<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-25-108521.txt : 20251107
<SEC-HEADER>0001104659-25-108521.hdr.sgml : 20251107
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20251107163612
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-25-108521
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	S-3
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		17
FILED AS OF DATE:		20251107
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20251107

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Theriva Biologics, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000894158
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		EIN:				133808303
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NV
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		S-3
		SEC ACT:		1933 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	333-291381
		FILM NUMBER:		251463194

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		9605 MEDICAL CENTER DRIVE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 270
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(734) 332-7800

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		9605 MEDICAL CENTER DRIVE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 270
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	Synthetic Biologics, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20120305

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ADEONA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20081027

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	PIPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20061214
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>S-3
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>tm2530375d1_s3.htm
<DESCRIPTION>S-3
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
on November&nbsp;7, 2025</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Registration Statement No.&nbsp;333-</B></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-bottom: 3pt; width: 100%"><DIV STYLE="border-top: Black 2pt solid; font-size: 1pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>UNITED STATES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>FORM&nbsp;S-3</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>REGISTRATION STATEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>UNDER</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 14pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>THERIVA BIOLOGICS,&nbsp;INC.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(Exact name of registrant as specified in its
charter)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; width: 32%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Nevada</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 2%; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; width: 32%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>2834</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 2%; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; width: 32%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>13-3808303</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(State
    or other jurisdiction of<BR>
    &nbsp;incorporation or organization)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Primary
    Standard Industrial<BR>
    Classification Code Number)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(I.R.S.
    Employer<BR>
    Identification No.)</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite&nbsp;270</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Rockville, Maryland 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(301) 417-4364</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code, of registrant&rsquo;s principal executive office)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Steven A. Shallcross</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial
Officer<BR>
9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite&nbsp;270</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Rockville, Maryland 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>(301) 417-4364</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone
number, including area code, of agent for service)</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Copies to:</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Leslie Marlow,&nbsp;Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Patrick J. Egan,&nbsp;Esq.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Blank Rome LLP</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>1271 Avenue of the Americas</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>New York, New York 10020</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Telephone: (212) 885-5000</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Approximate date of commencement of proposed
sale to the public:&nbsp;</B>From time to time after the effective date of this registration statement, as determined by market conditions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If the only securities being registered on this
Form&nbsp;are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box.&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If any of the securities being registered on
this Form&nbsp;are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule&nbsp;415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than
securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box.&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#120;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If this Form&nbsp;is filed to register additional
securities for an offering pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(b)&nbsp;under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities
Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If this Form&nbsp;is a post-effective amendment
filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(c)&nbsp;under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement
number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If this Form&nbsp;is a registration statement
pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission
pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(e)&nbsp;under the Securities Act, check the following box.&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If this Form&nbsp;is a post-effective amendment
to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes
of securities pursuant to Rule&nbsp;413(b)&nbsp;under the Securities Act, check the following box.&nbsp;<FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company.
See the definitions of &ldquo;large accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;accelerated filer,&rdquo; &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo;
and &ldquo;emerging growth company&rdquo; in Rule&nbsp;12b-2 of the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Large accelerated
    filer </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt">&#168;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Accelerated
    filer </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt">&#168;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Non-accelerated filer </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt">&#120;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Smaller reporting company
    </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt">&#120;</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Emerging Growth Company
    </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt">&#168;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark
if the registrant has not elected to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards
provided pursuant to Section&nbsp;7(a)(2)(B)&nbsp;of the Securities Act. <FONT STYLE="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>The Registrant hereby amends this registration
statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment that
specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section&nbsp;8(a)&nbsp;of the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange
Commission, acting pursuant to said Section&nbsp;8(a), may determine.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-top: 3pt; margin-bottom: 12pt; width: 100%"><DIV STYLE="border-top: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 1pt; border-bottom: Black 2pt solid">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; color: red"><B>The information in this preliminary
prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The Selling Stockholders may not sell these securities until the registration statement
filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we
are not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="width: 35%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: red"><B>PRELIMINARY
    PROSPECTUS</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 30%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: red"><B>SUBJECT
    TO COMPLETION</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 35%; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt; color: red"><B>DATED
    NOVEMBER 7, 2025</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tm2530375d1_s3img001.jpg" ALT="">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>16,184,560 Shares</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Of Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus relates to the resale from time
to time of up to an aggregate of 16,184,560 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;Common Stock&rdquo;), of Theriva
Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. by the Selling Stockholders identified in this prospectus (the &ldquo;Selling Stockholders&rdquo;), including their
pledgees, assignees, donees, transferees or their respective successors-in-interest. The 16,184,560 shares of Common Stock registered
hereunder are issuable upon exercise of New Warrants (defined below) that were issued to the Selling Stockholders on October&nbsp;16,
2025 when we entered into a warrant inducement agreement (the &ldquo;Warrant Inducement Agreement&rdquo;) with the Selling Stockholders,
which were holders of previously issued common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 8,092,280 shares of Common Stock,
consisting of (i)&nbsp;common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,345,000 shares of Common Stock issued on September&nbsp;27,
2024 (the &ldquo;September&nbsp;2024 Warrants&rdquo;, and (ii)&nbsp;common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of
6,747,280&nbsp;shares of Common Stock issued on May&nbsp;8, 2025 (the &ldquo;May&nbsp;2025 Warrants&rdquo; and, together with the September&nbsp;Warrants,
