</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">So long as any series of the Securities remain Outstanding,
the Company agrees to maintain an office or agency with respect to each such series and at such other location or locations as
may be designated as provided in this Section 4.02, where (i) Securities of that series may be presented for payment, (ii) Securities
of that series may be presented as herein above authorized for registration of transfer and exchange, and (iii) notices and demands
to or upon the Company in respect of the Securities of that series and this Indenture may be given or served, such designation
to continue with respect to such office or agency until the Company shall, by written notice signed by any officer authorized to
sign an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate and delivered to the Trustee, designate some other office or agency for such purposes or any
of them. If at any time the Company shall fail to maintain any such required office or agency or shall fail to furnish the Trustee
with the address thereof, such presentations, notices and demands may be made or served at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee,
and the Company hereby appoints the Trustee as its agent to receive all such presentations, notices and demands. The Company initially
appoints the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee as its paying agent with respect to the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 4.03 Paying Agents</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) If the Company shall appoint one or more paying agents
for all or any series of the Securities, other than the Trustee, the Company will cause each such paying agent to execute and deliver
to the Trustee an instrument in which such agent shall agree with the Trustee, subject to the provisions of this Section:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(1) that it will hold all sums held by it as such agent for
the payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on the Securities of that series (whether such sums have been
paid to it by the Company or by any other obligor of such Securities) in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(2) that it will give the Trustee notice of any failure by
the Company (or by any other obligor of such Securities) to make any payment of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest
on the Securities of that series when the same shall be due and payable;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(3) that it will, at any time during the continuance of any
failure referred to in the preceding paragraph (a)(2) above, upon the written request of the Trustee, forthwith pay to the Trustee
all sums so held in trust by such paying agent; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(4) that it will perform all other duties of paying agent
as set forth in this Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) If the Company shall act as its own paying agent with
respect to any series of the Securities, it will on or before each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest
on Securities of that series, set aside, segregate and hold in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled thereto a sum sufficient
to pay such principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming due on Securities of that series until such sums shall be paid
to such Persons or otherwise disposed of as herein provided and will promptly notify the Trustee of such action, or any failure
(by it or any other obligor on such Securities) to take such action. Whenever the Company shall have one or more paying agents
for any series of Securities, it will, prior to each due date of the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on any Securities
of that series, deposit with the paying agent a sum sufficient to pay the principal (and premium, if any) or interest so becoming
due, such sum to be held in trust for the benefit of the Persons entitled to such principal, premium or interest, and (unless such
paying agent is the Trustee) the Company will promptly notify the Trustee of this action or failure so to act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) Notwithstanding anything in this Section to the contrary,
(i) the agreement to hold sums in trust as provided in this Section is subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, and (ii) the
Company may at any time, for the purpose of obtaining the satisfaction and discharge of this Indenture or for any other purpose,
pay, or direct any paying agent to pay, to the Trustee all sums held in trust by the Company or such paying agent, such sums to
be held by the Trustee upon the same terms and conditions as those upon which such sums were held by the Company or such paying
agent; and, upon such payment by the Company or any paying agent to the Trustee, the Company or such paying agent shall be released
from all further liability with respect to such money.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 4.04 Appointment to Fill Vacancy in Office of
Trustee</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company, whenever necessary to avoid or fill a vacancy
in the office of Trustee, will appoint, in the manner provided in Section 7.10, a Trustee, so that there shall at all times be
a Trustee hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 4.05 Compliance with Consolidation Provisions</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company will not, while any of the Securities remain
Outstanding, consolidate with or merge into any other Person, in either case where the Company is not the survivor of such transaction,
or sell or convey all or substantially all of its property to any other Person unless the provisions of Article Ten hereof are
complied with.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;<B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 5</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SECURITYHOLDERS&rsquo; LISTS AND REPORTS
BY THE COMPANY AND THE TRUSTEE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 5.01 Company to Furnish Trustee Names and Addresses
of Securityholders</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company will furnish or cause to be furnished to the
Trustee (a) within 15 days after each regular record date (as defined in Section 2.03) a list, in such form as the Trustee may
reasonably require, of the names and addresses of the holders of each series of Securities as of such regular record date, provided
that the Company shall not be obligated to furnish or cause to furnish such list at any time that the list shall not differ in
any respect from the most recent list furnished to the Trustee by the Company and (b) at such other times as the Trustee may request
in writing within 30 days after the receipt by the Company of any such request, a list of similar form and content as of a date
not more than 15 days prior to the time such list is furnished; provided, however, that, in either case, no such list need be furnished
for any series for which the Trustee shall be the Security Registrar.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 5.02 Preservation Of Information; Communications
With Securityholders</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The Trustee shall preserve, in as current a form as is
reasonably practicable, all information as to the names and addresses of the holders of Securities contained in the most recent
list furnished to it as provided in Section 5.01 and as to the names and addresses of holders of Securities received by the Trustee
in its capacity as Security Registrar (if acting in such capacity).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) The Trustee may destroy any list furnished to it as provided
in Section 5.01 upon receipt of a new list so furnished.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) Securityholders may communicate as provided in Section
312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act with other Securityholders with respect to their rights under this Indenture or under the Securities,
and, in connection with any such communications, the Trustee shall satisfy its obligations under Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture
Act in accordance with the provisions of Section 312(b) of the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 5.03 Reports by the Company</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company covenants and agrees to provide (which delivery
may be via electronic mail) to the Trustee, after the Company files the same with the Securities and Exchange Commission, copies
of the annual reports and of the information, documents and other reports (or copies of such portions of any of the foregoing as
the Securities and Exchange Commission may from time to time by rules and regulations prescribe) that the Company files with the
Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act; provided, however, the Company
shall not be required to deliver to the Trustee any materials for which the Company has sought and received confidential treatment
by the Securities and Exchange Commission; and provided further, so long as such filings by the Company are available on the Securities
and Exchange Commission&rsquo;s Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval System (EDGAR), such filings shall be deemed
to have been filed with the Trustee for purposes of this Section 5.03 without any further action required by the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 5.04 Reports by the Trustee</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) If required by Section 313(a) of the Trust Indenture
Act, the Trustee, within sixty (60) days after each May 1, shall transmit by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders,
as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register, a brief report dated as of such May 1, which complies with Section
313(a) of the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) The Trustee shall comply with Section 313(b) and 313(c)
of the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) A copy of each such report shall, at the time of such
transmission to Securityholders, be filed by the Trustee with the Company, with each securities exchange upon which any Securities
are listed (if so listed) and also with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Company agrees to notify the Trustee when any
Securities become listed on any securities exchange.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 6</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>REMEDIES OF THE TRUSTEE AND SECURITYHOLDERS
ON EVENT OF DEFAULT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.01 Events of Default</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) Whenever used herein with respect to Securities of a
particular series, &ldquo;Event of Default&rdquo; means any one or more of the following events that has occurred and is continuing:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(1) the Company defaults in the payment of any installment
of interest upon any of the Securities of that series, as and when the same shall become due and payable, and such default continues
for a period of 90 days; provided, however, that a valid extension of an interest payment period by the Company in accordance with
the terms of any indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of interest for this purpose;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(2) the Company defaults in the payment of the principal
of (or premium, if any, on) any of the Securities of that series as and when the same shall become due and payable whether at maturity,
upon redemption, by declaration or otherwise, or in any payment required by any sinking or analogous fund established with respect
to that series; provided, however, that a valid extension of the maturity of such Securities in accordance with the terms of any
indenture supplemental hereto shall not constitute a default in the payment of principal or premium, if any;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(3) the Company fails to observe or perform any other of
its covenants or agreements with respect to that series contained in this Indenture or otherwise established with respect to that
series of Securities pursuant to Section 2.01 hereof (other than a covenant or agreement that has been expressly included in this
Indenture solely for the benefit of one or more series of Securities other than such series) for a period of 90 days after the
date on which written notice of such failure, requiring the same to be remedied and stating that such notice is a &ldquo;Notice
of Default&rdquo; hereunder, shall have been given to the Company by the Trustee, by registered or certified mail, or to the Company
and the Trustee by the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the Securities of that series at the time Outstanding;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(4) the Company pursuant to or within the meaning of any
Bankruptcy Law (i) commences a voluntary case, (ii) consents to the entry of an order for relief against it in an involuntary case,
(iii) consents to the appointment of a Custodian of it or for all or substantially all of its property or (iv) makes a general
assignment for the benefit of its creditors; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(5) a court of competent jurisdiction enters an order under
any Bankruptcy Law that (i) is for relief against the Company in an involuntary case, (ii) appoints a Custodian of the Company
for all or substantially all of its property or (iii) orders the liquidation of the Company, and the order or decree remains unstayed
and in effect for 90 days.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) In each and every such case (other than an Event of Default
specified in clause (4) or clause (5) above), unless the principal of all the Securities of that series shall have already become
due and payable, either the Trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that
series then Outstanding hereunder, by notice in writing to the Company (and to the Trustee if given by such Securityholders), may
declare the principal of (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities of that series to be due
and payable immediately, and upon any such declaration the same shall become and shall be immediately due and payable. If an Event
of Default specified in clause (4) or clause (5) above occurs, the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Securities
of that series shall automatically be immediately due and payable without any declaration or other act on the part of the Trustee
or the holders of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) At any time after the principal of (and premium, if any,
on) and accrued and unpaid interest on the Securities of that series shall have been so declared due and payable, and before any
judgment or decree for the payment of the moneys due shall have been obtained or entered as hereinafter provided, the holders of
a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of that series then Outstanding hereunder, by written notice to the
Company and the Trustee, may rescind and annul such declaration and its consequences if: (i) the Company has paid or deposited
with the Trustee a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest upon all the Securities of that series and the principal
of (and premium, if any, on) any and all Securities of that series that shall have become due otherwise than by acceleration (with
interest upon such principal and premium, if any, and, to the extent that such payment is enforceable under applicable law, upon
overdue installments of interest, at the rate per annum expressed in the Securities of that series to the date of such payment
or deposit) and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section 7.06, and (ii) any and all Events of Default under the Indenture
with respect to such series, other than the nonpayment of principal on (and premium, if any, on) and accrued and unpaid interest
on Securities of that series that shall not have become due by their terms, shall have been remedied or waived as provided in Section
6.06.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">No such rescission and annulment shall extend to or shall
