<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-20-119032.txt : 20201028
<SEC-HEADER>0001104659-20-119032.hdr.sgml : 20201028
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20201028172333
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-20-119032
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-8
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		7
FILED AS OF DATE:		20201028
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20201028
EFFECTIVENESS DATE:		20201028

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Synthetic Biologics, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000894158
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		IRS NUMBER:				133808303
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NV
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-8
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-249712
		FILM NUMBER:		201269656

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		9605 MEDICAL CENTER DRIVE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 270
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(734) 332-7800

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		9605 MEDICAL CENTER DRIVE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 270
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ADEONA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20081027

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	PIPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20061214

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	SHEFFIELD PHARMACEUTICALS INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19970730
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-8
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>tm2034204-1_s8.htm
<DESCRIPTION>S-8
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<P STYLE="margin: 0pt"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>As filed with the United States Securities
and Exchange Commission on October 28, 2020</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Registration No. 333-</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 3pt; width: 100%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 2pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>UNITED STATES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Washington, D.C.&nbsp;&nbsp;20549</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>FORM S-8</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>REGISTRATION STATEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Exact name of registrant as specified in
its charter)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="width: 49%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Nevada</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 2%; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 49%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>13-3808303</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;(State or other jurisdiction of</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(IRS Employer</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;incorporation or organization)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Identification No.)</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Rockville, Maryland 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Address, of principal executive offices)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Synthetic Biologics, Inc. 2020 Stock
Incentive Plan</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Full title of the plan)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Steven A. Shallcross</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial
Officer<BR>
9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Rockville, Maryland 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Name and address of agent for service)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(301) 417-4364</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Telephone number, including area code,
of agent for service)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Copy to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Leslie Marlow, Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Hank Gracin, Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Patrick J. Egan, Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Gracin &amp; Marlow, LLP</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>The Chrysler Building</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>405 Lexington Avenue, 26<SUP>th</SUP>&nbsp;Floor</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>New York, New York 10174</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth
company. See the definitions of &ldquo;large accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;smaller reporting
company,&rdquo; and &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 65%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large accelerated filer&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 35%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated filer&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated
filer&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller reporting company&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging growth company&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for
complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&uml;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Title of securities<BR> to be registered (1)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Amount to be<BR> Registered&nbsp;(2)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Proposed<BR> maximum<BR> offering price<BR> per share&nbsp;(3)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Proposed<BR> maximum<BR> aggregate<BR> offering price&nbsp;(1)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="white-space: nowrap; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Amount of<BR> registration fee&nbsp;(4)</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4,000,000 shares</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">0.395</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">1,580,000</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">172.38</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 96%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The securities to be registered include options and rights to acquire the common stock of Synthetic Biologics, Inc.&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Pursuant to Rule 416(a) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;Securities Act&rdquo;), this registration statement also covers any additional securities that may be offered or issued in connection with any stock split, stock dividend or similar transaction.&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Estimated pursuant to Rule 457(c) and 457(h) of the Securities Act solely for purposes of calculating the registration fee. The price for the shares under the plan is based upon the average of the high and low sale prices of the Common Stock on October 23, 2020, as reported by the NYSE American.&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Calculated pursuant to Section 6(b) of the Securities Act as .00010910 of the proposed maximum aggregate offering price.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Explanatory Note</B>&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Synthetic Biologics,
Inc., a Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;Registrant&rdquo; or the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;) hereby files this Registration Statement
on Form S-8 relating to its common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;Common Stock&rdquo;), which have been reserved
for issuance and are issuable pursuant to the Company&rsquo;s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (hereinafter referred to as the &ldquo;Plan&rdquo;).&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><U>PART II</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><U>INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE REGISTRATION
STATEMENT</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 3.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Incorporation of Documents By Reference</U>.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Registrant has
filed the documents listed below with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;),
and these documents are incorporated into this registration statement by reference:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 6px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 15px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920023415/tm205312-1_10k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Annual Report on&nbsp;Form 10-K the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the SEC on February 20, 2020 (File No. 001-12584);</FONT></A></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 6px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 15px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended&nbsp;March 31, 2020&nbsp;and&nbsp;June 30, 2020&nbsp;filed with the SEC on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920056927/tm2014642-1_10q.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May 5, 2020</A> and <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920091503/tm2020466-1_10q.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">August 6, 2020</A>, respectively (File No. 001-12584);</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 6px">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="width: 15px"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
<TD>Our Current Reports on Form 8-K (File No. 001-12584) filed with the SEC on <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920001775/tm201336-1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">January 7, 2020</A>, <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920012556/tm207141d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">February 7, 2020</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920090908/tm2026558d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">August 5, 2020</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920106311/tm2031232d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">September 18, 2020</A> and <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920111398/tm2032266d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">October 2, 2020</A> (other than as indicated therein); &nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
<TD><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920090343/tm2026181-1_def14a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Our Definitive Proxy Statement on&nbsp;Schedule 14A&nbsp;filed with the SEC on August 4, 2020 (File No. 001-12584); and</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016307000379/s11-7491_8a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The description of our common stock set forth in our Registration Statement on&nbsp;Form 8-A12B, filed with the SEC on June 20, 2007 (File No. 000-12584).</FONT></A></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All documents filed
by the Registrant pursuant to Sections&nbsp;13(a), 13(c), 14 and 15(d) of the Exchange Act subsequent to the date hereof and prior
to the filing of a post-effective amendment which indicates that all securities offered hereby have been sold or which deregisters
all securities then remaining unsold, shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference in this registration statement and to be
a part hereof from the date of filing of such documents.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 4.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Description of Securities</U></B>.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 5.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Interests of Named Experts and Counsel</U></B>.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 6.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Indemnification of Directors and Officers</U></B>.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Section 78.138 of the
Nevada Revised Statutes provides that a director or officer is not individually liable to the Registrant or its stockholders or
creditors for any damages as a result of any act or failure to act in his capacity as a director or officer unless it is proven
that (1) his act or failure to act constituted a breach of his fiduciary duties as a director or officer and (2) his breach of
those duties involved intentional misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This provision is intended
to afford directors and officers protection against and to limit their potential liability for monetary damages resulting from
suits alleging a breach of the duty of care by a director or officer. As a consequence of this provision, the Registrant&rsquo;s
stockholders will be unable to recover monetary damages against directors or officers for actions taken by them that may constitute
negligence or gross negligence in performance of their duties unless such conduct falls within one of the foregoing exceptions.