the &ldquo;Existing Warrants&rdquo;). Pursuant to the Warrant Inducement Agreement, (1)&nbsp; the holders of the Existing Warrants (who
are the Selling Stockholders named herein) agreed to exercise for cash the Existing Warrants at a reduced exercise price of $0.54&nbsp;per
share and (2)&nbsp;we agreed to issue to the Selling Stockholders new common stock purchase warrants (the &ldquo;New Warrants&rdquo;)
to purchase up to an aggregate of 16,184,560 shares of Common Stock (sometimes referred to as the &ldquo;New Warrant Shares&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are filing this registration statement on
Form&nbsp;S-3, of which this prospectus forms a part, to fulfill our contractual obligations with the Selling Stockholders to provide
for the resale by the Selling Stockholders of the 16,184,560 shares of Common Stock offered hereby. See &ldquo;Selling Stockholders&rdquo;
beginning on page&nbsp;13 of this prospectus for more information about the Selling Stockholders. The registration of the shares of Common
Stock to which this prospectus relates does not require the Selling Stockholders to sell any of their shares of Common Stock. We are
not offering any shares of Common Stock under this prospectus and will not receive any proceeds from the sale or other disposition of
the shares of Common Stock covered hereby. See &ldquo;Use of Proceeds&rdquo; beginning on page&nbsp;6 of this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Selling Stockholders identified in this prospectus,
or their respective pledgees, assignees, donees, transferees or their respective successors-in-interest, from time to time may offer
and sell through public or private transactions at prevailing market prices, at prices related to prevailing market prices or at privately
negotiated prices the shares held by them directly or through underwriters, agents or broker-dealers on terms to be determined at the
time of sale, as described in more detail in this prospectus. See &ldquo;Plan of Distribution&rdquo; beginning on page&nbsp;16 of this
prospectus for more information about how the Selling Stockholders may sell their respective shares of Common Stock. The Selling Stockholders
may be deemed &ldquo;underwriters&rdquo; within the meaning of Section&nbsp;2(a)(11) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;Securities
Act&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the terms of the Warrant Inducement
Agreement, we have agreed to bear all of the expenses in connection with the registration of the New Warrant Shares pursuant to the&nbsp;registration
statement of which this prospectus forms a part. The Stockholders will pay or assume all commissions, discounts, fees of underwriters,
agents, selling brokers or dealer managers and similar expenses, if any, attributable to their respective sales of the New Warrant Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our shares of Common Stock are listed on the NYSE American LLC (the &ldquo;NYSE American&rdquo;) under the symbol &ldquo;TOVX&rdquo;.
On November&nbsp;3, 2025, the closing price for our shares of Common Stock on the NYSE American was $0.325 per share.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Investing in our Common Stock involves risks.
You should review carefully the risks described under the heading &ldquo;<I>Risk Factors</I>&rdquo; contained in this prospectus and
under similar headings in the other documents that are incorporated by reference into this prospectus, as described beginning on page&nbsp;4
of this prospectus.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission
nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus.
Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense. The securities are not being offered in any jurisdiction where the offer is
not permitted.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">The date of this prospectus is &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;,
2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 2 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>TABLE OF CONTENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; width: 92%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black thin solid; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; width: 7%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Page</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_001"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABOUT
    THIS PROSPECTUS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_001"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ii</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_002"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PROSPECTUS
    SUMMARY</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_002"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_003"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">THE
    OFFERING</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_003"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_004"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">RISK
    FACTORS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_004"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_005"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SPECIAL
    NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_005"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">5</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_006"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">USE
    OF PROCEEDS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_006"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_007"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DIVIDEND
    POLICY</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_007"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">6</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_008"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DESCRIPTION
    OF CAPITAL STOCK</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_008"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">7</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_009"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">DESCRIPTION
    OF THE WARRANT INDUCEMENT TRANSACTION</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_009"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">11</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_010"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SELLING
    STOCKHOLDERS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_010"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">13</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_011"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">PLAN
    OF DISTRIBUTION</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_011"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_012"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">LEGAL
    MATTERS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_012"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_013"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">EXPERTS</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_013"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: white">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_014"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">WHERE
    YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_014"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; background-color: #CCEEFF">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_015"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">INCORPORATION
    OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center"><A HREF="#a_015"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">18</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 3; Options: NewSection; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: LowerRoman; Name: PageNo -->i<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_001"></A><B>ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You should rely only on the information we have
provided or incorporated by reference into this prospectus and any related free writing prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to
provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus, any applicable prospectus or any related free writing
prospectus. No dealer, salesperson or other person is authorized to give any information or to represent anything not contained in this
prospectus, any applicable prospectus or any related free writing prospectus. You must not rely on any unauthorized information or representation.
This prospectus is an offer to sell only the shares of Common Stock offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions
where it is lawful to do so. You should assume that the information in this prospectus or any related free writing prospectus is accurate
only as of the date on the front of the document and that any information we have incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the
date of the document incorporated by reference, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of a security.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus and the documents incorporated
by reference into this prospectus include statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications
and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies generally
indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or
completeness of such information. We believe that the data obtained from these industry publications and third-party research, surveys
and studies are reliable. We are ultimately responsible for all disclosure included in this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Selling Stockholders are offering shares
of Common Stock only in jurisdictions where such issuances are permitted. The distribution of this prospectus and the issuance of the
shares of Common Stock in certain jurisdictions may be restricted by law. Persons outside the United States who come into possession
of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the issuance of the shares and the distribution
of this prospectus outside the United States. This prospectus does not constitute, and may not be used in connection with, an offer to
sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, the shares of Common Stock offered by this prospectus by any person in any jurisdiction in
which it is unlawful for such person to make such an offer or solicitation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus contains summaries of certain
provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information.