affect any subsequent default or impair any right consequent thereon.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) In case the Trustee shall have proceeded to enforce any
right with respect to Securities of that series under this Indenture and such proceedings shall have been discontinued or abandoned
because of such rescission or annulment or for any other reason or shall have been determined adversely to the Trustee, then and
in every such case, subject to any determination in such proceedings, the Company and the Trustee shall be restored respectively
to their former positions and rights hereunder, and all rights, remedies and powers of the Company and the Trustee shall continue
as though no such proceedings had been taken.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.02 Collection of Indebtedness and Suits for
Enforcement by Trustee</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The Company covenants that (i) in case it shall default
in the payment of any installment of interest on any of the Securities of a series, or in any payment required by any sinking or
analogous fund established with respect to that series as and when the same shall have become due and payable, and such default
shall have continued for a period of 90 days, or (ii) in case it shall default in the payment of the principal of (or premium,
if any, on) any of the Securities of a series when the same shall have become due and payable, whether upon maturity of the Securities
of a series or upon redemption or upon declaration or otherwise then, upon demand of the Trustee, the Company will pay to the Trustee,
for the benefit of the holders of the Securities of that series, the whole amount that then shall have been become due and payable
on all such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) or interest, or both, as the case may be, with interest upon the overdue
principal (and premium, if any) and (to the extent that payment of such interest is enforceable under applicable law) upon overdue
installments of interest at the rate per annum expressed in the Securities of that series; and, in addition thereto, such further
amount as shall be sufficient to cover the costs and expenses of collection, and the amount payable to the Trustee under Section
7.06.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) If the Company shall fail to pay such amounts forthwith
upon such demand, the Trustee, in its own name and as trustee of an express trust, shall be entitled and empowered to institute
any action or proceedings at law or in equity for the collection of the sums so due and unpaid, and may prosecute any such action
or proceeding to judgment or final decree, and may enforce any such judgment or final decree against the Company or other obligor
upon the Securities of that series and collect the moneys adjudged or decreed to be payable in the manner provided by law or equity
out of the property of the Company or other obligor upon the Securities of that series, wherever situated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) In case of any receivership, insolvency, liquidation,
bankruptcy, reorganization, readjustment, arrangement, composition or judicial proceedings affecting the Company, or its creditors
or property, the Trustee shall have power to intervene in such proceedings and take any action therein that may be permitted by
the court and shall (except as may be otherwise provided by law) be entitled to file such proofs of claim and other papers and
documents as may be necessary or advisable in order to have the claims of the Trustee and of the holders of Securities of such
series allowed for the entire amount due and payable by the Company under the Indenture at the date of institution of such proceedings
and for any additional amount that may become due and payable by the Company after such date, and to collect and receive any moneys
or other property payable or deliverable on any such claim, and to distribute the same after the deduction of the amount payable
to the Trustee under Section 7.06; and any receiver, assignee or trustee in bankruptcy or reorganization is hereby authorized by
each of the holders of Securities of such series to make such payments to the Trustee, and, in the event that the Trustee shall
consent to the making of such payments directly to such Securityholders, to pay to the Trustee any amount due it under Section
7.06.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) All rights of action and of asserting claims under this
Indenture, or under any of the terms established with respect to Securities of that series, may be enforced by the Trustee without
the possession of any of such Securities, or the production thereof at any trial or other proceeding relative thereto, and any
such suit or proceeding instituted by the Trustee shall be brought in its own name as trustee of an express trust, and any recovery
of judgment shall, after provision for payment to the Trustee of any amounts due under Section 7.06, be for the ratable benefit
of the holders of the Securities of such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In case of an Event of Default hereunder, the Trustee may
in its discretion proceed to protect and enforce the rights vested in it by this Indenture by such appropriate judicial proceedings
as the Trustee shall deem most effectual to protect and enforce any of such rights, either at law or in equity or in bankruptcy
or otherwise, whether for the specific enforcement of any covenant or agreement contained in the Indenture or in aid of the exercise
of any power granted in this Indenture, or to enforce any other legal or equitable right vested in the Trustee by this Indenture
or by law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to authorize the
Trustee to authorize or consent to or accept or adopt on behalf of any Securityholder any plan of reorganization, arrangement,
adjustment or composition affecting the Securities of that series or the rights of any holder thereof or to authorize the Trustee
to vote in respect of the claim of any Securityholder in any such proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.03 Application of Moneys Collected</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any moneys collected by the Trustee pursuant to this Article
with respect to a particular series of Securities shall be applied in the following order, at the date or dates fixed by the Trustee
and, in case of the distribution of such moneys on account of principal (or premium, if any) or interest, upon presentation of
the Securities of that series, and notation thereon of the payment, if only partially paid, and upon surrender thereof if fully
paid:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">FIRST: To the payment of all indebtedness of the Company
to which such series of Securities is subordinated to the extent required by Section 7.06 and Article Fourteen;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">SECOND: To the payment of the amounts then due and unpaid
upon Securities of such series for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, in respect of which or for the benefit of which
such money has been collected, ratably, without preference or priority of any kind, according to the amounts due and payable on
such Securities for principal (and premium, if any) and interest, respectively; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">THIRD: To the payment of the remainder, if any, to the Company
or any other Person lawfully entitled thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.04 Limitation on Suits</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">No holder of any Security of any series shall have any right
by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to institute any suit, action or proceeding in equity or at law upon
or under or with respect to this Indenture or for the appointment of a receiver or trustee, or for any other remedy hereunder,
unless (i) such holder previously shall have given to the Trustee written notice of an Event of Default and of the continuance
thereof with respect to the Securities of such series specifying such Event of Default, as hereinbefore provided; (ii) the holders
of not less than 25% in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of such series then Outstanding shall have made written request
upon the Trustee to institute such action, suit or proceeding in its own name as Trustee hereunder; (iii) such holder or holders
shall have offered to the Trustee such reasonable indemnity as it may require against the costs, expenses and liabilities to be
incurred therein or thereby; (iv) the Trustee for 90 days after its receipt of such notice, request and offer of indemnity, shall
have failed to institute any such action, suit or proceeding and (v) during such 90 day period, the holders of a majority in principal
amount of the Securities of that series do not give the Trustee a direction inconsistent with the request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary
or any other provisions of this Indenture, the right of any holder of any Security to receive payment of the principal of (and
premium, if any) and interest on such Security, as therein provided, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security
(or in the case of redemption, on the redemption date), or to institute suit for the enforcement of any such payment on or after
such respective dates or redemption date, shall not be impaired or affected without the consent of such holder and by accepting
a Security hereunder it is expressly understood, intended and covenanted by the taker and holder of every Security of such series
with every other such taker and holder and the Trustee, that no one or more holders of Securities of such series shall have any
right in any manner whatsoever by virtue or by availing of any provision of this Indenture to affect, disturb or prejudice the
rights of the holders of any other of such Securities, or to obtain or seek to obtain priority over or preference to any other
such holder, or to enforce any right under this Indenture, except in the manner herein provided and for the equal, ratable and
common benefit of all holders of Securities of such series. For the protection and enforcement of the provisions of this Section,
each and every Securityholder and the Trustee shall be entitled to such relief as can be given either at law or in equity.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.05 Rights and Remedies Cumulative; Delay or
Omission Not Waiver</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) Except as otherwise provided in Section 2.07, all powers
and remedies given by this Article to the Trustee or to the Securityholders shall, to the extent permitted by law, be deemed cumulative
and not exclusive of any other powers and remedies available to the Trustee or the holders of the Securities, by judicial proceedings
or otherwise, to enforce the performance or observance of the covenants and agreements contained in this Indenture or otherwise
established with respect to such Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) No delay or omission of the Trustee or of any holder
of any of the Securities to exercise any right or power accruing upon any Event of Default occurring and continuing as aforesaid
shall impair any such right or power, or shall be construed to be a waiver of any such default or an acquiescence therein; and,
subject to the provisions of Section 6.04, every power and remedy given by this Article or by law to the Trustee or the Securityholders
may be exercised from time to time, and as often as shall be deemed expedient, by the Trustee or by the Securityholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.06 Control by Securityholders</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount of
the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding, determined in accordance with Section 8.04, shall have the right to direct
the time, method and place of conducting any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power
conferred on the Trustee with respect to such series; provided, however, that such direction shall not be in conflict with any
rule of law or with this Indenture. Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, the Trustee shall have the right to decline to follow
any such direction if the Trustee in good faith shall, by a Responsible Officer or officers of the Trustee, determine that the
proceeding so directed, subject to the Trustee&rsquo;s duties under the Trust Indenture Act, would involve the Trustee in personal
liability or might be unduly prejudicial to the Securityholders not involved in the proceeding. The holders of a majority in aggregate
principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding affected thereby, determined in accordance with Section
8.04, may on behalf of the holders of all of the Securities of such series waive any past default in the performance of any of
the covenants contained herein or established pursuant to Section 2.01 with respect to such series and its consequences, except
a default in the payment of the principal of, or premium, if any, or interest on, any of the Securities of that series as and when
the same shall become due by the terms of such Securities otherwise than by acceleration (unless such default has been cured and
a sum sufficient to pay all matured installments of interest and principal and any premium has been deposited with the Trustee
(in accordance with Section 6.01(c)). Upon any such waiver, the default covered thereby shall be deemed to be cured for all purposes
of this Indenture and the Company, the Trustee and the holders of the Securities of such series shall be restored to their former
positions and rights hereunder, respectively; but no such waiver shall extend to any subsequent or other default or impair any
right consequent thereon.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 6.07 Undertaking to Pay Costs</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">All parties to this Indenture agree, and each holder of any
Securities by such holder&rsquo;s acceptance thereof shall be deemed to have agreed, that any court may in its discretion require,
in any suit for the enforcement of any right or remedy under this Indenture, or in any suit against the Trustee for any action
taken or omitted by it as Trustee, the filing by any party litigant in such suit of an undertaking to pay the costs of such suit,
and that such court may in its discretion assess reasonable costs, including reasonable attorneys&rsquo; fees, against any party
litigant in such suit, having due regard to the merits and good faith of the claims or defenses made by such party litigant; but
the provisions of this Section shall not apply to any suit instituted by the Trustee, to any suit instituted by any Securityholder,
or group of Securityholders, holding more than 10% in aggregate principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of any series, or
to any suit instituted by any Securityholder for the enforcement of the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest
on any Security of such series, on or after the respective due dates expressed in such Security or established pursuant to this
Indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 7</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>CONCERNING THE TRUSTEE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.01 Certain Duties and Responsibilities of Trustee</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The Trustee, prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default
with respect to the Securities of a series and after the curing of all Events of Default with respect to the Securities of that
series that may have occurred, shall undertake to perform with respect to the Securities of such series such duties and only such
duties as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants shall be read into this Indenture against the
Trustee. In case an Event of Default with respect to the Securities of a series has occurred (that has not been cured or waived),
the Trustee shall exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers vested in it by this Indenture,
and use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the circumstances in
the conduct of his own affairs.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) No provision of this Indenture shall be construed to
relieve the Trustee from liability for its own negligent action, its own negligent failure to act, or its own willful misconduct,