The provision, however, does not alter the applicable standards governing a director&rsquo;s or officer&rsquo;s fiduciary duty
and does not eliminate or limit the right of the Registrant or any of its stockholders to obtain an injunction or any other type
of non-monetary relief in the event of a breach of fiduciary duty.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Registrant&rsquo;s
Articles of Incorporation, as amended, and amended and restated bylaws provide for indemnification of directors, officers, employees
or agents of the Registrant to the fullest extent permitted by Nevada law (as amended from time to time).&nbsp;&nbsp;Section 78.7502
of the Nevada Revised Statutes provides that such indemnification may only be provided if the person acted in good faith and in
a manner he reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interest of the Registrant and, with respect to any criminal
action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 7.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Exemption from Registration Claimed</U></B>.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 8.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Exhibits</U></B>.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left; width: 6%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit<BR>
No.</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center; width: 93%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Description</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.1</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certificate of Incorporation, as amended&nbsp;(Incorporated by reference to (i) <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016308000665/s11-8824_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 16, 2008, File No. 001-12584</A>,&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000095012401502861/c64437ex3-1.txt" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2001 filed August 14, 2001, File No. 001-12584;</A> and (iii) <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/0000921895-98-000694-index.html" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Exhibits 3.1, 4.1 and 4.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 1998 filed August 14, 1998, File No. 001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.2</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Articles of Merger (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009, File No. 001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex32.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.3</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex32.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certificate of Merger filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009, File No. 001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex33.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.4</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex33.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Articles of Incorporation filed with the Nevada Secretary of State (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009, File No. 001-12584.) &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420411060729/v238878_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.5</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420411060729/v238878_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Amended and Restated Bylaws Adopted and Effective October 31, 2011 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 2, 2011, File No. 001-12584.) &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412009508/v302955_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.6</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412009508/v302955_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 16, 2012, File No. 001-12584.) &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415031962/v411020_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.7</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415031962/v411020_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 18, 2015, File No. 001-12584.) &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047316/v474831_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.8</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047316/v474831_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 8, 2017, File No. 001-12584.) &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418050928/tv503400_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.9</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418050928/tv503400_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 26, 2018, File No. 001-12584.) &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
</TABLE>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt; width: 6%"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920090343/tm2026181-1_def14a.htm#z_001" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.10</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt; width: 93%"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920090343/tm2026181-1_def14a.htm#z_001" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Synthetic Biologics, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant&rsquo;s Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 4, 2020). &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex4-11.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.11*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex4-11.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Form of Incentive Stock Option Grant Agreement</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex4-12.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.12*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex4-12.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Grant Agreement</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex4-13.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.13*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex4-13.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.1*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Opinion of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer as to the legality of securities being registered</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex23-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">23.1*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex23-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consent of BDO USA, LLP*</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">23.2*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consent of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer (included in Exhibit 5.1 hereof)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="#va_001" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">24.1*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="#va_001" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of this registration statement)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">* Filed Herewith</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 9.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Undertakings</U></B>.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 98%; padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(1) To file, during
any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(i) To include
any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(ii) To reflect
in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective
amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in this
registration statement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(iii) To
include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement
or any material change to such information in this registration statement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>Provided, however,</I>&nbsp;that
paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii) of this section do not apply if the registration statement is on Form S-8 and the information
required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished
to the Securities Exchange Commission by the Registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act that are incorporated
by reference in the registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(2) That, for the purpose
of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration
statement relating to the securities offered herein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the
initial&nbsp;<I>bona fide</I>&nbsp;offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(3) To remove from
registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination
of the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(4) That, for purposes
of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the Registrant&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a)
or Section&nbsp;15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&rsquo;s annual report
pursuant to Section&nbsp;15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in this registration statement shall be deemed
to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered herein, and the offering of such securities at that time
shall be deemed to be the initial&nbsp;<I>bona fide</I>&nbsp;offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(5) Insofar as
indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling
persons of the Registrant pursuant to existing provisions or arrangements whereby the Registrant may indemnify a trustee,
officer or controlling person of the Registrant against liabilities arising under the Securities Act, or otherwise, the
Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against
public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.&nbsp;&nbsp;In the event that a claim for
indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a trustee,
officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by
such trustee, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless
in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate
jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be
governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><U><A NAME="va_001"></A>SIGNATURES</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements
of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements
for filing on Form&nbsp;S-8 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto
duly authorized, in the City of Rockville and State of Maryland, on the 28<SUP>th</SUP>&nbsp;day of October, 2020.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-right: 1.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-right: 1.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-right: 1.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 50%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 4%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 46%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name: Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0">Title: Chief Executive Officer and</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.8pt 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Chief Financial Officer</P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>POWER OF ATTORNEY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt">Each of the undersigned,
whose signature appears below, hereby constitutes and appoints Steven A. Shallcross as his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and
agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities,
to sign any or all amendments to this Registration Statement, whether pre-effective or post-effective, and to file the same with
all exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said
attorney-in-fact and agent, or his substitute full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing necessary
or appropriate to be done with respect to this Registration Statement or any amendments hereto in the premises, as fully to all
intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent,
or his substitute or substitutes, or any of them, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt">Pursuant to the requirements
of the Securities Act, this Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons, in the capacities and on the
date or dates indicated:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Signature</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Title</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;Date</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 3pt; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Chief Executive Officer and</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Chief Financial Officer</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 3pt; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 3pt; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October 28, 2020</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(Principal Executive Officer and Principal</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Financial and Accounting Officer)</P>
        <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Director</P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Jeffrey J. Kraws</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chairman of the Board of Directors</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October 28, 2020</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;Jeffrey J. Kraws</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Scott L. Tarriff</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October 28, 2020</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Scott L. Tarriff</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Jeffrey Wolf</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">October 28, 2020</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jeffrey Wolf</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><U>EXHIBIT INDEX</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B><U>Exhibit No.</U></B></FONT></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD><B><U>Description</U></B> <B>&nbsp;</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.1</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certificate of Incorporation, as amended&nbsp;(Incorporated by reference to (i) <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016308000665/s11-8824_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 16, 2008, File No. 001-12584</A>,&nbsp;&nbsp;(ii) <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000095012401502861/c64437ex3-1.txt" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2001 filed August 14, 2001, File No. 001-12584</A>; and (iii) <A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/0000921895-98-000694-index.html" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Exhibits 3.1, 4.1 and 4.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 1998 filed August 14, 1998, File No. 001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.2</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Articles of Merger (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009, File No. 001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex32.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.3</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex32.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Certificate of Merger filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009, File No. 001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex33.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.4</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex33.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Articles of Incorporation filed with the Nevada Secretary of State (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009, File No. 001-12584.) &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420411060729/v238878_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.5</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420411060729/v238878_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Amended and Restated Bylaws Adopted and Effective October 31, 2011 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 2, 2011, File No. 001-12584.) &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412009508/v302955_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.6</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412009508/v302955_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 16, 2012, File No. 001-12584.) &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415031962/v411020_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.7</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415031962/v411020_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 18, 2015, File No. 001-12584.) &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047316/v474831_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.8</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047316/v474831_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 8, 2017, File No. 001-12584.) &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418050928/tv503400_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.9</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418050928/tv503400_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 26, 2018, File No. 001-12584.) &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920090343/tm2026181-1_def14a.htm#z_001" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.10</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920090343/tm2026181-1_def14a.htm#z_001" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Synthetic Biologics, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant&rsquo;s Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 4, 2020). &nbsp;</A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex4-11.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.11*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex4-11.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Form of Incentive Stock Option Grant Agreement</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex4-12.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.12*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex4-12.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Grant Agreement</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex4-13.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.13*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex4-13.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5.1*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Opinion of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer as to the legality of securities being registered</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex23-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">23.1*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex23-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consent of BDO USA, LLP*</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">23.2*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="tm2034204d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Consent of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer (included in Exhibit 5.1 hereof)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: #CCEEFF">
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="#va_001"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">24.1*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 5pt"><A HREF="#va_001"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Power of Attorney (included on the signature page of this registration statement)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">* Filed Herewith</P>




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<TYPE>EX-4.11
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>tm2034204d1_ex4-11.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 4.11
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 4.11</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">FORM OF</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">INCENTIVE STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC. 2020 STOCK
INCENTIVE PLAN</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This Stock Option Grant
Agreement (the &#8220;<U>Grant Agreement</U>&#8221;) is made and entered into effective on the Date of Grant set forth in <U>Exhibit
A</U> (the &#8220;<U>Date of Grant</U>&#8221;) by and between Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the &#8220;<U>Company</U>&#8221;),
and the individual named in <U>Exhibit A</U> hereto (the &#8220;<U>Optionee</U>&#8221;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">WHEREAS, the Company
desires to provide the Optionee an incentive to participate in the success and growth of the Company through the opportunity to
earn a proprietary interest in the Company; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">WHEREAS, to give effect
to the foregoing intention, the Company desires to grant the Optionee an option pursuant to the Synthetic Biologics, Inc. 2020
Stock Incentive Plan (the &#8220;<U>Plan</U>&#8221;) to acquire the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the&nbsp;&#8220;<U>Common
Stock</U>&#8221;);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NOW, THEREFORE, in
consideration of the mutual covenants hereinafter set forth and for good and valuable consideration, the parties hereto agree as
follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">1.<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT><U>Grant</U>. The Company hereby grants the Optionee a Nonqualified Stock Option (the &#8220;<U>Option</U>&#8221;) to purchase
up to the number of shares of Common Stock (the &#8220;<U>Shares</U>&#8221;) set forth in <U>Exhibit A</U> hereto at the exercise
price per Share (the &#8220;<U>Exercise Price</U>&#8221;) set forth in <U>Exhibit A</U>, and on the vesting schedule set forth
in <U>Exhibit A</U>, subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein and the provisions of the Plan, the terms of which are
incorporated herein by reference. Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined in this Grant Agreement shall have the meanings
as set forth in the Plan.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40pt">This Option is intended
to qualify as an Incentive Stock Option (&#8220;<U>ISO</U>&#8221;) under Section 422 of the Code. However, notwithstanding such
designation, if the Optionee becomes eligible in any given year to exercise ISOs for Shares having a Fair Market Value in excess
of $100,000, those options representing the excess shall be treated as Nonqualified Stock Options. In the previous sentence, &#8220;ISOs&#8221;
include ISOs granted under any plan of the Company or any parent or any Subsidiary of the Company. For the purpose of deciding
which options apply to Shares that &#8220;exceed&#8221; the $100,000 limit, ISOs shall be taken into account in the same order
as granted. The Fair Market Value of the Shares shall be determined as of the time the Option with respect to such Shares is granted.