All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have
been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is
a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under the sections entitled &ldquo;Where You Can Find More Information&rdquo;
and &ldquo;Incorporation of Certain Documents By Reference.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Neither we nor any Selling Stockholders has authorized
anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus or in any related
free-writing prospectus filed by us with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;). Neither we nor any Selling Stockholder
takes any responsibility for, or provides any assurance as to the reliability of, any information other than the information in this
prospectus, any accompanying prospectus or in any related free-writing prospectus filed by us with the SEC. This prospectus and any accompanying
prospectus do not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities other than the securities described
in this prospectus or any accompanying prospectus or an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy such securities in any circumstances
in which such offer or solicitation is unlawful. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus, any prospectus,
the documents incorporated by reference and any related free-writing prospectus is accurate only as of their respective dates. Our business,
financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed materially since those dates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Except as otherwise indicated herein or as the
context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to &ldquo;Theriva,&rdquo; &ldquo;the Company,&rdquo; &ldquo;we,&rdquo; &ldquo;us,&rdquo;
 &ldquo;our&rdquo; and similar references refer to Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc., an entity incorporated under the laws of the State of
Delaware.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Smaller Reporting Company &ndash; Scaled Disclosure</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to Item 10(f)&nbsp;of Regulation S-K
promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, as indicated herein, we have elected to comply with the scaled disclosure requirements
applicable to &ldquo;smaller reporting companies,&rdquo; including providing two years of audited financial statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 4; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: LowerRoman; Name: PageNo -->ii<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_002"></A>PROSPECTUS SUMMARY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>This summary highlights information contained
in greater detail elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary is not complete and does not contain all of the information you should consider
in making your investment decision. You should read the entire prospectus carefully before making an investment in our securities. You
should carefully consider, among other things, our financial statements and the related notes and the sections entitled &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo;
and &ldquo;Management&rsquo;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations&rdquo; included elsewhere in,
or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>The Company</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Overview</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are a diversified clinical-stage company developing
therapeutics designed to treat cancer and related diseases in areas of high unmet need. As a result of the acquisition in March&nbsp;2022
of Theriva Biologics, S.L. (&ldquo;VCN&rdquo;, formerly named VCN Biosciences, S.L.), described in more detail below (the &ldquo;Acquisition&rdquo;),
we transitioned our strategic focus to oncology through the development of VCN&rsquo;s new oncolytic adenovirus platform designed for
intravenous and intravitreal delivery to trigger tumor cell death, to improve access of co-administered cancer therapies to the tumor,
and to promote a robust and sustained anti-tumor response by the patient&rsquo;s immune system. Our lead product candidate, VCN-01, a
clinical stage oncolytic human adenovirus that is modified for tumor-selective replication and to express an enzyme, PH20 hyaluronidase,
has been evaluated in a Phase 2b clinical study for the treatment of pancreatic cancer (&ldquo;VIRAGE&rdquo;), and has recently been
used to treat patients in a Phase 1 clinical study for the treatment of retinoblastoma, and Phase 1 clinical studies for the treatment
of other solid tumors including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Prior to the Acquisition, our focus was on developing
therapeutics designed to treat gastrointestinal (GI) diseases which included our clinical development candidates: (1)&nbsp;SYN-004 (ribaxamase)
which is designed to degrade certain commonly used intravenous (IV)&nbsp;beta-lactam antibiotics within the GI tract to prevent microbiome
damage, thereby preventing overgrowth and infection by pathogenic organisms such as&nbsp;<I>Clostridioides difficile</I>&nbsp;infection
(CDI) and vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE), and reducing the incidence and severity of acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD)
in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients, and (2)&nbsp;SYN-020, a recombinant oral formulation of the enzyme intestinal
alkaline phosphatase (IAP) produced under cGMP conditions and intended to treat both local GI and systemic diseases. As part of our strategic
transformation into an oncology focused company, we are exploring value creation options for our SYN-004 and SYN-020 assets, including
out-licensing or partnering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Our Current Product Pipeline</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tm2530375d1_s3img002.jpg" ALT="">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 5; Options: NewSection; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->1<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>*Based on management&rsquo;s current beliefs
and expectations</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>aGVHD</B>&nbsp;acute graft-versus host disease.<B>&nbsp;allo-HCT&nbsp;</B>allogeneic
hematopoietic cell transplant.&nbsp;<B>CSR</B>&nbsp;clinical study report.&nbsp;<B>HNSCC</B>&nbsp;head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.&nbsp;<B>IV</B>&nbsp;intravenous.&nbsp;<B>IVit</B>&nbsp;intravitreal.
For other abbreviations see the text.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><SUP>1</SUP>Additional products with preclinical
proof-of-concept include SYN-006 (carbapenemase) to prevent aGVHD, CDI, and microbiome damage in patients treated with carbapenem antibiotics
and SYN-007 (ribaxamase) DR to prevent antibiotic associated diarrhea with oral &beta;-lactam antibiotics.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><SUP>2</SUP>Depending on funding/partnership.
