<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-24-101897.txt : 20240923
<SEC-HEADER>0001104659-24-101897.hdr.sgml : 20240923
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20240923082048
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-24-101897
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-1/A
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		4
FILED AS OF DATE:		20240923
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20240923

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Theriva Biologics, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000894158
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		IRS NUMBER:				133808303
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NV
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-1/A
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-282024
		FILM NUMBER:		241314686

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		9605 MEDICAL CENTER DRIVE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 270
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(734) 332-7800

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		9605 MEDICAL CENTER DRIVE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 270
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	Synthetic Biologics, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20120305

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ADEONA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20081027

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	PIPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20061214
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-1/A
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>tm2423565d2_s1a.htm
<DESCRIPTION>FORM S-1/A
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"> <B>As filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission on September&nbsp;23, 2024</B> </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"> <B>Registration No.&nbsp;333-282024</B> </P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>UNITED STATES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"> <B>AMENDMENT NO.1<BR>
to<BR>
FORM&nbsp;S-1<BR>
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</B> </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 14pt"><B>Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its
charter)</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 33%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Nevada</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 32%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>2834</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 33%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>26-279813</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(State or other jurisdiction of<BR>
incorporation or organization)</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(Primary
Standard Industrial<BR> Classification Code Number)</B></FONT></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>(IRS Employer<BR>
Identification No.)</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>9605 Medical Center, Suite&nbsp;270</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Rockville, MD 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(301) 417-4364</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(Address, including zip code and telephone number,
including area code, of registrant&rsquo;s principal executive offices)</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Steven A. Shallcross</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Chief Executive Officer and</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Chief Financial Officer</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>9605 Medical Center, Suite&nbsp;270</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Rockville, MD 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(301) 417-4364</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone
number, including area code, of agent for service)</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><I>Copies to:</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 49%">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Leslie Marlow,&nbsp;Esq.</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Patrick J. Egan,&nbsp;Esq.</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Melissa Palat Murawsky,&nbsp;Esq.</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Hank Gracin,&nbsp;Esq.</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Blank Rome LLP</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>1271 Avenue of the Americas</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>New York, New York 10020</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(212) 885-5000</B></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 49%"><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Faith L. Charles,&nbsp;Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Thompson Hine LLP</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>300 Madison Avenue, 27<SUP>th</SUP> Floor</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>New York, New York 10017</B></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>(212) 344-5680</B></P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Approximate
date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:</B></FONT> From time to time after the date this registration statement becomes
effective.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
any of the securities being registered on this Form&nbsp;are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule&nbsp;415
under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
this Form&nbsp;is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(b)&nbsp;under the Securities Act,
please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement
for the same offering.&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
this Form&nbsp;is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(c)&nbsp;under the Securities Act, check the following box
and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If
this Form&nbsp;is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(d)&nbsp;under the Securities Act, check the following box
and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.
See the definitions of &ldquo;large accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;accelerated filer&rdquo;, &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo;
and &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; in Rule&nbsp;12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 29%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large&nbsp;accelerated&nbsp;filer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 16%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 41%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated&nbsp;filer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 8%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated filer</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller&nbsp;reporting&nbsp;company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging&nbsp;growth&nbsp;company</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check
mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting
standards provided pursuant to Section&nbsp;7(a)(2)(B)&nbsp;of the Securities Act.&nbsp;&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>The Registrant hereby amends this Registration
Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which
specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section&nbsp;8(a)&nbsp;of the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting
pursuant to said Section&nbsp;8(a), may determine.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; color: red"><B>The information in this prospectus
is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange
Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities
in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 34%"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: red"><B>PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS</B></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 32%; text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: red"><B>SUBJECT
    TO COMPLETION</B></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 34%; text-align: right"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: red"><B>DATED
    SEPTEMBER 23, 2024</B></FONT> </TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><IMG SRC="tm2423565d1_s1img001.jpg" ALT="">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Up to 2,173,913 Shares of Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Up to 2,173,913 Common Warrants to Purchase
Up to 2,173,913 Shares of Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Up to 2,173,913 Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase
Up to 2,173,913 Shares of Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Up to 4,347,826 Shares of Common Stock Underlying
the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are offering on a best efforts basis up to
2,173,913 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 (the &ldquo;Common Stock&rdquo;), together with warrants to purchase up to 2,173,913
shares of our Common Stock. Each share of Common Stock, or a pre-funded warrant in lieu thereof, is being sold together with a common
warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock (the &ldquo;Common Warrant&rdquo;). The shares of Common Stock and Common Warrants are immediately
separable and will be issued separately in this offering, but must be purchased together in this offering. The assumed public offering
price for each share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrant is $3.22, which was the closing price of our Common Stock on the
NYSE American LLC (&ldquo;NYSE American&rdquo;) on September 5, 2024. Each Common Warrant will have an exercise price per share of $[&#9679;]
and will be immediately exercisable. The Common Warrants will expire on the 5-year anniversary of the original issuance date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are also offering to certain purchasers whose
purchase of shares of Common Stock in this offering would otherwise result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain
related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding Common Stock immediately
following the consummation of this offering, the opportunity to purchase, if any such purchaser so chooses, pre-funded warrants (the &ldquo;Pre-Funded
Warrants&rdquo;), in lieu of shares of Common Stock that would otherwise result in such purchaser&rsquo;s beneficial ownership exceeding
4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding Common Stock. The public offering price of each Pre-Funded Warrant
and accompanying Common Warrant will be equal to the price at which one share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrant is sold
to the public in this offering, minus $0.001, and the exercise price of each Pre-Funded Warrant will be $0.001 per share. The Pre-Funded
Warrants will be immediately exercisable and may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full.
The Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering, but must be purchased
together in this offering. For each Pre-Funded Warrant we sell, the number of shares of Common Stock we are offering will be decreased
on a one-for-one basis.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have engaged A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners
(&ldquo;A.G.P.&rdquo; or the &ldquo;Placement Agent&rdquo;), to act as our sole placement agent, to use its reasonable best efforts to
arrange for the sale of the securities offered by this prospectus. The Placement Agent is not purchasing or selling any of the securities
we are offering, and the Placement Agent is not required to arrange the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> The securities will be offered at a fixed
price and are expected to be issued in a single closing. The offering will terminate on October 15, 2024, unless (i)&nbsp;the
closing occurs prior thereto or (ii)&nbsp;we decide to terminate the offering prior thereto (which we may do at any time in our
discretion). Investors purchasing securities offered hereby will have the option to execute a securities purchase agreement with us.
We expect that the closing of the offering will occur one trading day after we price the securities offered hereby if we price such securities prior to 4:01 p.m. eastern time on a trading day and two trading days after we price
the Securities offered hereby if we price such securities at any other time. When we price
the securities, we will simultaneously enter into securities purchase agreements relating to the offering with those investors who
so choose. The offering will settle delivery versus payment (&ldquo;DVP&rdquo;)/receipt versus payment (&ldquo;RVP&rdquo;). That is,
on the closing date, we will issue the shares of Common Stock directly to the account(s)&nbsp;at the Placement Agent identified by
each purchaser; upon receipt of such shares, the Placement Agent shall promptly electronically deliver such shares to the applicable
purchaser, and payment therefor shall be made by the Placement Agent (or its clearing firm) by wire transfer to us. </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Since we will deliver the securities to be issued
in this offering upon our receipt of investor funds, we and the Placement Agent have not made any arrangements to place investor funds
in an escrow account or trust account. Because this is a best-efforts offering, the Placement Agent does not have an obligation to purchase
any securities, and, as a result, there is a possibility that we may not be able to sell the securities. There is no minimum offering
requirement as a condition of closing of this offering. Because there is no minimum offering amount required as a condition to closing
this offering, we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received
by us, and investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell an amount of securities sufficient to
pursue our business goals described in this prospectus. In addition, because there is no escrow account and no minimum offering amount,
investors could be in a position where they have invested in our company, but we are unable to fulfill all of our contemplated objectives
due to a lack of interest in this offering. Further, any proceeds from the sale of securities offered by us will be available for our
immediate use, despite uncertainty about whether we would be able to use such funds to effectively implement our business plan. See the
section entitled &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; for more information.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our Common Stock is listed on the NYSE American
under the symbol &ldquo;TOVX.&rdquo; On September 5, 2024, the last reported sale price of our Common Stock on the NYSE American was $3.22
per share. The actual public offering price per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrant, and per Pre-Funded Warrant and
accompanying Common Warrant, will be determined between us, the Placement Agent and the investors in this offering at the time of pricing,
and may be at a discount to the current market price for the Common Stock. Therefore, the recent market price used throughout this preliminary
prospectus as an assumed offering price per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrant may not be indicative of the final offering
price. There is no established public trading market for the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants, and we do not expect such a
market to develop. Without an active trading market, the liquidity of the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited.
In addition, we do not intend to list the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants on NYSE American, any other national securities
exchange or any other trading system.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: justify; margin: 0pt 0"> On August 26, 2024, we effected a reverse
stock&nbsp;split&nbsp;of our Common Stock at a ratio of one-for-twenty five. Unless otherwise indicated, all financial information, share
numbers, option numbers, warrant numbers, other derivative security numbers and exercise prices appearing in this registration statement
have been adjusted to give effect to the reverse stock split.&nbsp; </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Investing
in our securities involves risks. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the heading &ldquo;<I>Risk
Factors</I>&rdquo; contained in this prospectus and under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference
into this prospectus, as described beginning on page&nbsp;</B></FONT><B>6 of this prospectus.</B> </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission
nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the securities to be issued under this prospectus or determined if
this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Per Share of<BR>
 Common Stock<BR>
 and<BR> Accompanying<BR> Common<BR> Warrant</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Per Pre-Funded<BR> Warrant and<BR> Accompanying<BR> Common<BR> Warrant</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Total</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 61%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Public offering price<SUP>(1)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 10%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 10%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 10%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Placement agent fees<SUP>(2)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Proceeds to us, before expenses<SUP>(3)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 97%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The assumed combined public offering price is $3.22 per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrant and $3.219 per Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrant.&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Represents a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the aggregate purchase price paid by investors in this offering. See &ldquo;<I>Plan of Distribution</I>&rdquo; for additional disclosure regarding compensation payable to the Placement Agent. </FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Does not include proceeds from the exercise of the Common Warrants and/or Pre-Funded Warrants in cash, if any.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Delivery of the securities is expected to be made on or about <U>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</U>,
2024.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>Sole Placement Agent</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18pt"><B>A.G.P.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>The date of this prospectus is&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
, 2024</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 95%"><A HREF="#a_001"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%; text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_001"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_002"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_002"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_003"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_003">2</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_004"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">THE OFFERING</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_004">4</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_005"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RISK FACTORS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_005">6</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_006"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">USE OF PROCEEDS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_006">9</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_007"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DIVIDEND POLICY</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_007">10</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_008"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DESCRIPTION OF OUR CAPITAL STOCK</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_008">11</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_009"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES TO BE REGISTERED</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_009">15</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_010"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">MATERIAL UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_010">18</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_011"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_011">23</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_012"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">LEGAL MATTERS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_012">25</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_013"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">EXPERTS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_013">25</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: White">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_014"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_014">25</A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><A HREF="#a_015"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right"><A HREF="#a_015">25</A></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_001"></A>ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You should rely only on the information that we
have provided or incorporated by reference in this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different or additional
information. If anyone provides you with different or additional information, you should not rely on it. You should assume that the information
in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the cover of the document and that any information we have incorporated by reference
is accurate only as of the date of the document incorporated by reference, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any
sale of a security. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We urge you to carefully read this prospectus,
together with the information incorporated herein by reference as described under the heading &ldquo;<I>Where You Can Find Additional
Information</I>.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In this prospectus, unless otherwise specified
or the context requires otherwise, we use the terms &ldquo;Theriva,&rdquo; &ldquo;Company,&rdquo; &ldquo;we,&rdquo; &ldquo;us&rdquo;
and &ldquo;our&rdquo; or similar references to refer to Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc., a Nevada corporation, together with its consolidated
subsidiaries.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_002"></A>SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">This
prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus include forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section&nbsp;27A
of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section&nbsp;21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended,
or the Exchange Act, that relate to future events or our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties
and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from any future
results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Words such as, but
not limited to, &ldquo;anticipate,&rdquo; &ldquo;aim,&rdquo; &ldquo;believe,&rdquo; &ldquo;contemplate,&rdquo; &ldquo;continue,&rdquo;
 &ldquo;could,&rdquo; &ldquo;design,&rdquo; &ldquo;estimate,&rdquo; &ldquo;expect,&rdquo; &ldquo;intend,&rdquo; &ldquo;may,&rdquo; &ldquo;might,&rdquo;
 &ldquo;plan,&rdquo; &ldquo;predict,&rdquo; &ldquo;poise,&rdquo; &ldquo;project,&rdquo; &ldquo;potential,&rdquo; &ldquo;suggest,&rdquo;
 &ldquo;should,&rdquo; &ldquo;strategy,&rdquo; &ldquo;target,&rdquo; &ldquo;will,&rdquo; &ldquo;would,&rdquo; and similar expressions or
phrases, or the negative of those expressions or phrases, are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking
statements contain these identifying words. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained
in this prospectus and incorporated by reference into this prospectus, we caution you that these statements are based on our projections
of the future that are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, level
of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements, to differ. The section in this prospectus
entitled &ldquo;<I>Risk Factors</I>&rdquo; and the sections in our periodic reports, including the </FONT><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231x10k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2023 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission( the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;), on March&nbsp;25, 2024</A> entitled &ldquo;Business,&rdquo; &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; and &ldquo;Management&rsquo;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations,&rdquo; and the <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824001342/tmb-20240630x10q.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Quarterly Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q for the quarter ended June&nbsp;30, 2024 filed with the SEC on August&nbsp;13, 2024</A> as well as other sections in this prospectus and the documents or reports incorporated by reference into this
prospectus, discuss some of the factors that could contribute to these differences.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Please consider our forward-looking
statements in light of those risks as you read this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus. It is
not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which
any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements
we may make. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">You should not assume
that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than as of the date of this prospectus, or that any
information incorporated by reference into this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date of the document so incorporated
by reference. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the
reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes
available in the future. Thus, you should not assume that our silence over time means that actual events are bearing out as expressed
or implied in such forward-looking statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">If one or more of these
or other risks or uncertainties materializes, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially
from what we anticipate. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or individuals acting on our behalf
are expressly qualified in their entirety by this Note. Before purchasing any securities, you should consider carefully all of the factors
set forth or referred to in this prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference that could cause actual results to differ.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions
or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements should be regarded solely as our current plans, estimates and beliefs. We have included important factors in
the cautionary statements included in this document, particularly in the section entitled &ldquo;<I>Risk Factors</I>&rdquo; of this prospectus
that we believe could cause actual results or events to differ materially from the forward-looking statements that we make. Moreover,
we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management
to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of
factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. Given these
risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements
are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any
future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make. You should read this prospectus and the documents
that we have filed as exhibits to this prospectus and incorporated by reference herein completely and with the understanding that our
actual future results may be materially different from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements
we make. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus are made as of the date of this prospectus and we do not assume any
obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required
by applicable law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_003"></A>PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>This summary contains basic information about
us and this offering. Because it is a summary, it does not contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding to
invest in our securities. Before you decide to invest in our securities, you should read this entire prospectus carefully and the documents
incorporated by reference herein, including the information included under the heading titled &ldquo;Risk Factors.&rdquo; Unless we specify
otherwise, all references in this prospectus to &ldquo;Theriva,&rdquo; &ldquo;we,&rdquo; &ldquo;our,&rdquo; &ldquo;us&rdquo; and &ldquo;our
company&rdquo; refer to Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>The Company</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Overview</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are a diversified clinical-stage company developing
therapeutics designed to treat cancer and related diseases in areas of high unmet need. As a result of the acquisition in March&nbsp;2022
of Theriva Biologics, S.L. (&ldquo;VCN&rdquo;, formerly named VCN Biosciences, S.L.), described in more detail below (the &ldquo;Acquisition&rdquo;),
we began transitioning our strategic focus to oncology, which is now our primary focus, through the development of VCN&rsquo;s new oncolytic
adenovirus platform designed for intravenous and intravitreal delivery to trigger tumor cell death, to improve access of co-administered
cancer therapies to the tumor, and to promote a robust and sustained anti-tumor response by the patient&rsquo;s immune system. Our lead
product candidate, VCN-01, a clinical stage oncolytic human adenovirus that is modified for tumor-selective replication and to express
an enzyme, PH20 hyaluronidase, is currently being evaluated in a Phase 2 clinical study for the treatment of pancreatic cancer (&ldquo;Virage&rdquo;),
and has recently been used to treat patients in a Phase 1 clinical study for the treatment of retinoblastoma, and Phase 1 clinical studies
for the treatment of other solid tumors including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Prior to the Acquisition, our focus was on developing
therapeutics designed to treat gastrointestinal (GI) diseases which included our clinical development candidates: (1)&nbsp;SYN-004 (ribaxamase)
which is designed to degrade certain commonly used intravenous (IV)&nbsp;beta-lactam antibiotics within the GI tract to prevent microbiome
damage, thereby preventing overgrowth and infection by pathogenic organisms such&nbsp;<I>Clostridioides difficile</I>&nbsp;infection (CDI)
and vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE), and reducing the incidence and severity of acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD) in allogeneic
hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients, and (2)&nbsp;SYN-020, a recombinant oral formulation of the enzyme intestinal alkaline
phosphatase (IAP) produced under cGMP conditions and intended to treat both local GI and systemic diseases. As part of our strategic transformation
into an oncology focused company, we are exploring value creation options for our SYN-004 and SYN-020 assets, including out-licensing
or partnering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Our Current Product Pipeline</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tm242356_5d2s1aimg003.jpg" ALT=""></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>*Based on management&rsquo;s current beliefs and expectations</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Defined
terms. allo-HCT&nbsp;allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant.&nbsp;CSR&nbsp;clinical study report.&nbsp;HNSCC&nbsp;head and neck squamous
cell carcinoma.&nbsp;IV&nbsp;intravenous.&nbsp;IVit&nbsp;intravitreal</FONT>.&nbsp;For other abbreviations see the text. </P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&sup1;Additional products with preclinical proof-of-concept include
SYN-006 (carbapenemase) to prevent aGVHD and infection by carbapenem resistant enterococci and SYN-007 (ribaxamase) DR to prevent antibiotic
associated diarrhea with oral &beta;-lactam antibiotics.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&sup2;Depending on funding/partnership. SYN-004 may enter an FDA-agreed
Phase 3 clinical trial for the treatment of CDI.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Corporate Information</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Our predecessor, Sheffield
Pharmaceuticals,&nbsp;Inc., was incorporated in 1986, and in 2006 engaged in a reverse merger with Pipex Therapeutics,&nbsp;Inc., a publicly-traded
Delaware corporation formed in 2001. After the reverse merger, we changed our name to Pipex Pharmaceuticals,&nbsp;Inc., and in October&nbsp;2008
we changed our name to Adeona Pharmaceuticals,&nbsp;Inc. On October&nbsp;15, 2009, we engaged in a merger with a wholly owned subsidiary
for the purpose of reincorporating in the State of Nevada. On February&nbsp;15, 2012, we changed our name to Synthetic Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.