The Optionee hereby acknowledges that there is no assurance that the Option will, in fact, be treated as an Incentive Stock Option
under Section 422 of the Code.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">2.<B>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</B><U>Exercise
Period Following Termination of Service</U>. This Option shall terminate and be canceled to the extent not exercised within
three (3) months after the Optionee&#8217;s Service terminates; provided that if such termination is due to the
Optionee&#8217;s total and permanent disability within the meaning of Section 22(e)(3) of the Code, this Option shall
terminate and be canceled one (1) year from the date of termination of the Optionee&#8217;s Service; and provided, further,
that if Optionee&#8217;s Service terminates (other than for Cause) on or after a Change in Control, then the Option shall
remain exercisable until the Expiration Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that the Optionee&#8217;s Service
is terminated for Cause, then the Option shall immediately terminate on the date of such termination of Service and shall not
be exercisable for any period following such date. In no event, however, shall this Option be exercised later than the
Expiration Date set forth in <U>Exhibit A</U> and in no event shall this Option be exercised for more Shares than the Shares
which otherwise have become exercisable as of the date of termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Method
of Exercise</U>. This Option is exercisable by delivery to the Company of an exercise notice (the &#8220;<U>Exercise Notice</U>&#8221;)
in a form satisfactory to the Committee or by such other form or means as the Committee may permit or require. Any Exercise Notice
shall state or provide the number of Shares with respect to which the Option is being exercised (the &#8220;<U>Exercised Shares</U>&#8221;),
and include such other representations and agreements as may be required by the Company pursuant to the provisions of the Plan.
The Optionee may elect to make payment of the exercise price in cash or by check or by delivery to the Company of certificates
representing shares of outstanding Common Stock already owned by the Optionee that are owned free and clear of any liens, claims,
encumbrances or security interests together with stock powers duly executed and with signature guaranteed. In addition, the Optionee
may make payment through a &#8220;cashless exercise&#8221; such that without the payment of any funds, the undersigned may exercise
the Option and receive the net number of Shares equal to (x) the number of Shares as to which the Option is being exercised, multiplied
by (y) a fraction, the numerator of which is the Fair Market Value per share (on such date as is determined by the Committee) less
the Exercise Price per Share, and the denominator of which is such Fair Market Value per Share (the number of net Shares to be
received shall be rounded down to the nearest whole number). In the event payment is made by delivery of such Shares, said Shares
shall be deemed to have a per Share value equal to the Fair Market Value per Share on the date of exercise. Upon exercise of the
Option by the Optionee and prior to the delivery of such Exercised Shares, the Company shall have the right to require the Optionee
to satisfy applicable Federal and state tax income tax withholding requirements and the Optionee&#8217;s share of applicable employment
withholding taxes in a method satisfactory to the Company. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Optionee may not exercise the Option
by tender to the Company of Common Stock to the extent such tender would violate the provisions of any law, regulation or agreement
restricting the redemption of the Company&#8217;s Common Stock. Further, no Exercised Shares shall be issued unless such exercise
and issuance complies with the requirements relating to the administration of stock option plans and other applicable equity plans
under U.S. state corporate laws, U.S. federal and state securities laws, the Code, any stock exchange or quotation system on which
the Common Stock is listed or quoted, and the applicable laws of any foreign country or jurisdiction where stock grants or other
applicable equity grants are made under the Plan; assuming such compliance, for income tax purposes the Exercised Shares shall
be considered transferred to the Optionee on the date the Option is exercised with respect to such Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Covenants
Agreement</U>. This Option shall be subject to forfeiture at the election of the Company in the event that the Optionee breaches
any agreement between the Optionee and the Company with respect to noncompetition, nonsolicitation, assignment of inventions and
contributions and/or nondisclosure obligations of the Optionee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Taxes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;By
executing this Grant Agreement, Optionee acknowledges and agrees that Optionee is solely responsible for the satisfaction of any
applicable taxes that may be imposed on Optionee that arise as a result of the grant, vesting or exercise of the Option, including
without limitation any taxes arising under Section 409A of the Code (regarding deferred compensation) or Section 4999 of the Code
(regarding golden parachute excise taxes), and that neither the Company nor the Committee shall have any obligation whatsoever
to pay such taxes or otherwise indemnify or hold Optionee harmless from any or all of such taxes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notwithstanding
paragraph (a) above, if any amounts or benefits provided for in this Grant Agreement, when aggregated with any other payments or
benefits payable or provided to the Optionee (the &#8220;Total Payments&#8221;) would (i) constitute &#8220;parachute payments&#8221;
within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code (which will not include any portion of payments classified as payments of reasonable
compensation for purposes of Section 280G of the Code, including without limitation amounts allocated to any restrictive covenants),
and (ii) but for this Section 5(b), would be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code (the &#8220;Excise Tax&#8221;),
then the Total Payments will be either: (a) provided in full, or (b) provided as to such lesser extent as would result in no portion
of such Total Payments being subject to the Excise Tax, whichever of the foregoing amounts, taking into account the applicable
federal, state and local income and employment taxes and the Excise Tax, results in the Optionee&#8217;s receipt on an after-tax
basis of the greatest amount of the Total Payments, notwithstanding that all or some portion of the Total Payments may be subject
to the Excise Tax. To the extent any reduction in Total Payments is required by this Section 5(b), such reduction shall occur to
the payments and benefits in the order that results in the greatest economic present value of all payments and benefits actually
made to Optionee. Subject to Section 409A of the Code, such order of reductions shall be determined by the Optionee. Unless the
Company and the Optionee otherwise agree in writing, any determination required under this Section 5(b) shall be made in writing
by an independent public accounting firm mutually acceptable to the Company and the Optionee (the &#8220;Accountants&#8221;) whose
determination shall be conclusive and binding upon the Optionee and the Company for all purposes. For purposes of making the calculations
required by this Section 5(b), the Accountants may make reasonable assumptions and approximations concerning applicable taxes and
may rely on reasonable, good faith interpretations concerning the application of Sections 280G and 4999 of the Code. The Company
and the Optionee shall furnish to the Accountants such information and documents as the Accountants may reasonably request in order
to make a determination under this Section 5(b). The Company shall pay all fees and expenses of the Accountants.</P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Non-Transferability
of Option</U>. This Option may not be transferred in any manner otherwise than by will or by the laws of descent or distribution
and may be exercised during the lifetime of the Optionee only by the Optionee. The terms of the Plan and this Grant Agreement shall
be binding upon the executors, administrators, heirs, successors and assigns of the Optionee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Securities
Matters</U>. All Shares and Exercised Shares shall be subject to the restrictions on sale, encumbrance and other disposition provided
by Federal or state law. The Company shall not be obligated to sell or issue any Shares or Exercised Shares pursuant to this Grant
Agreement unless, on the date of sale and issuance thereof, such Shares are either registered under the Securities Act of 1933,
as amended (the &#8220;<U>Securities Act</U>&#8221;), and all applicable state securities laws, or are exempt from registration
thereunder. Regardless of whether the offering and sale of Shares under the Plan have been registered under the Securities Act,
or have been registered or qualified under the securities laws of any state, the Company at its discretion may impose restrictions
upon the sale, pledge or other transfer of such Shares (including the placement of appropriate legends on stock certificates or
the imposition of stop-transfer instructions) if, in the judgment of the Company, such restrictions are necessary in order to achieve
compliance with the Securities Act or the securities laws of any state or any other law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Investment
Purpose</U>. The Optionee represents and warrants that unless the Shares are registered under the Securities Act, any and all Shares
acquired by the Optionee under this Grant Agreement will be acquired for investment for the Optionee&#8217;s own account and not
with a view to, for resale in connection with, or with an intent of participating directly or indirectly in, any distribution of
such Shares within the meaning of the Securities Act. The Optionee agrees not to sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of such Shares
unless they are either (1) registered under the Securties Act and all applicable state securities laws, or (2) exempt from such
registration in the opinion of Company counsel.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Lock-Up
Agreement</U>. The Optionee hereby agrees that in the event that the Optionee exercises this Option during a period in which any
directors or officers of the Company have agreed with one or more underwriters not to sell securities of the Company, then, as
a condition to such exercise, the Optionee shall enter into an agreement, in form and substance satisfactory to the Company, pursuant
to which the Optionee shall agree to restrictions on transferability of the Shares comparable to the restrictions agreed upon by
such directors or officers of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">10.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Other
