<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-24-121048.txt : 20241120
<SEC-HEADER>0001104659-24-121048.hdr.sgml : 20241120
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20241120164256
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-24-121048
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-8
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		5
FILED AS OF DATE:		20241120
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20241120
EFFECTIVENESS DATE:		20241120

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Theriva Biologics, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000894158
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		IRS NUMBER:				133808303
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NV
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-8
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-283363
		FILM NUMBER:		241480968

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		9605 MEDICAL CENTER DRIVE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 270
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(734) 332-7800

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		9605 MEDICAL CENTER DRIVE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 270
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	Synthetic Biologics, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20120305

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ADEONA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20081027

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	PIPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20061214
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-8
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>tm2428915d1_s8.htm
<DESCRIPTION>FORM S-8
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
on November 20, 2024</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Registration No. 333-</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 2pt solid; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>UNITED STATES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>FORM S-8</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>REGISTRATION STATEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>UNDER</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>THERIVA BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its
charter)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Nevada</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; font-size: 10pt; width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>13-3808303</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(State or other jurisdiction</I></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>of incorporation or organization)</I></P></TD>
    <TD>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(I.R.S. Employer</I></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>Identification Number)</I></P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Rockville, Maryland 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(301) 417-4364</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(Address, including ZIP code, and telephone
number, including</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>area code, of registrant's principal executive
office)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>THERIVA
Biologics, Inc. 2020 STOCK INCENTIVE PLAN</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(Full title of the Plan)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>&nbsp;</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Steven A. Shallcross</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial
Officer<BR>
9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Rockville, Maryland 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(301) 417-4364</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(Name, address and telephone number of agent
for service)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><I>with copies to:</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Leslie Marlow, Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Patrick J. Egan, Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Blank Rome LLP</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>1271 Avenue of the Americas</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>New York, New York 10020</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(212) 885-5000</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(Name, address and telephone number)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated
filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of
 &ldquo;large accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;accelerated filer&rdquo; &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; and &ldquo;emerging growth
company&rdquo; in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" ALIGN="CENTER" STYLE="width: 80%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="width: 64%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 36%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large accelerated filer&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated filer&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated filer&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller reporting company&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging growth company&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">If an emerging
growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any
new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>EXPLANATORY NOTE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Theriva Biologics, Inc., a
Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;Registrant&rdquo;), filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;Commission&rdquo;) its
Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-249712) on October 28, 2020 (the &ldquo;2020 Registration Statement&rdquo;) pursuant
to and in accordance with the requirements of Form S-8 for the purpose of registering under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the
 &ldquo;Securities Act&rdquo;), 4,000,000 shares (calculated prior to giving effect to the 2022 Reverse Stock Split (as defined below))
of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;Common Stock&rdquo;), to be offered and sold under the Registrant&rsquo;s 2020
Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (hereinafter referred to as the &ldquo;Plan&rdquo;). Pursuant to General Instruction E to Form S-8, the
contents of the 2020 Registration Statement are incorporated into this Registration Statement by reference.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="background-color: white">On
July 25, 2022, the Registrant effected a one-for-ten reverse stock split of its authorized, issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock
(the &ldquo;2022 Reverse Stock Split&rdquo;), which reduced the number of shares reserved under the Plan to 400,000 shares. </FONT>The
Registrant filed its Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Registration No. 333-267910) on October 17, 2022 (the &ldquo;2022 Registration
Statement&rdquo;) pursuant to and in accordance with the requirements of Form S-8 for the purpose of registering under the Securities
Act, an additional 6,600,000 shares of Common Stock (calculated after giving effect to the 2022 Reverse Stock Split, but before giving
effect to the 2024 Reverse Stock Split (as defined below)), to be offered and sold under the Plan. Pursuant to General Instruction E to
Form S-8, the contents of the 2022 Registration Statement are incorporated into this Registration Statement by reference.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">On August 26, 2024, the Registrant
effected another reverse stock split of its <FONT STYLE="background-color: white">authorized, issued and outstanding shares of Common
Stock</FONT> at a ratio of <FONT STYLE="color: #212529">one-for-twenty-five </FONT>(the &ldquo;2024 Reverse Stock Split&rdquo;), which
reduced the number of shares of Common Stock reserved under the Plan to 280,000. The Registrant is filing this Registration Statement
on Form S-8 (the &ldquo;Registration Statement&rdquo;) to register an additional 2,220,000 shares of Common Stock that were added to the
Plan by a vote of the Registrant&rsquo;s Board of Directors and the Registrant&rsquo;s stockholders at the Registrant&rsquo;s 2024 Annual
Meeting of Stockholders, which was held on October 31, 2024.&nbsp;These additional 2,220,000 shares of Common Stock (calculated after
giving effect to the 2022 Reverse Stock Split and the 2024 Reverse Stock Split), were added pursuant to the adoption of Amendment No.