On August&nbsp;10, 2018, we effected a one for thirty-five reverse stock split of our authorized, issued and outstanding Common Stock.
On July&nbsp;15, 2022, we effected a one for ten reverse stock split of our authorized, issued and outstanding Common Stock. On October&nbsp;12,
2022, we changed our name to Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. On August&nbsp;26, 2024, we effected a one for twenty-five reverse stock split
of our authorized, issued and outstanding Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
principal executive offices are located at 9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite&nbsp;270, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and our telephone number
is (301) 417-4367. Our website address is </FONT><I><U>www.therivabio.com</U></I>. <FONT STYLE="background-color: white">Information
contained on our website is intended for informational purposes only and is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and it
should not be considered to be part of this prospectus or the&nbsp;</FONT>registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.
The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers like
us that file documents electronically with the SEC. The address of the SEC website is&nbsp;<I>www.sec.gov</I>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Smaller Reporting Company</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are a &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo;
as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;). As a result, we may take advantage of
certain reduced disclosure obligations available to smaller reporting companies, including the exemption from compliance with the auditor
attestation requirements pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2022, reduced disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements
and the requirements to provide only two years of audited financial statements in our annual reports and registration statements. We will
continue to be a &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; as long as (1)&nbsp;we have a public float (i.e., the market value of our common
stock held by non-affiliates) less than $250 million calculated as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal
quarter, or (2)&nbsp;our annual revenues are less than $100 million for our previous fiscal year and we have either no public float or
a public float of less than $700 million as of the end of that fiscal year&rsquo;s second fiscal quarter. Decreased disclosures in our
SEC filings due to our status as a &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; may make it harder for investors to analyze our results of
operations and financial prospects.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_004"></A>THE OFFERING</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>All share information presented herein reflects
a 1-for-25 reverse stock split of our Common Stock, which was effected on&nbsp;August&nbsp;26, 2024.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Securities offered by us:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 76%; text-align: justify">Up to 2,173,913 shares of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrants
to purchase up to 2,173,913 shares of Common Stock, or up to 2,173,913 Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock and accompanying
Common Warrants to purchase up to 2,173,913 shares of Common Stock on a reasonable &ldquo;best efforts&rdquo; basis. The shares of Common
Stock or the Pre-Funded Warrants, and accompanying Common Warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering,
but must initially be purchased together in this offering. The Common Warrants are exercisable immediately, have an exercise price equal
to $[&#9679;], and will expire five years after the date of issuance. This prospectus also relates to the offering of the shares of Common
Stock issuable upon exercise of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants. For more information regarding the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded
Warrants, you should carefully read the section titled &ldquo;<I>Description of Securities to be Registered</I>&rdquo; in this prospectus.</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Pre-funded warrants offered by us in this offering</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">We are also offering to each purchaser whose purchase of shares of Common Stock in this offering would otherwise result in the purchaser, together with its affiliates and certain related parties, beneficially owning more than 4.99% (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%) of our outstanding Common Stock immediately following the consummation of this offering, the opportunity to purchase, if the purchaser so chooses, Pre-Funded Warrants (each Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase one share of our Common Stock) in lieu of shares that would otherwise result in the purchaser&rsquo;s beneficial ownership exceeding 4.99% of our outstanding Common Stock (or, at the election of the purchaser, 9.99%). The purchase price of each Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrant will equal the price at which one share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrant are being sold to the public in this offering, minus $0.001, and the exercise price of each Pre-Funded Warrant will be $0.001 per share. The Pre-Funded Warrants will be exercisable immediately and may be exercised at any time until all of the Pre-Funded Warrants are exercised in full. For each Pre-Funded Warrant we sell, the number of shares of Common Stock we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Reasonable Best Efforts Offering</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify">We
have agreed to issue and sell the securities offered hereby to the purchasers through the Placement Agent. The Placement Agent is not
required to buy or sell any specific number or dollar amount of the securities offered hereby, but will use its reasonable best efforts
to solicit offers to purchase the securities offered by this prospectus. See &ldquo;<I>Plan of Distribution</I>&rdquo; beginning on page&nbsp;23
of this prospectus.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 4.05pt">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.45pt"> <B>Common stock to be outstanding after this offering</B> </P></TD>
    <TD><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> 3,527,775 shares (assuming all of the
    securities we are offering under this prospectus are sold, and assuming no sale of Pre-Funded Warrants, which, if sold, would reduce
    the number of shares of Common Stock that we are offering on a one-for-one basis, and no exercise of the Common Warrants issued in
    this offering). <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.45pt; text-align: justify"> &nbsp; </P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Use of proceeds</B></FONT> </TD>
    <TD><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.45pt; text-align: justify"> Assuming all of the securities we
    are offering under this prospectus are sold at an assumed public offering price of $3.22 per share of Common Stock and accompanying
    Common Warrant and assuming no sale of any Pre-Funded Warrants, we estimate that we will receive approximately $6.2 million in net
    proceeds from this offering, after deducting the estimated placement agent fees and estimated offering expenses. However, this is
    a reasonable best efforts offering with no minimum number of securities or amount of proceeds as a condition to closing, and we may
    not sell all or any of the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus; as a result, we may receive significantly less in net
    proceeds. </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.45pt; text-align: justify"> &nbsp; </P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: justify"> We
    currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering primarily for working capital and general corporate purposes, including
    for research and development and manufacturing scale-up. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to invest in or acquire other
    products, businesses or technologies, although we have no commitments or agreements with respect to any such investments or acquisitions
    as of the date of this prospectus. See &ldquo;<I>Use of Proceeds</I>&rdquo; for additional information.&nbsp;&nbsp; </P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Lock-Up</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 76%">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our directors and officers have agreed with the
    Placement Agent, subject to certain exceptions, not to sell, transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, any of the Common Stock or
    securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for the Common Stock for a period of 90 days after the completion of this offering.
    See &ldquo;<I>Plan of Distribution</I>&rdquo; for more information.</P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.25pt">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risk Factors</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">You should carefully read and consider the information set forth under &ldquo;<I>Risk Factors</I>,&rdquo; together with all of the other information set forth in this prospectus, before deciding to invest in shares of the Common Stock.</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>NYSE American symbol&nbsp;</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Common Stock is listed on the NYSE American under the symbol &ldquo;TOVX&rdquo;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> Except as otherwise indicated, the number
of shares of Common Stock to be outstanding immediately after this offering is based on 1,353,862 shares of our Common Stock outstanding
as of September&nbsp;10, 2024 and excludes: </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">175,191 </FONT>shares of the Common
Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options with a weighted average exercise price of $41.63 per share; and</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">112,640 additional shares
    of the Common Stock reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plans.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_005"></A>RISK FACTORS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Our business, results of operations and financial
condition and the industry in which we operate are subject to various risks. Accordingly, investing in our securities involves a high
degree of risk. This prospectus does not describe all of those risks. You should consider the risk factors described in this prospectus
below, as well as those described under the caption &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; in the documents incorporated by reference herein, including
<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231x10k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><U>our </U>Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2023</A> and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000601/tmb-20240331x10q.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">our Quarterly Reports on Form&nbsp;10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended March&nbsp;31, 2024</A> and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824001342/tmb-20240630x10q.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">June&nbsp;30, 2024</A>, together with the other information contained or incorporated
by reference in this prospectus.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>We have described below and in the documents
incorporated by reference herein the most significant risk factors applicable to us, but they do not constitute all of the risks that
may be applicable to us. New risks may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all potential risks or to assess
the likely impact of all risks. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider these risks as well as other information
we include or incorporate by reference in this prospectus. This prospectus also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks
and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements as a result of
a number of factors, including the risks described below. See the section titled &ldquo;Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.&rdquo;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Risks Related to this Offering</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>We have broad discretion
in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">We will have broad discretion
in the application of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations
or enhance the value of the Common Stock. Our failure to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could have
a material adverse effect on our business, cause the price of our shares of Common Stock to decline and delay the development of our product
candidates. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses
value.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>This is a reasonable best efforts offering,
with no minimum amount of securities required to be sold, and we may sell fewer than all of the securities offered hereby.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Placement Agent has agreed to use its reasonable
best efforts to solicit offers to purchase the securities in this offering. The Placement Agent has no obligation to buy any of the securities
from us or to arrange for the purchase or sale of any specific number or dollar amount of the securities. There is no required minimum
number of securities that must be sold as a condition to completion of this offering, and there can be no assurance that the offering
contemplated hereby will ultimately be consummated. Even if we sell securities offered hereby, because there is no minimum offering amount
required as a condition to closing of this offering, the actual offering amount is not presently determinable and may be substantially
less than the maximum amount set forth on the cover page&nbsp;of this prospectus. We may sell fewer than all of the securities offered
hereby, which may significantly reduce the amount of proceeds received by us. Thus, we may not raise the amount of capital we believe
is required for our operations in the short-term and may need to raise additional funds, which may not be available or available on terms
acceptable to us.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Because there is no minimum required for
the offering to close, investors in this offering will not receive a refund in the event that we do not sell an amount of securities sufficient
to pursue the business goals outlined in this prospectus.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have not specified a minimum offering amount
nor have or will we establish an escrow account in connection with this offering. Because there is no escrow account and no minimum offering
amount, investors could be in a position where they have invested in our company, but we are unable to fulfill our objectives due to a
lack of interest in this offering. Further, because there is no escrow account in operation and no minimum investment amount, any proceeds
from the sale of securities offered by us will be available for our immediate use, despite uncertainty about whether we would be able
to use such funds to effectively implement our business plan. Investor funds will not be returned under any circumstances whether during
or after the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>If the price of the Common Stock fluctuates
significantly, your investment could lose value.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Although the Common Stock is listed on the NYSE
American, we cannot assure you that an active public market will continue for the Common Stock. If an active public market for the Common
Stock does not continue, the trading price and liquidity of the Common Stock will be materially and adversely affected. If there is a
thin trading market or &ldquo;float&rdquo; for our stock, the market price for the Common Stock may fluctuate significantly more than
the stock market as a whole. Without a large float, the Common Stock would be less liquid than the stock of companies with broader public
ownership and, as a result, the trading prices of the Common Stock may be more volatile. In addition, in the absence of an active public
trading market, investors may be unable to liquidate their investment in us. Furthermore, the stock market is subject to significant
price and volume fluctuations, and the price of the Common Stock could fluctuate widely in response to several factors, including:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our quarterly
    or annual operating results;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">changes in
    our earnings estimates;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">investment
    recommendations by securities analysts following our business or our industry;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">additions or
    departures of key personnel;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">our failure to achieve operating results
consistent with securities analysts&rsquo; projections;</P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">results of our clinical trials; and</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">changes in
    industry, general market or economic conditions.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The stock market has experienced extreme price
and volume fluctuations in recent years that have significantly affected the quoted prices of the securities of many companies, including
companies in our industry. The changes often appear to occur without regard to specific operating performance. The price of the Common
Stock could fluctuate based upon factors that have little or nothing to do with our company and these fluctuations could materially reduce
our stock price.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>We do not intend to pay dividends on the
Common Stock, so any returns will be limited to increases, if any, in the Common Stock&rsquo;s value. Your ability to achieve a return
on your investment will depend on appreciation, if any, in the price of the Common Stock.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We currently anticipate that we will retain future
earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for
the foreseeable future. Any future determination to declare dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will
depend on, among other factors, our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, general business conditions and other
factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation in the
value of their stock, if any.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>There is no public market for the Common
Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase shares of the Common Stock being offered by us in this offering.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">There is no established public trading market
for the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase shares of the Common Stock that are being offered as part of this offering,
and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply to list the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants on
any national securities exchange or other nationally recognized trading system, including the NYSE American. Without an active market,
the liquidity of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>The Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants
are speculative in nature.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants offered
hereby do not confer any rights of Common Stock ownership on their holders, such as voting rights, but rather merely represent the right
to acquire shares of the Common Stock at a fixed price. Specifically, commencing on the date of issuance, holders of the Common Warrants
and Pre-Funded Warrants may exercise their right to acquire the shares of the Common Stock upon the payment of an exercise price of $[<FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>]
per share in the case of Common Warrants and an exercise price of $0.001 per share in the case of Pre-Funded Warrants. Moreover, following
this offering, the market value of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants is uncertain and there can be no assurance that the market
value of the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants will equal or exceed their imputed public offering prices. Furthermore, each Common
Warrant will expire five years from the original issuance date and each Pre-Funded Warrant will not expire until it has been exercised
in full. In the event the price of the Common Stock does not exceed the exercise price of the Common Warrants during the period when such
Common Warrants are exercisable, the Common Warrants may not have any value. There is no established public trading market for the Common
Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants being offered in this offering, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not intend
to apply to list the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system, including
NYSE American. Without an active market, the liquidity of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants will be limited.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Holders of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded
Warrants will have no rights as a common stockholder until they acquire shares of the Common Stock.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants in
this offering do not confer any rights of share ownership on their holders, but rather merely represent the right to acquire shares of
the Common Stock at a fixed price. Until holders of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants acquire shares of the Common Stock upon
exercise of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants, as applicable, holders of Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants will have no
rights with respect to our shares of Common Stock underlying such Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Provisions of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded
Warrants offered by this prospectus could discourage an acquisition of us by a third party.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In addition to the provisions of our articles
of incorporation, as amended and our second amended and restated bylaws, certain provisions of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants
offered by this prospectus could make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire us. The Common Warrants and Pre-Funded
Warrants prohibit us from engaging in certain transactions constituting &ldquo;fundamental transactions&rdquo; unless, among other things,
the surviving entity assumes our obligations under the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants, as applicable. These and other provisions
of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants offered by this prospectus could prevent or deter a third party from acquiring us even
where the acquisition could be beneficial to you.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>We may not receive
any additional funds upon the exercise of the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Each Common Warrant and
each Pre-Funded Warrant may be exercised by way of a cashless exercise under certain circumstances, meaning that the holder may not pay
a cash purchase price upon exercise, but instead would receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of Common Stock determined
according to the formula set forth in the Common Warrant or Pre-Funded Warrant, respectively. Accordingly, we may not receive any additional
funds upon the exercise of the Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>If we sell Common Stock or preferred stock
in the future, stockholders may experience immediate dilution and, as a result, our stock price may decline.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We may from time-to-time issue additional shares
of Common Stock or preferred stock at a discount from the current trading price of the Common Stock. As a result, our stockholders could
experience immediate dilution upon the purchase of any shares sold at such discount. In addition, as opportunities present themselves,
we may enter into financing or similar arrangements in the future, including the issuance of debt securities, Common Stock or preferred
stock. If we issue Common Stock or securities convertible into Common Stock, the holders of the Common Stock could experience additional
dilution and, as a result, our stock price may decline.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In addition, to the extent that any Common Warrants,
Pre-Funded Warrants or options are exercised, new options or restricted stock units are issued under our equity incentive plans, or we
otherwise issue additional shares of Common Stock in the future, at a price less than the public offering price, our stockholders could
experience dilution.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>Purchasers who
purchase our securities in this offering pursuant to a securities purchase agreement may have rights not available to purchasers that
purchase without the benefit of a securities purchase agreement.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">In addition to rights
and remedies available to all purchasers in this offering under federal securities and state law, the purchasers that enter into a securities
purchase agreement will also be able to bring claims of breach of contract against us. The ability to pursue a claim for breach of contract
provides those investors with the means to enforce the covenants uniquely available to them under the securities purchase agreement including,
but not limited to: (i)&nbsp;timely delivery of securities; (ii)&nbsp;agreement to not enter into any financings for 60 days from closing;
and (iii)&nbsp;indemnification for breach of contract.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Even though the 1-for-25 reverse stock split increased the market
price of our Common Stock, there can be no assurance that our increased stock price will remain at a price that will be sufficient in
order to continue to meet any requirements and policies of the NYSE American or that resulting market price will attract new investors.</I></B>&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">There can be no assurance that the increased stock
price resulting from the 1-for-25 reverse stock split that we effected on August 26, 2024 will be sufficient in order to allow us to continue
to meet any requirements and policies of the NYSE American or that our Common Stock will remain listed on the NYSE American. Although
we believe that the higher market price of our Common Stock resulting from the reverse stock split may help generate greater or broader
investor interest, there can be no assurance that the resulting share price will attract new investors, including institutional investors.