Plans</U>. No amounts of income received by the Optionee pursuant to this Grant Agreement shall be considered compensation for
purposes of any pension or retirement plan, insurance plan or any other employee benefit plan of the Company or its subsidiaries,
unless otherwise expressly provided in such plan.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">11.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>No
Guarantee of Continued Service</U>. The Optionee acknowledges and agrees that the right to exercise the Option pursuant to
the exercise schedule hereof is earned only through continuous Service and such other requirements, if any, as are set forth
in <U>Exhibit A</U> (and not through the act of being hired, being granted an option or purchasing shares hereunder). The
Optionee further acknowledges and agrees that (i) this Grant Agreement, the transactions contemplated hereunder and the
exercise schedule set forth herein do not constitute an express or implied promise of continued employment or service for the
exercise period or for any other period, and shall not interfere with the Optionee&#8217;s right or the right of the Company
or its Subsidiaries to terminate the employment or service relationship at any time, with or without cause, subject to the
terms of any written employment agreement that the Optionee may have entered into with the Company or any of its
Subsidiaries; and (ii) the Company would not have granted this Option to the Optionee but for these acknowledgements and
agreements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">12.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Entire
Agreement; Governing Law</U>. The Plan is incorporated herein by reference. The Plan and this Grant Agreement constitute the entire
agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior undertakings and agreements
of the Company and the Optionee with respect to the subject matter hereof, and may not be amended to materially impair the rights
of the Optionee without the Optionee&#8217;s consent; provided, however, that no action of the Board or the Committee that alters
or affects the tax treatment of the Option shall be considered to materially impair any rights of the Optionee. In the event of
any conflict between this Grant Agreement and the Plan, the Plan shall be controlling, except as otherwise specifically provided
in the Plan. This Grant Agreement shall be construed under the laws of the State of Nevada, without regard to conflict of laws
principles.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">13.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Opportunity
for Review</U>. Optionee and the Company agree that this Option is granted under and governed by the terms and conditions of the
Plan and this Grant Agreement. The Optionee has reviewed the Plan and this Grant Agreement in their entirety, has had an opportunity
to obtain the advice of counsel prior to executing this Grant Agreement and fully understands all provisions of the Plan and this
Grant Agreement. The Optionee hereby agrees to accept as binding, conclusive and final all decisions or interpretations of the
Committee upon any questions relating to the Plan and this Grant Agreement. The Optionee further agrees to notify the Company upon
any change in the residence address indicated herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">14.&#9;<U>Section 409A</U>.&#9;This
Option is intended to be excepted from coverage under Section 409A and shall be administered, interpreted and construed accordingly.
The Company may, in its sole discretion and without the Optionee&#8217;s consent, modify or amend the terms of this Grant Agreement,
impose conditions on the timing and effectiveness of the exercise of the Option by Optionee, or take any other action it deems
necessary or advisable, to cause the Option to be excepted from Section 409A (or to comply therewith to the extent the Company
determines it is not excepted).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">15.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Recoupment</U>.
In the event the Company restates its financial statements due to material noncompliance with any financial reporting
requirements under applicable securities laws, any shares issued pursuant to this Agreement for or in respect of the year
that is restated, or the prior three years, may be recovered to the extent the shares issued exceed the number that would
have been <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">issued based on the restatement. In addition and without limitation of the foregoing,
any amounts paid hereunder shall be subject to recoupment in accordance with The Dodd&#8211;Frank Wall Street Reform and
Consumer Protection Act and any implementing regulations thereunder, any clawback policy adopted by the Company or as is
otherwise required by applicable law or stock exchange listing conditions. </FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>[Signature Page Follows]</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have
executed this Grant Agreement as of the date set forth in <U>Exhibit A</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 47%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">OPTIONEE</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 2.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 2.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 50%"></TD><TD STYLE="border-top: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; width: 50%">Name:</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B><U>EXHIBIT
A</U></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>INCENTIVE STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 5%"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 5%; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">(</FONT>a).</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: justify; width: 14%"><B>Optionee&#8217;s Name</B>:</TD>
                                                                                                                                   <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; width: 56%">&nbsp;</TD>
                                                                                                                                   <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 20%">&nbsp;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 5%"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 5%; text-align: left">(b).</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: justify; width: 11%"><B>Date of Grant</B>:</TD>
                                                                                    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; width: 18%">&nbsp;</TD>
                                                                                    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 61%">&nbsp;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 5%"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 5%; text-align: left">(c).</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: justify; width: 28%"><B>Number of Shares Subject to the Option</B>:</TD>
                                                                                    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; width: 18%">&nbsp;</TD>
                                                                                    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 44%">&nbsp;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 5%"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 5%; text-align: left">(d).</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 90%"><B>Exercise Price</B>: $______ <B>per Share</B></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 5%"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 5%; text-align: left">(e).</TD><TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; text-align: justify; width: 11%"><B>Expiration Date</B>:</TD>
                                                                                    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; width: 20%">&nbsp;</TD>
                                                                                    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 59%">&nbsp;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 5%"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 5%; text-align: left">(f).</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 90%"><B>Vesting Schedule</B>:</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify">Notwithstanding anything contained
herein to the contrary, if a &#8220;Change in Control&#8221; (as defined in the Plan) occurs prior to the cessation of the Optionee&#8217;s
 &#8220;Service&#8221; (as defined in the Plan), then the Option, to the extent not then vested, shall become fully (100%) vested
immediately prior to the date of such Change in Control.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in">_______ (Initials)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in"> Optionee</P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in">_______ (Initials)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Company Signatory</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-4.12
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tm2034204d1_ex4-12.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 4.12
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt"></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 4.12</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">FORM OF</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">NONQUALIFIED STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT</P>

<P STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC. 2020 STOCK
INCENTIVE PLAN</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This Stock Option Grant
Agreement (the &#8220;<U>Grant Agreement</U>&#8221;) is made and entered into effective on the Date of Grant set forth in <U>Exhibit
A</U> (the &#8220;<U>Date of Grant</U>&#8221;) by and between Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the &#8220;<U>Company</U>&#8221;),
and the individual named in <U>Exhibit A</U> hereto (the &#8220;<U>Optionee</U>&#8221;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">WHEREAS, the Company
desires to provide the Optionee an incentive to participate in the success and growth of the Company through the opportunity to
earn a proprietary interest in the Company; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">WHEREAS, to give effect
to the foregoing intention, the Company desires to grant the Optionee an option pursuant to the Synthetic Biologics, Inc. 2020
Stock Incentive Plan (the &#8220;<U>Plan</U>&#8221;) to acquire the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the&nbsp;&#8220;<U>Common
Stock</U>&#8221;);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NOW, THEREFORE, in
consideration of the mutual covenants hereinafter set forth and for good and valuable consideration, the parties hereto agree as
follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Grant</U>.