2 to the Plan, dated October 31, 2024. The aggregate number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued under the Plan, as amended, after
the adoption of Amendment No. 2 to the Plan, is 2,500,000 shares. &nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B></B>&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PART I</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE SECTION 10(a) PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 1. Plan Information*</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 2. Registrant Information and Employee Plan Annual Information*</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">*The information specified
in Item 1 and Item 2 of Part I of this Registration Statement on Form S-8 is omitted from this filing in accordance with the provisions
of Rule 428 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;Securities Act&rdquo;), and the introductory note to Part I of Form
S-8. The documents containing the information specified in Part I will be delivered to the participants in the Plan as required by Rule
428. Such documents and the documents incorporated by reference in this Registration Statement pursuant to Item 3 of Part II of this Registration
Statement, taken together, constitute a prospectus that meets the requirements of Section 10(a) of the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PART II</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>INFORMATION REQUIRED IN THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 3.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Incorporation of Documents By Reference.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Securities and Exchange
Commission (the &ldquo;Commission&rdquo;) allows us to &ldquo;incorporate by reference&rdquo; the information we file with it which means
that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents instead of having to repeat the information in this
prospectus. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus, and later information that we file
with the Commission will automatically update and supersede this information. We incorporate by reference the documents listed below and
any future filings made with the Commission under Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
(the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;), between the date of this prospectus and the termination of the offering:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231x10k.htm">The Registrant&rsquo;s Annual Report on&nbsp;Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2023 filed with the Commission on March&nbsp;25, 2024 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584);</A></FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on&nbsp;Form&nbsp;10-Q&nbsp;for
the quarter ended <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000601/tmb-20240331x10q.htm">March&nbsp;31, 2024</A> filed with the Commission on&nbsp;May&nbsp;7, 2024, Quarterly Report on&nbsp;Form 10-Q&nbsp;for
the quarter ended <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824001342/tmb-20240630x10q.htm">June&nbsp;30, 2024</A> filed with the Commission on&nbsp;August&nbsp;13, 2024; and the Quarterly Report on&nbsp;Form 10-Q&nbsp;for
the quarter ended <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824001850/tmb-20240930x10q.htm">September 30, 2024</A> filed with the Commission on&nbsp;November 12, 2024 respectively (File No.&nbsp;001-12584);</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The Registrant&rsquo;s Current Reports on Form&nbsp;8-K
filed with the Commission on&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924011395/tm245387d1_8k.htm">February&nbsp;7, 2024</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924050037/tm2412300d1_8k.htm">April&nbsp;22, 2024</A>&nbsp;(other than as set forth therein),&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924050307/tm2412300d2_8k.htm">April&nbsp;23, 2024</A>&nbsp;(other than as set forth therein),&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924056146/tm2413223d1_8k.htm">May&nbsp;2, 2024</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924062270/tm2414630d1_8k.htm">May&nbsp;16, 2024</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924064544/tm2415354d1_8k.htm">May&nbsp;23, 2024</A>&nbsp;(other than as
set forth therein),&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924084159/tm2420486d1_8k.htm">July&nbsp;31, 2024</A>&nbsp;(other than as set forth therein),&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924090522/tm2421949d1_8k.htm">August&nbsp;16, 2024</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924092644/tm2422579d1_8k.htm">August&nbsp;26, 2024</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924098225/tm2423567d1_8k.htm">September 9, 2024</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924100010/tm2424064d1_8k.htm">September 16, 2024</A>&nbsp;(other than as set forth therein), <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924101892/tm2424516d1_8k.htm">September 23, 2024</A>&nbsp;(other than as set forth therein), <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924103813/tm2425109d1_8k.htm">September 30, 2024</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924105634/tm2425487d1_8k.htm">October 3, 2024</A> (other than as indicated therein), <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924108958/tm2426230d1_8k.htm">October 16, 2024</A> (other than as indicated therein) and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924113480/tm2427299d1d1_8k.htm">November 1, 2024</A> (File
No.&nbsp;001-12584);</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The Registrant&rsquo;s Definitive Proxy Statement
on Schedule 14A filed with the Commission on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924104372/tm2425198d1_def14a.htm">September 30, 2024</A> (File No.&nbsp;001-12584); and</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The description of the Registrant&rsquo;s Common
Stock set forth in its (i) registration statements on&nbsp;Form&nbsp;8-A12B, filed with the Commission on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016307000379/s11-7491_8a.htm">June&nbsp;20, 2007</A> (File No.&nbsp;001-12584),&nbsp;and
(ii)&nbsp;Exhibit&nbsp;4.3&mdash;Description of Securities to its Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31,
2023 filed with the Commission on <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231xex4d3.htm">March 25, 2024</A>.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All other reports and documents
subsequently filed by the Registrant pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (other than Current Reports furnished
under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form 8-K and exhibits furnished on such form that relate to such items) shall be deemed to be incorporated
by reference in this Registration Statement and to be a part of this Registration Statement from the respective date of filing of each
of those reports or documents until the filing of a post-effective amendment to this Registration Statement which indicates either that
all securities offered by this Registration Statement have been sold or which deregisters all of the securities under this Registration
Statement then remaining unsold.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Any statement contained in
this Registration Statement or in a document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this Registration Statement shall
be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this Registration Statement to the extent that a statement contained in this Registration