In addition, there can be no assurance that the market price of our Common Stock will satisfy the investing requirements of those investors.
As a result, the trading liquidity of our Common Stock may not necessarily improve.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_006"></A>USE OF PROCEEDS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> We estimate that we will receive net
proceeds from this offering of approximately $6.2 million (assuming the sale of the maximum number of securities offered hereby),
based upon an assumed public offering price of $3.22 per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrant (which is the last
reported sale price of the Common Stock on the NYSE American on September&nbsp;5, 2024), after deducting the estimated Placement
Agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us and assuming no sale of any Pre-Funded Warrants and no exercise of the
Common Warrants. However, because this is a reasonable best efforts offering with no minimum number of securities or amount of
proceeds as a condition to closing, the actual offering amount, Placement Agent fees, and net proceeds to us are not presently
determinable and may be substantially less than the maximum amounts set forth on the cover page&nbsp;of this prospectus, and we may
not sell all or any of the securities we are offering. As a result, we may receive significantly less in net proceeds. Based on the
assumption that we sell the maximum dollar amount of securities registered hereby, we estimate that our net proceeds from the sale
of 75%, 50%, and 25% of the securities offered in this offering would be approximately $4.5 million, $2.9 million, and $1.3 million,
respectively, after deducting the estimated Placement Agent fees and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and assuming no sale
of any Pre-Funded Warrants and assuming no exercise of the Common Warrants. We will only receive additional proceeds from the
exercise of the Common Warrants we are selling in this offering if the Common Warrants are exercised for cash. We cannot predict
when or if these Common Warrants will be exercised. It is possible that these Common Warrant may expire and may never be
exercised. </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each $0.50 increase (decrease) in the assumed
public offering price of $3.22 per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrant (which is the last reported sale price of the
Common Stock on the NYSE American on September 5, 2024) would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately
$1.0 million, assuming the number of securities offered, as set forth on the cover page&nbsp;of this prospectus, remains the same, and
after deducting estimated offering expenses payable by us and assuming no sale of any Pre-Funded Warrants and assuming no exercise of
the Common Warrants. Each 100,000 share increase (decrease) in the number of securities offered by us in this offering would increase
(decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately $0.3 million, assuming that the price per share of Common Stock
and accompanying Common Warrant for the offering remains at $3.22 (which is the last reported sale price of the Common Stock on the NYSE
American on September 5, 2024), and after deducting the estimated offering expenses payable by us and assuming no sale of any Pre-Funded
Warrants and assuming no exercise of the Common Warrants included in the securities in the offering. Each 500,000 share increase (decrease)
in the number of securities offered by us in this offering would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by approximately
$1.5 million, assuming that the price per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrant for the offering remains at $3.22 (which
is the last reported sale price of the Common Stock on the NYSE American on September 5, 2024), and after deducting the estimated offering
expenses payable by us and assuming no exercise of the Common Warrants included in the securities in the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> We currently intend to use the net proceeds
from this offering primarily for working capital and general corporate purposes, including for research and development and manufacturing
scale-up. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to invest in or acquire other products, businesses or technologies, although
we have no commitments or agreements with respect to any such investments or acquisitions as of the date of this prospectus. </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">These estimates exclude the proceeds, if any,
from the exercise of Common Warrants offered hereby. If all of the Common Warrants offered hereby were to be exercised in cash at the
exercise price of $[<FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>] per share, we would receive additional proceeds of approximately $[<FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>] million. We cannot predict when
or if these Common Warrants will be exercised. It is possible that these Common Warrants may expire and may never be exercised. Additionally,
these Common Warrants contain a cashless exercise provision that permit exercise of such Common Warrants on a cashless basis at any time
when there is no effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the issuance of the underlying shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The amounts and timing of any expenditures will
vary depending on the amount of cash generated by our operations, and the rate of growth, if any, of our business, and our plans and business
conditions. The foregoing represents our intentions as of the date of this prospectus based upon our current plans and business conditions
to use and allocate the net proceeds of the offering. However, our management will have significant flexibility and discretion in the
timing and application of the net proceeds of the offering. Unforeseen events or changed business conditions may result in application
of the proceeds of the offering in a manner other than as described in this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">To the extent that the net proceeds we receive
from the offering are not immediately applied for the above purposes, we plan to invest the net proceeds in short-term, investment-grade,
interest-bearing instruments and U.S. government securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_007"></A>DIVIDEND POLICY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have never declared or paid any cash dividends
on the Common Stock and we do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends on the Common Stock in the foreseeable future. We expect
to retain all available funds and future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. Any future determination
to pay dividends, if any, on the Common Stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other factors,
the terms of any outstanding preferred stock, our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements and contractual restrictions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_008"></A>DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>The following is a description of the material
terms of our capital stock. This is a summary only and does not purport to be complete. It is subject to and qualified in its entirety
by reference to our Articles of Incorporation and our Bylaws, each of which are incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the registration
statement of which this prospectus forms a part. We encourage you to read our Articles of Incorporation, our Bylaws and the applicable
provisions of the Nevada Revised Statute (the &ldquo;NRS&rdquo;), for additional information.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our authorized capital stock consists of:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">14,000,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> <I>Outstanding Shares</I>. As of September&nbsp;10,
2024, there were 1,353,862 shares of Common Stock outstanding. </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Voting
Rights</I></FONT>. The holders of the Common Stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to
a vote of the stockholders, including the election of directors, and do not have cumulative voting rights. Accordingly, the holders of
a majority of the shares of the Common Stock entitled to vote in any election of directors can elect all of the directors standing for
election.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Dividend
Rights</I></FONT>. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any then outstanding preferred stock, the holders of Common Stock
are entitled to receive dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our board of directors out of legally available funds.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Liquidation
Rights</I></FONT>. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of the Common Stock will be entitled to share ratably
in the net assets legally available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all of our debts and other liabilities, subject
to the satisfaction of any liquidation preference granted to the holders of any then outstanding shares of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Other
Rights and Preferences</I></FONT>. The holders of the Common Stock have no preemptive, conversion or subscription rights, and there are
no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the Common Stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of the
Common Stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of our preferred stock
that we may designate and issue in the future.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><I>Fully
Paid and Nonassessable</I></FONT>. All of our outstanding shares of Common Stock are fully paid and nonassessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Preferred Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our Board of Directors has the authority, without
action by our stockholders, to designate and issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series or classes and to
designate the rights, preferences and privileges of each series or class, which may be greater than the rights of the Common Stock. It
is not possible to state the actual effect of the issuance of any shares of preferred stock upon the rights of holders of the Common Stock
until our Board of Directors determines the specific rights of the holders of the preferred stock. However, the effects might include:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.75in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.3in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">restricting dividends on the Common Stock;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.75in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.3in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">diluting the voting power of the Common Stock;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.75in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.3in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">impairing liquidation rights of the Common Stock; or</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.75in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 0.3in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">delaying or preventing a change in control of us without further action by our
stockholders.</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Board of Directors&rsquo; authority to issue
preferred stock without stockholder approval could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire control of our company and could
discourage such attempt. We have 120,000 shares of preferred stock designated as Series&nbsp;A Convertible Preferred Stock, 15,723 shares
of preferred stock designated as Series&nbsp;B Convertible Preferred Stock, 275,000 shares of preferred stock designated as Series&nbsp;C
Convertible Preferred Stock, and 100,000 shares of preferred stock designated as Series&nbsp;D Convertible Preferred Stock. We currently
do not have any shares of preferred stock outstanding and have no present plans to issue any shares of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Anti-Takeover Effects of Nevada Law</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The provisions of NRS, our Articles of Incorporation
and our Bylaws described below may have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of us.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Business Combinations</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The &ldquo;business combination&rdquo; provisions
of Sections 78.411 to 78.444, inclusive, of the NRS generally prohibit a Nevada corporation with at least 200 stockholders from engaging
in various &ldquo;combination&rdquo; transactions with any interested stockholder for a period of two years after the date of the transaction
in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the transaction is approved by the board of directors prior to the date
the interested stockholder obtained such status or the combination is approved by the board of directors and thereafter is approved at
a meeting of the stockholders by the affirmative vote of stockholders representing at least 60% of the outstanding voting power held
by disinterested stockholders, and extends beyond the expiration of the two-year period, unless:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top; width: 0.25in; padding-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the combination
    was approved by the board of directors prior to the person becoming an interested stockholder or the transaction by which the person
    first became an interested stockholder was approved by the board of directors before the person became an interested stockholder
    or the combination is later approved by a majority of the voting power held by disinterested stockholders; or</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top; padding-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">if the consideration to
    be paid by the interested stockholder is at least equal to the highest of: (a)&nbsp;the highest price per share paid by the interested
    stockholder within the two years immediately preceding the date of the announcement of the combination or in the transaction in which
    it became an interested stockholder, whichever is higher, (b)&nbsp;the market value per share of Common Stock on the date of announcement
    of the combination and the date the interested stockholder acquired the shares, whichever is higher, or (c)&nbsp;for holders of preferred
    stock, the highest liquidation value of the preferred stock, if it is higher.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A &ldquo;combination&rdquo; is generally defined
to include mergers or consolidations or any sale, lease exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer, or other disposition, in one transaction
or a series of transactions, with an &ldquo;interested stockholder&rdquo; having: (a)&nbsp;an aggregate market value equal to 5% or more
of the aggregate market value of the assets of the corporation, (b)&nbsp;an aggregate market value equal to 5% or more of the aggregate
market value of all outstanding shares of the corporation, (c)&nbsp;10% or more of the earning power or net income of the corporation,
and (d)&nbsp;certain other transactions with an interested stockholder or an affiliate or associate of an interested stockholder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In general, an &ldquo;interested stockholder&rdquo;
is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns (or within two years, did own) 10% or more of a corporation&rsquo;s voting
stock. The statute could prohibit or delay mergers or other takeover or change in control attempts and, accordingly, may discourage attempts
to acquire our company even though such a transaction may offer our stockholders the opportunity to sell their stock at a price above
the prevailing market price.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Control Share Acquisitions</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The &ldquo;control share&rdquo; provisions of
Sections 78.378 to 78.3793, inclusive, of the NRS apply to &ldquo;issuing corporations&rdquo; that are Nevada corporations with at least
200 stockholders, including at least 100 stockholders of record who are Nevada residents, and that conduct business directly or indirectly
in Nevada. The control share statute prohibits an acquirer, under certain circumstances, from voting its shares of a target corporation&rsquo;s
stock after crossing certain ownership threshold percentages, unless the acquirer obtains approval of the target corporation&rsquo;s disinterested
stockholders. The statute specifies three thresholds: one-fifth or more but less than one-third, one-third but less than a majority, and
a majority or more, of the outstanding voting power. Generally, once an acquirer crosses one of the above thresholds, those shares in
an offer or acquisition and acquired within 90 days thereof become &ldquo;control shares&rdquo; and such control shares are deprived of
the right to vote until disinterested stockholders restore the right. These provisions also provide that if control shares are accorded
full voting rights and the acquiring person has acquired a majority or more of all voting power, all other stockholders who do not vote
in favor of authorizing voting rights to the control shares are entitled to demand payment for the fair value of their shares in accordance
with statutory procedures established for dissenters&rsquo; rights.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A corporation may elect to not be governed by,
or &ldquo;opt out&rdquo; of, the control share provisions by making an election in its articles of incorporation or bylaws, provided that
the opt-out election must be in place on the 10th day following the date an acquiring person has acquired a controlling interest, that
is, crossing any of the three thresholds described above. We have not opted out of the control share statutes, and will be subject to
these statutes if we are an &ldquo;issuing corporation&rdquo; as defined in such statutes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The effect of the Nevada control share statutes
is that the acquiring person, and those acting in association with the acquiring person, will obtain only such voting rights in the control
shares as are conferred by a resolution of the stockholders at an annual or special meeting. The Nevada control share law, if applicable,
could have the effect of discouraging takeovers of our company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws provide
that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the authorized number of directors is determined by our board of directors;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">directors may be removed only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of our voting stock, whether for cause or without cause;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our Bylaws may be amended or repealed by our board of directors or by the affirmative vote of our stockholders;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">special meetings of the stockholders may be called by Chairman of the board, if any, the Vice Chairman of the board, if any, or the President or by any two directors;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our board of directors may fill vacancies on the board of directors;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our board of directors will be authorized to issue, without stockholder approval, preferred stock, the rights of which will be determined at the discretion of the board of directors and that, if issued, could operate as a &ldquo;poison pill&rdquo; to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer to prevent an acquisition that our board of directors does not approve;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our stockholders do not have cumulative voting rights, and therefore our stockholders holding a majority of the shares of Common Stock outstanding will be able to elect all of our directors; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">our stockholders must comply with advance notice provisions to bring business before or nominate directors for election at a stockholder meeting.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Potential Effects of Authorized but Unissued
Stock</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have shares of Common Stock available for future
issuance without stockholder approval. We may utilize these additional shares for a variety of corporate purposes, including future public
offerings to raise additional capital, to facilitate corporate acquisitions or payment as a dividend on the capital stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The existence of unissued and unreserved Common
Stock may enable our board of directors to issue shares to persons friendly to current management.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Limitations of Director Liability and Indemnification
of Directors, Officers and Employees</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">NRS 78.138 provides that directors of a corporation
is not individually liable to the corporation or its stockholders or creditors for any damages as a result of any act or failure to act
in his or her capacity as a director or officer unless: (a)&nbsp;the presumption that directors and officers acted in good faith on an
informed basis with a view toward the best interest of the corporation has been rebutted and (b)&nbsp;it is proven that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The director&rsquo;s or officer&rsquo;s act or failure to act constituted a breach of his or her fiduciary duties as a director or officer; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">such breach involved intentional misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws provide
that we will indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by law and may indemnify employees and other agents.