SYN-004 may enter a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (&ldquo;FDA&rdquo;)-agreed Phase 3 clinical trial for the treatment of CDI.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Corporate Information</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our predecessor, Sheffield Pharmaceuticals,&nbsp;Inc.,
was incorporated in 1986, and in 2006 engaged in a reverse merger with Pipex Therapeutics,&nbsp;Inc., a publicly-traded Delaware corporation
formed in 2001. After the reverse merger, we changed our name to Pipex Pharmaceuticals,&nbsp;Inc., and in October&nbsp;2008 we changed
our name to Adeona Pharmaceuticals,&nbsp;Inc. On October&nbsp;15, 2009, we engaged in a merger with a wholly owned subsidiary for the
purpose of reincorporating in the State of Nevada. On February&nbsp;15, 2012, we changed our name to Synthetic Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. On
August&nbsp;10, 2018, we effected a one for thirty-five reverse stock split of our authorized, issued and outstanding Common Stock. On
July&nbsp;15, 2022, we effected a one for ten reverse stock split of our authorized, issued and outstanding Common Stock. On October&nbsp;12,
2022, we changed our name to Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. On August&nbsp;26, 2024, we effected a one for twenty-five reverse stock split
of our authorized, issued and outstanding Common stock (the &ldquo;Reverse Stock Split&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our principal executive offices are located at
9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite&nbsp;270, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and our telephone number is (301) 417-4367. Our website address
is&nbsp;<I>www.therivabio.com</I>.&nbsp;Information contained on our website is intended for informational purposes only and is not incorporated
by reference into this prospectus, and it should not be considered to be part of this prospectus or the&nbsp;registration statement of
which this prospectus forms a part. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other
information regarding issuers like us that file documents electronically with the SEC. The address of the SEC&nbsp;website is&nbsp;<I>www.sec.gov</I>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Smaller Reporting Company</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are a &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo;
as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &ldquo;Exchange Act&rdquo;). As a result, we may take advantage of
certain reduced disclosure obligations available to smaller reporting companies, including the exemption from compliance with the auditor
attestation requirements pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2022, reduced disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements
and the requirements to provide only two years of audited financial statements in our annual reports and registration statements. We
will continue to be a &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; as long as (1)&nbsp;we have a public float (i.e., the market value of our
Common Stock held by non-affiliates) less than $250 million calculated as of the last business day of our most recently completed second
fiscal quarter, or (2)&nbsp;our annual revenues are less than $100 million for our previous fiscal year and we have either no public
float or a public float of less than $700 million as of the end of that fiscal year&rsquo;s second fiscal quarter. Decreased disclosures
in our SEC filings due to our status as a &ldquo;smaller reporting company&rdquo; may make it harder for investors to analyze our results
of operations and financial prospects.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 6; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->2<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_003"></A><B>THE OFFERING</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; width: 30%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Shares
of common stock offered by the Selling Stockholders</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; width: 69%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">16,184,560
shares</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Common
stock to be outstanding after this offering<SUP>(1)</SUP></B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">49,924,203
shares of Common Stock, assuming the exercise of all of the New Warrants</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top"><B>Registration Rights</B></TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">Under the terms of the Warrant Inducement Agreement,
we agreed to file this registration statement with respect to the registration of the resale by the Selling Stockholders of the New Warrant
Shares as soon as reasonably practicable and in any event by the 30<SUP>th</SUP>&nbsp;calendar day following the date of the Warrant
Inducement Agreement, and to use commercially reasonable efforts to cause this registration statement of which this prospectus forms
a part to become effective within sixty (60) calendar days following the date of the Warrant Inducement Agreement (or within 90 calendar
days following the date of the Warrant Inducement Agreement in case of a review of this registration statement by the SEC), provided,
however, that if the SEC is closed for operations due to a government shutdown, the applicable deadline for this registration statement
to become effective will be extended by the same amount of days that the SEC remains closed for operations, and to keep this registration
statement effective at all times until no holder of the New Warrants owns any New Warrants or New Warrant Shares.</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Use of
Proceeds</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Stockholders will receive all of the proceeds of the sale of shares of Common Stock offered from time to time pursuant to this prospectus.
Accordingly, we will not receive any proceeds from the sale of shares of Common Stock that may be sold from time to time pursuant to
this prospectus; however, we will receive proceeds from the cash exercise of the New Warrants. See &ldquo;Use of Proceeds.&rdquo; We
intend to use the proceeds from any cash exercise of the New Warrants for working capital and other general corporate purposes.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Plan of
Distribution</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Selling Stockholders named in this prospectus, or their pledgees, donees, transferees, distributees, beneficiaries or other successors-in-interest,
may offer or sell the shares of Common Stock offered hereby from time to time through public or private transactions at prevailing market
prices, at prices related to prevailing market prices or at privately negotiated prices. The Stockholders may also resell the shares
of Common Stock to or through underwriters, broker-dealers or agents, who may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions
or commissions.</FONT></TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; width: 30%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Risk
Factors</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; width: 1%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; width: 69%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">See
 &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; beginning on page&nbsp;4 of this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus
and the other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before investing in our
securities.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>NYSE American trading symbol</B></TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Our shares
of Common Stock are listed on the NYSE American under the symbol &ldquo;TOVX&rdquo;. </FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(1)</FONT>
Based on 33,739,643 shares of Common Stock outstanding as of November&nbsp;3, 2025, and excludes:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,116,101
                                            shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options with a weighted
                                            average exercise price of $5.09 per share;</FONT></TD>
</TR><TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     </TABLE>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">16,339,060
                                            shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding warrants to purchase Common
                                            Stock with a weighted average exercise price of $0.55 per share; and</FONT></TD>
</TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     </TABLE>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,391,465
                                            additional shares of the Common Stock reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive
                                            plans.</FONT></TD>
</TR></TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 7; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->3<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_004"></A>RISK FACTORS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>This prospectus summary highlights information
contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary does not contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding
to invest in our Common Stock. You should read this entire prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein carefully, including
the section entitled &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; in this prospectus and under &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; in our most recent Annual Report
on Form&nbsp;10-K, along with our consolidated financial statements and notes to those consolidated financial statements and the other
information incorporated by reference in this prospectus, before deciding to invest in our Common Stock.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Risks Related to this Offering</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>The number of shares being registered for
resale is significant in relation to the number of our outstanding shares of Common Stock.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have filed a registration statement of which
this prospectus forms a part to register the shares offered hereunder for sale into the public market by the Selling Stockholders. These
shares represent a large number of shares of our outstanding shares of Common Stock, and if sold in the market all at once or at about
the same time, could depress the market price of our Common Stock during the period the registration statement remains effective and
could also affect our ability to raise equity capital.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Resales of our Common Stock in the public
market by our stockholders as a result of this offering may cause the market price of our Common Stock to fall.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are registering shares of Common Stock issuable
upon the exercise of the New Warrants. Sales of substantial amounts of shares of our Common Stock in the public market, or the perception
that such sales might occur, could adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock. The issuance of new shares of Common Stock
could result in resales of our Common Stock by our current stockholders concerned about the potential ownership dilution of their holdings.