The Company hereby grants the Optionee a Nonqualified Stock Option (the &#8220;<U>Option</U>&#8221;) to purchase up to the number
of shares of Common Stock (the &#8220;<U>Shares</U>&#8221;) set forth in <U>Exhibit A</U> hereto at the exercise price per Share
(the &#8220;<U>Exercise Price</U>&#8221;) set forth in <U>Exhibit A</U>, and on the vesting schedule set forth in <U>Exhibit A</U>,
subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein and the provisions of the Plan, the terms of which are incorporated herein
by reference. Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined in this Grant Agreement shall have the meanings as set forth in
the Plan.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">2.<B>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</B><U>Exercise
Period Following Termination of Service</U>. This Option shall terminate and be canceled to the extent not exercised within ninety
(90) days after the Optionee&#8217;s Service terminates; provided that if such termination is due to the death or Disability of
the Optionee, this Option shall terminate and be canceled twelve (12) months from the date of termination of the Optionee&#8217;s
Service; and provided, further, that if Optionee&#8217;s Service terminates (other than for Cause) on or after a Change in Control,
then the Option shall remain exercisable until the Expiration Date. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that the Optionee&#8217;s
Service is terminated for Cause, then the Option shall immediately terminate on the date of such termination of Service and shall
not be exercisable for any period following such date. In no event, however, shall this Option be exercised later than the Expiration
Date set forth in <U>Exhibit A</U> and in no event shall this Option be exercised for more Shares than the Shares which otherwise
have become exercisable as of the date of termination.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Method
of Exercise</U>. This Option is exercisable by delivery to the Company of an exercise notice (the &#8220;<U>Exercise
Notice</U>&#8221;) in a form satisfactory to the Committee or by such other form or means as the Committee may permit or
require. Any Exercise Notice shall state or provide the number of Shares with respect to which the Option is being exercised
(the &#8220;<U>Exercised Shares</U>&#8221;), and include such other representations and agreements as may be required by the
Company pursuant to the provisions of the Plan. The Optionee may elect to make payment of the exercise price in cash or by
check or by delivery to the Company of certificates representing shares of outstanding Common Stock already owned by the
Optionee that are owned free and clear of any liens, claims, encumbrances or security interests together with stock powers
duly executed and with signature guaranteed. In addition, the Optionee may make payment through a &#8220;cashless
exercise&#8221; such that without the payment of any funds, the undersigned may exercise the Option and receive the net
number of Shares equal to (x) the number of Shares as to which the Option is being exercised, multiplied by (y) a fraction,
the numerator of which is the Fair Market Value per share (on such date as is determined by the Committee) less the Exercise
Price per Share, and the denominator of which is such Fair Market Value per Share (the number of net Shares to be received
shall be rounded down to the nearest whole number). In the event payment is made by delivery of such Shares, said Shares
shall be deemed to have a per Share value equal to the Fair Market Value per Share on the date of exercise. Upon exercise of
the Option by the Optionee and prior to the delivery of such Exercised Shares, the Company shall have the right to require
the Optionee to satisfy applicable Federal and state tax income tax withholding requirements <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">and
the Optionee&#8217;s share of applicable employment withholding taxes in a method satisfactory to the Company.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Optionee may not exercise the Option by tender to the Company of Common Stock to the
extent such tender would violate the provisions of any law, regulation or agreement restricting the redemption of the
Company&#8217;s Common Stock. Further, no Exercised Shares shall be issued unless such exercise and issuance complies with
the requirements relating to the administration of stock option plans and other applicable equity plans under U.S. state
corporate laws, U.S. federal and state securities laws, the Code, any stock exchange or quotation system on which the Common
Stock is listed or quoted, and the applicable laws of any foreign country or jurisdiction where stock grants or other
applicable equity grants are made under the Plan; assuming such compliance, for income tax purposes the Exercised Shares
shall be considered transferred to the Optionee on the date the Option is exercised with respect to such Shares.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Covenants
Agreement</U>. This Option shall be subject to forfeiture at the election of the Company in the event that the Optionee breaches
any agreement between the Optionee and the Company with respect to noncompetition, nonsolicitation, assignment of inventions and
contributions and/or nondisclosure obligations of the Optionee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Taxes</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.75in">(a)<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT>By
executing this Grant Agreement, Optionee acknowledges and agrees that Optionee is solely responsible for the satisfaction of
any applicable taxes that may be imposed on Optionee that arise as a result of the grant, vesting or exercise of the Option,
including without limitation any taxes arising under Section 409A of the Code (regarding deferred compensation) or Section
4999 of the Code (regarding golden parachute excise taxes), and that neither the Company nor the Committee shall have any
obligation whatsoever to pay such taxes or otherwise indemnify or hold Optionee harmless from any or all of such taxes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">(b)<FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>Notwithstanding paragraph (a) above, if any amounts or benefits provided for in this Grant Agreement, when aggregated with
any other payments or benefits payable or provided to the Optionee (the &#8220;<U>Total Payments</U>&#8221;) would (i) constitute
 &#8220;parachute payments&#8221; within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code (which will not include any portion of payments
classified as payments of reasonable compensation for purposes of Section 280G of the Code, including without limitation amounts
allocated to any restrictive covenants), and (ii) but for this Section 5(b), would be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section
4999 of the Code (the &#8220;<U>Excise Tax</U>&#8221;), then the Total Payments will be either: (a) provided in full, or (b) provided
as to such lesser extent as would result in no portion of such Total Payments being subject to the Excise Tax, whichever of the
foregoing amounts, taking into account the applicable federal, state and local income and employment taxes and the Excise Tax,
results in the Optionee&#8217;s receipt on an after-tax basis of the greatest amount of the Total Payments, notwithstanding that
all or some portion of the Total Payments may be subject to the Excise Tax. To the extent any reduction in Total Payments is required
by this Section 5(b), such reduction shall occur to the payments and benefits in the order that results in the greatest economic
present value of all payments and benefits actually made to Optionee. Subject to Section 409A of the Code, such order of reductions
shall be determined by the Optionee. Unless the Company and the Optionee otherwise agree in writing, any determination required
under this Section&nbsp;5(b) shall be made in writing by an independent public accounting firm mutually acceptable to the Company
and the Optionee (the &#8220;<U>Accountants</U>&#8221;) whose determination shall be conclusive and binding upon the Optionee and
the Company for all purposes. For purposes of making the calculations required by this Section 5(b), the Accountants may make reasonable
assumptions and approximations concerning applicable taxes and may rely on reasonable, good faith interpretations concerning the
application of Sections 280G and 4999 of the Code. The Company and the Optionee shall furnish to the Accountants such information
and documents as the Accountants may reasonably request in order to make a determination under this Section&nbsp;5(b). The Company
shall pay all fees and expenses of the Accountants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Non-Transferability
of Option</U>. This Option may not be transferred in any manner otherwise than by will or by the laws of descent or distribution
and may be exercised during the lifetime of the Optionee only by the Optionee. The terms of the Plan and this Grant Agreement shall
be binding upon the executors, administrators, heirs, successors and assigns of the Optionee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Securities
Matters</U>. All Shares and Exercised Shares shall be subject to the restrictions on sale, encumbrance and other disposition
provided by Federal or state law. The Company shall not be obligated to sell or issue any Shares or Exercised Shares pursuant
to this Grant Agreement unless, on the date of sale and issuance thereof, such Shares are either registered under the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;<U>Securities </U>Act&#8221;), and all applicable state securities laws, or
are exempt from registration thereunder. Regardless of whether the offering and sale of Shares under the Plan have been
registered under the Securities Act, or have been registered or qualified under the securities laws of any state, the Company
at its discretion may impose restrictions upon the sale, pledge or other transfer of such Shares (including the placement of
appropriate legends on stock certificates or the imposition of stop-transfer instructions) if, in the judgment of the