Our Articles of Incorporation also provide that we are obligated to advance expenses incurred by a director or officer in advance of the
final disposition of any action or proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have obtained a policy of directors&rsquo;
and officers&rsquo; liability insurance.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have entered into separate indemnification
agreements with our directors and officers. These agreements, among other things, require us to indemnify our directors and officers for
any and all expenses (including reasonable attorneys&rsquo; fees, retainers, court costs, transcript costs, fees of experts, witness fees,
travel expenses, duplicating costs, printing and binding costs, telephone charges, postage, delivery service fees) judgments, fines and
amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such directors or officers or on his or her behalf in connection with any
action or proceeding arising out of their services as one of our directors or officers, or any of our subsidiaries or any other company
or enterprise to which the person provides services at our request provided that such person follows the procedures for determining entitlement
to indemnification and advancement of expenses set forth in the indemnification agreement. We believe that these bylaw provisions and
indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The limitation of liability and indemnification
provisions in our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach
of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though an
action, if successful, might provide a benefit to us and our stockholders. Our results of operations and financial condition may be harmed
to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising
under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us, we have been informed that, in the opinion
of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">At present, there is no pending litigation or
proceeding involving any of our directors or officers as to which indemnification is required or permitted, and we are not aware of any
threatened litigation or proceeding that may result in a claim for indemnification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Listing of the Common Stock on the NYSE American
LLC</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Common Stock is listed for trading on the
NYSE American LLC under the symbol &ldquo;TOVX.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Transfer Agent and Registrar</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The transfer agent and registrar for the Common
Stock is Equiniti Trust Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Stock Options</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As of September&nbsp;10, 2024, we had options
outstanding to purchase an aggregate of 175,191 shares of Common Stock that were issued under our equity compensation plans. As of September&nbsp;10,
2024, there were 112,640 shares of Common Stock reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plan.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_009"></A>DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES TO BE REGISTERED</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are offering up to 2,173,913 shares of Common
Stock, or Pre-Funded Warrants in lieu of shares of Common Stock, along with Common Warrants to purchase up to 2,173,913 shares of Common
Stock. For each Pre-Funded Warrant we sell, the number of shares of Common Stock we are offering will be decreased on a one-for-one basis.
Each share of Common Stock or Pre-Funded Warrant is being sold together with a Common Warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock. The
shares of Common Stock or Pre-Funded Warrants and accompanying Common Warrants will be issued separately. We are also registering the
shares of Common Stock issuable from time to time upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants offered hereby and the Common Warrants offered
hereby.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Common
Stock.</B></FONT> See the description above under &ldquo;Description of our Capital Stock- Common Stock&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Common Warrants to
be Issued in this Offering</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>The following summary of certain terms and
provisions of the Common Warrants included with the Common Stock that are being offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and
qualified in its entirety by, the provisions of the Common Warrants, the form of which is filed as an exhibit to our registration statement
of which this prospectus forms a part.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Duration and Exercise Price</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each Common Warrant offered hereby will be a warrant
to purchase one share of Common Stock and will have an initial exercise price equal to $[<FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>]&nbsp;per share ([<FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT>]% of the assumed
public offering price per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrant, which is based on the closing price of the Common Stock
on the NYSE American on September&nbsp;5, 2024 of $3.22). The Common Warrants will be exercisable immediately upon issuance and will expire
five years from the date of issuance. The exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise is subject to appropriate
adjustment in the event of share dividends, share splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting the Common Stock and the exercise
price. Subject to the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the applicable trading market, we may at any time during the term of the Common Warrant,
subject to the prior written consent of the holders, reduce the then current exercise price to any amount and for any period of time deemed
appropriate by our board of directors. The Common Warrants will be issued separately from the shares of Common Stock, or the Pre-Funded
Warrants, as the case may be.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Exercisability</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Common Warrants will be exercisable, at the
option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the
number of shares of Common Stock purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder
(together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Common Warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than 4.99%
of the outstanding shares of our common warrant immediately after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days&rsquo; prior notice from
the holder to us, the holder may increase the amount of beneficial ownership of outstanding shares after exercising the holder&rsquo;s
Common Warrants up to 9.99% of the number of our shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as
such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Common Warrants. Purchasers of Common Warrants in this offering
may also elect prior to the issuance of the Common Warrants to have the initial exercise limitation set at 9.99% of our outstanding shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Cashless Exercise</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If, at the time a holder exercises its Common
Warrants, a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Common Warrants under the Securities
Act is not then effective or available for the issuance of such shares, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated
to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price and subject to the nominal value of the shares being paid
up as described below, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise (either in whole or in part) the net number of shares
determined according to a formula set forth in the Common Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Fractional Shares</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">No fractional shares of Common Stock or scrip
representing fractional shares will be issued upon the exercise of the Common Warrants. Rather, the number of shares of Common Stock to
be issued will, at our election, either be rounded up to the next whole share or we will pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final
fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Transferability</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Subject to applicable laws, a Common Warrant may
be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the Common Warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer
and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon such transfer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Trading Market</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">There is no trading market available for the Common
Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system, and we do not expect a trading market to develop. We do not
intend to list the Common Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading market. Without a trading market, the liquidity
of the Common Warrants will be extremely limited. The shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Common Warrants are currently
traded on the NYSE American.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Right as a Stockholder</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Except as otherwise provided in the Common Warrants
or by virtue of such holder&rsquo;s ownership of Common Stock, the holders of the Common Warrants do not have the rights or privileges
of holders of shares of Common Stock, including any voting rights, until they exercise their Common Warrants. The Common Warrants will
provide that holders have the right to participate in distributions or dividends paid on Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B><I>Fundamental Transaction</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In the event of a fundamental transaction, as
described in the Common Warrants and generally including (i)&nbsp;our merger or consolidation with or into another person, (ii)&nbsp;the
sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, (iii)&nbsp;any
purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer pursuant to which holders of our Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange
their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of our outstanding Common Stock
or 50% or more of the voting power of our common equity, (iv)&nbsp;any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of our shares
of Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange or (v)&nbsp;any stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination with
another person or group of persons whereby such other person or group acquires 50% or more of our outstanding shares of Common Stock or
50% or more of the voting power of our common equity, the holders will be entitled to receive the number of shares of the Common Stock
for which the Common Warrant is exercisable immediately prior to the occurrence of such fundamental transaction on a net exercise basis.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event of a fundamental transaction, the holders of the Common Warrants have the right to require
us or a successor entity to redeem the Common Warrants for cash in the amount of the Black Scholes Value (as defined in each warrant)
of the unexercised portion of the Common Warrants concurrently with or within 30 days following the consummation of a fundamental transaction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">However, in the event of a fundamental transaction
which is not in our control, including a fundamental transaction not approved by our board of directors, the holders of the Common Warrants
will only be entitled to receive from us or our successor entity, as of the date of consummation of such fundamental transaction the same
type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion), at the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of the Common Warrant
that is being offered and paid to the holders of the Common Stock in connection with the fundamental transaction, whether that consideration
is in the form of cash, stock or any combination of cash and stock, or whether the holders of the Common Stock are given the choice to
receive alternative forms of consideration in connection with the fundamental transaction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Pre-Funded Warrants to be Issued in this Offering</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>The following summary of certain terms and
provisions of the Pre-Funded Warrants that are being offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by,
the provisions of the Pre-Funded Warrant, the form of which is filed as an exhibit to our registration statement of which this prospectus
forms a part. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions of the form of Pre-Funded Warrant for a complete
description of the terms and conditions of the Pre-Funded Warrants.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Duration and Exercise Price</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each Pre-Funded Warrant offered hereby will have
an initial exercise price per share equal to $0.001. The Pre-Funded Warrants will be immediately exercisable and will expire when exercised
in full. The exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event
of share dividends, share splits, reorganizations or similar events affecting our shares of Common Stock and the exercise price. Subject
to the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the applicable trading market, we may at any time during the term of the Pre-Funded Warrant, subject
to the prior written consent of the holders, reduce the then current exercise price to any amount and for any period of time deemed appropriate
by our board of directors. The Pre-Funded Warrants will be issued separately from the common warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Exercisability</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Pre-Funded Warrants will be exercisable, at
the option of each holder, in whole or in part, by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for
the number of shares of Common Stock purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). A holder
(together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Pre-Funded Warrant to the extent that the holder would own more than
4.99% of the outstanding shares of the Common Stock immediately after exercise, except that upon at least 61 days&rsquo; prior notice
from the holder to us, the holder may increase the amount of beneficial ownership of outstanding shares after exercising the holder&rsquo;s
Pre-Funded Warrants up to 9.99% of the number of our shares outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage
ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the Pre-Funded Warrants. Purchasers of Pre-Funded Warrants in this offering may
also elect prior to the issuance of the Pre-Funded Warrants to have the initial exercise limitation set at 9.99% of our outstanding shares
of Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Cashless Exercise</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If, at the time a holder exercises its Pre-Funded
Warrants, a registration statement registering the issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Pre-Funded Warrants under the
Securities Act is not then effective or available for the issuance of such shares, then in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated
to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, the holder may elect instead to receive upon such exercise
(either in whole or in part) the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to a formula set forth in the Pre-Funded Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Fractional Shares</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">No fractional shares of Common Stock or scrip
representing fractional shares will be issued upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants. Rather, the number of shares of Common Stock
to be issued will, at our election, either be rounded up to the next whole share or we will pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final
fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the exercise price.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Transferability</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Subject to applicable laws, a Pre-Funded Warrant
may be transferred at the option of the holder upon surrender of the Pre-Funded Warrant to us together with the appropriate instruments
of transfer and funds sufficient to pay any transfer taxes payable upon such transfer.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Trading Market</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">There is no trading market available for the Pre-Funded
Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system, and we do not expect a trading market to develop. We do not
intend to list the Pre-Funded Warrants on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading market. Without a trading market, the
liquidity of Pre-Funded Warrants will be extremely limited. The shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants
are currently traded on the NYSE American.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Right as a Stockholder</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Except as otherwise provided in the Pre-Funded
Warrants or by virtue of such holder&rsquo;s ownership of Common Stock, the holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants do not have the rights
or privileges of holders of the Common Stock, including any voting rights, until they exercise their Pre-Funded Warrants. The Pre-Funded
Warrants will provide that holders have the right to participate in distributions or dividends paid on Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Fundamental Transaction</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In the event of a fundamental transaction, as
described in the Pre-Funded Warrants and generally including (i)&nbsp;our merger or consolidation with or into another person, (ii)&nbsp;the
sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of our assets, (iii)&nbsp;any
purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer pursuant to which holders of the Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange
their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of our outstanding Common Stock
or 50% or more of the voting power of our common equity, (iv)&nbsp;any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization of our shares
of Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange or (v)&nbsp;any stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination with
another person or group of persons whereby such other person or group acquires 50% or more of our outstanding shares of Common Stock or
50% or more of the voting power of our common equity, the holders of the Pre-Funded Warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise
of the Pre-Funded Warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised
the Pre-Funded Warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction on a net exercise basis.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_010"></A>MATERIAL UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The following discussion
describes the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the Common Stock, Pre-Funded
Warrants and Common Warrants acquired in this offering. This discussion is based on the current provisions of the Internal Revenue Code
of 1986, as amended, referred to as the Code, existing and proposed U.S. Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, and administrative
rulings and court decisions in effect as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change at any time, possibly with retroactive
effect. No ruling has been or will be sought from the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS, with respect to the matters discussed below, and
there can be no assurance the IRS will not take a contrary position regarding the tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership or disposition
of the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants, or that any such contrary position would not be sustained by a court.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">We assume in this discussion
that the shares of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants will be held as capital assets (generally, property held for
investment). This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxes, does not discuss the potential application of
the Medicare contribution tax or the alternative minimum tax and does not address state or local taxes or U.S. federal gift and estate
tax laws, except as specifically provided below with respect to non-U.S. holders, or any non-U.S. tax consequences that may be relevant
to holders in light of their particular circumstances. This discussion also does not address the special tax rules&nbsp;applicable to
particular holders, such as:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">persons who
    acquired the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants s as compensation for services;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">traders in
    securities that elect to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for their securities holdings;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">persons that
    own, or are deemed to own, more than 5% of the Common Stock (except to the extent specifically set forth below);</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">persons required
    for U.S. federal income tax purposes to conform the timing of income accruals to their financial statements under Section&nbsp;451(b)&nbsp;of
    the Code (except to the extent specifically set forth below);</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">persons for
    whom the Common Stock constitutes &ldquo;qualified small business stock&rdquo; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;1202 of the Code
    or &ldquo;Section&nbsp;1244 stock&rdquo; for purposes of Section&nbsp;1244 of the Code;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">persons deemed
    to sell the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants under the constructive sale provisions of the Code;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">banks or other
    financial institutions;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">brokers or
    dealers in securities or currencies;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">tax-exempt
    organizations or tax-qualified retirement plans;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">pension plans;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">regulated investment
    companies or real estate investment trusts;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">persons that
    hold the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants as part of a straddle, hedge, conversion transaction, synthetic security
    or other integrated investment;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">insurance companies;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">controlled
    foreign corporations, passive foreign investment companies, or corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income
    tax; and</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">certain U.S.
    expatriates, former citizens, or long-term residents of the United States.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">In addition, this discussion
does not address the tax treatment of partnerships (including any entity or arrangement classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income
tax purposes) or other pass-through entities or persons who hold shares of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants through
such partnerships or other entities which are pass-through entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If such a partnership or other
pass-through entity holds shares of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants, the treatment of a partner in such partnership
or investor in such other pass-through entity generally will depend on the status of the partner or investor and upon the activities of
the partnership or other pass-through entity. A partner in such a partnership and an investor in such other pass-through entity that will
hold shares of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants should consult his, her or its own tax advisor regarding the tax consequences
of the ownership and disposition of shares of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants through such partnership or other pass-through
entity, as applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>This discussion of
U.S. federal income tax considerations is for general information purposes only and is not tax advice. Prospective investors should consult
their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. income and other tax considerations of acquiring, holding
and disposing of the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">For the purposes of this
discussion, a &ldquo;U.S. Holder&rdquo; means a beneficial owner of shares of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants that
is for U.S. federal income tax purposes (a)&nbsp;an individual citizen or resident of the United States, (b)&nbsp;a corporation (or other
entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes), created or organized in or under the laws of the United States,
any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (c)&nbsp;an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless
of its source, or (d)&nbsp;a trust if it (1)&nbsp;is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and one or
more U.S. persons (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;7701(a)(30) of the Code) has the authority to control all substantial decisions
of the trust or (2)&nbsp;has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a domestic trust.