except that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(i) prior to the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect
to the Securities of a series and after the curing or waiving of all such Events of Default with respect to that series that may
have occurred:(A) the duties and obligations of the Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of such series be determined solely
by the express provisions of this Indenture, and the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to the Securities of such series
except for the performance of such duties and obligations as are specifically set forth in this Indenture, and no implied covenants
or obligations shall be read into this Indenture against the Trustee; and (B) in the absence of bad faith on the part of the Trustee,
the Trustee may with respect to the Securities of such series conclusively rely, as to the truth of the statements and the correctness
of the opinions expressed therein, upon any certificates or opinions furnished to the Trustee and conforming to the requirements
of this Indenture; but in the case of any such certificates or opinions that by any provision hereof are specifically required
to be furnished to the Trustee, the Trustee shall be under a duty to examine the same to determine whether or not they conform
to the requirements of this Indenture;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(ii) the Trustee shall not be liable for any error of judgment
made in good faith by a Responsible Officer or Responsible Officers of the Trustee, unless it shall be proved that the Trustee
was negligent in ascertaining the pertinent facts;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(iii) the Trustee shall not be liable with respect to any
action taken or omitted to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with the direction of the holders of not less than a majority
in principal amount of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding relating to the time, method and place of conducting
any proceeding for any remedy available to the Trustee, or exercising any trust or power conferred upon the Trustee under this
Indenture with respect to the Securities of that series; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(iv) None of the provisions contained in this Indenture shall
require the Trustee to expend or risk its own funds or otherwise incur personal financial liability in the performance of any of
its duties or in the exercise of any of its rights or powers if there is reasonable ground for believing that the repayment of
such funds or liability is not reasonably assured to it under the terms of this Indenture or adequate indemnity against such risk
is not reasonably assured to it.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.02 Certain Rights of Trustee</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The Trustee may rely and shall be protected in acting
or refraining from acting upon any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent, order,
approval, bond, security or other paper or document believed by it to be genuine and to have been signed or presented by the proper
party or parties;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) Any request, direction, order or demand of the Company
mentioned herein shall be sufficiently evidenced by a Board Resolution or an instrument signed in the name of the Company by any
authorized officer of the Company (unless other evidence in respect thereof is specifically prescribed herein);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) The Trustee may consult with counsel and the written
advice of such counsel or, if requested, any Opinion of Counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect
of any action taken or suffered or omitted hereunder in good faith and in reliance thereon;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) The Trustee shall be under no obligation to exercise
any of the rights or powers vested in it by this Indenture at the request, order or direction of any of the Securityholders pursuant
to the provisions of this Indenture, unless such Securityholders shall have offered to the Trustee reasonable security or indemnity
against the costs, expenses and liabilities that may be incurred therein or thereby; nothing contained herein shall, however, relieve
the Trustee of the obligation, upon the occurrence of an Event of Default with respect to a series of the Securities (that has
not been cured or waived), to exercise with respect to Securities of that series such of the rights and powers vested in it by
this Indenture, and to use the same degree of care and skill in their exercise, as a prudent man would exercise or use under the
circumstances in the conduct of his own affairs;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(e) The Trustee shall not be liable for any action taken
or omitted to be taken by it in good faith and believed by it to be authorized or within the discretion or rights or powers conferred
upon it by this Indenture;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(f) The Trustee shall not be bound to make any investigation
into the facts or matters stated in any resolution, certificate, statement, instrument, opinion, report, notice, request, consent,
order, approval, bond, security, or other papers or documents, unless requested in writing so to do by the holders of not less
than a majority in principal amount of the Outstanding Securities of the particular series affected thereby (determined as provided
in Section 8.04); provided, however, that if the payment within a reasonable time to the Trustee of the costs, expenses or liabilities
likely to be incurred by it in the making of such investigation is, in the opinion of the Trustee, not reasonably assured to the
Trustee by the security afforded to it by the terms of this Indenture, the Trustee may require reasonable indemnity against such
costs, expenses or liabilities as a condition to so proceeding. The reasonable expense of every such examination shall be paid
by the Company or, if paid by the Trustee, shall be repaid by the Company upon demand; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(g) The Trustee may execute any of the trusts or powers hereunder
or perform any duties hereunder either directly or by or through agents or attorneys and the Trustee shall not be responsible for
any misconduct or negligence on the part of any agent or attorney appointed with due care by it hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In addition, the Trustee shall not be deemed to have knowledge
of any Default or Event of Default except (1) any Event of Default occurring pursuant to Sections 6.01(a)(1) and 6.01(a)(2) or
(2) any Default or Event of Default of which the Trustee shall have received written notification in the manner set forth in this
Indenture or a Responsible Officer of the Trustee shall have obtained actual knowledge. Delivery of reports, information and documents
to the Trustee under Section 5.03 is for informational purposes only and the information and the Trustee&rsquo;s receipt of the
foregoing shall not constitute constructive notice of any information contained therein, or determinable from information contained
therein including the Company&rsquo;s compliance with any of their covenants thereunder (as to which the Trustee is entitled to
rely exclusively on an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.03 Trustee Not Responsible for Recitals or Issuance
or Securities</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The recitals contained herein and in the Securities shall
be taken as the statements of the Company, and the Trustee assumes no responsibility for the correctness of the same.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) The Trustee makes no representations as to the validity
or sufficiency of this Indenture or of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) The Trustee shall not be accountable for the use or application
by the Company of any of the Securities or of the proceeds of such Securities, or for the use or application of any moneys paid
over by the Trustee in accordance with any provision of this Indenture or established pursuant to Section 2.01, or for the use
or application of any moneys received by any paying agent other than the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.04 May Hold Securities</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Trustee or any paying agent or Security Registrar, in
its individual or any other capacity, may become the owner or pledgee of Securities with the same rights it would have if it were
not Trustee, paying agent or Security Registrar.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.05 Moneys Held in Trust</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Subject to the provisions of Section 11.05, all moneys received
by the Trustee shall, until used or applied as herein provided, be held in trust for the purposes for which they were received,
but need not be segregated from other funds except to the extent required by law. The Trustee shall be under no liability for interest
on any moneys received by it hereunder except such as it may agree with the Company to pay thereon.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.06 Compensation and Reimbursement</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The Company covenants and agrees to pay to the Trustee,
and the Trustee shall be entitled to, such reasonable compensation (which shall not be limited by any provision of law in regard
to the compensation of a trustee of an express trust) as the Company and the Trustee may from time to time agree in writing, for
all services rendered by it in the execution of the trusts hereby created and in the exercise and performance of any of the powers
and duties hereunder of the Trustee, and, except as otherwise expressly provided herein, the Company will pay or reimburse the
Trustee upon its request for all reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances incurred or made by the Trustee in accordance
with any of the provisions of this Indenture (including the reasonable compensation and the expenses and disbursements of its counsel
and of all Persons not regularly in its employ), except any such expense, disbursement or advance as may arise from its negligence
or bad faith and except as the Company and Trustee may from time to time agree in writing. The Company also covenants to indemnify
the Trustee (and its officers, agents, directors and employees) for, and to hold it harmless against, any loss, liability or expense
incurred without negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee and arising out of or in connection with the acceptance or
administration of this trust, including the reasonable costs and expenses of defending itself against any claim of liability in
the premises.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) The obligations of the Company under this Section to
compensate and indemnify the Trustee and to pay or reimburse the Trustee for reasonable expenses, disbursements and advances shall
constitute indebtedness of the Company to which the Securities are subordinated. Such additional indebtedness shall be secured
by a lien prior to that of the Securities upon all property and funds held or collected by the Trustee as such, except funds held
in trust for the benefit of the holders of particular Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.07 Reliance on Officer&rsquo;s Certificate</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Except as otherwise provided in Section 7.01, whenever in
the administration of the provisions of this Indenture the Trustee shall deem it reasonably necessary or desirable that a matter
be proved or established prior to taking or suffering or omitting to take any action hereunder, such matter (unless other evidence
in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may, in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee,
be deemed to be conclusively proved and established by an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate delivered to the Trustee and such certificate,
in the absence of negligence or bad faith on the part of the Trustee, shall be full warrant to the Trustee for any action taken,
suffered or omitted to be taken by it under the provisions of this Indenture upon the faith thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.08 Disqualification; Conflicting Interests</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If the Trustee has or shall acquire any &ldquo;conflicting
interest&rdquo; within the meaning of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act, the Trustee and the Company shall in all respects
comply with the provisions of Section 310(b) of the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.09 Corporate Trustee Required; Eligibility</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">There shall at all times be a Trustee with respect to the
Securities issued hereunder which shall at all times be a corporation organized and doing business under the laws of the United
States of America or any state or territory thereof or of the District of Columbia, or a corporation or other Person permitted
to act as trustee by the Securities and Exchange Commission, authorized under such laws to exercise corporate trust powers, having
a combined capital and surplus of at least fifty million U.S. dollars ($50,000,000), and subject to supervision or examination
by federal, state, territorial, or District of Columbia authority.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If such corporation or other Person publishes reports of
condition at least annually, pursuant to law or to the requirements of the aforesaid supervising or examining authority, then for
the purposes of this Section, the combined capital and surplus of such corporation or other Person shall be deemed to be its combined
capital and surplus as set forth in its most recent report of condition so published. The Company may not, nor may any Person directly
or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with the Company, serve as Trustee. In case at any time the Trustee
shall cease to be eligible in accordance with the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall resign immediately in the manner
and with the effect specified in Section 7.10.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.10 Resignation and Removal; Appointment of Successor</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The Trustee or any successor hereafter appointed may
at any time resign with respect to the Securities of one or more series by giving written notice thereof to the Company and by
transmitting notice of resignation by mail, first class postage prepaid, to the Securityholders of such series, as their names
and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Upon receiving such notice of resignation, the Company shall promptly appoint
a successor trustee with respect to Securities of such series by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board
of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the resigning Trustee and one copy to the successor trustee. If
no successor trustee shall have been so appointed and have accepted appointment within 30 days after the mailing of such notice
of resignation, the resigning Trustee may petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment of a successor trustee
with respect to Securities of such series, or any Securityholder of that series who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or
Securities for at least six months may on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated, petition any such court for the
appointment of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, appoint
a successor trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) In case at any time any one of the following shall occur:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(i) the Trustee shall fail to comply with the provisions
of Section 7.08 after written request therefor by the Company or by any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security
or Securities for at least six months; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(ii) the Trustee shall cease to be eligible in accordance
with the provisions of Section 7.09 and shall fail to resign after written request therefor by the Company or by any such Securityholder;