Statement or in any other subsequently filed document which also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference in this Registration
Statement modifies or supersedes that statement. Any statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or
superseded, to constitute a part of this Registration Statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 4.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Description of Securities</B>.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 5.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Interests of Named Experts and Counsel</B>.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 6.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Indemnification of Directors and Officers</B>.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Section 78.138 of the Nevada
Revised Statutes provides that a director or officer is not individually liable to the Registrant or its stockholders or creditors for
any damages as a result of any act or failure to act in his capacity as a director or officer unless it is proven that (1) his act or
failure to act constituted a breach of his fiduciary duties as a director or officer and (2) his breach of those duties involved intentional
misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This provision is intended
to afford directors and officers protection against and to limit their potential liability for monetary damages resulting from suits alleging
a breach of the duty of care by a director or officer. As a consequence of this provision, the Registrant&rsquo;s stockholders will be
unable to recover monetary damages against directors or officers for actions taken by them that may constitute negligence or gross negligence
in performance of their duties unless such conduct falls within one of the foregoing exceptions. The provision, however, does not alter
the applicable standards governing a director&rsquo;s or officer&rsquo;s fiduciary duty and does not eliminate or limit the right of the
Registrant or any of its stockholders to obtain an injunction or any other type of non-monetary relief in the event of a breach of fiduciary
duty.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Registrant&rsquo;s Articles
of Incorporation, as amended, and amended and restated bylaws provide for indemnification of directors, officers, employees or agents
of the Registrant to the fullest extent permitted by Nevada law (as amended from time to time).&nbsp;&nbsp;Section 78.7502 of the Nevada
Revised Statutes provides that such indemnification may only be provided if the person acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably
believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interest of the Registrant and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had
no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 7.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exemption from Registration Claimed</b></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Not applicable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Item 8.</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibits</B>&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; width: 8%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit</B><BR>
<B>Number</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: center; width: 90%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit Title</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (Incorporated by reference to (i) Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016308000665/s11-8824_ex31.htm">October 16, 2008</A>, File No. 001-12584, (ii) Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2001 filed <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000095012401502861/c64437ex3-1.txt">August 14, 2001</A>, File No. 001-12584; and (iii) Exhibits <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/0000921895-98-000694-index.html">3.1</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/0000921895-98-000694-index.html">4.1</A> and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/0000921895-98-000694-index.html">4.2</A> of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 1998 filed August 14, 1998, File No. 001-12584) &nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex31.htm">4.2</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex31.htm">Articles of Merger (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009, File No. 001-12584)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex32.htm">4.3</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex32.htm">Certificate of Merger filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009, File No. 001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex33.htm">4.4</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex33.htm">Articles of Incorporation filed with the Nevada Secretary of State (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed October 19, 2009, File No. 001-12584)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 8%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420411060729/v238878_ex3-1.htm">4.5</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom; width: 90%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420411060729/v238878_ex3-1.htm">Amended and Restated Bylaws Adopted and Effective October 31, 2011 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 2, 2011, File No. 001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465923090511/tm2323521d1_ex3-1.htm">4.6</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465923090511/tm2323521d1_ex3-1.htm">Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed August&nbsp;11, 2023, File No.&nbsp;001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412009508/v302955_ex3-1.htm">4.7</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412009508/v302955_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed February 16, 2012, File No. 001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415031962/v411020_ex3-1.htm">4.8</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415031962/v411020_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed May 18, 2015, File No. 001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047316/v474831_ex3-1.htm">4.9</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047316/v474831_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 8, 2017, File No. 001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418043710/tv500716_ex3-1.htm">4.10</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418043710/tv500716_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Change Pursuant to NRS 78. 209 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed August 13, 2018, File No. 001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418050928/tv503400_ex3-1.htm">4.11</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418050928/tv503400_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed September 26, 2018, File No. 001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>