A &ldquo;Non-U.S. Holder&rdquo; is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, a beneficial owner of shares of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants
or Common Warrants that is not a U.S. Holder or a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Potential Acceleration
of Income</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Under tax legislation
signed into law in December&nbsp;2017 commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, U.S. Holders that use an accrual method of
accounting for tax purposes and have certain financial statements generally will be required to include certain amounts in income no later
than the time such amounts are taken into account as revenue in such financial statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">In addition, under the
Inflation Reduction Act signed into law on August&nbsp;16, 2022, certain large corporations (generally, corporations reporting at least
$1 billion average adjusted pre-tax net income on their consolidated financial statements) are potentially subject to a 15% alternative
minimum tax on the &ldquo;adjusted financial statement income&rdquo; of such large corporations for tax years beginning after December&nbsp;31,
2022. The U.S. Treasury Department, the IRS, and other standard-setting bodies are expected to issue guidance on how the alternative minimum
tax provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act will be applied or otherwise administered.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The application of these
rules&nbsp;thus may require the accrual of income earlier than would be the case under the general tax rules&nbsp;described below, although
the precise application of these rules&nbsp;is unclear at this time. U.S. Holders that use an accrual method of accounting should consult
with their tax advisors regarding the potential applicability of this legislation to their particular situation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Treatment of Pre-Funded
Warrants</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Although it is not entirely
free from doubt, a Pre-Funded Warrants should be treated as a share of Common Stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes and a holder
of Pre-Funded Warrants should generally be taxed in the same manner as a holder of Common Stock, as described below. Accordingly, no gain
or loss should be recognized upon the exercise of a Pre-Funded Warrant and, upon exercise, the holding period of a Pre-Funded Warrant
should carry over to the share of Common Stock received. Similarly, the tax basis of the Pre-Funded Warrant should carry over to the share
of Common Stock received upon exercise, increased by the exercise price of $0.001 per share. Each holder should consult his, her or its
own tax advisor regarding the risks associated with the acquisition of Pre-Funded Warrants pursuant to this offering (including potential
alternative characterizations). The balance of this discussion generally assumes that the characterization described above is respected
for U.S. federal income tax purposes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"><B>Allocation of Purchase Price</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">For U.S. federal income
tax purposes, each share of Common Stock (or, in lieu of Common Stock, each Pre-Funded Warrant t) and the accompanying Common Warrants
issued pursuant to this offering will be treated as an &ldquo;investment unit&rdquo; each of which consisting of one share of Common Stock
or one Pre-Funded Warrant (which, as described above, should generally be treated as a share of Common Stock for U.S. federal income tax
purposes), as applicable and the accompanying Common Warrant to acquire one share of Common Stock. The purchase price for each investment
unit will be allocated between these components in proportion to their relative fair market values at the time the unit is purchased by
the holder. This allocation of the purchase price for each unit will establish the holder&rsquo;s initial tax basis for U.S. federal income
tax purposes in the share of Common Stock (or, in lieu of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrant) and the common warrant included in each unit.
The separation of the share of Common Stock (or, in lieu of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrant) and the Common Warrant included in a unit
should not be a taxable event for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Each holder should consult his, her or its own tax advisor regarding
the allocation of the purchase price between the Common Stock (or, in lieu of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants) and the Common Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Tax Considerations
Applicable to U.S. Holders</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>Exercise and Expiration
of Common Warrants</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Except as discussed below
with respect to the cashless exercise of a Common Warrant, a U.S. Holder generally will not recognize gain or loss for U.S. federal income
tax purposes upon exercise of a Common Warrant. The U.S. Holder will take a tax basis in the shares acquired on the exercise of a Common
Warrant equal to the exercise price of the Common Warrant, increased by the U.S. Holder&rsquo;s adjusted tax basis in the Common Warrant
exercised (as determined pursuant to the rules&nbsp;discussed above). The U.S. Holder&rsquo;s holding period in the shares of Common Stock
acquired on the exercise of a Common Warrant will begin on the date of exercise or possibly the day after such exercise, and will not
include any period for which the U.S. Holder held the Common Warrant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The lapse or expiration
of a Common Warrant will be treated as if the U.S. Holder sold or exchanged the Common Warrant and recognized a capital loss equal to
the U.S. Holder&rsquo;s tax basis in the Common Warrant. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The tax consequences
of a cashless exercise of a Common Warrant are not clear under current tax law. A cashless exercise may be tax-free, either because the
exercise is not a realization event or because the exercise is treated as a recapitalization for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In
either tax-free situation, a U.S. Holder&rsquo;s tax basis in the Common Stock received generally would equal the U.S. Holder&rsquo;s
tax basis in the Common Warrants. If the cashless exercise was not a realization event, it is unclear whether a U.S. Holder&rsquo;s holding
period for the Common Stock would be treated as commencing on the date of exercise of the Common Warrant or the day following the date
of exercise of the Common Warrant. If the cashless exercise were treated as a recapitalization, the holding period of the Common Stock
would include the holding period of the Common Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">It is also possible that
a cashless exercise could be treated as a taxable exchange in which gain or loss would be recognized. In such event, a U.S. Holder could
be deemed to have surrendered Common Warrants having an aggregate fair market value equal to the exercise price for the total number of
Common Warrants to be exercised. The U.S. Holder would recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the
fair market value of the Common Stock received in respect of the Common Warrants deemed surrendered and the U.S. Holder&rsquo;s tax basis
in such Common Warrants. Such gain or loss would be long-term or short-term, depending on the U.S. Holder&rsquo;s holding period in the
Common Warrants deemed surrendered. In this case, a U.S. Holder&rsquo;s tax basis in the Common Stock received would equal the sum of
the U.S. Holder&rsquo;s initial investment in the exercised Common Warrants (i.e., the portion of the U.S. Holder&rsquo;s purchase price
for the investment unit that is allocated to the common warrants, as described above under &ldquo;Allocation of Purchase Price&rdquo;)
and the exercise price of such Common Warrants. It is unclear whether a U.S. Holder&rsquo;s holding period for the Common Stock would
commence on the date of exercise of the Common Warrant or the day following the date of exercise of the Common Warrant. There may also
be alternative characterizations of any such taxable exchange that would result in similar tax consequences, except that a U.S. Holder&rsquo;s
gain or loss would be short-term.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Due to the absence of
authority on the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a cashless exercise, there can be no assurance which, if any, of the alternative
tax consequences and holding periods described above would be adopted by the IRS or a court of law. Accordingly, U.S. Holders should consult
their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of a cashless exercise of the Common Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>Distributions</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">As discussed above, we
currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business and do not intend
to pay cash dividends in respect of shares of Common Stock in the foreseeable future. In the event that we do make distributions on the
Common Stock to a U.S. Holder, those distributions generally will constitute dividends for U.S. tax purposes to the extent paid out of
our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Distributions in excess of our
current and accumulated earnings and profits will constitute a return of capital that is applied against and reduces, but not below zero,
a U.S. Holder&rsquo;s adjusted tax basis in the Common Stock. Any remaining excess will be treated as gain realized on the sale or exchange
of shares of Common Stock as described below under the section titled &ldquo;&mdash;Disposition of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or
Common Warrants.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>Certain Adjustments
to Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The number of shares
of Common Stock issued upon the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants and the exercise price of Pre-Funded Warrants or
Common Warrants are subject to adjustment in certain circumstances. Adjustments (or failure to make adjustments) that have the effect
of increasing a U.S. Holder&rsquo;s proportionate interest in our assets or earnings and profits may, in some circumstances, result in
a constructive distribution to the U.S. Holder. Adjustments to the conversion rate made pursuant to a bona fide reasonable adjustment
formula which has the effect of preventing the dilution of the interest of the holders of Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants generally
should not be deemed to result in a constructive distribution. If an adjustment is made that does not qualify as being made pursuant to
a bona fide reasonable adjustment formula, a U.S. Holder of Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants may be deemed to have received a constructive
distribution from us, even though such U.S. Holder has not received any cash or property as a result of such adjustment. The tax consequences
of the receipt of a distribution from us are described above under &ldquo;Distributions.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>Disposition of
Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Upon a sale or other
taxable disposition (other than a redemption treated as a distribution, which will be taxed as described above under &ldquo;Distributions&rdquo;)
of shares of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount
equal to the difference between the amount realized and the U.S. Holder&rsquo;s adjusted tax basis in the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants
or Common Warrants sold. Capital gain or loss will constitute long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder&rsquo;s holding period
for the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants exceeds one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to certain
limitations. U.S. Holders who recognize losses with respect to a disposition of shares of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common
Warrants should consult their own tax advisors regarding the tax treatment of such losses.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>Information Reporting
and Backup Reporting</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Information reporting
requirements generally will apply to payments of distributions (including constructive distributions) on the Common Stock, Pre-Funded
Warrants and Common Warrants and to the proceeds of a sale or other disposition of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants
paid by us to a U.S. Holder unless such U.S. Holder is an exempt recipient, such as a corporation. Backup withholding will apply to those
payments if the U.S. Holder fails to provide the holder&rsquo;s taxpayer identification number, or certification of exempt status, or
if the holder otherwise fails to comply with applicable requirements to establish an exemption.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Backup withholding is
not an additional tax. Rather, any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules&nbsp;will be allowed as a refund or a credit against
the U.S. Holder&rsquo;s U.S. federal income tax liability provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS. U.S. Holders
should consult their own tax advisors regarding their qualification for exemption from information reporting and backup withholding and
the procedure for obtaining such exemption.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>Tax Considerations
Applicable to Non-U.S. Holders</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>Exercise and Expiration
of Common Warrants</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">In general, a Non-U.S.
Holder will not recognize gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes upon the exercise of Common Warrants into shares of Common
Stock, however, to the extent a cashless exercise results in a taxable exchange, the consequences would be similar to those described
in the discussion below under &ldquo;Disposition of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants&rdquo;.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The expiration of a Common
Warrant will be treated as if the Non-U.S. Holder sold or exchanged Common Warrant and recognized a capital loss equal to the Non-U.S.
Holder&rsquo;s tax basis in the common warrants. However, a Non-U.S. Holder will not be able to utilize a loss recognized upon expiration
of a Common Warrant against the Non-U.S. Holder&rsquo;s U.S. federal income tax liability unless the loss is effectively connected with
the Non-U.S. Holder&rsquo;s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if an income tax treaty applies, is attributable
to a permanent establishment or fixed base in the United States) or is treated as a U.S.-source loss and the Non-U.S. Holder is present
183 days or more in the taxable year of disposition and certain other conditions are met.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>Certain Adjustments
to Warrants</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">As described under &ldquo;&mdash;U.S.
Holders&mdash;Certain Adjustments to Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants,&rdquo; an adjustment to the Pre-Funded Warrants or Common
Warrants could result in a constructive distribution to a Non-U.S. Holder, which would be treated as described under &ldquo;Distributions&rdquo;
below. Any resulting withholding tax attributable to deemed dividends would be collected from other amounts payable or distributable to
the Non-U.S. Holder. Non-U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the proper treatment of any adjustments to the Pre-Funded
Warrants or Common Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">In addition, regulations
governing &ldquo;dividend equivalents&rdquo; under Section&nbsp;871(m)&nbsp;of the Code may apply to the Pre-Funded Warrants. Under those
regulations, an implicit or explicit payment under Pre-Funded Warrants that references a dividend distribution on the Common Stock would
possibly be taxable to a Non-U.S. Holder as described under &ldquo;Distributions&rdquo; below. Such dividend equivalent amount would be
taxable and subject to withholding whether or not there is actual payment of cash or other property, and the Company may satisfy any withholding
obligations it has in respect of the Pre-Funded Warrants by withholding from other amounts due to the Non-U.S. Holder. Non-U.S. Holders
are encouraged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of Section&nbsp;871(m)&nbsp;of the Code to the Pre-Funded Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"><B><I>Distributions</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">As discussed above, we
currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business and do not intend
to pay cash dividends in respect of the Common Stock in the foreseeable future. In the event that we do make distributions on the Common
Stock to a Non-U.S. Holder, those distributions generally will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes as described
in &ldquo;&mdash;U.S. Holders&mdash;Distributions.&rdquo; To the extent those distributions do not constitute dividends for U.S. federal
income tax purposes (i.e., the amount of such distributions exceeds both our current and our accumulated earnings and profits), they will
constitute a return of capital and will first reduce a Non-U.S. Holder's basis in the Common Stock (determined separately with respect
to each share of Common Stock), but not below zero, and then will be treated as gain from the sale of that share Common Stock as described
below under the section titled &ldquo;&mdash;Disposition of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Any distribution (including
constructive distributions) on shares of Common Stock that is treated as a dividend paid to a Non-U.S. Holder that is not effectively
connected with the holder&rsquo;s conduct of a trade or business in the United States will generally be subject to withholding tax at
a 30% rate or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and the Non-U.S. Holder&rsquo;s
country of residence. To obtain a reduced rate of withholding under a treaty, a Non-U.S. Holder generally will be required to provide
the applicable withholding agent with a properly executed IRS Form&nbsp;W-8BEN,&nbsp;IRS Form&nbsp;W-8BEN-E or other appropriate form,
certifying the Non-U.S. Holder&rsquo;s entitlement to benefits under that treaty. Such form must be provided prior to the payment of dividends
and must be updated periodically. If a Non-U.S. Holder holds stock through a financial institution or other agent acting on the holder&rsquo;s
behalf, the holder will be required to provide appropriate documentation to such agent. The holder&rsquo;s agent may then be required
to provide certification to the applicable withholding agent, either directly or through other intermediaries. If you are eligible for
a reduced rate of U.S. withholding tax under an income tax treaty, you should consult with your own tax advisor to determine if you are
able to obtain a refund or credit of any excess amounts withheld by timely filing an appropriate claim for a refund with the IRS.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">We generally are not
required to withhold tax on dividends paid (or constructive dividends deemed paid) to a Non-U.S. Holder that are effectively connected
with the holder&rsquo;s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty,
are attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base that the holder maintains in the United States) if a properly executed IRS
Form&nbsp;W-8ECI, stating that the dividends are so connected, is furnished to us (or, if stock is held through a financial institution
or other agent, to the applicable withholding agent). In general, such effectively connected dividends will be subject to U.S. federal
income tax on a net income basis at the regular tax rates applicable to U.S. persons. A corporate Non-U.S. Holder receiving effectively
connected dividends may also be subject to an additional &ldquo;branch profits tax,&rdquo; which is imposed, under certain circumstances,
at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate as may be specified by an applicable treaty) on the corporate Non-U.S. Holder&rsquo;s effectively
connected earnings and profits, subject to certain adjustments.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">See also the sections
below titled &ldquo;&mdash;Backup Withholding and Information Reporting&rdquo; and &ldquo;&mdash;Foreign Accounts&rdquo; for additional
withholding rules&nbsp;that may apply to dividends paid to certain foreign financial institutions or non-financial foreign entities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>Disposition of
Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Subject to the discussions
below under the sections titled &ldquo;&mdash;Backup Withholding and Information Reporting&rdquo; and &ldquo;&mdash;Foreign Accounts,&rdquo;
a Non-U.S. Holder generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax with respect to gain recognized on a sale or
other disposition (other than a redemption treated as a distribution, which will be taxable as described above under &ldquo;Distributions&rdquo;)
of shares of Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants unless:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the gain is
    effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Holder&rsquo;s conduct of a trade or business in the United States, and if an applicable
    income tax treaty so provides, the gain is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by the Non-U.S. Holder
    in the United States; in these cases, the Non-U.S. Holder will be taxed on a net income basis at the regular tax rates and in the
    manner applicable to U.S. persons, and if the Non-U.S. Holder is a corporation, an additional branch profits tax at a rate of 30%,
    or a lower rate as may be specified by an applicable income tax treaty, may also apply;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the Non-U.S.