Furthermore, in the future, we may issue additional shares of Common Stock or other equity or debt securities exercisable or convertible
into Common Stock. Any such issuance could result in substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and could cause our stock price
to decline.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Investors who buy shares at different times
will likely pay different prices.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Investors who purchase shares in this offering
at different times will likely pay different prices and so may experience different levels of dilution and different outcomes in their
investment results.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Our management will have broad discretion
over the use of the net proceeds from the cash exercise of the New Warrants by the Selling Stockholders, and you may not agree with how
we use the proceeds, and the proceeds may not be invested successfully.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Selling Stockholders will receive all of
the proceeds of the sale of shares of Common Stock offered from time to time pursuant to this prospectus. Accordingly, we will not receive
any proceeds from the sale of shares of Common Stock that may be sold from time to time pursuant to this prospectus; however, we will
receive proceeds from the cash exercise of the New Warrants. We intend to use the proceeds from any cash exercise of the New Warrants
for working capital and other general corporate purposes. However, we have not designated any portion of the net proceeds from the exercise
of New Warrants to be used for any particular purpose. Accordingly, our management will have broad discretion as to the use of the net
proceeds, if any, and you will be relying on the judgment of our management with regard to the use of these net proceeds, and you will
not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. It is possible
that, pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for our company. Our
management&rsquo;s judgment may not result in positive returns on your investment, and you will not have the opportunity to evaluate
the economic, financial or other information upon which our management bases its decisions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>We do not intend to pay dividends in the
foreseeable future on our Common Stock.</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have never paid cash dividends on our Common
Stock. We currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to finance the operation and growth of our business and currently do
not plan to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. If we do not pay dividends, our Common Stock may be less valuable because
a return on your investment will only occur if the market price of our Common Stock price appreciates.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 8; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->4<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_005"></A>SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus and the documents we file with
the SEC that are incorporated by reference herein and therein contain &ldquo;forward-looking statements&rdquo; within the meaning of
Section&nbsp;27A of the Securities Act, and Section&nbsp;21E of the Exchange Act, these statements reflect our current views with respect
to our ongoing and planned clinical trials, business strategy, business plan, financial performance and other future events. These statements
include forward-looking statements both with respect to us, specifically, and the biotechnology sector, in general. We make these statements
pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Statements that include the words &ldquo;expect,&rdquo;
 &ldquo;intend,&rdquo; &ldquo;plan,&rdquo; &ldquo;believe,&rdquo; &ldquo;project,&rdquo; &ldquo;estimate,&rdquo; &ldquo;may,&rdquo; &ldquo;should,&rdquo;
 &ldquo;anticipate,&rdquo; &ldquo;will&rdquo; and similar statements of a future or forward-looking nature identify forward-looking statements
for purposes of the federal securities laws or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">All forward-looking statements involve inherent
risks and uncertainties, and there are or will be important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated
in these statements. We believe that these factors include, but are not limited to, those factors set forth under the caption &ldquo;Risk
Factors&rdquo; in this prospectus and under the captions &ldquo;Risk Factors,&rdquo; &ldquo;Business,&rdquo; and &ldquo;Management&rsquo;s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,&rdquo; in our most recent Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K and
our subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form&nbsp;10-Q, all of which you should review carefully. Please consider our forward-looking statements
in light of those risks as you read this prospectus. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the
impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ
materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue
reliance on these forward-looking statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You should not assume that the information contained
in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of this prospectus, or that any information incorporated
by reference into this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date of the document so incorporated by reference. Except
as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results
could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the
future. Thus, you should not assume that our silence over time means that actual events are bearing out as expressed or implied in such
forward-looking statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties
materializes, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may vary materially from what we anticipate. All
subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or individuals acting on our behalf are expressly qualified
in their entirety by this Note. Before purchasing any shares of Common Stock, you should consider carefully all of the factors set forth
or referred to in this prospectus that could cause actual results to differ.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 9; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->5<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_006"></A>USE OF PROCEEDS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Selling Stockholders will receive all of
the proceeds of the sale of shares of Common Stock offered from time to time pursuant to this prospectus. Accordingly, we will not receive
any proceeds from the sale of shares of Common Stock that may be sold from time to time pursuant to this prospectus; however, we will
receive proceeds from the cash exercise of the New Warrants. We intend to use the proceeds from any cash exercise of the New Warrants
for working capital and other general corporate purposes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will bear the out-of-pocket costs, expenses
and fees incurred in connection with the registration of shares of Common Stock to be sold by the Selling Stockholders pursuant to this
prospectus. Other than registration expenses, the Selling Stockholders will bear any underwriting discounts, commissions, placement agent
fees or other similar expenses payable with respect to sales of shares of Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_007"></A>DIVIDEND POLICY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have never declared or paid any cash dividends