<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922082251/tm2221681d1_ex3-1.htm">4.12</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922082251/tm2221681d1_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Change Pursuant to NRS 78.209 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed July 25, 2022, File No. 001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex3-1.htm">4.13</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex3-1.htm">Form&nbsp;of Certificate of Designation of Series&nbsp;C Convertible Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on July&nbsp;29, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex3-2.htm">4.14</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex3-2.htm">Form&nbsp;of Certificate of Designation of Series&nbsp;D Convertible Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on July&nbsp;29, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922107928/tm2228052d1_ex3-1.htm">4.15</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922107928/tm2228052d1_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on October&nbsp;12, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922107928/tm2228052d1_ex3-2.htm">4.16</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922107928/tm2228052d1_ex3-2.htm">Certificate of Change to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on October&nbsp;12, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924092644/tm2422579d1_ex3-1.htm">4.17</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924092644/tm2422579d1_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Change of Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on August&nbsp;26, 2024 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920090343/tm2026181-1_def14a.htm#z_001">4.18</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920090343/tm2026181-1_def14a.htm#z_001">Theriva Biologics, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan (Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant&rsquo;s Definitive Proxy Statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 4, 2020). &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920119032/tm2034204d1_ex4-11.htm">4.19</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920119032/tm2034204d1_ex4-11.htm">Form of Incentive Stock Option Grant Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.11 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-249712) filed October 28, 2022) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920119032/tm2034204d1_ex4-12.htm">4.20</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920119032/tm2034204d1_ex4-12.htm">Form of Nonqualified Stock Option Grant Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.12 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-249712) filed October 28, 2022) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920119032/tm2034204d1_ex4-13.htm">4.21</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465920119032/tm2034204d1_ex4-13.htm">Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.13 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Registration Statement on Form S-8 (File No. 333-249712) filed October 28, 2022) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 8%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922091820/tm2222180-2_def14a.htm#tAPC">4.22</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 90%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922091820/tm2222180-2_def14a.htm#tAPC">Amendment No. 1 to the Theriva Biologics, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan <FONT STYLE="background-color: white">(incorporated by reference to Appendix C to the Registrant&rsquo;s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 16, 2022)&nbsp;</FONT> &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924104372/tm2425198d1_def14a.htm#a_035">4.23</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924104372/tm2425198d1_def14a.htm#a_035">Amendment No. 2 to the Theriva Biologics, Inc. 2020 Stock Incentive Plan <FONT STYLE="background-color: white">(incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant&rsquo;s Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 30, 2024)&nbsp;</FONT> &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924113480/tm2427299d1_ex3-1.htm">4.24</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924113480/tm2427299d1_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Change to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on November 1, 2024 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584) &nbsp;</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="tm2428915d1_ex5-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5.1*</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="tm2428915d1_ex5-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Opinion of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer regarding the legality of the shares of common stock being registered</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="tm2428915d1_ex23-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.1*</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="tm2428915d1_ex23-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of BDO USA, P.C.</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="tm2428915d1_ex5-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.2*</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="tm2428915d1_ex5-1.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent of Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer (included in Exhibit 5.1 hereof)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="tm2428915d1_ex-filingfees.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">107*</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="tm2428915d1_ex-filingfees.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Calculation of Filing Fee Table</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-top: 3pt; margin-bottom: 3pt; width: 25%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">*Filed herewith</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><B>Item 9.</B></TD>
    <TD><B>Undertakings</B>.</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; padding-right: 0.8pt; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(a)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt; text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(1) To file, during any period
in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(i) To include any
prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(ii) To reflect
in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective
amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in this registration
statement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(iii) To include
any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material
change to such information in this registration statement;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>Provided, however,</I>&nbsp;that
paragraphs (a)(1)(i) and (a)(1)(ii) of this section do not apply if the registration statement is on Form S-8 and the information required
to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the Securities
Exchange Commission by the Registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference in
the registration statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(2) That, for the purpose
of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement
relating to the securities offered herein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial&nbsp;<I>bona
fide</I>&nbsp;offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(3) To remove from registration
by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(4) That, for purposes of
determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the Registrant&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a)
or Section&nbsp;15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&rsquo;s annual report pursuant
to Section&nbsp;15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in this registration statement shall be deemed to be a new
registration statement relating to the securities offered herein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to
be the initial&nbsp;<I>bona fide</I>&nbsp;offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(5) Insofar as indemnification