    Holder is a nonresident alien present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the disposition and certain
    other requirements are met, in which case the Non-U.S. Holder will be subject to a 30% tax (or such lower rate as may be specified
    by an applicable income tax treaty between the United States and such holder&rsquo;s country of residence) on the net gain derived
    from the disposition, which may be offset by certain U.S.-source capital losses of the Non-U.S. Holder, if any; or</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the Common
    Stock constitutes a U.S. real property interest because we are, or have been at any time during the five-year period preceding such
    disposition (or the Non-U.S. Holder&rsquo;s holding period of the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants, if shorter),
    a &ldquo;U.S. real property holding corporation,&rdquo; unless the Common Stock is regularly traded on an established securities
    market, as defined by applicable Treasury Regulations, and the Non-U.S. Holder held no more than 5% of our outstanding Common Stock,
    directly or indirectly, during the shorter of the five-year period ending on the date of the disposition or the period that the Non-U.S.
    Holder held the Common Stock. Special rules&nbsp;may apply to the determination of the 5% threshold in the case of a holder of Pre-Funded
    Warrants or Common Warrants. Non-U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the effect of holding Pre-Funded
    Warrants or Common Warrants on the calculation of such 5% threshold. Generally, a corporation is a &ldquo;U.S. real property holding
    corporation&rdquo; if the fair market value of its &ldquo;U.S. real property interests&rdquo; (as defined in the Code and applicable
    regulations) equals or exceeds 50% of the sum of the fair market value of its worldwide real property interests plus its other assets
    used or held for use in a trade or business. Although there can be no assurance, we believe that we are not currently, and we do
    not anticipate becoming, a &ldquo;U.S. real property holding corporation&rdquo; for U.S. federal income tax purposes. No assurance
    can be provided that the Common Stock will be regularly traded on an established securities market for purposes of the rules&nbsp;described
    above. Non-U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax considerations that could
    result if we are, or become a &ldquo;U.S. real property holding corporation.&rdquo;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">See the sections titled
 &ldquo;&mdash;Backup Withholding and Information Reporting&rdquo; and &ldquo;&mdash;Foreign Accounts&rdquo; for additional information
regarding withholding rules&nbsp;that may apply to proceeds of a disposition of the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants
paid to foreign financial institutions or non-financial foreign entities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>Backup Withholding
and Information Reporting</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">We must report annually
to the IRS and to each Non-U.S. Holder the gross amount of the distributions (including constructive distributions) on the Common Stock,
pre-funded warrants or common warrants paid to such holder and the tax withheld, if any, with respect to such distributions. Non-U.S.
Holders may have to comply with specific certification procedures to establish that the holder is not a U.S. person (as defined in the
Code) in order to avoid backup withholding at the applicable rate, currently 24%, with respect to dividends (or constructive dividends)
on the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants. Generally, a holder will comply with such procedures if it provides a properly
executed IRS Form&nbsp;W-8BEN (or other applicable Form&nbsp;W-8) or otherwise meets documentary evidence requirements for establishing
that it is a Non-U.S. Holder, or otherwise establishes an exemption. Dividends paid to Non-U.S. Holders subject to withholding of U.S.
federal income tax, as described above under the heading &ldquo;<I>Distributions</I>,&rdquo; will generally be exempt from U.S. backup
withholding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Information reporting
and backup withholding generally will apply to the proceeds of a disposition of the Common Stock, pre-funded warrants or common warrants
by a Non-U.S. Holder effected by or through the U.S. office of any broker, U.S. or foreign, unless the holder certifies its status as
a Non-U.S. Holder and satisfies certain other requirements, or otherwise establishes an exemption. Generally, information reporting and
backup withholding will not apply to a payment of disposition proceeds to a Non-U.S. Holder where the transaction is effected outside
the United States through a non-U.S. office of a broker. However, for information reporting purposes, dispositions effected through a
non-U.S. office of a broker with substantial U.S. ownership or operations generally will be treated in a manner similar to dispositions
effected through a U.S. office of a broker. Non-U.S. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the application of the information
reporting and backup withholding rules&nbsp;to them.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Copies of information
returns may be made available to the tax authorities of the country in which the Non-U.S. Holder resides or is incorporated under the
provisions of a specific treaty or agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Backup withholding is
not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules&nbsp;from a payment to a Non-U.S. Holder can be refunded
or credited against the Non-U.S. Holder&rsquo;s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, provided that an appropriate claim is timely
filed with the IRS.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>Foreign Accounts</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">The Foreign Account Tax
Compliance Act, or FATCA, generally imposes a 30% withholding tax on dividends (including constructive dividends) on the Common Stock,
pre-funded warrants and common warrants if paid to a non-U.S. entity unless (i)&nbsp;if the non-U.S. entity is a &ldquo;foreign financial
institution,&rdquo; the non-U.S. entity undertakes certain due diligence, reporting, withholding, and certification obligations, (ii)&nbsp;if
the non-U.S. entity is not a &ldquo;foreign financial institution,&rdquo; the non-U.S. entity identifies certain of its U.S. investors,
if any, or (iii)&nbsp;the non-U.S. entity is otherwise exempt under FATCA.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Withholding under FATCA
generally will apply to payments of dividends (including constructive dividends) on the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants.
While withholding under FATCA would have also applied to payments of gross proceeds from a sale or other disposition of the Common Stock,
pre-funded warrants or common warrants, under proposed U.S. Treasury Regulations withholding on payments of gross proceeds is not required.
Although such regulations are not final, applicable withholding agents may rely on the proposed regulations until final regulations are
issued.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">An intergovernmental
agreement between the United States and an applicable foreign country may modify the requirements described in this section. Under certain
circumstances, a holder may be eligible for refunds or credits of the tax. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the
possible implications of FATCA on their investment in the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B><I>Federal Estate
Tax</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Common Stock owned or
treated as owned by an individual who is not a citizen or resident of the United States (as specially defined for U.S. federal estate
tax purposes) at the time of death will be included in the individual&rsquo;s gross estate for U.S. federal estate tax purposes and, therefore,
may be subject to U.S. federal estate tax, unless an applicable estate tax or other treaty provides otherwise. The foregoing may also
apply to common warrants and pre-funded warrants. A Non-U.S. Holder should consult his, her, or its own tax advisor regarding the U.S.
federal estate tax consequences of the ownership or disposition of shares of the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><B>The preceding discussion
of material U.S. federal tax considerations is for information only. It is not tax advice. Prospective investors should consult their
own tax advisors regarding the particular U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences of purchasing, holding and disposing
of the Common Stock, Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants, including the consequences of any proposed changes in applicable laws.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_011"></A>PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners has agreed to
act as our sole Placement Agent in connection with this offering subject to the terms and conditions of the placement agency agreement
dated [&#9679;], 2024. The Placement Agent is not purchasing or selling any of the securities offered by this prospectus, nor is it required
to arrange for the purchase and sale of any specific number or dollar amount of such securities, other than to use its reasonable &ldquo;best
efforts&rdquo; to arrange for the sale of such securities by us. Therefore, we may not sell all of the securities being offered pursuant
to this prospectus. The securities will be offered at a fixed price and are expected to be issued in a single closing. We will enter into
a securities purchase agreement directly with certain investors, at the investor&rsquo;s option, who purchase our securities in this offering.
Each purchaser with whom we enter into a securities purchase agreement agrees that for a one-year period from the date of the securities
purchase agreement it shall vote all shares of our common stock over which such purchaser has voting control at such time in favor of
any and all proposals and/or resolutions presented by us to our stockholders at a meeting of stockholders and any proposal to adjourn
any meeting of stockholders called. Investors who do not enter into a securities purchase agreement shall rely solely on this prospectus
in connection with the purchase of our securities in this offering.</P>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will deliver the securities being issued to
the investors upon receipt of investor funds for the purchase of the securities offered pursuant to this prospectus. We expect to deliver
the securities being offered pursuant to this prospectus on or about , 2024.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Fees and Expenses</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have agreed to pay the Placement Agent an aggregate
fee equal to 7.0% of the purchase price paid by all purchasers in this offering. In addition, we have agreed to reimburse the Placement
Agent for its legal fees in an amount up to $85,000 and non-accountable expenses of up to $15,000.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We estimate the total expenses of this offering
paid or payable by us, exclusive of the placement agent fee, will be approximately $350,000. After deducting the fees due to the Placement
Agent and our estimated expenses in connection with this offering, we expect the net proceeds from this offering will be approximately
$6.2 million (based on an assumed combined public offering price per share of Common Stock and accompanying Common Warrant of $3.22, which
was the last reported sales price of the Common Stock on the NYSE American on September 5, 2024).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following table shows the per share and total
cash fees we will pay to the Placement Agent in connection with the sale of the securities pursuant to this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Per Share of<BR> Common<BR>
 Stock<BR> and<BR>
 Accompanying<BR>
 Common<BR> Warrant</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Per Pre-<BR>
Funded<BR>
 Warrant and<BR>
 Accompanying<BR>
 Common<BR>
 Warrant</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Total</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 61%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Offering price <SUP>(1)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 10%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 10%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 10%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Placement agent fees</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Proceeds before expenses to us <SUP>(2)</SUP></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 97%; text-align: justify">The assumed combined public offering price is $3.22 per share of Common
Stock and accompanying Common Warrant and $3.219 per Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrant.</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(2)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 97%; text-align: justify"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt 0; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Does not include proceeds from the exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants
or Common Warrants in cash, if any.</P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Indemnification</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have agreed to indemnify the Placement Agent
and specified other persons against specified liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments
the Placement Agent may be required to make in respect thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Lock-Up Agreements</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our directors and officers have entered into
lock-up agreements. Under these agreements, these individuals agreed, subject to specified exceptions, not to sell or transfer any shares
of Common Stock or securities convertible into, or exchangeable or exercisable for, Common Stock during a period ending 90 days after
the completion of this offering, without first obtaining the written consent of the Placement Agent. Specifically, these individuals
agreed, in part, subject to certain exceptions, not to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 94%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">offer for sale,
    sell, pledge, or otherwise transfer or dispose of (or enter into any transaction or device that is designed to, or could be expected
    to, result in the transfer or disposition by any person at any time in the future of) any shares of Common Stock or securities convertible
    into or exercisable or exchangeable for Common Stock;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 94%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">enter into
    any swap or other derivatives transaction that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic benefits or risks of
    ownership of shares of Common Stock; or</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 94%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">make any demand
    for or exercise any right or cause to be filed a registration statement, including any amendments thereto, with respect to the registration
    of any of our securities.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>No Sales of Similar Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have agreed, subject to certain exceptions,
not to issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of, any shares of Common Stock (or securities
convertible into or exercisable for Common Stock) or, subject to certain exceptions, file any registration statement, including any amendments
or supplements thereto (other than the registration statement or amendment to the registration statement relating to the securities offered
hereunder and a registration statement on Form&nbsp;S-8), until 90 days after the completion of this offering. We have also agreed not
to enter into a variable rate transaction (as defined in the securities purchase agreement) for six months after the completion of this
offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Regulation M</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Placement Agent may be deemed to be an underwriter
within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act, and any commissions received by it and any profit realized on the resale
of the shares sold by it while acting as principal might be deemed to be underwriting discounts or commissions under the Securities Act.
As an underwriter, the Placement Agent would be required to comply with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including,
without limitation, Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act and Rule 10b-5 and Regulation M under the Exchange Act. These rules and regulations
may limit the timing of purchases and sales of shares by the Placement Agent acting as principal. Under these rules and regulations, the
placement agents:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 13.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">may not engage in any stabilization activity
in connection with our securities; and</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 13.5pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 13.5pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">may not bid for or purchase any of our securities
or attempt to induce any person to purchase any of our securities, other than as permitted under the Exchange Act, until it has completed
its participation in the distribution. </FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Discretionary Accounts</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Placement Agent does not intend to confirm
sales of the securities offered hereby to any accounts over which it has discretionary authority.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Other Activities and Relationships</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Placement Agent and certain of its affiliates
are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment
banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities.
The Placement Agent and certain of its affiliates have, from time to time, performed, and may in the future perform, various commercial
and investment banking and financial advisory services for us and our affiliates, for which they received or will receive customary fees
and expenses. For example, A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners is the sales agent under an Amended and Restated Sales Agreement, dated May
2, 2024, with us. Under the Amended and Restated Sales Agreement, we may offer and sell, from time to time, shares of Common Stock through
A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners in an &ldquo;at the market offering&rdquo; as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In the ordinary course of its various business
activities, the Placement Agent and certain of its affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and
equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for its own account and for the
accounts of its customers, and such investment and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments issued by us and our
affiliates. If the Placement Agent or its affiliates have a lending relationship with us, they routinely hedge their credit exposure to
us consistent with their customary risk management policies. The Placement Agent and its affiliates may hedge such exposure by entering
into transactions that consist of either the purchase of credit default swaps or the creation of short positions in our securities or
the securities of our affiliates, including potentially the Common Stock offered hereby. Any such short positions could adversely affect
future trading prices of the Common Stock offered hereby. The Placement Agent and certain of its affiliates may also communicate independent
investment recommendations, market color or trading ideas and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of such securities
or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in such securities and
instruments.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_012"></A>LEGAL MATTERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Blank Rome LLP, New York, New York will pass upon
certain legal matters relating to the sale of the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants, offered hereby on our behalf and Parsons Behle&nbsp;&amp;
Latimer, Reno, Nevada will pass on certain legal matters related to the issuance of the Common Stock, Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants
offered hereby on our behalf. Additional legal matters may be passed upon for us or any underwriters, dealers, of agents, by counsel that
we will name in the applicable prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Thompson Hine LLP, New York,
New York, is acting as counsel to the Placement Agent in connection with certain legal matters related to this offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As of the date of this prospectus, an attorney
of Blank Rome LLP beneficially owns securities exercisable to purchase shares of the Common Stock that represent less than 1% of our outstanding
shares of Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_013"></A>EXPERTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The consolidated financial statements of Theriva
Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. as of December&nbsp;31, 2023 and 2022 and for each of the two years in the period ended December&nbsp;31, 2023 incorporated
by reference in this prospectus and in the registration statement have been so incorporated in reliance
on the report of BDO USA, P.C, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing
and accounting. The report on the consolidated financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company&rsquo;s ability
to continue as a going concern.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_014"></A>WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have filed with the SEC a registration statement
under the Securities Act for the securities offered by this prospectus. This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration
statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement or the exhibits and schedules filed therewith.