on shares of Common Stock and we do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future. We
expect to retain all available funds and future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. Any future determination
to pay dividends, if any, on our shares of Common Stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among
other factors, the terms of any outstanding preferred stock, our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements and
contractual restrictions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 10; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->6<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_008"></A><B>DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL
STOCK</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>The following is a description of the material
terms of our capital stock. This is a summary only and does not purport to be complete. It is subject to and qualified in its entirety
by reference to our Articles of Incorporation and our Bylaws, each of which are incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the registration
statement of which this prospectus forms a part. We encourage you to read our Certificate of Incorporation, our Bylaws and the applicable
provisions of the Nevada Revised Statute (the &ldquo;NRS&rdquo;), for additional information.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our authorized capital stock consists of: (i)&nbsp;350,000,000
shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share; and (ii)&nbsp;10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Outstanding Shares</I>. As of November&nbsp;3,
2025, there were 33,739,643 shares of our Common Stock outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Voting Rights</I>. The holders of the Common
Stock are entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders, including the election
of directors, and do not have cumulative voting rights. Accordingly, the holders of a majority of the shares of the Common Stock entitled
to vote in any election of directors can elect all of the directors standing for election.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Dividend Rights</I>. Subject to preferences
that may be applicable to any then outstanding preferred stock, the holders of Common Stock are entitled to receive dividends, if any,
as may be declared from time to time by our board of directors out of legally available funds.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Liquidation Rights</I>. In the event of our
liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of the Common Stock will be entitled to share ratably in the net assets legally available
for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all of our debts and other liabilities, subject to the satisfaction of any liquidation
preference granted to the holders of any then outstanding shares of preferred stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Other Rights and Preferences</I>. The holders
of the Common Stock have no preemptive, conversion or subscription rights, and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable
to the Common Stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of the Common Stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected
by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of our preferred stock that we may designate and issue in the future.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Fully Paid and Nonassessable</I>. All of our
outstanding shares of Common Stock are fully paid and nonassessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Anti-Takeover Effects of Nevada Law</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The provisions of NRS, our Articles of Incorporation
and our Bylaws described below may have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging another party from acquiring control of us.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Business Combinations</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The &ldquo;business combination&rdquo; provisions
of Sections 78.411 to 78.444, inclusive, of the NRS generally prohibit a Nevada corporation with at least 200 stockholders from engaging
in various &ldquo;combination&rdquo; transactions with any interested stockholder for a period of two years after the date of the transaction
in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless the transaction is approved by the board of directors prior to the date
the interested stockholder obtained such status or the combination is approved by the board of directors and thereafter is approved at
a meeting of the stockholders by the affirmative vote of stockholders representing at least 60% of the outstanding voting power held
by disinterested stockholders, and extends beyond the expiration of the two-year period, unless:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the
                                            combination was approved by the board of directors prior to the person becoming an interested
                                            stockholder or the transaction by which the person first became an interested stockholder
                                            was approved by the board of directors before the person became an interested stockholder
                                            or the combination is later approved by a majority of the voting power held by disinterested
                                            stockholders; or</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 11; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->7<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">if
                                            the consideration to be paid by the interested stockholder is at least equal to the highest
                                            of: (a)&nbsp;the highest price per share paid by the interested stockholder within the two
                                            years immediately preceding the date of the announcement of the combination or in the transaction
                                            in which it became an interested stockholder, whichever is higher, (b)&nbsp;the market value
                                            per share of Common Stock on the date of announcement of the combination and the date the
                                            interested stockholder acquired the shares, whichever is higher, or (c)&nbsp;for holders
                                            of preferred stock, the highest liquidation value of the preferred stock, if it is higher.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A &ldquo;combination&rdquo; is generally defined
to include mergers or consolidations or any sale, lease exchange, mortgage, pledge, transfer, or other disposition, in one transaction
or a series of transactions, with an &ldquo;interested stockholder&rdquo; having: (a)&nbsp;an aggregate market value equal to 5% or more
of the aggregate market value of the assets of the corporation, (b)&nbsp;an aggregate market value equal to 5% or more of the aggregate
market value of all outstanding shares of the corporation, (c)&nbsp;10% or more of the earning power or net income of the corporation,
and (d)&nbsp;certain other transactions with an interested stockholder or an affiliate or associate of an interested stockholder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In general, an &ldquo;interested stockholder&rdquo;
is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns (or within two years, did own) 10% or more of a corporation&rsquo;s voting