or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(iii) the Trustee shall become incapable of acting, or shall
be adjudged a bankrupt or insolvent, or commence a voluntary bankruptcy proceeding, or a receiver of the Trustee or of its property
shall be appointed or consented to, or any public officer shall take charge or control of the Trustee or of its property or affairs
for the purpose of rehabilitation, conservation or liquidation;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">then, in any such case, the Company may remove the Trustee
with respect to all Securities and appoint a successor trustee by written instrument, in duplicate, executed by order of the Board
of Directors, one copy of which instrument shall be delivered to the Trustee so removed and one copy to the successor trustee,
or any Securityholder who has been a bona fide holder of a Security or Securities for at least six months may, on behalf of that
holder and all others similarly situated, petition any court of competent jurisdiction for the removal of the Trustee and the appointment
of a successor trustee. Such court may thereupon after such notice, if any, as it may deem proper and prescribe, remove the Trustee
and appoint a successor trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) The holders of a majority in aggregate principal amount
of the Securities of any series at the time Outstanding may at any time remove the Trustee with respect to such series by so notifying
the Trustee and the Company and may appoint a successor Trustee for such series with the consent of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) Any resignation or removal of the Trustee and appointment
of a successor trustee with respect to the Securities of a series pursuant to any of the provisions of this Section shall become
effective upon acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee as provided in Section 7.11.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(e) Any successor trustee appointed pursuant to this Section
may be appointed with respect to the Securities of one or more series or all of such series, and at any time there shall be only
one Trustee with respect to the Securities of any particular series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.11 Acceptance of Appointment By Successor</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee
with respect to all Securities, every such successor trustee so appointed shall execute, acknowledge and deliver to the Company
and to the retiring Trustee an instrument accepting such appointment, and thereupon the resignation or removal of the retiring
Trustee shall become effective and such successor trustee, without any further act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with
all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee; but, on the request of the Company or the successor trustee,
such retiring Trustee shall, upon payment of its charges, execute and deliver an instrument transferring to such successor trustee
all the rights, powers, and trusts of the retiring Trustee and shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee
all property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) In case of the appointment hereunder of a successor trustee
with respect to the Securities of one or more (but not all) series, the Company, the retiring Trustee and each successor trustee
with respect to the Securities of one or more series shall execute and deliver an indenture supplemental hereto wherein each successor
trustee shall accept such appointment and which (i) shall contain such provisions as shall be necessary or desirable to transfer
and confirm to, and to vest in, each successor trustee all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect
to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates, (ii) shall contain such provisions
as shall be deemed necessary or desirable to confirm that all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with
respect to the Securities of that or those series as to which the retiring Trustee is not retiring shall continue to be vested
in the retiring Trustee, and (iii) shall add to or change any of the provisions of this Indenture as shall be necessary to provide
for or facilitate the administration of the trusts hereunder by more than one Trustee, it being understood that nothing herein
or in such supplemental indenture shall constitute such Trustees co-trustees of the same trust, that each such Trustee shall be
trustee of a trust or trusts hereunder separate and apart from any trust or trusts hereunder administered by any other such Trustee
and that no Trustee shall be responsible for any act or failure to act on the part of any other Trustee hereunder; and upon the
execution and delivery of such supplemental indenture the resignation or removal of the retiring Trustee shall become effective
to the extent provided therein, such retiring Trustee shall with respect to the Securities of that or those series to which the
appointment of such successor trustee relates have no further responsibility for the exercise of rights and powers or for the performance
of the duties and obligations vested in the Trustee under this Indenture, and each such successor trustee, without any further
act, deed or conveyance, shall become vested with all the rights, powers, trusts and duties of the retiring Trustee with respect
to the Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates; but, on request of the Company
or any successor trustee, such retiring Trustee shall duly assign, transfer and deliver to such successor trustee, to the extent
contemplated by such supplemental indenture, the property and money held by such retiring Trustee hereunder with respect to the
Securities of that or those series to which the appointment of such successor trustee relates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) Upon request of any such successor trustee, the Company
shall execute any and all instruments for more fully and certainly vesting in and confirming to such successor trustee all such
rights, powers and trusts referred to in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Section, as the case may be.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) No successor trustee shall accept its appointment unless
at the time of such acceptance such successor trustee shall be qualified and eligible under this Article.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(e) Upon acceptance of appointment by a successor trustee
as provided in this Section, the Company shall transmit notice of the succession of such trustee hereunder by mail, first class
postage prepaid, to the Securityholders, as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. If the Company fails to
transmit such notice within ten days after acceptance of appointment by the successor trustee, the successor trustee shall cause
such notice to be transmitted at the expense of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.12 Merger, Conversion, Consolidation or Succession
to Business</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any corporation into which the Trustee may be merged or converted
or with which it may be consolidated, or any corporation resulting from any merger, conversion or consolidation to which the Trustee
shall be a party, or any corporation succeeding to the corporate trust business of the Trustee, including the administration of
the trust created by this Indenture, shall be the successor of the Trustee hereunder, provided that such corporation shall be qualified
under the provisions of Section 7.08 and eligible under the provisions of Section 7.09, without the execution or filing of any
paper or any further act on the part of any of the parties hereto, anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding. In case any
Securities shall have been authenticated, but not delivered, by the Trustee then in office, any successor by merger, conversion
or consolidation to such authenticating Trustee may adopt such authentication and deliver the Securities so authenticated with
the same effect as if such successor Trustee had itself authenticated such Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.13 Preferential Collection of Claims Against
the Company</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Trustee shall comply with Section 311(a) of the Trust
Indenture Act, excluding any creditor relationship described in Section 311(b) of the Trust Indenture Act. A Trustee who has resigned
or been removed shall be subject to Section 311(a) of the Trust Indenture Act to the extent included therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 7.14 Notice of Default</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If any Default or any Event of Default occurs and is continuing
and if such Default or Event of Default is known to a Responsible Officer of the Trustee, the Trustee shall mail to each Securityholder
in the manner and to the extent provided in Section 313(c) of the Trust Indenture Act notice of the Default or Event of Default
within the earlier of 90 days after it occurs and 30 days after it is known to a Responsible Officer of the Trustee or written
notice of it is received by the Trustee, unless such Default or Event of Default has been cured; provided, however, that, except
in the case of a default in the payment of the principal of (or premium, if any) or interest on any Security, the Trustee shall
be protected in withholding such notice if and so long as the board of directors, the executive committee or a trust committee
of directors and/or Responsible Officers of the Trustee in good faith determine that the withholding of such notice is in the interest
of the Securityholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 8</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>CONCERNING THE SECURITYHOLDERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 8.01 Evidence of Action by Securityholders</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Whenever in this Indenture it is provided that the holders
of a majority or specified percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series may take any action
(including the making of any demand or request, the giving of any notice, consent or waiver or the taking of any other action),
the fact that at the time of taking any such action the holders of such majority or specified percentage of that series have joined
therein may be evidenced by any instrument or any number of instruments of similar tenor executed by such holders of Securities
of that series in person or by agent or proxy appointed in writing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If the Company shall solicit from the Securityholders of
any series any request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, the Company may, at its option,
as evidenced by an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, fix in advance a record date for such series for the determination of Securityholders
entitled to give such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, but the Company shall
have no obligation to do so. If such a record date is fixed, such request, demand, authorization, direction, notice, consent, waiver
or other action may be given before or after the record date, but only the Securityholders of record at the close of business on
the record date shall be deemed to be Securityholders for the purposes of determining whether Securityholders of the requisite
proportion of Outstanding Securities of that series have authorized or agreed or consented to such request, demand, authorization,
direction, notice, consent, waiver or other action, and for that purpose the Outstanding Securities of that series shall be computed
as of the record date; provided, however, that no such authorization, agreement or consent by such Securityholders on the record
date shall be deemed effective unless it shall become effective pursuant to the provisions of this Indenture not later than six
months after the record date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 8.02 Proof of Execution by Securityholders.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, proof of the execution
of any instrument by a Securityholder (such proof will not require notarization) or his agent or proxy and proof of the holding
by any Person of any of the Securities shall be sufficient if made in the following manner:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) The fact and date of the execution by any such Person
of any instrument may be proved in any reasonable manner acceptable to the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) The ownership of Securities shall be proved by the Security
Register of such Securities or by a certificate of the Security Registrar thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Trustee may require such additional proof of any matter
referred to in this Section as it shall deem necessary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 8.03 Who May be Deemed Owners.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Prior to the due presentment for registration of transfer
of any Security, the Company, the Trustee, any paying agent and any Security Registrar may deem and treat the Person in whose name
such Security shall be registered upon the books of the Company as the absolute owner of such Security (whether or not such Security
shall be overdue and notwithstanding any notice of ownership or writing thereon made by anyone other than the Security Registrar)
for the purpose of receiving payment of or on account of the principal of, premium, if any, and (subject to Section 2.03) interest
on such Security and for all other purposes; and neither the Company nor the Trustee nor any paying agent nor any Security Registrar
shall be affected by any notice to the contrary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 8.04 Certain Securities Owned by Company Disregarded.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In determining whether the holders of the requisite aggregate
principal amount of Securities of a particular series have concurred in any direction, consent or waiver under this Indenture,
the Securities of that series that are owned by the Company or any other obligor on the Securities of that series or by any Person
directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under common control with the Company or any other obligor on the Securities
of that series shall be disregarded and deemed not to be Outstanding for the purpose of any such determination, except that for
the purpose of determining whether the Trustee shall be protected in relying on any such direction, consent or waiver, only Securities
of such series that the Trustee actually knows are so owned shall be so disregarded. The Securities so owned that have been pledged
in good faith may be regarded as Outstanding for the purposes of this Section, if the pledgee shall establish to the satisfaction
of the Trustee the pledgee&rsquo;s right so to act with respect to such Securities and that the pledgee is not a Person directly
or indirectly controlling or controlled by or under direct or indirect common control with the Company or any such other obligor.
In case of a dispute as to such right, any decision by the Trustee taken upon the advice of counsel shall be full protection to
the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 8.05 Actions Binding on Future Securityholders.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">At any time prior to (but not after) the evidencing to the
Trustee, as provided in Section 8.01, of the taking of any action by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal
amount of the Securities of a particular series specified in this Indenture in connection with such action, any holder of a Security
of that series that is shown by the evidence to be included in the Securities the holders of which have consented to such action
may, by filing written notice with the Trustee, and upon proof of holding as provided in Section 8.02, revoke such action so far
as concerns such Security. Except as aforesaid any such action taken by the holder of any Security shall be conclusive and binding
upon such holder and upon all future holders and owners of such Security, and of any Security issued in exchange therefor, on registration
of transfer thereof or in place thereof, irrespective of whether or not any notation in regard thereto is made upon such Security.