For further information about us and the securities offered hereby, we refer you to the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules
filed thereto. Any statements made in this prospectus concerning legal documents are not necessarily complete and you should read the
documents that are filed as exhibits to the registration statement or otherwise filed with the SEC for a more complete understanding of
the document or matter.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We file annual, quarterly and current reports,
proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public at the SEC&rsquo;s website at <I>www.sec.gov</I>.
We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and we file periodic reports, proxy statements
and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements and other information are available at the website of the
SEC referred to above. We maintain a website at&nbsp;<I>https://ir.therivabiologics.com/sec-filings</I>. You may access our Annual Reports
on Form&nbsp;10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form&nbsp;10-Q, Current Reports on Form&nbsp;8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished
pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a)&nbsp;or 15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act with the SEC free of charge at our website as soon as reasonably
practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed
through, our website is not incorporated by reference in, and is not part of, this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_015"></A>INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The SEC allows us to &ldquo;incorporate by reference&rdquo;
information from other documents that we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you
to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus. Information in this prospectus
supersedes information incorporated by reference that we filed with the SEC prior to the date of this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We incorporate by reference into this prospectus
and the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part the information or documents listed below that we have filed with the
SEC (Commission File No.&nbsp;001-12584):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231x10k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 94%; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231x10k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Annual
    Report on </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2023 filed with the SEC
    on March&nbsp;25, 2024;</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Quarterly Report on <U>Form&nbsp;10-Q</U>
    for the quarter ended March&nbsp;31, 2024 filed with the SEC on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000601/tmb-20240331x10q.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May&nbsp;7,
    2024</A> and our Quarterly Report on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000894158/000141057824001342/tmb-20240630x10q.htm">Form
    10-Q</A> for the quarter ended June&nbsp;30, 2024 filed with the SEC on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824001342/tmb-20240630x10q.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">August&nbsp;13,
    2024</A>;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 94%"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our Current
    Reports on Form&nbsp;8-K filed with the SEC on </FONT> <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924011395/tm245387d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">February&nbsp;7,
    2024</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924050037/tm2412300d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">April&nbsp;22,
    2024</A> (other than as set forth therein), <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924050307/tm2412300d2_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">April&nbsp;23,
    2024</A> (other than as set forth therein), <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924056146/tm2413223d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May&nbsp;2,
    2024</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924062270/tm2414630d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May&nbsp;16,
    2024</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924064544/tm2415354d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">May&nbsp;23,
    2024</A> (other than as set forth therein), <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924084159/tm2420486d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">July&nbsp;31,
    2024</A> (other than as set forth therein), <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924090522/tm2421949d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">August&nbsp;16,
    2024</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924092644/tm2422579d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">August&nbsp;26,
    2024</A>, </FONT> <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098225/tm2423567d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">September
    9, 2024</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924100010/tm2424064d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">September
    16, 2024</A> (other than as set forth therein) and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924101892/tm2424516d1_8k.htm">September 23, 2024</A> (other than as set forth therein); </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt">&middot;</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"> <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924101004/tm2424296d1_pre14a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Our Preliminary Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on September 18, 2024; and</A> </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The description of the
    Common Stock set forth in (i)&nbsp;our registration statements on </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016307000379/s11-7491_8a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Form&nbsp;8-A12B, filed with the SEC on June&nbsp;20, 2007 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</A> and (ii)&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231xex4d3.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Exhibit&nbsp;4.3</A>&mdash;Description of Securities to our Annual
    Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2023.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We also incorporate by reference any future filings
(other than current reports furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form&nbsp;8-K and exhibits filed on such form that are related to
such items unless such Form&nbsp;8-K expressly provides to the contrary) made with the SEC pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d)&nbsp;of
the Exchange Act, including those made (i)&nbsp;on or after the date of the initial filing of the registration statement of which this
prospectus forms a part and prior to effectiveness of such registration statement, and (ii)&nbsp;on or after the date of this prospectus
but prior to the termination of the offering (i.e., until the earlier of the date on which all of the securities registered hereunder
have been sold or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part has been withdrawn). Information in such future filings
updates and supplements the information provided in this prospectus. Any statements in any such future filings will automatically be deemed
to modify and supersede any information in any document we previously filed with the SEC that is incorporated or deemed to be incorporated
herein by reference to the extent that statements in the later filed document modify or replace such earlier statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will furnish without charge to each person,
including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, upon written or oral request, a copy of any or all of the documents
incorporated by reference into this prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus, including exhibits that are specifically incorporated
by reference into such documents. You should direct any requests for documents to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite&nbsp;270</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Rockville, Maryland 20850</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Telephone: (301) 417-4364</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Attention: Corporate Secretary</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You may also access these documents, free of charge,
on the SEC&rsquo;s website at <I>www.sec.gov</I> or on our website at <I>https://ir.therivabio.com/sec-filings</I>. The information contained
in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference in, and is not part of, this prospectus or any accompanying
prospectus supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In accordance with Rule&nbsp;412 of the Securities
Act, any statement contained in a document incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed modified or superseded to the extent that
a statement contained herein or in any other subsequently filed document which also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein
modifies or supersedes such statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You should rely only on information contained
in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus and any prospectus supplement. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with
information different from that contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We are not making offers
to sell the securities in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which the person making such
offer or solicitation is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make such an offer or solicitation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tm2423565d1_s1img001.jpg" ALT="">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Up to 2,173,913 Shares of Common Stock&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Up to 2,173,913 Common Warrants to Purchase
Up to 2,173,913 Shares of Common Stock&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Up to 2,173,913 Pre-Funded Warrants to Purchase
Up to 2,173,913 Shares of Common Stock&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Up to 4,347,826 Shares of Common Stock Underlying
the Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants</B></P>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-variant: small-caps"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>Sole Placement Agent</I></P>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I></I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 18pt"><B>A.G.P.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<B>, 2024</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PART&nbsp;II</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 13. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following table sets forth all expenses to
be paid by the registrant, other than any estimated underwriting discounts and commissions, in connection with the offering and sale of
the shares of Common Stock being registered. All amounts shown are estimates except for the SEC registration fee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Amount</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 87%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">SEC registration fee</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">2,067</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">FINRA filing fee</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left"></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">2,600</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">Accounting fees and expenses</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">30,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">Legal fees and expenses</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">300,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1pt">Other miscellaneous expenses</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">15,333</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">Total expenses</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 2.5pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">350,000</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 2.5pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item&nbsp;14. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Section&nbsp;78.138 of the Nevada Revised Statute
provides that, subject to certain exceptions, a director or officer is not individually liable to the corporation or its stockholders
or creditors for any damages as a result of any act or failure to act in his capacity as a director or officer unless the presumption
that the director or officer acted in good faith, on an informed basis and with a view to the interest of the corporation is rebutted
and it is proven that (1)&nbsp;his act or failure to act constituted a breach of his fiduciary duties as a director or officer and (2)&nbsp;his
breach of those duties involved intentional misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This provision is intended to afford directors
and officers protection against and to limit their potential liability for monetary damages resulting from suits alleging a breach of
the duty of care by a director or officer. As a consequence of this provision, stockholders of our company will be unable to recover monetary
damages against directors or officers for action taken by them that may constitute negligence or gross negligence in performance of their
duties unless such conduct falls within one of the foregoing exceptions. The provision, however, does not alter the applicable standards
governing a director&rsquo;s or officer&rsquo;s fiduciary duty and does not eliminate or limit the right of our company or any stockholder
to obtain an injunction or any other type of non-monetary relief in the event of a breach of fiduciary duty.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Registrant&rsquo;s Articles of Incorporation,
as amended, and second amended and restated bylaws provide for indemnification of directors, officers, employees or agents of the Registrant
to the fullest extent permitted by Nevada law (as amended from time to time). Section&nbsp;78.7502 of the Nevada Revised Statute provides
that &nbsp;a corporation may indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending
or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, except an action by or in the right
of the corporation, by reason of the fact that the person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or
was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture,
trust or other enterprise or as a manager of a limited-liability company, against expenses, including attorneys&rsquo; fees, judgments,
fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with the action, suit or proceeding
if the&nbsp; person is not liable as provided above and acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in, or
not opposed to, the best interest of a company and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to behave
his conduct was unlawful.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The registrant has entered into separate indemnification
agreements with each of the registrant&rsquo;s directors and certain of the registrant&rsquo;s officers which require the registrant,
among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities which may arise by reason of their status as directors or officers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Registrant has an insurance policy in place
that covers its officers and directors with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act or
otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Any underwriting agreement, agency agreement,
equity distribution agreement or similar agreement that the Registrant may enter into will likely provide for indemnification by any underwriters
or agents of the Registrant, its directors, its officers who sign the registration statement and the Registrant&rsquo;s controlling persons
for some liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item&nbsp;15. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">During
the last three years, we have issued unregistered securities to the persons described below. None of these transactions involved any underwriters,
underwriting discounts or commissions, or any public offering. We believe that each transaction was exempt from the registration requirements
of the Securities Act by virtue of Section&nbsp;4(a)(2)&nbsp;thereof </FONT><FONT STYLE="color: #212529">and Regulation S thereof </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">or
Rule&nbsp;506(b)&nbsp;of Regulation D thereunder as a transaction not involving a public offering other than exchanges of securities that
were exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act by virtue of Section&nbsp;3(a)(9). The recipients both had access,
through their relationship with us, to information about us.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white; color: #212529">On March&nbsp;10,
2022, we acquired all the outstanding shares of VCN Biosciences, S.L., a corporation organized under the laws of Spain (&ldquo;VCN&rdquo;).
As consideration for the purchase we paid $4,700,000 (the &ldquo;Closing Cash Consideration&rdquo;) to Grifols Innovation and New Technologies
Limited (&ldquo;Grifols&rdquo;), the owner of approximately 86% of the equity of VCN, and issued to the remaining sellers and certain
key employees and consultants of VCN 1,055,812 shares of Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white; color: #212529"><FONT STYLE="background-color: white">On
July&nbsp;29, 2022, we closed a private placement offering pursuant to the terms of a Securities Purchase Agreement (the &ldquo;Purchase
Agreement&rdquo;) dated as of July&nbsp;28, 2022 entered into with MSD Credit Opportunity Master Fund, L.P. (the &ldquo;Investor&rdquo;),
pursuant to which we issued and sold 275,000 shares of the Company&rsquo;s Series&nbsp;C Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001
per share (the &ldquo;Series&nbsp;C Preferred Stock&rdquo;), and 100,000 shares of the Company&rsquo;s Series&nbsp;D Convertible Preferred
Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;Series&nbsp;D Preferred Stock,&rdquo; and together with the Series&nbsp;C Preferred Stock,
the &ldquo;Preferred Stock&rdquo;), at an offering price of $8.00 per share, for gross proceeds of approximately $3.0 million in the aggregate,
before the deduction of discounts, fees and offering expenses, all of which have been converted as of this date (as set forth below).</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In May&nbsp;2024, July&nbsp;2024 and September&nbsp;2024, we issued&nbsp;72,132&nbsp;shares
of Common Stock upon the conversion effected on such dates by the holder of&nbsp;275,000&nbsp;shares of the Company&rsquo;s Series&nbsp;C
Preferred Stock at a conversion price of $30.50&nbsp;per share.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">In September&nbsp;2024, we issued 26,230 shares of Common Stock upon
the conversion effected on such date by the holder of 100,000 shares of the Company&rsquo;s Series&nbsp;D Preferred Stock at a conversion
price of $30.50 per share.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item&nbsp;16. Exhibits&nbsp;and Financial Statement Schedules.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The exhibits to this registration statement are
listed in the Exhibit&nbsp;Index to this registration statement, which immediately precedes the Signature Page&nbsp;and which Exhibit&nbsp;Index
is hereby incorporated by reference.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Item&nbsp;17. Undertakings.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">(a)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">(1)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being
made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; text-align: left">(i)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">To include any prospectus required by Section&nbsp;10(a)(3)&nbsp;of
the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(ii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;To
reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective
amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration
statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities
offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range
may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume
and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the &ldquo;Calculation of Registration
Fee&rdquo; table in the effective registration statement; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(iii)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;To
include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any
material change to such information in the registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">provided, however, that paragraphs (i), (ii)&nbsp;and
(iii)&nbsp;above do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained
in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the SEC by the registrant pursuant to Section&nbsp;13 or Section&nbsp;15(d)&nbsp;of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement, or
is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;that is a part of the registration statement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(2)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;That,
for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new
registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to
be the initial bona fide offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(3)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;To
remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination
of the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(4)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;That,
for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;as
part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule&nbsp;430B or other than prospectuses
filed in reliance on Rule&nbsp;430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first
used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration
statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is
part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify
any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such
document immediately prior to such date of first use.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(5)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;That,
for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities:
the undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration
statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to
such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will
be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser: (i)&nbsp;any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned
registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424; (ii)&nbsp;any free writing prospectus relating to
the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant; (iii)&nbsp;the
portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant
or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and (iv)&nbsp;any other communication that is an offer in the
offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(6)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;That,
for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a)&nbsp;or
Section&nbsp;15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&rsquo;s annual report pursuant
to Section&nbsp;15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be
a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed
to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(b)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;Insofar
as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of
the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such
indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim
for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer
or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer
or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the
matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification
by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>EXHIBIT&nbsp;INDEX</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following is a list of exhibits filed as a
part of this registration statement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The exhibits listed in the accompanying Exhibit&nbsp;Index
are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 7%"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921016924/tm216028d1_ex1-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.1</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; width: 93%"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921016924/tm216028d1_ex1-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended
and Restated At Market Issuance Sales Agreement by and among Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc., B. Riley Securities,&nbsp;Inc. and A.G.P./Alliance
Global Partners, dated February&nbsp;9, 2021 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;1.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report
on Form&nbsp;8-K filed February&nbsp;10, 2021), File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921060274/tm2114499d2_ex1-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">1.2
</A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921060274/tm2114499d2_ex1-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Amendment
No.&nbsp;1, dated May&nbsp;3, 2021, to the Amended and Restated At Market Issuance Sales Agreement by and among Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.,
B. Riley Securities,&nbsp;Inc. and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, dated February&nbsp;9, 2021 ((Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;1.2
of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed May&nbsp;3, 2021)</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924056146/tm2413223d1_ex10-3.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">1.3</A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924056146/tm2413223d1_ex10-3.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">
Amendment No.&nbsp;2, dated May&nbsp;2, 2024, to the Amended and Restated At Market Issuance Sales Agreement by and among Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.,
and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, dated February&nbsp;9, 2021 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.3 of the Registrant&rsquo;s
Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed May&nbsp;2, 2024)</A></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex1-4.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.4^</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex1-4.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Placement Agency Agreement</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921149412/tm2135322d2_ex2-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.1</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921149412/tm2135322d2_ex2-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Share
Purchase Agreement by and among Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc., VCN Biosciences, S.L. and the shareholders of VCN Biosciences, S.L. dated
December&nbsp;14, 2021(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;2.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed
December&nbsp;14, 2021, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922032661/tm228957d1_ex2-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.2</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922032661/tm228957d1_ex2-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment,
dated March&nbsp;9, 2022, to the Share Purchase Agreement, by and among Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc., VCN Biosciences, S.L. and the shareholders
of VCN Biosciences, S.L., dated December&nbsp;14, 2021 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;2.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current
Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed March&nbsp;11, 2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.1</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Incorporation, as amended&nbsp;(Incorporated by reference to (i)&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016308000665/s11-8824_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Exhibit&nbsp;3.1
of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October&nbsp;16, 2008, File No.&nbsp;001-12584</A>,&nbsp;(ii)&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000095012401502861/c64437ex3-1.txt" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Exhibit&nbsp;3.1
of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q for the quarterly period ended June&nbsp;30, 2001 filed August&nbsp;14,
2001, File No.&nbsp;001-12584</A>; and (iii)&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/0000921895-98-000694-index.html" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Exhibits
3.1</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/0000921895-98-000694-index.html" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">4.1</A>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/0000921895-98-000694-index.html" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">4.2</A>&nbsp;of
the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q for the quarterly period ended June&nbsp;30, 1998 filed August&nbsp;14, 1998,
File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.2</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex31.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Articles
of Merger (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October&nbsp;19,
2009, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex32.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.3</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex32.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Merger filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current
Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October&nbsp;19, 2009, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex33.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.4</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex33.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Articles
of Incorporation filed with the Nevada Secretary of State (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.3 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current
Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October&nbsp;19, 2009, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412009508/v302955_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.5</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412009508/v302955_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on
Form&nbsp;8-K filed February&nbsp;16, 2012, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415031962/v411020_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.6</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415031962/v411020_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K
filed May&nbsp;18, 2015, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047316/v474831_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.7</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047316/v474831_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report