stock. The statute could prohibit or delay mergers or other takeover or change in control attempts and, accordingly, may discourage attempts
to acquire our company even though such a transaction may offer our stockholders the opportunity to sell their stock at a price above
the prevailing market price.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B><I>Control Share Acquisitions</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The &ldquo;control share&rdquo; provisions of
Sections 78.378 to 78.3793, inclusive, of the NRS apply to &ldquo;issuing corporations&rdquo; that are Nevada corporations with at least
200 stockholders, including at least 100 stockholders of record who are Nevada residents, and that conduct business directly or indirectly
in Nevada. The control share statute prohibits an acquirer, under certain circumstances, from voting its shares of a target corporation&rsquo;s
stock after crossing certain ownership threshold percentages, unless the acquirer obtains approval of the target corporation&rsquo;s
disinterested stockholders. The statute specifies three thresholds: one-fifth or more but less than one-third, one-third but less than
a majority, and a majority or more, of the outstanding voting power. Generally, once an acquirer crosses one of the above thresholds,
those shares in an offer or acquisition and acquired within 90 days thereof become &ldquo;control shares&rdquo; and such control shares
are deprived of the right to vote until disinterested stockholders restore the right. These provisions also provide that if control shares
are accorded full voting rights and the acquiring person has acquired a majority or more of all voting power, all other stockholders
who do not vote in favor of authorizing voting rights to the control shares are entitled to demand payment for the fair value of their
shares in accordance with statutory procedures established for dissenters&rsquo; rights.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A corporation may elect to not be governed by,
or &ldquo;opt out&rdquo; of, the control share provisions by making an election in its articles of incorporation or bylaws, provided
that the opt-out election must be in place on the 10th day following the date an acquiring person has acquired a controlling interest,
that is, crossing any of the three thresholds described above. We have not opted out of the control share statutes, and will be subject
to these statutes if we are an &ldquo;issuing corporation&rdquo; as defined in such statutes.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The effect of the Nevada control share statutes
is that the acquiring person, and those acting in association with the acquiring person, will obtain only such voting rights in the control
shares as are conferred by a resolution of the stockholders at an annual or special meeting. The Nevada control share law, if applicable,
could have the effect of discouraging takeovers of our company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws provide
that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">the
                                            authorized number of directors is determined by our board of directors;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">directors
                                            may be removed only by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of our
                                            voting stock, whether for cause or without cause;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">our
                                            Bylaws may be amended or repealed by our board of directors or by the affirmative vote of
                                            our stockholders;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">special
                                            meetings of the stockholders may be called by Chairman of the board, if any, the Vice Chairman
                                            of the board, if any,</FONT> or the President or upon request of stockholders owning a majority
                                            of the outstanding shares our board of directors may fill vacancies on the board of directors;</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 12; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->8<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">our
                                            board of directors will be authorized to issue, without stockholder approval, preferred stock,
                                            the rights of which will be determined at the discretion of the board of directors and that,
                                            if issued, could operate as a &ldquo;poison pill&rdquo; to dilute the stock ownership of
                                            a potential hostile acquirer to prevent an acquisition that our board of directors does not
                                            approve;</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">our
                                            stockholders do not have cumulative voting rights, and therefore our stockholders holding
                                            a majority of the shares of Common Stock outstanding will be able to elect all of our directors;
                                            and</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">our
                                            stockholders must comply with advance notice provisions to bring business before or nominate
                                            directors for election at a stockholder meeting.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Potential Effects of Authorized but Unissued
Stock</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have shares of Common Stock available for
future issuance without stockholder approval. We may utilize these additional shares for a variety of corporate purposes, including future
public offerings to raise additional capital, to facilitate corporate acquisitions or payment as a dividend on the capital stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The existence of unissued and unreserved Common
Stock may enable our board of directors to issue shares to persons friendly to current management.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Limitations of Director Liability and Indemnification
of Directors, Officers and Employees</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">NRS 78.138 provides that directors of a corporation
is not individually liable to the corporation or its stockholders or creditors for any damages as a result of any act or failure to act
in his or her capacity as a director or officer unless: (a)&nbsp;the presumption that directors and officers acted in good faith on an
informed basis with a view toward the best interest of the corporation has been rebutted and (b)&nbsp;it is proven that:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
                                            director&rsquo;s or officer&rsquo;s act or failure to act constituted a breach of his or
                                            her fiduciary duties as a director or officer; and</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">such
                                            breach involved intentional misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law.</FONT></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws provide
that we will indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by law and may indemnify employees and other agents.