Any action taken by the holders of the majority or percentage in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of a particular series
specified in this Indenture in connection with such action shall be conclusively binding upon the Company, the Trustee and the
holders of all the Securities of that series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 9</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SUPPLEMENTAL INDENTURES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 9.01 Supplemental Indentures Without the Consent
of Securityholders</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In addition to any supplemental indenture otherwise authorized
by this Indenture, the Company and the Trustee may from time to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental
hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act as then in effect), without the consent of the Securityholders,
for one or more of the following purposes:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) to cure any ambiguity, defect, or inconsistency herein
or in the Securities of any series;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) to comply with Article Ten;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) to provide for uncertificated Securities in addition
to or in place of certificated Securities;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(d) to add to the covenants, restrictions, conditions or
provisions relating to the Company for the benefit of the holders of all or any series of Securities (and if such covenants, restrictions,
conditions or provisions are to be for the benefit of less than all series of Securities, stating that such covenants, restrictions,
conditions or provisions are expressly being included solely for the benefit of such series), to make the occurrence, or the occurrence
and the continuance, of a default in any such additional covenants, restrictions, conditions or provisions an Event of Default,
or to surrender any right or power herein conferred upon the Company;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(e) to add to, delete from, or revise the conditions, limitations,
and restrictions on the authorized amount, terms, or purposes of issue, authentication, and delivery of Securities, as herein set
forth;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(f) to make any change that does not adversely affect the
rights of any Securityholder in any material respect;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(g) to provide for the issuance of and establish the form
and terms and conditions of the Securities of any series as provided in Section 2.01, to establish the form of any certifications
required to be furnished pursuant to the terms of this Indenture or any series of Securities, or to add to the rights of the holders
of any series of Securities;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(h) to evidence and provide for the acceptance of appointment
hereunder by a successor trustee; or</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(i) to comply with any requirements of the Securities and
Exchange Commission or any successor in connection with the qualification of this Indenture under the Trust Indenture Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Trustee is hereby authorized to join with the Company
in the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and to make any further appropriate agreements and stipulations that may be
therein contained, but the Trustee shall not be obligated to enter into any such supplemental indenture that affects the Trustee&rsquo;s
own rights, duties or immunities under this Indenture or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any supplemental indenture authorized by the provisions of
this Section may be executed by the Company and the Trustee without the consent of the holders of any of the Securities at the
time Outstanding, notwithstanding any of the provisions of Section 9.02.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 9.02 Supplemental Indentures With Consent of Securityholders.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">With the consent (evidenced as provided in Section 8.01)
of the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the Securities of each series affected by such supplemental
indenture or indentures at the time Outstanding, the Company, when authorized by a Board Resolution, and the Trustee may from time
to time and at any time enter into an indenture or indentures supplemental hereto (which shall conform to the provisions of the
Trust Indenture Act as then in effect) for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating any
of the provisions of this Indenture or of any supplemental indenture or of modifying in any manner not covered by Section 9.01
the rights of the holders of the Securities of such series under this Indenture; provided, however, that no such supplemental indenture
shall, without the consent of the holders of each Security then Outstanding and affected thereby, (a) extend the fixed maturity
of any Securities of any series, or reduce the principal amount thereof, or reduce the rate or extend the time of payment of interest
thereon, or reduce any premium payable upon the redemption thereof or (b) reduce the aforesaid percentage of Securities, the holders
of which are required to consent to any such supplemental indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">It shall not be necessary for the consent of the Securityholders
of any series affected thereby under this Section to approve the particular form of any proposed supplemental indenture, but it
shall be sufficient if such consent shall approve the substance thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 9.03 Effect of Supplemental Indentures.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Upon the execution of any supplemental indenture pursuant
to the provisions of this Article or of Section 10.01, this Indenture shall, with respect to such series, be and be deemed to be
modified and amended in accordance therewith and the respective rights, limitations of rights, obligations, duties and immunities
under this Indenture of the Trustee, the Company and the holders of Securities of the series affected thereby shall thereafter
be determined, exercised and enforced hereunder subject in all respects to such modifications and amendments, and all the terms
and conditions of any such supplemental indenture shall be and be deemed to be part of the terms and conditions of this Indenture
for any and all purposes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 9.04 Securities Affected by Supplemental Indentures.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Securities of any series affected by a supplemental indenture,
authenticated and delivered after the execution of such supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Article or of
Section 10.01, may bear a notation in form approved by the Company, provided such form meets the requirements of any securities
exchange upon which such series may be listed, as to any matter provided for in such supplemental indenture. If the Company shall
so determine, new Securities of that series so modified as to conform, in the opinion of the Board of Directors, to any modification
of this Indenture contained in any such supplemental indenture may be prepared by the Company, authenticated by the Trustee and
delivered in exchange for the Securities of that series then Outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 9.05 Execution of Supplemental Indentures.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Upon the request of the Company, accompanied by its Board
Resolutions authorizing the execution of any such supplemental indenture, and upon the filing with the Trustee of evidence of the
consent of Securityholders required to consent thereto as aforesaid, the Trustee shall join with the Company in the execution of
such supplemental indenture unless such supplemental indenture affects the Trustee&rsquo;s own rights, duties or immunities under
this Indenture or otherwise, in which case the Trustee may in its discretion but shall not be obligated to enter into such supplemental
indenture. The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, may receive an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate or, if requested,
an Opinion of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any supplemental indenture executed pursuant to this Article is authorized or
permitted by, and conforms to, the terms of this Article and that it is proper for the Trustee under the provisions of this Article
to join in the execution thereof; provided, however, that such Officer&rsquo;s Certificate or Opinion of Counsel need not be provided
in connection with the execution of a supplemental indenture that establishes the terms of a series of Securities pursuant to Section
2.01 hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Promptly after the execution by the Company and the Trustee
of any supplemental indenture pursuant to the provisions of this Section, the Trustee shall transmit by mail, first class postage
prepaid, a notice, setting forth in general terms the substance of such supplemental indenture, to the Securityholders of all series
affected thereby as their names and addresses appear upon the Security Register. Any failure of the Trustee to mail such notice,
or any defect therein, shall not, however, in any way impair or affect the validity of any such supplemental indenture.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 10</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SUCCESSOR ENTITY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 10.01 Company May Consolidate, Etc</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a
Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to this
Indenture, nothing contained in this Indenture shall prevent any consolidation or merger of the Company with or into any other
Person (whether or not affiliated with the Company) or successive consolidations or mergers in which the Company or its successor
or successors shall be a party or parties, or shall prevent any sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition of the property
of the Company or its successor or successors as an entirety, or substantially as an entirety, to any other corporation (whether
or not affiliated with the Company or its successor or successors) authorized to acquire and operate the same; provided, however,
(a) the Company hereby covenants and agrees that, upon any such consolidation or merger (in each case, if the Company is not the
survivor of such transaction), sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, the due and punctual payment of the principal of
(premium, if any) and interest on all of the Securities of all series in accordance with the terms of each series, according to
their tenor, and the due and punctual performance and observance of all the covenants and conditions of this Indenture with respect
to each series or established with respect to such series pursuant to Section 2.01 to be kept or performed by the Company shall
be expressly assumed, by supplemental indenture (which shall conform to the provisions of the Trust Indenture Act, as then in effect)
reasonably satisfactory in form to the Trustee executed and delivered to the Trustee by the entity formed by such consolidation,
or into which the Company shall have been merged, or by the entity which shall have acquired such property and (b) in the event
that the Securities of any series then Outstanding are convertible into or exchangeable for shares of common stock or other securities
of the Company, such entity shall, by such supplemental indenture, make provision so that the Securityholders of Securities of
that series shall thereafter be entitled to receive upon conversion or exchange of such Securities the number of securities or
property to which a holder of the number of shares of common stock or other securities of the Company deliverable upon conversion
or exchange of those Securities would have been entitled had such conversion or exchange occurred immediately prior to such consolidation,
merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 10.02 Successor Entity Substituted.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance,
transfer or other disposition and upon the assumption by the successor entity by supplemental indenture, executed and delivered
to the Trustee and satisfactory in form to the Trustee, of the obligations set forth under Section 10.01 on all of the Securities
of all series Outstanding, such successor entity shall succeed to and be substituted for the Company with the same effect as if
it had been named as the Company herein, and thereupon the predecessor corporation shall be relieved of all obligations and covenants
under this Indenture and the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) In case of any such consolidation, merger, sale, conveyance,
transfer or other disposition, such changes in phraseology and form (but not in substance) may be made in the Securities thereafter
to be issued as may be appropriate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(c) Nothing contained in this Article shall require any action
by the Company in the case of a consolidation or merger of any Person into the Company where the Company is the survivor of such
transaction, or the acquisition by the Company, by purchase or otherwise, of all or any part of the property of any other Person
(whether or not affiliated with the Company).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 10.03 Evidence of Consolidation, Etc. to Trustee.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Trustee, subject to the provisions of Section 7.01, may
receive an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate and, if requested, an Opinion of Counsel as conclusive evidence that any such consolidation,
merger, sale, conveyance, transfer or other disposition, and any such assumption, comply with the provisions of this Article.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 11</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SATISFACTION AND DISCHARGE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 11.01 Satisfaction and Discharge of Indenture</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If at any time: (a) the Company shall have delivered to the
Trustee for cancellation all Securities of a series theretofore authenticated and not delivered to the Trustee for cancellation
(other than any Securities that shall have been destroyed, lost or stolen and that shall have been replaced or paid as provided
in Section 2.07 and Securities for whose payment money or Governmental Obligations have theretofore been deposited in trust or
segregated and held in trust by the Company and thereupon repaid to the Company or discharged from such trust, as provided in Section
11.05); or (b) all such Securities of a particular series not theretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation shall have
become due and payable, or are by their terms to become due and payable within one year or are to be called for redemption within
one year under arrangements satisfactory to the Trustee for the giving of notice of redemption, and the Company shall deposit or
cause to be deposited with the Trustee as trust funds the entire amount in moneys or Governmental Obligations or a combination
thereof, sufficient in the opinion of a nationally recognized firm of independent public accountants expressed in a written certification
thereof delivered to the Trustee, to pay at maturity or upon redemption all Securities of that series not theretofore delivered
to the Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity
or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable
hereunder with respect to such series by the Company then this Indenture shall thereupon cease to be of further effect with respect
to such series except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4.01, 4.02, 4.03 and 7.10, that shall survive until the
date of maturity or redemption date, as the case may be, and Sections 7.06 and 11.05, that shall survive to such date and thereafter,
and the Trustee, on demand of the Company and at the cost and expense of the Company shall execute proper instruments acknowledging
satisfaction of and discharging this Indenture with respect to such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 11.02 Discharge of Obligations.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If at any time all such Securities of a particular series
not heretofore delivered to the Trustee for cancellation or that have not become due and payable as described in Section 11.01
shall have been paid by the Company by depositing irrevocably with the Trustee as trust funds moneys or an amount of Governmental
Obligations sufficient to pay at maturity or upon redemption all such Securities of that series not theretofore delivered to the
Trustee for cancellation, including principal (and premium, if any) and interest due or to become due to such date of maturity
or date fixed for redemption, as the case may be, and if the Company shall also pay or cause to be paid all other sums payable
hereunder by the Company with respect to such series, then after the date such moneys or Governmental Obligations, as the case
may be, are deposited with the Trustee the obligations of the Company under this Indenture with respect to such series shall cease
to be of further effect except for the provisions of Sections 2.03, 2.05, 2.07, 4,01, 4.02, 4,03, 7.06, 7.10 and 11.05 hereof that
shall survive until such Securities shall mature and be paid.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Thereafter, Sections 7.06 and 11.05 shall survive.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 11.03 Deposited Moneys to be Held in Trust.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">All moneys or Governmental Obligations deposited with the
Trustee pursuant to Sections 11.01 or 11.02 shall be held in trust and shall be available for payment as due, either directly or
through any paying agent (including the Company acting as its own paying agent), to the holders of the particular series of Securities
for the payment or redemption of which such moneys or Governmental Obligations have been deposited with the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 11.04 Payment of Moneys Held by Paying Agents.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In connection with the satisfaction and discharge of this
Indenture all moneys or Governmental Obligations then held by any paying agent under the provisions of this Indenture shall, upon
demand of the Company, be paid to the Trustee and thereupon such paying agent shall be released from all further liability with
respect to such moneys or Governmental Obligations.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 11.05 Repayment to Company.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any moneys or Governmental Obligations deposited with any
paying agent or the Trustee, or then held by the Company, in trust for payment of principal of or premium, if any, or interest
on the Securities of a particular series that are not applied but remain unclaimed by the holders of such Securities for at least
two years after the date upon which the principal of (and premium, if any) or interest on such Securities shall have respectively
become due and payable, or such other shorter period set forth in applicable escheat or abandoned or unclaimed property law, shall
be repaid to the Company on May 31 of each year or upon the Company&rsquo;s request or (if then held by the Company) shall be discharged
from such trust; and thereupon the paying agent and the Trustee shall be released from all further liability with respect to such
moneys or Governmental Obligations, and the holder of any of the Securities entitled to receive such payment shall thereafter,
as a general creditor, look only to the Company for the payment thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 12</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>IMMUNITY OF INCORPORATORS, STOCKHOLDERS,
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 12.01 No Recourse</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">No recourse under or upon any obligation, covenant or agreement
of this Indenture, or of any Security, or for any claim based thereon or otherwise in respect thereof, shall be had against any
incorporator, stockholder, officer or director, past, present or future as such, of the Company or of any predecessor or successor