Company, such restrictions are necessary in order to achieve compliance with the Securities Act or the securities laws of any
state or any other law<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Investment
Purpose</U>. The Optionee represents and warrants that unless the Shares are registered under the Securities Act, any and all Shares
acquired by the Optionee under this Grant Agreement will be acquired for investment for the Optionee&#8217;s own account and not
with a view to, for resale in connection with, or with an intent of participating directly or indirectly in, any distribution of
such Shares within the meaning of the Securities Act. The Optionee agrees not to sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of such Shares
unless they are either (1) registered under the Securties Act and all applicable state securities laws, or (2) exempt from such
registration in the opinion of Company counsel.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Lock-Up
Agreement</U>. The Optionee hereby agrees that in the event that the Optionee exercises this Option during a period in which any
directors or officers of the Company have agreed with one or more underwriters not to sell securities of the Company, then, as
a condition to such exercise, the Optionee shall enter into an agreement, in form and substance satisfactory to the Company, pursuant
to which the Optionee shall agree to restrictions on transferability of the Shares comparable to the restrictions agreed upon by
such directors or officers of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">10.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Other
Plans</U>. No amounts of income received by the Optionee pursuant to this Grant Agreement shall be considered compensation for
purposes of any pension or retirement plan, insurance plan or any other employee benefit plan of the Company or its subsidiaries,
unless otherwise expressly provided in such plan.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">11.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>No
Guarantee of Continued Service</U>. The Optionee acknowledges and agrees that the right to exercise the Option pursuant to the
exercise schedule hereof is earned only through continuous Service and such other requirements, if any, as are set forth in <U>Exhibit
A</U> (and not through the act of being hired, being granted an option or purchasing shares hereunder). The Optionee further acknowledges
and agrees that (i) this Grant Agreement, the transactions contemplated hereunder and the exercise schedule set forth herein do
not constitute an express or implied promise of continued employment or service for the exercise period or for any other period,
and shall not interfere with the Optionee&#8217;s right or the right of the Company or its Subsidiaries to terminate the employment
or service relationship at any time, with or without cause, subject to the terms of any written employment agreement that the Optionee
may have entered into with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries; and (ii) the Company would not have granted this Option to the
Optionee but for these acknowledgements and agreements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">12.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Entire
Agreement; Governing Law</U>. The Plan is incorporated herein by reference. The Plan and this Grant Agreement constitute the entire
agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior undertakings and agreements
of the Company and the Optionee with respect to the subject matter hereof, and may not be amended to materially impair the rights
of the Optionee without the Optionee&#8217;s consent; provided, however, that no action of the Board or the Committee that alters
or affects the tax treatment of the Option shall be considered to materially impair any rights of the Optionee. In the event of
any conflict between this Grant Agreement and the Plan, the Plan shall be controlling, except as otherwise specifically provided
in the Plan. This Grant Agreement shall be construed under the laws of the State of Nevada, without regard to conflict of laws
principles.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">13.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Opportunity
for Review</U>. Optionee and the Company agree that this Option is granted under and governed by the terms and conditions of the
Plan and this Grant Agreement. The Optionee has reviewed the Plan and this Grant Agreement in their entirety, has had an opportunity
to obtain the advice of counsel prior to executing this Grant Agreement and fully understands all provisions of the Plan and this
Grant Agreement. The Optionee hereby agrees to accept as binding, conclusive and final all decisions or interpretations of the
Committee upon any questions relating to the Plan and this Grant Agreement. The Optionee further agrees to notify the Company upon
any change in the residence address indicated herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Section 409A</U>.&nbsp;&nbsp;This
Option is intended to be excepted from coverage under Section 409A and shall be administered, interpreted and construed accordingly.
The Company may, in its sole discretion and without the Optionee&#8217;s consent, modify or amend the terms of this Grant Agreement,
impose conditions on the timing and effectiveness of the exercise of the Option by Optionee, or take any other action it deems
necessary or advisable, to cause the Option to be excepted from Section 409A (or to comply therewith to the extent the Company
determines it is not excepted).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">15.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Recoupment</U>.
In the event the Company restates its financial statements due to material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirements
under applicable securities laws, any shares issued pursuant to this Agreement for or in respect of the year that is restated,
or the prior three years, may be recovered to the extent the shares issued exceed the number that would have been issued based
on the restatement. In addition and without limitation of the foregoing, any amounts paid hereunder shall be subject to recoupment
in accordance with The Dodd&#8211;Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and any implementing regulations thereunder,
any clawback policy adopted by the Company or as is otherwise required by applicable law or stock exchange listing conditions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>[Signature Page Follows]</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have
executed this Grant Agreement as of the date set forth in <U>Exhibit A</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; width: 47%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">OPTIONEE</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B><U>EXHIBIT
A</U></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>NONQUALIFIED STOCK OPTION GRANT AGREEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 70%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">(</FONT>a).</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 90%"><B>Optionee&#8217;s Name</B>: <U>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</U></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>(b).</TD>
    <TD><B>Date of Grant:<U>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</U></B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>(c).</TD>
    <TD><B>Number of Shares Subject to the Option:<U>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</U></B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>(d).</TD>
    <TD><B>Exercise
Price</B>: $______ <B>per Share</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>(e).</TD>
    <TD><B>Expiration Date:<U>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</U></B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>(f).</TD>
    <TD><B>Vesting
Schedule</B>:</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify">Notwithstanding anything contained
herein to the contrary, if a &#8220;Change in Control&#8221; (as defined in the Plan) occurs prior to the cessation of the Optionee&#8217;s
 &#8220;Service&#8221; (as defined in the Plan), then the Option, to the extent not then vested, shall become fully (100%) vested
immediately prior to the date of such Change in Control.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in">_______ (Initials)</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">Optionee</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in">_______ (Initials)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Company Signatory</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-4.13
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>tm2034204d1_ex4-13.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 4.13
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 4.13</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>FORM OF</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AWARD AGREEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC. 2020 STOCK
INCENTIVE PLAN</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This Restricted Stock
Unit Award Agreement (the &#8220;<U>Agreement</U>&#8221; or &#8220;<U>Award Agreement</U>&#8221;), dated as of the &#8220;Award
Date&#8221; set forth in the attached <U>Exhibit A</U>, is entered into between Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a Nevada corporation
(the &#8220;<U>Company</U>&#8221;), and the individual named in <U>Exhibit A</U> hereto (the &#8220;<U>Awardee</U>&#8221;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">WHEREAS, the Company
desires to provide the Awardee an incentive to participate in the success and growth of the Company through the opportunity to
earn a proprietary interest in the Company; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">WHEREAS, to give effect
to the foregoing intention, the Company desires to award the Awardee Restricted Stock Units pursuant to the Synthetic Biologics,
Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (the &#8220;<U>Plan</U>&#8221;);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NOW, THEREFORE, the
following provisions apply to this Award:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Award</U>.