on Form&nbsp;8-K filed September&nbsp;8, 2017, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047548/v474946_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.8</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047548/v474946_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Designations for Series&nbsp;A Preferred Stock to Certificate of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the
Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed September&nbsp;12, 2017, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418043710/tv500716_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.9</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418043710/tv500716_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Change Pursuant to NRS 78. 209 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K
filed August&nbsp;13, 2018, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418050928/tv503400_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.10</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418050928/tv503400_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on
Form&nbsp;8-K filed September&nbsp;26, 2018, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418053807/tv504760_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.11</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418053807/tv504760_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Designations for Series&nbsp;B Preferred Stock to Certificate of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the
Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October&nbsp;15, 2018, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418053807/tv504760_ex3-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.12</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418053807/tv504760_ex3-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Amendment to Certificate of Designations for Series&nbsp;B Preferred Stock to Certificate of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference
to Exhibit&nbsp;3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October&nbsp;15, 2018, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921009794/tm214840d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.13</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921009794/tm214840d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Amendment to the Certificate of Designation for the Series&nbsp;A Convertible Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1
of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K/A filed on February&nbsp;1, 2021 File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922082251/tm2221681d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.14</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922082251/tm2221681d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Change filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on July&nbsp;21, 2022 (effective as of July&nbsp;25, 2022) (Incorporated
by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on July&nbsp;25, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.15</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Certificate of Designation of Series&nbsp;C Convertible Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s
Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on July&nbsp;29, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 7%"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex3-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.16</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; width: 93%"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex3-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Certificate of Designation of Series&nbsp;D Convertible Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s
Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on July&nbsp;29, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922107928/tm2228052d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.17</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922107928/tm2228052d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate
of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on
Form&nbsp;8-K filed on October&nbsp;12, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922107928/tm2228052d1_ex3-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">3.18
</A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922107928/tm2228052d1_ex3-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate
of Change to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K
filed on October&nbsp;12, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584.) </A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="text-align: center; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924092644/tm2422579d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">3.19</A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924092644/tm2422579d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Certificate
of Change of Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K
filed on August&nbsp;26, 2024 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465923090511/tm2323521d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.20</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465923090511/tm2323521d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Second
Amended and Restated Bylaws (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K
filed August&nbsp;11, 2023, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420413038075/v348628_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420413038075/v348628_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Specimen
Stock Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.1 to the Registrant&rsquo;s Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3 filed
on July&nbsp;3, 2013, File No.&nbsp;333-189794.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418026171/tv492231_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418026171/tv492231_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Warrant issued December&nbsp;26, 2017 to InSite Communications (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s
Current Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q filed May&nbsp;8, 2018, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex4-3.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.3^</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex4-3.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Common Warrant</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex4-4.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.4^</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex4-4.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Pre-Funded Warrant</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex5-1a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1(a)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">^</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex5-1a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opinion
of Parsons Behle&nbsp;&amp; Latimer</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex5-1b.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1(b)</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">^</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex5-1b.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opinion
of Blank Rome LLP</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016308000028/s11-8078_ex42.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016308000028/s11-8078_ex42.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2007
Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-8
filed January&nbsp;18, 2008, File No.&nbsp;333-148764.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000095015209000057/k47262exv10w1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.2*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000095015209000057/k47262exv10w1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Director/Officer Indemnification Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on
Form&nbsp;8-K filed January&nbsp;6, 2009, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420410063805/v204023_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.3*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420410063805/v204023_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2010
Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-8
filed November&nbsp;29, 2010, File No.&nbsp;333-170858.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057822000405/syn-20211231xex10d4.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.4</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057822000405/syn-20211231xex10d4.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Asset
Purchase Agreement dated November&nbsp;8, 2012 between Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. and Prev ABR LLC<SUP>&nbsp;</SUP>(Incorporated by
reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.4 of the Registrant's Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K filed on March&nbsp;16, 2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412069077/v330545_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.5+</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412069077/v330545_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Patent
License Agreement dated December&nbsp;19, 2012 between Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. and The University of Texas at Austin (Incorporated
by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed December&nbsp;21, 2012, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420413062332/v360550_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.6*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420413062332/v360550_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended
and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.1 to the Registrant&rsquo;s Registration Statement
on Form&nbsp;S-8 filed on November&nbsp;15, 2013, File No.&nbsp;333-192355.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415022349/v406688_def14a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.7*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415022349/v406688_def14a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended
and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;B to the Definitive Proxy Statement filed on April&nbsp;13,
2015, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231xex10d8.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.8</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231xex10d8.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Lease
dated April&nbsp;14, 2015 between Registrant. and MCC3, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registrant&rsquo;s Annual
Report on Form 10-K filed on March 25, 2024, File No. 001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415047653/v414477_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.9*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415047653/v414477_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Theriva
Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on May&nbsp;15, 2015. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.1
to the Registrant&rsquo;s Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-8 filed on August&nbsp;10, 2015, File No.&nbsp;333-206268.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415070350/v426642_ex10-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.10*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415070350/v426642_ex10-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Stock Option Agreement. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed
December&nbsp;10, 2015, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420416122164/v448017_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.11*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420416122164/v448017_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Theriva
Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on May&nbsp;31, 2016. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.1
to the Registrant&rsquo;s Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-8 filed on August&nbsp;31, 2016, File No.&nbsp;333-206268.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047318/v474807_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.12*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047318/v474807_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amended
and Restated 2010 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.1 to the Registrant&rsquo;s Registration Statement
on Form&nbsp;S-8 filed on September&nbsp;8, 2017, File No.&nbsp;333-220401.)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420419034736/tv525023_def14a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.13*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420419034736/tv525023_def14a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Theriva
Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Definitive Proxy Statement
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July&nbsp;15, 2019, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420419038566/tv526986_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.14+</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420419038566/tv526986_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Clinical
Trial Agreement between Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis and Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. dated August&nbsp;7, 2019
(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on August&nbsp;8, 2019,
File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920090343/tm2026181-1_def14a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.15*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920090343/tm2026181-1_def14a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Theriva
Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant&rsquo;s Definitive Proxy Statement
on Schedule 14A filed on August&nbsp;4, 2020, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920119032/tm2034204d1_ex4-11.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.16*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920119032/tm2034204d1_ex4-11.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Incentive Stock Option Grant Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.11 to the Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-8
filed on October&nbsp;28, 2020, File No.&nbsp;333-249712)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920119032/tm2034204d1_ex4-12.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.17*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920119032/tm2034204d1_ex4-12.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Nonqualified Stock Option Grant Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.12 to the Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-8
filed on October&nbsp;28, 2020, File No.&nbsp;333-249712)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920119032/tm2034204d1_ex4-13.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.18*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920119032/tm2034204d1_ex4-13.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.13 to the Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-8
filed on October&nbsp;28, 2020, File No.&nbsp;333-249712)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; width: 7%"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231xex10d19.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.19+</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 93%"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231xex10d19.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Second
Amendment to Lease dated May&nbsp;6, 2021 by and between Registrant and ARE-Maryland No.&nbsp;50, LLC (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.19
of the Registrant's Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K filed on March&nbsp;25, 2024, File No.&nbsp;001-12584) </FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922000998/tm221380d1_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.20*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922000998/tm221380d1_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Employment
Agreement with Steven Shallcross dated January&nbsp;3, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s
Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on January&nbsp;4, 2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057822000405/syn-20211231xex10d32.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.21+</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057822000405/syn-20211231xex10d32.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Contract
to Grant Marketing License for Catalan Institute of Oncology Patent Ownership Application to VCN Biosciences S.L. (Incorporated by reference
to Exhibit&nbsp;10.32 of the Registrant's Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K filed on March&nbsp;16, 2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057822000405/syn-20211231xex10d33.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.22+</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057822000405/syn-20211231xex10d33.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">License
Agreement between Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute Foundation (Idibell) and VCN Biosciences S.L. dated May&nbsp;4, 2016 (Incorporated
by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.33 of the Registrant's Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K filed on March&nbsp;16, 2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057822000405/syn-20211231xex10d34.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.23+</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057822000405/syn-20211231xex10d34.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Technology
Transfer Agreement between Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute and VCN Biosciences S.L. dated August&nbsp;31, 2010 (Incorporated
by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.34 of the Registrant's Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K filed on March&nbsp;16, 2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057822000405/syn-20211231xex10d35.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">10.24+</A></FONT> </TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057822000405/syn-20211231xex10d35.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Collaboration
Agreement to Conduct a Clinical Trial and Grant Operating License Agreement between Hospital Sant Joan Dee Deu and VCN Biosciences, S.L
dated February&nbsp;15, 2016 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.35 of the Registrant's Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K filed
on March&nbsp;16, 2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</A></FONT> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922036805/tm2210202d1_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.25*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922036805/tm2210202d1_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Employment
Agreement with Frank Tufaro dated March&nbsp;22, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current
Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on March&nbsp;23, 2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231xex10d26.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.26*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231xex10d26.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Employment
Agreement with Mary Ann Shallcross dated April&nbsp;8, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.26 of the Registrant's Annual
Report on Form&nbsp;10-K filed on March&nbsp;25, 2024, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.27</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Securities
Purchase Agreement between Synthetic Biologics Inc. and MSD Credit Opportunity Master Fund, L.P., dated as of July&nbsp;28, 2022 (Incorporated
by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on July&nbsp;29, 2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057822002238/syn-20220630xex10d2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.28</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057822002238/syn-20220630xex10d2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment
No.&nbsp;1 dated as of August&nbsp;9, 2022 to Securities Purchase Agreement between Synthetic Biologics Inc. and MSD Credit Opportunity
Master Fund, L.P., dated as of July&nbsp;28, 2022 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly
Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q filed on August&nbsp;11, 2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922128671/tm2233150d1_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.29*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922128671/tm2233150d1_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment
No.&nbsp;1 to Employment Agreement between Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. and Steven A. Shallcross, dated as of December&nbsp;15, 2022
(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on December&nbsp;20,
2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922128671/tm2233150d1_ex10-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.30*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922128671/tm2233150d1_ex10-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment
No.&nbsp;1 to Employment Agreement between Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. and Francis Tufaro, dated as of December&nbsp;15, 2022 (Incorporated
by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on December&nbsp;20, 2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922129900/tm2233416d1_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.31</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922129900/tm2233416d1_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Share Repurchase Agreement between Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. and certain selling stockholders (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.1
of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on December&nbsp;23, 2022, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057823000987/tmb-20230331xex10d1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.32*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057823000987/tmb-20230331xex10d1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Separation
Agreement, dated as of May&nbsp;8, 2023, between Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. and Frank Tufaro (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.1
of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q filed on May&nbsp;11, 2023, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057823000987/tmb-20230331xex10d2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.33*</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057823000987/tmb-20230331xex10d2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consulting
Agreement, dated as of May&nbsp;8, 2023, between Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. and Frank Tufaro (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.2
of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q filed on May&nbsp;11, 2023, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex10-34.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.34^</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex10-34.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&nbsp;of
Securities Purchase Agreement</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231xex21d1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">21.1</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231xex21d1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">List
of Subsidiaries (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;21.1 of the Registrant's Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K filed on March&nbsp;25,
2024, File No.&nbsp;001-12584)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="tm2423565d2_ex23-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">23.1#</A></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="tm2423565d2_ex23-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Consent
of BDO USA, P.C.,&nbsp;Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm</A></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex5-1a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.2^</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex5-1a.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent
of Parsons Behle&nbsp;&amp; Latimer (included in Exhibit&nbsp;5.1(a))</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex5-1b.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.3^</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex5-1b.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent
of Blank Rome LLP (included in Exhibit&nbsp;5.1(b))</FONT></A></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_s1.htm#e_001" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">24.1^</A></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: top"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_s1.htm#e_001" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Power
of Attorney (included in signature page hereto)</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex-filingfees.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">107^</FONT></A></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098640/tm2423565d1_ex-filingfees.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Filing
Fee Table</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"> <B>^&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;Previously filed</B> </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"> <B>#&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;Filed
herewith</B> </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>*</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be identified pursuant to Item&nbsp;15(a)(3)&nbsp;of this report.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top; width: 24px; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">+</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Company the submitted certain portions of these agreements in accordance with Item 601 (b)(10)&nbsp;of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish unredacted copies of these exhibits to the SEC upon request.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="e_001"></A>SIGNATURES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Amendment No.1 to Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the
undersigned hereunto duly authorized, on this 23<SUP>rd</SUP> day of September, 2024. </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top">THERIVA BIOLOGICS,&nbsp;INC.</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; width: 45%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
<TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
<TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"> Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Act of 1933, this Amendment No.1 to Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates
indicated. </P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; width: 23%; text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Signature</B></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; width: 47%; text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Title</B></FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%"> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; width: 28%; text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Date</B></FONT> </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> &nbsp; </TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/
    Steven A. Shallcross</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer,
    Chief Financial Officer</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: center"> September&nbsp;23, 2024 </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Steven A. Shallcross</FONT> </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Principal Executive Officer, Principal Financial
    Officer and Principal Accounting Officer) and Member of the Board of Directors</FONT> </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> &nbsp; </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*</FONT> </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Member of the Board of Directors</FONT> </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September&nbsp;23, 2024</FONT> </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jeffrey J. Kraws</FONT> </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> &nbsp; </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> &nbsp; </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*</FONT> </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Member of the Board of Directors</FONT> </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September&nbsp;23, 2024</FONT> </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jeffrey Wolf</FONT> </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> &nbsp; </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> &nbsp; </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*</FONT> </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Member of the Board of Directors</FONT> </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">September&nbsp;23, 2024</FONT> </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">John Monahan, Ph.D.</FONT> </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center"> &nbsp; </TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">*By:</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; width: 47%"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/
    Steven A. Shallcross</FONT> </TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 50%"> &nbsp; </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD>
    <TD> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Steven A. Shallcross, Attorney-in-Fact</FONT> </TD>
    <TD> &nbsp; </TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>tm2423565d2_ex23-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 23.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 23.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><U>Consent of Independent Registered
Public Accounting Firm</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; color: fuchsia">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT>We hereby consent
to the incorporation by reference in the Prospectus constituting a part of this Registration Statement of our report dated March 25, 2024,
relating to the consolidated financial statements </FONT><FONT STYLE="color: black">of Theriva Biologics, Inc. (the Company)</FONT> <FONT>appearing
in the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023.</FONT> <FONT STYLE="color: black">Our report contains
an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company&rsquo;s ability to continue as a going concern.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; color: fuchsia">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We also consent to the reference
to us under the caption &ldquo;Experts&rdquo; in the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; color: fuchsia">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; color: fuchsia">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">/s/ BDO USA, P.C.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Raleigh, North Carolina</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">September 23, 2024</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