corporation, either directly or through the Company or any such predecessor or successor corporation, whether by virtue of any
constitution, statute or rule of law, or by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise; it being expressly understood
that this Indenture and the obligations issued hereunder are solely corporate obligations, and that no such personal liability
whatever shall attach to, or is or shall be incurred by, the incorporators, stockholders, officers or directors as such, of the
Company or of any predecessor or successor corporation, or any of them, because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized,
or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied
therefrom; and that any and all such personal liability of every name and nature, either at common law or in equity or by constitution
or statute, of, and any and all such rights and claims against, every such incorporator, stockholder, officer or director as such,
because of the creation of the indebtedness hereby authorized, or under or by reason of the obligations, covenants or agreements
contained in this Indenture or in any of the Securities or implied therefrom, are hereby expressly waived and released as a condition
of, and as a consideration for, the execution of this Indenture and the issuance of such Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 13</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.01 Effect on Successors and Assigns</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">All the covenants, stipulations, promises and agreements
in this Indenture made by or on behalf of the Company shall bind its successors and assigns, whether so expressed or not.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.02 Actions by Successor.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Any act or proceeding by any provision of this Indenture
authorized or required to be done or performed by any board, committee or officer of the Company shall and may be done and performed
with like force and effect by the corresponding board, committee or officer of any corporation that shall at the time be the lawful
successor of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.03 Surrender of Company Powers.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company by instrument in writing executed by authority
of its Board of Directors and delivered to the Trustee may surrender any of the powers reserved to the Company, and thereupon such
power so surrendered shall terminate both as to the Company and as to any successor corporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.04 Notices.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, any notice,
request or demand that by any provision of this Indenture is required or permitted to be given, made or served by the Trustee or
by the holders of Securities or by any other Person pursuant to this Indenture to or on the Company may be given or served by being
deposited in first class mail, postage prepaid, addressed (until another address is filed in writing by the Company with the Trustee),
as follows:. Any notice, election, request or demand by the Company or any Securityholder or by any other Person pursuant to this
Indenture to or upon the Trustee shall be deemed to have been sufficiently given or made, for all purposes, if given or made in
writing at the Corporate Trust Office of the Trustee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.05 Governing Law.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">This Indenture and each Security shall be deemed to be a
contract made under the internal laws of the State of New York, and for all purposes shall be construed in accordance with the
laws of said State, except to the extent that the Trust Indenture Act is applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.06 Treatment of Securities as Debt.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">It is intended that the Securities will be treated as indebtedness
and not as equity for federal income tax purposes. The provisions of this Indenture shall be interpreted to further this intention.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.07 Certificates and Opinions as to Conditions
Precedent.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(a) Upon any application or demand by the Company to the
Trustee to take any action under any of the provisions of this Indenture, the Company shall furnish to the Trustee an Officer&rsquo;s
Certificate stating that all conditions precedent provided for in this Indenture (other than the certificate to be delivered pursuant
to Section 13.12) relating to the proposed action have been complied with and, if requested, an Opinion of Counsel stating that
in the opinion of such counsel all such conditions precedent have been complied with, except that in the case of any such application
or demand as to which the furnishing of such documents is specifically required by any provision of this Indenture relating to
such particular application or demand, no additional certificate or opinion need be furnished.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">(b) Each certificate or opinion provided for in this Indenture
and delivered to the Trustee with respect to compliance with a condition or covenant in this Indenture shall include (i) a statement
that the Person making such certificate or opinion has read such covenant or condition; (ii) a brief statement as to the nature
and scope of the examination or investigation upon which the statements or opinions contained in such certificate or opinion are
based; (iii) a statement that, in the opinion of such Person, he has made such examination or investigation as is reasonably necessary
to enable him to express an informed opinion as to whether or not such covenant or condition has been complied with; and (iv) a
statement as to whether or not, in the opinion of such Person, such condition or covenant has been complied with.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.08 Payments on Business Days.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">Except as provided pursuant to Section 2.01 pursuant to a
Board Resolution, and set forth in an Officer&rsquo;s Certificate, or established in one or more indentures supplemental to this
Indenture, in any case where the date of maturity of interest or principal of any Security or the date of redemption of any Security
shall not be a Business Day, then payment of interest or principal (and premium, if any) may be made on the next succeeding Business
Day with the same force and effect as if made on the nominal date of maturity or redemption, and no interest shall accrue for the
period after such nominal date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.09 Conflict with Trust Indenture Act.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">If and to the extent that any provision of this Indenture
limits, qualifies or conflicts with the duties imposed by Sections 310 to 317, inclusive, of the Trust Indenture Act, such imposed
duties shall control.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.10 Counterparts.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">This Indenture may be executed in any number of counterparts,
each of which shall be an original, but such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.11 Separability.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">In case any one or more of the provisions contained in this
Indenture or in the Securities of any series shall for any reason be held to be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect,
such invalidity, illegality or unenforceability shall not affect any other provisions of this Indenture or of such Securities,
but this Indenture and such Securities shall be construed as if such invalid or illegal or unenforceable provision had never been
contained herein or therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 13.12 Compliance Certificates.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The Company shall deliver to the Trustee, within 120 days
after the end of each fiscal year during which any Securities of any series were outstanding, an officer&rsquo;s certificate stating
whether or not the signers know of any Default or Event of Default that occurred during such fiscal year. Such certificate shall
contain a certification from the principal executive officer, principal financial officer or principal accounting officer of the
Company that a review has been conducted of the activities of the Company and the Company&rsquo;s performance under this Indenture
and that the Company has complied with all conditions and covenants under this Indenture. For purposes of this Section 13.12, such
compliance shall be determined without regard to any period of grace or requirement of notice provided under this Indenture. If
the officer of the Company signing such certificate has knowledge of such a Default or Event of Default, the certificate shall
describe any such Default or Event of Default and its status.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>ARTICLE 14</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><B>SUBORDINATION OF SECURITIES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>Section 14.01 Subordination Terms</B>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">The payment by the Company of the principal of, premium,
if any, and interest on any series of Securities issued hereunder shall be subordinated to the extent set forth in an indenture
supplemental hereto relating to such series.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><B>IN WITNESS WHEREOF</B>, the parties hereto have caused
this Indenture to be duly executed all as of the day and year first above written.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 55%; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 8%; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 37%; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">[ <B>TRUSTEE</B> ], as Trustee</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="line-height: 107%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1A
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>tv493141_ex5-1a.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1(A)
<TEXT>
<HTML>
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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B><U>Exhibit 5.1(a)</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><IMG SRC="tv493141_ex5-1aimg01.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">May 7, 2018</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Board of Directors</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Rockville, Maryland 20850</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Re:</B></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Registration
Statement on Form S-3</U></B></FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.75in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have acted as special
Nevada counsel to Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;<B><I>Company</I></B>&rdquo;), in connection with
its filing on the date hereof with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<B><I>Commission</I></B>&rdquo;) of a registration
statement on Form S-3 (as amended, the &ldquo;<B><I>Registration Statement</I></B>&rdquo;), including a base prospectus (the &ldquo;<B><I>Base
Prospectus</I></B>&rdquo;), which provides that it will be supplemented by one or more prospectus supplements (each such prospectus
supplement, together with the Base Prospectus, a &ldquo;<B><I>Prospectus</I></B> &rdquo;), under the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended (the &ldquo;<B><I>Act</I></B>&rdquo;), relating to the registration for issue and sale by the Company of up to $200,000,000
offering price of (i) shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (&ldquo;Common Stock&rdquo;), including shares of Common
Stock as may from time to time be issued upon conversion or exchange of Debt Securities or Preferred Stock (each as defined below)
or the exercise of Warrants or Units (each as defined below); (ii) shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share (&ldquo;Preferred
Stock&rdquo;), in one or more series; (iii) debt securities (&ldquo;Debt Securities&rdquo;), which, unless otherwise provided in
any supplement to the prospectus forming a part of the Registration Statement relating to a particular series of the Debt Securities,
may be in the form of (a) senior debt securities to be issued pursuant to an indenture (the &ldquo;Senior Indenture&rdquo;) proposed
to be entered into between the Company and a trustee (the &ldquo;Senior Trustee&rdquo;), a form of which indenture is being filed
as an exhibit to the Registration Statement or (b) subordinated debt securities to be issued pursuant to an indenture (the &ldquo;Subordinated
Indenture&rdquo; and, together with the Senior Indenture, the &ldquo;Indentures&rdquo;, and each individually, an &ldquo;Indenture&rdquo;)
proposed to be entered into between the Company and a trustee (the &ldquo;Subordinated Trustee&rdquo; and, together with the Senior
Trustee, the &ldquo;Trustees&rdquo;, and each individually, a &ldquo;Trustee&rdquo;), a form of which indenture is being filed
as an exhibit to the Registration Statement; (iv) warrants for the purchase of Common Stock, Preferred Stock or Debt Securities
(&ldquo;Warrants&rdquo;) pursuant to one or more warrant agreements (each, a &ldquo;Warrant Agreement&rdquo;) proposed to be entered
into between the Company and one or more warrant agents to be named in the applicable Warrant Agreement (each, a &ldquo;Warrant
Agent&rdquo;); and (v) units consisting of one or more of the Company&rsquo;s Common Stock, Preferred Stock, Debt Securities or
Warrants, or any combination of those securities (&ldquo;Units&rdquo;), pursuant to one or more unit agreements (each, a &ldquo;Unit
Agreement&rdquo;) proposed to be entered into between the Company and one or more unit agents to be named in the applicable Unit
Agreement (each, a &ldquo;Unit Agent&rdquo;). The Common Stock, Preferred Stock, Debt Securities, Warrants and Units are collectively
referred to herein as the &ldquo;Securities.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We also have acted
as special Nevada counsel to the Company in connection with the sale through B. Riley FBR, Inc. as the sales agent (the &ldquo;Sales
Agent&rdquo;) from time to time by the Company of shares of Common Stock (the &ldquo;Sales Agreement Shares&rdquo;) having an
aggregate offering price of up to $14,870,000 pursuant to the Registration Statement, the Base Prospectus and the related prospectus
for the sale of the Sales Agreement Shares included in the Registration Statement (the Base Prospectus and such prospectus, collectively,
the &ldquo;Sales Agreement Prospectus&rdquo;), and that certain Sales Agreement dated as of August 5, 2016, as amended on May
7, 2018 between the Sales Agent and the Company (the &ldquo;Sales Agreement&rdquo;). As such counsel, we have examined such matters
of fact and questions of law as we have considered appropriate for purposes of this letter. With your consent, we have relied
upon certificates and other assurances of officers of the Company and others as to factual matters without having independently
verified such factual matters (&ldquo;Reliance Documents&rdquo;). We are opining herein as to the Nevada Revised Statutes (the
&ldquo;<B><I>NRS</I></B>&rdquo;), and we express no opinion with respect to the applicability thereto, or the effect thereon,
of the federal securities laws, the laws of any other jurisdiction or, in the case of Nevada, any other laws, or as to any matters
of municipal law or the laws of any local agencies within any state.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In connection with
this opinion, we have examined and relied upon the representations and warranties as to factual matters contained in and made pursuant
to the Reliance Documents, Registration Statement, and upon such other documents as in our judgment are necessary or appropriate
to enable us to render the opinions expressed herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Our knowledge of the
Company and its legal and other affairs is limited by the scope of our engagement, which scope includes the delivery of this opinion
letter. We do not represent the Company with respect to all legal matters or issues. The Company may employ other independent counsel
and, to our knowledge, handles certain matters and issues without the assistance of independent counsel.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In our examination
of the foregoing, we have assumed, without independent investigation or verification: (i) the genuineness of all signatures on
all agreements, instruments and other documents submitted to us; (ii) the legal capacity and authority of all persons or entities
executing all agreements, instruments and other documents submitted to us; (iii) the authenticity and completeness of all agreements,
instruments, corporate records, certificates and other documents submitted to us as originals; (iv) that all agreements, instruments,
corporate records, certificate and other documents submitted to us as certified, electronic, facsimile, conformed, photostatic
or other copies conform to authentic originals thereof, and that such originals are authentic and complete; (v) the due authorization,
execution and delivery of all instruments, agreements, and other documents by the parties thereto; (vi) that the statements contained
in the certificates and comparable documents of public officials, officers and representatives of the Company and other persons
on which we have relied for the purposes of this letter are true and correct; and (vii) that the officers and directors of the
Company have properly exercised their fiduciary duties. We have assumed that the issuance and sale of the Securities by the Company
will not, in each case, violate or constitute a default or breach under (i) any agreement or instrument to which the Company is
subject, (ii) any law, rule or regulation to which the Company is subject, (iii) any judicial or regulatory order or decree of
any governmental authority, or (iv) any consent, approval, license, authorization or validation of, or filing, recording or registration
with any governmental authority.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have further assumed
that: (i) the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto will have become effective under the Securities Act and comply
with all applicable laws at the time the Securities are offered or issued as contemplated by the Registration Statement; (ii) an
appropriate prospectus supplement, free writing prospectus or term sheet relating to the Securities offered thereby will be prepared
and filed with the Commission in compliance with the Act and will comply with all applicable laws at the time the Securities are
offered or issued as contemplated by the Registration Statement; (iii) all Securities will be issued and sold in compliance with
the applicable provisions of the Act and the Securities or Blue Sky Laws of various states and in the manner stated in the Registration
Statement and the applicable prospectus supplement; (iv) any purchase, underwriting, warrant, deposit, unit or similar agreement
(collectively the &ldquo;Securities Agreements&rdquo;) relating to the Securities being offered will be duly authorized, executed
and delivered by the Company and other parties thereto; (v) the terms of any Warrants and Units included in any Securities offered
and issued as executed and delivered are as described in the Registration Statement; and (vi) the number of shares of Common Stock
offered pursuant to the Registration Statement does not exceed, at the time of issuance, the authorized but unissued shares of
Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Opinions</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Subject to the foregoing
and the other matters set forth herein, it is our opinion that, as of the date hereof:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">1.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">When an issuance of Common Stock has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of
the Company, upon issuance, delivery and payment therefor in an amount not less than the par value thereof in the manner contemplated
by the applicable Prospectus and by such corporate action, such shares of Common Stock will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable.