The Company hereby awards the Awardee the number of Restricted Stock Units (each an &#8220;RSU&#8221; and collectively the &#8220;RSUs&#8221;)
set forth in <U>Exhibit A</U>. Such RSUs shall be subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement and the provisions
of the Plan, the terms of which are incorporated herein by reference. Capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall
have the meanings as set forth in the Plan.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Vesting</U>.
Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, the RSUs shall vest in accordance with the vesting schedule set forth in <U>Exhibit
A</U>, provided that the Awardee remains in Service through the applicable vesting date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">For each RSU that becomes
vested in accordance with this Agreement, the Company shall issue and deliver to Awardee, on or within thirty (30) business days
after becoming vested, one share of the Company&#8217;s common stock, par value $.001 per share (the &#8220;<U>Common Stock</U>&#8221;).
Except as may be provided in <U>Exhibit A</U>, in the event that the Awardee ceases to be in Service, any RSUs that have not vested
as of the date of such cessation of service shall be forfeited.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Dividend
Equivalent Units</U>. If and to the extent that the Company pays a cash dividend with respect to the Common Stock, Awardee shall
be credited with an additional number of RSUs (&#8220;<U>Dividend Equivalent Units</U>&#8221;), including a fractional Dividend
Equivalent Unit if applicable, equal to (i) the amount of such dividends as would have been paid with respect to Awardee&#8217;s
outstanding RSUs on the record date of such dividend (the &#8220;<U>record date</U>&#8221;) had each such outstanding RSU been
an outstanding share of Common Stock on such record date, divided by (ii) the closing price of a share of Common Stock on such
record date. Dividend Equivalent Units shall be subject to the same vesting terms and conditions as the RSUs to which they relate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>No
Rights as Stockholder</U>. The Awardee shall not be entitled to any of the rights of a stockholder with respect to any share of
Common Stock that may be acquired following vesting of an RSU unless and until such share of Common Stock is issued and delivered
to the Awardee. Without limitation of the foregoing, the Awardee shall not have the right to vote any share of Common Stock to
which an RSU relates and shall not be entitled to receive any dividend attributable to such share of Common Stock for any period
priot to the issuance and delivery of such share to Awardee (but Awardee shall have dividend equivalent rights as provided in Section
3 above).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Transfer
Restrictions</U>. Neither this Agreement nor the RSUs may be sold, assigned, pledged or otherwise transferred or encumbered without
the prior written consent of the Committee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Government
Regulations</U>. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, the Company&#8217;s obligation hereunder to issue or
deliver certificates evidencing shares of Common Stock shall be subject to the terms of all applicable laws, rules and regulations
and to such approvals by any governmental agencies or national securities exchanges as may be required.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Withholding
Taxes</U>. The Awardee shall pay to the Company, or make provision satisfactory to the Company for payment of, the <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-weight: normal">minimum
statutory amount required</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>&nbsp;</B></FONT>to satisfy all federal,
state and local income tax withholding requirements and the Awardee&#8217;s share of applicable employment withholding taxes in
connection with the issuance and deliverance of shares of Common Stock following vesting of RSUs, in any manner permitted by the
Plan. No shares of Common Stock shall be issued with respect to RSUs unless and until satisfactory arrangements acceptable to the
Company have been made by the Awardee with respect to the payment of any income and other taxes which the Company determines must
be withheld or collected with respect to the RSUs. Subject to the following sentence, the Committee, in its sole discretion, may
provide for the withholding of applicable taxes from the proceeds of the sale of Shares acquired upon vesting of the RSUs, either
through a voluntary sale or through a mandatory sale arranged by the Company (on Awardee&#8217;s behalf pursuant to this authorization).
Notwithstanding the foregoing, if requested by Awardee, and if the Committee consents, the Company shall withhold shares of Common
Stock that would otherwise be issued upon vesting of the RSUs to cover applicable withholding taxes, equal to the greatest number
of whole shares of Common Stock having a Fair Market Value on the date immediately preceding the date on which the applicable tax
liability is determined not in excess of the minimum amount required to satisfy the statutory withholding tax obligations with
respect to the award. The Company may refuse to issue or deliver the shares of Common Stock unless all withholding taxes that may
be due as a result of this Award have been paid.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Section
280G</U>. Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, if any amounts or benefits provided for in this
Agreement, when aggregated with any other payments or benefits payable or provided to the Awardee (the &#8220;<U>Total
Payments</U>&#8221;) would (i) constitute &#8220;parachute payments&#8221; within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code
(which will not include any portion of payments classified as payments of reasonable compensation for purposes of Section
280G of the Code, including without limitation amounts allocated to any restrictive covenants), and (ii) but for this Section
8, would be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code (the &#8220;<U>Excise Tax</U>&#8221;), then the
Total Payments will be either: (a) provided in full, or (b) provided as to such lesser extent as would result in no portion
of such Total Payments being subject to the Excise Tax, whichever of the foregoing amounts, taking into account the
applicable federal, state and local income and employment taxes and the Excise Tax, results in the Awardee&#8217;s receipt on
an after-tax basis of the greatest amount of the Total Payments, notwithstanding that all or some portion of the Total
Payments may be subject to the Excise Tax. To the extent any reduction in Total Payments is required by this Section 8, such
reduction shall occur to the payments and benefits in the order that results in the greatest economic present value of all
payments and benefits actually made to Awardee. Subject to Section 409A of the Code, such order of reductions shall be
determined by the Awardee. Unless the Company and the Awardee otherwise agree in writing, any determination required under
this Section&nbsp;8 shall be made in writing by an independent public accounting firm mutually acceptable to the Company and
the Awardee (the &#8220;<U>Accountants</U>&#8221;) whose determination shall be conclusive and binding upon the Awardee and
the Company for all purposes. For purposes of making the calculations required by this Section 8, the Accountants may make
reasonable assumptions and approximations concerning applicable taxes and may rely on reasonable, good faith interpretations
concerning the application of Sections 280G and 4999 of the Code. The Company and the Awardee shall furnish to the
Accountants such information and documents as the Accountants may reasonably request in order to make a determination under
this Section&nbsp;8. The Company shall pay all fees and expenses of the Accountants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Investment
Purpose</U>. Any and all shares of Common Stock acquired by the Awardee under this Agreement will be acquired for investment for
the Awardee&#8217;s own account and not with a view to, for resale in connection with, or with an intent of participating directly
or indirectly in, any distribution of such shares of Common Stock within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended
(the &#8220;<U>Securities Act</U>&#8221;). The Awardee shall not sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of such shares unless they
are either (1) registered under the Securties Act and all applicable state securities laws, or (2) exempt from such registration
in the opinion of Company counsel.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">10.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Securities
Law Restrictions</U>. Regardless of whether the offering and sale of shares of Common Stock issuable to Awardee pursuant to this
Agreement and the Plan have been registered under the Securities Act, or have been registered or qualified under the securities
laws of any state, the Company at its discretion may impose restrictions upon the sale, pledge or other transfer of such shares
of Common Stock (including the placement of appropriate legends on stock certificates or the imposition of stop-transfer instructions)
if, in the judgment of the Company, such restrictions are necessary in order to achieve compliance with the Securities Act or the
securities laws of any state or any other law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">11.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Lock-Up
Agreement</U>. The Awardee, in the event that any shares of Common Stock which become deliverable to Awardee with respect to RSUs
at a time during which any directors or officers of the Company have agreed with one or more underwriters not to sell securities
of the Company, shall enter into an agreement, in form and substance satisfactory to the Company, pursuant to which the Awardee
shall agree to restrictions on transferability of the shares of such Common Stock comparable to the restrictions agreed upon by
such directors or officers of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">12.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Awardee
Obligations</U>. The Awardee should review this Agreement with his or her own tax advisors to understand the federal, state, local
and foreign tax consequences of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The Awardee will rely solely on such advisors
and not on any statements or representations of the Company or any of its agents, if any, made to the Awardee. The Awardee (and
not the Company) shall be responsible for the Awardee&#8217;s own tax liability arising as a result of the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">13.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>No
Guarantee of Continued Service</U>. The Awardee acknowledges and agrees that (i) nothing in this Agreement or the Plan confers
on the Awardee any right to continue an employment, service or consulting relationship with the Company, nor shall it affect in
any way the Awardee&#8217;s right or the Company&#8217;s right to terminate the Awardee&#8217;s employment, service, or consulting
relationship at any time, with or without cause, subject to any employment or service agreement that may have been entered into
by the Commpany and the Awardee; and (ii)&nbsp;the Company would not have granted this Award to the Awardee but for these acknowledgements
and agreements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Notices</U>.