for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant
to existing provisions or arrangements whereby the Registrant may indemnify a trustee, officer or controlling person of the Registrant
against liabilities arising under the Securities Act, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities
and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.&nbsp;&nbsp;In
the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or
paid by a trustee, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted
by such trustee, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the
opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question
whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of
such issue.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SIGNATURES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements
of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements
for filing on Form&nbsp;S-8 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly
authorized, in the City of Rockville and State of Maryland, on the 20<SUP>th</SUP> day of November, 2024.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-right: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>THERIVA BIOLOGICS, INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-right: 0">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3" STYLE="padding-right: 0">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; width: 42%"> <FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; vertical-align: top">Title:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; vertical-align: top">Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>POWER OF ATTORNEY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt">Each of the undersigned,
whose signature appears below, hereby constitutes and appoints Steven A. Shallcross as his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent,
with full power of substitution and resubstitution for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any or
all amendments to this Registration Statement, whether pre-effective or post-effective, and to file the same with all exhibits thereto
and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent,
or his substitute full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing necessary or appropriate to be done with respect
to this Registration Statement or any amendments hereto in the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do
in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent, or his substitute or substitutes, or any of them,
may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 24.5pt">Pursuant to the requirements
of the Securities Act, this Registration Statement on Form S-8 has been signed below by the following persons, in the capacities and on
the date or dates indicated:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; width: 30%; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Signature</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 2%; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; width: 45%; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Title</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; width: 2%; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: center; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; width: 21%; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&nbsp;Date</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0">Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">November 20, 2024</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0">(Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) Director</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Jeffrey J. Kraws</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chairman of the Board of Directors</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">November 20, 2024</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;Jeffrey J. Kraws</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Jeffrey Wolf</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">November 20, 2024</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jeffrey Wolf</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ John Monahan, Ph.D.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">November 20, 2024</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">John Monahan, Ph.D.</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>tm2428915d1_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><IMG SRC="tm2428915d1_ex5-1img001.jpg" ALT="">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 60%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 40%; padding-right: 0.8pt; font-size: 10pt">November 20, 2024</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Board of Directors</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Theriva Biologics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite 270</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Rockville, Maryland 20850</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Re:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Theriva Biologics, Inc. Form S-8</U></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We refer to the Registration
Statement on Form S-8 (the &ldquo;<B>Registration Statement</B>&rdquo;) to be filed on even date by Theriva Biologics, Inc., a Nevada
corporation (the &ldquo;<B>Company</B>&rdquo;), with the Securities and Exchange Commission with respect to the registration of an additional
2,220,000 shares (the &ldquo;<B>Shares</B>&rdquo;) of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;<B>Common
Stock</B>&rdquo;), to be issued in connection with the Company&rsquo;s 2020 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended by Amendment No. 1 thereto
dated September 15, 2024 and Amendment No. 2 thereto dated October 31, 2024 (the &ldquo;<B>2020 Stock Incentive Plan</B>&rdquo;). An aggregate
of 2,500,000 shares of Common Stock are available under the 2020 Stock Incentive Plan.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As counsel to the Company,
we have examined such matters of fact and questions of law as we have considered appropriate for purposes of this letter. With your consent,
we have relied upon certificates and other assurances of officers of the Company and others as to factual matters without having independently
verified such factual matters. We are opining herein as to the Nevada Revised Statutes, and we express no opinion with respect to the
applicability thereto, or the effect thereon, of the laws of any other jurisdiction or, in the case of Nevada, any other laws, or as to
any matters of municipal law or the laws of any local agencies within any state.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have made such examination
as we have deemed necessary for the purpose of this opinion letter.&nbsp;&nbsp;Based upon such examination, it is our opinion, that, when
the Registration Statement has become effective under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and when the Shares are sold and paid for
in the manner described in the 2020 Stock Incentive Plan and the Registration Statement, the Shares so issued will be validly issued,
fully paid and non-assessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">No opinion is expressed herein
as to any matter pertaining to the contents of the Registration Statement or the 2020 Stock Incentive Plan. In connection with this opinion
letter, we have examined and relied on the representations and warranties as to factual matters in the Registration Statement. Our knowledge
of the Company and its legal and other affairs is limited by the scope of our engagement, which scope includes the delivery of this opinion