In rendering the foregoing opinion, we have assumed that the Company will comply with all applicable notice requirements regarding
uncertificated shares provided in the NRS.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">2.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><P STYLE="text-align: justify">With respect
to the shares of any series of Preferred Stock offered by the Company (the &ldquo;Offered Preferred Stock&rdquo;), when (i) a Certificate
of Designations for the Offered Preferred Stock in accordance with the applicable provisions of Nevada corporate law (the &ldquo;Certificate
of Designations&rdquo;) has been filed with, and accepted for record by, the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada, in the
form to be filed as an exhibit to a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or as an exhibit to a Current Report
on Form 8-K or other applicable report under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;),
in the manner contemplated in the Registration Statement or any prospectus supplement relating thereto; (ii) the terms of the Offered
Preferred Stock and of their issuance and sale have been duly established and are then in conformity with the Articles of Incorporation,
including the Certificate of Designations relating to the Offered Preferred Stock, and the Bylaws so as not to violate any applicable
law, the Articles of Incorporation or the Bylaws or result in a default under or breach of any agreement or instrument binding
upon the Company and so as to comply with any requirement or restriction imposed by any court or other governmental authority having
jurisdiction over the Company; (iii) if the Offered Preferred Stock is to be certificated, certificates in the form required under
Nevada corporate law representing the shares of Offered Preferred Stock have been duly executed and countersigned and (iv) the
shares of Offered Preferred Stock are registered in the Company&rsquo;s share registry and delivered upon payment of the agreed-upon
consideration therefor, the shares of Offered Preferred Stock, when issued and sold or otherwise distributed in accordance with
the applicable underwriting agreement, if any, or any other duly authorized, executed and delivered valid and binding agreement,
will be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable, provided that the consideration therefor is not less than
$0.001 per share of Preferred Stock.</P>



</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.75in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">3.</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">When the Sales Agreement Shares shall have been duly registered on the books of the transfer agent
and registrar therefor in the name or on behalf of the purchasers, and have been issued by the Company against payment therefor
(not less than par value) in the circumstances contemplated by the Sales Agreement, the issuance and sale of the Sales Agreement
Shares will have been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Company, and the Sales Agreement Shares will be
validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. In rendering the foregoing opinion, we have assumed that (i) the Company will comply
with all applicable notice requirements regarding uncertificated shares provided in the NRS and (ii) upon the issuance of any of
the Sales Agreement Shares, the total number of shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding will not exceed the total number
of shares of Common Stock that the Company is then authorized to issue under its articles of incorporation, as amended and restated
as of the date hereof.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion is for
your benefit in connection with the Registration Statement and may be relied upon by you and by persons entitled to rely upon it
pursuant to the applicable provisions of the Act. We consent to your filing this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement
and to the reference to our firm contained in each of the Prospectus under the heading &ldquo;Legal Matters.&rdquo; We further
consent to the incorporation by reference of this letter and consent into any registration statement or post-effective amendment
to the Registration Statement filed pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Act with respect to the Securities. In giving such consent,
we do not thereby admit that we are in the category of persons whose consent is required under Section 7 of the Act or the rules
and regulations of the Commission thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

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<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PARSONS BEHLE &amp; LATIMER</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1B
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>tv493141_ex5-1b.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1(B)
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 5.1(b)</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">GRACIN &amp; MARLOW, LLP.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">The Chrysler Building</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">405 Lexington Avenue, 26th Floor</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">New York, New York 10174</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Telephone (212) 907-6457</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Facsimile: (212) 208-4657</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">May 7, 2018</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Board of Directors</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Rockville, Maryland 20850</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Re:</B></FONT></TD><TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Registration
Statement on Form S-3</U></B></FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have acted as counsel
to Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;), in connection with its filing on the date hereof
with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;Commission&rdquo;) of a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the &ldquo;Registration
Statement&rdquo;), including a base prospectus (the &ldquo;Base Prospectus&rdquo;), which provides that it will be supplemented
by one or more prospectus supplements (each such prospectus supplement, together with the Base Prospectus, a &ldquo;Prospectus&rdquo;),
under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;Act&rdquo;). The Registration Statement relates to, among other things,
the offer and sale from time to time, pursuant to Rule 415 of the General Rules and Regulations promulgated under the Act, of up
to $200,000,000 of the following securities of the Company: (i) shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (&ldquo;Common
Stock&rdquo;), including shares of Common Stock as may from time to time be issued upon conversion or exchange of Debt Securities
or Preferred Stock (each as defined below) or the exercise of Warrants or Units (each as defined below); (ii) shares of preferred
stock, par value $0.001 per share (&ldquo;Preferred Stock&rdquo;), in one or more series; (iii) debt securities (&ldquo;Debt Securities&rdquo;),
which, unless otherwise provided in any supplement to the prospectus forming a part of the Registration Statement relating to a
particular series of the Debt Securities, may be in the form of (a) senior debt securities to be issued pursuant to an indenture
(the &ldquo;Senior Indenture&rdquo;) proposed to be entered into between the Company and a trustee (the &ldquo;Senior Trustee&rdquo;),
a form of which indenture is being filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement or (b) subordinated debt securities to be
issued pursuant to an indenture (the &ldquo;Subordinated Indenture&rdquo; and, together with the Senior Indenture, the &ldquo;Indentures&rdquo;,
and each individually, an &ldquo;Indenture&rdquo;) proposed to be entered into between the Company and a trustee (the &ldquo;Subordinated
Trustee&rdquo; and, together with the Senior Trustee, the &ldquo;Trustees&rdquo;, and each individually, a &ldquo;Trustee&rdquo;),
a form of which indenture is being filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement; (iv) warrants for the purchase of Common
Stock, Preferred Stock or Debt Securities (&ldquo;Warrants&rdquo;) pursuant to one or more warrant agreements (each, a &ldquo;Warrant
Agreement&rdquo;) proposed to be entered into between the Company and one or more warrant agents to be named in the applicable
Warrant Agreement (each, a &ldquo;Warrant Agent&rdquo;); and (v) units consisting of one or more of the Company&rsquo;s Common
Stock, Preferred Stock, Debt Securities or Warrants, or any combination of those securities (&ldquo;Units&rdquo;), pursuant to
one or more unit agreements (each, a &ldquo;Unit Agreement&rdquo;) proposed to be entered into between the Company and one or more
unit agents to be named in the applicable Unit Agreement (each, a &ldquo;Unit Agent&rdquo;). The Common Stock, Preferred Stock,
Debt Securities, Warrants and Units are collectively referred to herein as the &ldquo;Securities.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We also have acted
as counsel to the Company in connection with the sale through B. Riley FBR, Inc. as the sales agent (the &ldquo;Sales Agent&rdquo;)
from time to time by the Company of shares of Common Stock (the &ldquo;Sales Agreement Shares&rdquo;) having an aggregate offering
price of up to $14,870,000 pursuant to the Registration Statement, the Base Prospectus and the related prospectus for the sale
of the Sales Agreement Shares included in the Registration Statement (the Base Prospectus and such prospectus, collectively, the
&ldquo;Sales Agreement Prospectus&rdquo;), and that certain Sales Agreement, dated as of August 5, 2016, as amended on May 7, 2018,
between the Sales Agent and the Company (the &ldquo;Sales Agreement&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In rendering the opinions
stated herein, we have examined and relied upon the following: (a) the Registration Statement and Sales Agreement Prospectus; (b)
the forms of the Senior Indenture and the Subordinated Indenture, both of which are being filed as exhibits to the Registration
Statement; (c) the Articles of Incorporation of the Company, as amended and in effect as of the date hereof; (d) the Amended and
Restated Bylaws of the Company, as amended and in effect as of the date hereof; and (e) a copy of certain resolutions of the Board
of Directors of the Company (the &ldquo;Board of Directors&rdquo;) relating to the registration of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have examined the
certificates and other documents delivered on the date hereof and such other corporate records, certificates and other documents
and have had such conversations as we have deemed necessary or appropriate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have assumed the
legal capacity of all natural persons, the genuineness of all signatures, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as
originals, the conformity to original documents of documents submitted to us as certified, facsimile, conformed, electronic or
photostatic copies and the authenticity of the originals of such copies. As to all matters of fact, we have relied with your consent
upon certificates or comparable documents, and oral and written statements and representations, of officers and representatives
of the Company and of public officials, and, in certain instances, upon the representations and warranties of the Company contained
in the Transaction Documents (as defined below). We have not independently verified such information and assumptions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In expressing the opinions
set forth below, we have assumed with your consent that, at or prior to the time of the delivery of any Securities, (i) the Board
of Directors and any appropriate committee appointed thereby, shall have duly approved the specific sale and issuance of such Securities
(including the terms thereof and including the sale and issuance, and terms of, any related securities for which such Securities
may be exchanged, converted or exercised) and shall not have modified or rescinded the duly authorized issuance and sale of such
Securities; (ii) the Registration Statement, as finally amended (including all necessary post-effective amendments), has become
effective under the Act and continues to be so effective; (iii) the prospectus will describe the Securities offered thereby or
an appropriate prospectus supplement, free writing prospectus or term sheet will have been prepared, delivered and filed in compliance
with the Act and the applicable rules and regulations thereunder and will describe the Securities offered thereby; (iv) all Securities
will be issued and sold in compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws and in the manner stated in the Registration
Statement and, if applicable, the prospectus supplement; (v) the Registration Statement, the Securities and any definitive purchase,
underwriting, warrant, deposit, unit or similar agreement with respect to such Securities (collectively, the &ldquo;Transaction
Documents&rdquo;) with respect to any Securities offered will have been duly authorized and validly executed and delivered by the
Company and the other parties thereto; (vi) the organizational documents of the Company, each as amended to the date hereof, will
not have been amended from the date hereof in a manner that would affect the validity of the opinion rendered herein and (vii)
any Securities issuable upon conversion, exchange, redemption or exercise of any Securities being offered will be duly authorized,
created and, if appropriate, reserved for issuance upon such conversion, exchange, redemption or exercise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have also assumed
that the execution, delivery and performance of the Transaction Documents will not (i) violate, conflict with or result in a breach
of, or require any consent under, the charters, bylaws or equivalent organizational documents of any party to any such Transaction
Document or the laws of the jurisdictions of organization or applicable laws with respect to such parties; (ii) violate any requirement
or restriction imposed by any order, writ, judgment, injunction, decree, determination or award of any court or governmental body
having jurisdiction over it or any of its assets or (iii) constitute a breach or violation of any agreement or instrument that
is binding upon such parties, and we have assumed that each party (in the case of parties which are not natural persons) has been
duly organized and is validly existing and in good standing under its jurisdiction of organization, that each such party has the
legal capacity, power and authority (corporate or otherwise) to enter into, deliver and perform its obligations thereunder and
that each of the Transaction Documents constitutes the valid and legally binding obligation of all such parties, enforceable against
them in accordance with its terms. As to any facts material to the opinions expressed herein that we did not independently establish
or verify, we have relied upon statements and representations of officers and other representatives of the Company and others.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have assumed that
each Indenture, in substantially the form reviewed by us and filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement, any supplemental
indenture to each such Indenture, each Warrant Agreement and each Unit Agreement will be duly authorized, executed and delivered
by the applicable Trustee, Warrant Agent or Unit Agent, as the case may be, and that any Debt Securities, Warrants or Units that
may be issued will be manually authenticated, signed or countersigned, as the case may be, by duly authorized officers of the applicable