Notices or communications to be made hereunder shall be in writing and shall be delivered in person, by registered mail, by confirmed
facsimile or by a reputable overnight courier service to the Company at its principal office or to the Awardee at his or her address
contained in the records of the Company. Alternatively, notices and other communications may be provided in the form and manner
of such electronic means as the Company may permit.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">15.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Entire
Agreement; Governing Law</U>. The Plan is incorporated herein by reference. The Plan and this Award Agreement constitute the entire
Agreement with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede in their entirety all prior undertakings and agreements of the
Company and the Awardee with respect to the subject matter hereof, and except as provided in the Plan or in this Agreement, may
not be modified adversely to the Awardee&#8217;s interest except by means of a writing signed by the Company and the Awardee. In
the event of any conflict between this Award Agreement and the Plan, the Plan shall be controlling. This Award Agreement shall
be construed under the laws of the State of Nevada, without regard to conflict of laws principles.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">16.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Opportunity
for Review</U>. Awardee and the Company agree that this Award is granted under and governed by the terms and conditions of the
Plan and this Award Agreement. The Awardee has reviewed the Plan and this Award Agreement in their entirety, has had an opportunity
to obtain the advice of counsel prior to accepting this Award Agreement and fully understands all provisions of the Plan and this
Award Agreement. The Awardee hereby agrees to accept as binding, conclusive and final all decisions or interpretations of the Committee
upon any questions relating to the Plan and this Award Agreement. The Awardee further agrees to notify the Company upon any change
in Awardee&#8217;s residence address.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">17.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Binding
Effect</U>. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the Company and the Awardee and their respective permitted
successors, assigns, heirs, beneficiaries and representatives.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">18.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Section
409A Compliance</U>. To the extent that this Agreement and the award of RSUs hereunder are or become subject to the provisions
of Section 409A of the Code, the Company and the Awardee agree that this Agreement may be amended or modified by the Company, in
its sole discretion and without the Awardee&#8217;s consent, as appropriate to maintain compliance with the provisions of Section
409A of the Code.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">19.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Recoupment</U>.
In the event the Company restates its financial statements due to material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirements
under applicable securities laws, any payments made or shares issued pursuant to this Agreement for or in respect of the year that
is restated, or the prior three years, may be recovered to the extent the payments made or shares issued exceed the amount that
would have been paid or issued based on the restatement. In addition and without limitation of the foregoing, any amounts paid
hereunder shall be subject to recoupment in accordance with The Dodd&#8211;Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
and any implementing regulations thereunder, any clawback policy adopted by the Company or as is otherwise required by applicable
law or stock exchange listing conditions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>[Signature Page Follows]</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">IN WITNESS WHEREOF,
the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the date set forth in <U>Exhibit A</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; width: 47%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt">AWARDEE</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 4.5pt 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B><U>EXHIBIT
A</U></B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SYNTHETIC BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>RESTRICTED STOCK UNIT AWARD AGREEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 70%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase">(</FONT>a).</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 90%"><B>Awardee&#8217;s Name:<U>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</U></B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>(b).</TD>
    <TD><B>Award Date:<U>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</U></B><U>,202<B>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>(c).</TD>
    <TD><B>Number of Restricted Stock Units (&#8220;RSUs&#8221;) Granted</B>: <U>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</U></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: left">
    <TD>(d).</TD>
    <TD><B>Vesting
Schedule</B>:</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">The RSUs awarded
herein shall vest as follows, provided that Awardee remains in &#8220;Service&#8221; (as defined in the Plan) through each such
respective vesting date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 40%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 57%; border: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Vesting Date</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; width: 43%; border-top: Black 1pt solid; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>RSUs Vested</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; border-left: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; border-right: Black 1pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-left: 5.4pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify">Notwithstanding anything contained
herein to the contrary, if a &#8220;Change in Control&#8221; (as defined in the Plan) occurs prior to the cessation of the Awardee&#8217;s
 &#8220;Service&#8221; (as defined in the Plan), then the RSUs, to the extent not then vested, shall become fully (100%) vested
immediately prior to the date of such Change in Control.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in">_______ (Initials)</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">Awardee</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in">_______ (Initials)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Company Signatory</P>



<P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0pt"></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>tm2034204d1_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
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<HEAD>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><IMG SRC="tm2034204d1_ex5-1img01.jpg" ALT="">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 100%; padding-right: 1.5in"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">October 28, 2020</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Board of Directors</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Synthetic Biologics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Rockville, Maryland 20850</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Re:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><U>Synthetic Biologics, Inc. Form S-8</U></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We refer to the Registration
Statement on Form S-8 (the &ldquo;Registration Statement&rdquo;) to be filed on even date by Synthetic Biologics, Inc., a Nevada
corporation (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;), with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to the registration of up to
an aggregate of 4,000,000 shares of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;Common Stock&rdquo;),
to be issued in connection with the Company&rsquo;s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (the &ldquo;Plan&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As counsel to the Company,
we have examined such matters of fact and questions of law as we have considered appropriate for purposes of this letter. With
your consent, we have relied upon certificates and other assurances of officers of the Company and others as to factual matters
without having independently verified such factual matters. We are opining herein as to the Nevada Revised Statutes, and we express
no opinion with respect to the applicability thereto, or the effect thereon, of the laws of any other jurisdiction or, in the case
of Nevada, any other laws, or as to any matters of municipal law or the laws of any local agencies within any state.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have made such examination
as we have deemed necessary for the purpose of this opinion.&nbsp;&nbsp;Based upon such examination, it is our opinion, that, when
the Registration Statement has become effective under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and when the shares of Common Stock
to be issued are sold and paid for in the manner described in the Plan, the Common Stock so issued will be validly issued, fully
paid and non-assessable. No opinion is expressed herein as to any matter pertaining to the contents of the Registration Statement
or the Plan. In connection with this opinion we have examined and relied on the representations and warranties as to factual matters
in the Registration Statement. Our knowledge of the Company and its legal and other affairs is limited by the scope of our engagement,
which scope includes the delivery of this opinion letter. We do not represent the Company with respect to all legal matters or
issues. The Company may employ other independent counsel and, to our knowledge, handles certain matters and issues without the
assistance of independent counsel.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion is given
as of the date hereof and we assume no obligation to advise you of changes that may hereafter be brought to our attention.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We hereby consent to
the use of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>/s/ Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer</I></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">PARSONS BEHLE &amp; LATIMER</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>tm2034204d1_ex23-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 23.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 23.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><U>Consent of Independent Registered Public
Accounting Firm</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Synthetic Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.<BR>
Rockville, Maryland</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We hereby consent to the incorporation
by reference in this Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-8 of our report dated February&nbsp;20, 2020, relating to the consolidated
financial statements of Synthetic Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. appearing in the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the
year ended December&nbsp;31, 2019. Our report contains an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company&rsquo;s ability to continue
as a going concern.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">/s/BDO USA, LLP</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Potomac, Maryland</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">October&nbsp;28, 2020</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