letter. We do not represent the Company with respect to all legal matters or issues. The Company may employ other independent counsel
and, to our knowledge, handles certain matters and issues without the assistance of independent counsel.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion is given as of
the date hereof and we assume no obligation to advise you of changes that may hereafter be brought to our attention.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We hereby consent to the use
of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>/s/ Parsons Behle &amp; Latimer</I></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 0.8pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PARSONS BEHLE &amp; LATIMER</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tm2428915d1_ex23-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 23.1
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 23.1&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING
FIRM</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; color: fuchsia">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We hereby consent to the incorporation by reference
in this Registration Statement on Form S-8 of our report dated March 25, 2024, relating to the consolidated financial statements&nbsp;of
Theriva Biologics, Inc. (the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;)&nbsp;appearing in the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2023.&nbsp;Our report contains an explanatory paragraph regarding the Company&rsquo;s ability to continue as a going concern.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; color: fuchsia">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">/s/ BDO USA, P.C.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Raleigh, North Carolina</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">November 20, 2024</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-FILING FEES
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>tm2428915d1_ex-filingfees.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-FILING FEES
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 107</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>Calculation of Filing
Fee Tables</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B><U>Form S-8</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white">(Form Type)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B><U>Theriva Biologics,
Inc.</U></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white">(Exact Name of Registrant
as Specified in its Charter)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; background-color: white"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Table1 &ndash; Newly Registered Securities</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>&nbsp;</B></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Security&nbsp;Type</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Security<BR>
 Class<BR>
 Title</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Fee<BR>
 Calculation<BR>
 Rule</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Amount<BR>
 Registered<SUP>(1)(2)</SUP></B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Proposed<BR>
 Maximum<BR>
 Offering<BR>
 Price per<BR>
 Unit<SUP>(3)</SUP></B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Maximum<BR>
 Aggregate<BR>
 Offering<BR>
 Price</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Fee Rate</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Amount of<BR>
 Registration <BR>
Fee</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: top; width: 20%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Equity</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 7%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Common stock, par value $0.001 per share</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 8%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Rule 457(c) and Rule 457(h)<B><SUP>(3)</SUP></B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 9%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2,220,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 8%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.34</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 8%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2,974,800</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: bottom; width: 15%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$153.10 per $1,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 8%; text-align: right">455.45</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; vertical-align: bottom; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Total Offering Amounts</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2,974,800</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="white-space: nowrap; padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$153.10 per $1,000,000</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0; text-align: right">455.45</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Total Fee Offsets<SUP>(4)</SUP></B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; white-space: nowrap; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&mdash;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Net Fee Due</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; white-space: nowrap">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0; white-space: nowrap; text-align: right">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2pt double; padding-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>$</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2pt double; padding-bottom: 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>455.45</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white">&nbsp;</P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-top: 3pt; margin-bottom: 3pt; width: 25%"><DIV STYLE="font-size: 1pt; border-top: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; background-color: white"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">(1) </TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 95%">The securities to be registered include options and other rights to acquire the common stock of Theriva Biologics, Inc. (the &ldquo;Registrant&rdquo;).</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>(2)</TD>
    <TD>Pursuant to Rule 416(a) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;Securities Act&rdquo;), this registration statement also covers any additional securities that may be offered or issued in connection with any stock split, stock dividend or similar transactions.</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(3)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 95%">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Calculated pursuant to Rule 457(c) and 457(h)
of the Securities Act solely for purposes of calculating the registration fee. The price for the shares under the Registrant&rsquo;s
2020 Stock Incentive Plan, as amended, is based upon the average of the high and low sale prices of the Registrant&rsquo;s common stock
reported on the NYSE American LLC on November 18, 2024.</P></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; background-color: white">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(4)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 95%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Registrant does not have any fee offsets to claim.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify"></P>

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<SEQUENCE>5
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