Trustee, Warrant Agent or Unit Agent, as the case may be.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have assumed that
the choice of New York law to govern the Indentures and any supplemental indentures thereto and the Debt Securities is a valid
and legal provision. We have also assumed that New York law will be chosen to govern the Warrant Agreements, the Warrants, the
Unit Agreements and the Units, and that such choice in each case is a valid and legal provision. We have also assumed that the
choice of currency in which any Offered Debt Securities (as defined below) are denominated does not contravene any exchange control
or other laws of the nation issuing such currency. As to any facts relevant to the opinions expressed herein that we did not independently
establish or verify, we have relied upon statements and representations of officers and other representatives of the Company and
others and of public officials.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Based upon the foregoing
and subject to the limitations, qualifications, exceptions and assumptions stated herein, we are of the opinion that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">1. With respect to
any series of Company Debt Securities offered by the Company (the &ldquo;Offered Debt Securities&rdquo;), when (i) the applicable
Indenture has been qualified under the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended (the &ldquo;TIA&rdquo;); (ii) the terms of the Offered
Debt Securities and of their issuance and sale have been duly established in conformity with the applicable Indenture and any supplemental
indenture relating to such Offered Debt Securities so as not to violate any applicable law, the Articles of Incorporation or the
Bylaws, or result in a default under or breach of any agreement or instrument binding upon the Company and so as to comply with
any requirement or restriction imposed by any court or other governmental authority having jurisdiction over the Company and (iii)
the Offered Debt Securities, in a form compliant with the applicable Indenture and any supplemental indenture relating to such
Offered Debt Securities and to be filed as an exhibit to a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or as an exhibit
to a Current Report on Form 8-K or other applicable report under the Exchange Act in the manner contemplated in the Registration
Statement or any prospectus supplement relating thereto, have been duly executed and authenticated in accordance with the provisions
of the applicable Indenture and any supplemental indenture relating to such Offered Debt Securities and delivered to the purchasers
thereof upon payment of the agreed-upon consideration therefor, the Offered Debt Securities, when issued and sold or otherwise
distributed in accordance with the applicable Indenture and any supplemental indenture relating to such Offered Debt Securities
and the applicable underwriting agreement, if any, or any other duly authorized, executed and delivered valid and binding agreement,
will be valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance with their respective terms
under the laws of the State of New York.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">2. With respect to
any series of Warrants offered by the Company (the &ldquo;Offered Warrants&rdquo;), when (i) a Warrant Agreement relating to the
Offered Warrants has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and the other parties thereto; (ii) the terms
of the Offered Warrants and of their issuance and sale have been duly established and are then in conformity with the applicable
Warrant Agreement so as not to violate any applicable law, the Articles of Incorporation or the Bylaws or result in a default under
or breach of any agreement or instrument binding upon the Company and so as to comply with any requirement or restriction imposed
by any court or governmental body having jurisdiction over the Company and (iii) the Offered Warrants have been duly executed,
delivered, countersigned, issued and sold in accordance with the provisions of the applicable Warrant Agreement to be filed as
an exhibit to a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form 8-K or other
applicable report under the Exchange Act in the manner contemplated in the Registration Statement or any prospectus supplement
relating thereto, the Offered Warrants, when issued and sold or otherwise distributed in accordance with the applicable Warrant
Agreement and the applicable underwriting agreement, if any, or any other duly authorized, executed and delivered valid and binding
purchase or agency agreement, will be valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable against the Company in accordance
with their respective terms under the laws of the State of New York.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">3. With respect to
any Units offered by the Company (the &ldquo;Offered Units&rdquo;), when (i) a Unit Agreement relating to the Offered Units has
been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and the other parties thereto; (ii) the terms of the Offered Units
and of their issuance and sale have been duly established and are then in conformity with the applicable Unit Agreement of which
the Offered Units are a component so as not to violate any applicable law, the Articles of Incorporation or the Bylaws, or result
in a default under or breach of any agreement or instrument binding upon the Company, and so as to comply with any requirement
or restriction imposed by any court or governmental body having jurisdiction over the Company and (iii) the Offered Units have
been duly executed, delivered, countersigned, issued and sold in accordance with the provisions of the applicable Unit Agreement
to be filed as an exhibit to a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or as an exhibit to a Current Report on Form
8-K or other applicable report under the Exchange Act in the manner contemplated in the Registration Statement or any prospectus
supplement relating thereto, the Offered Units, when issued and sold or otherwise distributed in accordance with the applicable
Unit Agreement and the applicable underwriting agreement, if any, or any other duly authorized, executed and delivered valid and
binding agreement, will be duly authorized and validly issued and will be valid and binding obligations of the Company, enforceable
against the Company in accordance with their respective terms under the laws of the State of New York.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The opinions set forth
above are each subject to the effects of: (a) bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, fraudulent conveyance, moratorium or other
similar laws now or hereafter in effect relating to creditors&rsquo; rights generally, (b) general principles of equity (regardless
of whether enforceability is considered in a proceeding at law or in equity), (c) public policy considerations which may limit
the rights of parties to obtain remedies, (d) the waivers of any usury defense contained in the applicable Indenture, any supplemental
indenture or the Offered Debt Securities which may be unenforceable, (e) requirements that a claim with respect to any Offered
Debt Securities denominated in a currency, currency unit or composite currency other than United States dollars (or a judgment
denominated other than in United States dollars in respect of such claim) be converted into United States dollars at a rate of
exchange prevailing on a date determined pursuant to applicable law and (f) governmental authority to limit, delay or prohibit
the making of payments outside the United States or in foreign currencies, currency units or composite currencies.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion is limited
to the laws of the State of New York, and we express no opinion as to the effect on the matters covered by this opinion of the
laws of any other jurisdiction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion letter
speaks only as of its date and is delivered in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5) of Regulation S-K under the Securities
Act. We hereby consent to the filing of this opinion letter as Exhibit 5.1(b) to the Registration Statement and to the reference
to us under the caption &ldquo;Legal Matters&rdquo; in the prospectus contained therein. In giving such consent, we do not thereby
admit that we are an expert within the meaning of Section 7 of the Act and the rules and regulations thereunder. We assume no obligation
to advise the Company or any other person, or to make any investigations, as to any legal developments or factual matters arising
subsequent to the date hereof that might affect the opinions expressed herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Respectfully submitted,</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Gracin &amp; Marlow, LLP</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">GRACIN &amp; MARLOW, LLP</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-12.1
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>tv493141_ex12-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 12.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 12.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 4.65pt; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"><B>Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>Statement of Computation of Ratio of Earnings to Combined
Fixed Charges and Preferred Stock Dividends</B></P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="18" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Year ended December 31,</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">2017</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">2016</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">2015</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">2014</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">2013</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 45%; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Loss from continuing operations</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 8%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(26,251</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 8%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(39,252</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 8%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(40,980</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 8%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(20,502</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 8%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(12,339</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 0 0 0 0.125in; text-indent: 0">Net Loss from Non-Controlling interest</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(318</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(548</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(1,048</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(1</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Earnings available for fixed charges and preferred stock dividends</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(25,933</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(38,704</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(39,932</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(20,502</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">(12,338</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">)</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Fixed Charges (1)</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Preferred Stock Dividend Requirement</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">6,962</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Combined Fixed Charges and Preferred Dividends</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">6,962</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">-</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Ratio of earnings to fixed charges</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;N/A&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;N/A&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;N/A&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;N/A&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;N/A&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">Deficiency</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">25,933</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">38,704</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">39,932</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">20,502</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">12,338</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: left">Ratio of earnings to fixed charges and preferred stock dividends</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;N/A&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;N/A&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;N/A&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;N/A&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">&nbsp;N/A&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">Deficiency</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">32,895</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">38,704</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left"><SUP>(2)</SUP></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">39,932</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left"><SUP>(2)</SUP></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">20,502</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left"><SUP>(2)</SUP></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">12,338</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left"><SUP>(2)</SUP></TD></TR>
</TABLE>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(1) The interest portion of rent expense is immaterial to the
financial statements.</P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(2) There were no preferred securities outstanding prior to
2017 and therefore, the deficiency of earnings available to cover fixed charges and preferred stock dividends is identical to the
deficiency of earnings available to cover fixed charges.</P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>


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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>tv493141_ex23-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 23.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>EXHIBIT 23.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Consent of Independent Registered Public
Accounting Firm</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Rockville, Maryland</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We hereby consent to
the incorporation by reference in the Prospectus constituting a part of this Registration Statement of our reports dated
February 22, 2018, relating to the consolidated financial statements and the effectiveness of Synthetic Biologics,
Inc.&rsquo;s internal control over financial reporting, appearing in the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the
year ended December 31, 2017. Our report contains an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company&rsquo;s ability to continue
as a going concern.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We also consent to the reference to us
under the caption &ldquo;Experts&rdquo; in the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 35%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ BDO USA, LLP</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 65%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">BDO USA, LLP</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">McLean, Virginia</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May 7, 2018</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>


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<SEQUENCE>8
<FILENAME>tv493141_img01.jpg
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