Our Articles of Incorporation also provide that we are obligated to advance expenses incurred by a director or officer in advance of
the final disposition of any action or proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have obtained a policy of directors&rsquo;
and officers&rsquo; liability insurance.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We have entered into separate indemnification
agreements with our directors and officers. These agreements, among other things, require us to indemnify our directors and officers
for any and all expenses (including reasonable attorneys&rsquo; fees, retainers, court costs, transcript costs, fees of experts, witness
fees, travel expenses, duplicating costs, printing and binding costs, telephone charges, postage, delivery service fees) judgments, fines
and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such directors or officers or on his or her behalf in connection with
any action or proceeding arising out of their services as one of our directors or officers, or any of our subsidiaries or any other company
or enterprise to which the person provides services at our request provided that such person follows the procedures for determining entitlement
to indemnification and advancement of expenses set forth in the indemnification agreement. We believe that these bylaw provisions and
indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The limitation of liability and indemnification
provisions in our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach
of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though an
action, if successful, might provide a benefit to us and our stockholders. Our results of operations and financial condition may be harmed
to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 13; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->9<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising
under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us, we have been informed that, in the opinion
of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">At present, there is no pending litigation or
proceeding involving any of our directors or officers as to which indemnification is required or permitted, and we are not aware of any
threatened litigation or proceeding that may result in a claim for indemnification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Listing of the Common Stock on the NYSE American
LLC</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Our Common Stock is listed for trading on the
NYSE American LLC under the symbol &ldquo;TOVX.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Transfer Agent and Registrar</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The transfer agent and registrar for our Common
Stock is Equiniti Trust Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Stock Options</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As of November&nbsp;3, 2025, we had options outstanding
to purchase an aggregate of 1,116,101 shares of Common Stock that were issued under our equity compensation plans. As of November&nbsp;3,
2025, there were 3,391,465 shares of Common Stock reserved for future issuance under our equity incentive plan.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 14; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->10<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_009"></A>DESCRIPTION OF THE WARRANT
INDUCEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On October&nbsp;16, 2025, we entered into the
Warrant Inducement Agreement with the Selling Stockholders, which were the beneficial owners of the Existing Warrants to purchase an
aggregate of up to 8,092,280 shares of the our Common Stock consisting of: (i)&nbsp;the September&nbsp;2024 Warrants to purchase up to
an aggregate of 1,345,000 shares of Common Stock, and (ii)&nbsp;the May&nbsp;2025 Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 6,747,280&nbsp;shares
of our Common Stock. Pursuant to the Warrant Inducement Agreement, (1)&nbsp;the Selling Stockholders agreed to exercise for cash the
Existing Warrants at a reduced exercise price of $0.54&nbsp;per share and (2)&nbsp;we agreed to issue to the Selling Stockholders the
New Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 16,184,560 shares of Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying
the September&nbsp;2024 Warrants were registered pursuant to our effective registration statement on Form&nbsp;S-1 (File No.&nbsp;333-282024),
which was initially filed with the SEC on September&nbsp;10, 2024, as subsequently amended, and declared effective by the SEC on September&nbsp;25,
2024 (the &ldquo;September&nbsp;2024 Registration Statement&rdquo;), and the issuance of shares of Common Stock underlying the May&nbsp;2025
Warrants were registered pursuant to an effective registration statement on Form&nbsp;S-1 (File No.&nbsp;333-283722), which was initially
filed with the SEC on December&nbsp;10, 2024, as subsequently amended, and declared effective by the SEC on May&nbsp;7, 2025 (the &ldquo;May&nbsp;2025
Registration Statement&rdquo; and, together with the September&nbsp;2024 Registration Statement, the &ldquo;Registration Statements&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The transactions contemplated by the Warrant
Inducement Agreement closed on October&nbsp;17, 2025 (the &ldquo;Closing Date&rdquo;). We received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately
$4.4 million for the exercise of the Existing Warrants, before deducting placement agent fees and other expenses payable by us.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In consideration of the Selling Stockholders&rsquo;
agreement to exercise the Existing Warrants (the &ldquo;Warrant Exercise&rdquo;), at the reduced exercise price of $0.54 per share, in
accordance with the Warrant Inducement Agreement, we issued to the Selling Stockholder the New Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 16,184,560
shares of Common Stock, equal to 200% of the number of shares of Common Stock underlying the Existing Warrants, at an exercise price
of $0.54 per share. The shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the New Warrants are sometimes hereinafter referred to collectively
as the &ldquo;New Warrant Shares.&rdquo; . The New Warrants and the New Warrant Shares were initially issued in a private placement pursuant
to the exemption provided in Section&nbsp;4(a)(2)&nbsp;under the Securities Act and Rule&nbsp;506(b)&nbsp;promulgated thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We agreed in the Warrant Inducement Agreement
to file this registration statement with the SEC to register the resale of the New Warrant Shares (the &ldquo;Resale Registration Statement&rdquo;)
as soon as practicable (and in any event within 30 calendar days following the date of the Warrant Inducement Agreement), and to use
commercially reasonable efforts to have this Resale Registration Statement declared effective by the SEC within 60 days following the
date of the Warrant Inducement Agreement (or 90 days following the date of the Warrant Inducement Agreement in the event of a &ldquo;limited
review&rdquo; or &ldquo;full review&rdquo; by the SEC), provided, however, that if the SEC is closed for operations due to a government
shutdown, the applicable deadline for the Resale Registration Statement becoming effective shall be extended by the same amount of days
that the SEC remains closed for operations, and to keep the Resale Registration Statement effective at all times until no holder of the
New Warrants owns any New Warrants or New Warrant Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the Warrant Inducement Agreement,
we have agreed, with certain limited exceptions, for 45 days following the Closing Date, not to issue any shares of Common Stock or Common
Stock Equivalents (as defined in the New Warrants) or to file any registration statement, subject to certain exceptions. We have also
agreed not to enter into a Variable Rate Transaction (as defined in the Warrant Inducement Agreement) for a period of 90 days following
the Closing Date, provided however that sales pursuant to an at-the-market are permitted to be made beginning five (5)&nbsp;days after
Closing Date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">We expect to use the net proceeds from the Warrant Exercise for working
capital.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners LP (&ldquo;AGP&rdquo;) served as our
exclusive financial advisor in connection with the Warrant Exercise and other transactions described in the Warrant Inducement Agreement.
Pursuant to the terms of an engagement letter, dated October&nbsp;16, 2025, by and between us and AGP (the &ldquo;Engagement Letter&rdquo;),
we agreed to pay to AGP a cash fee equal to 7.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds received from the Selling Stockholders upon exercise
of the Existing Warrants and reimbursement of certain expenses.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><I>Terms of the New Warrants</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The New Warrants are exercisable on the date
of Stockholder Approval (as defined below) and approval of the NYSE American in compliance with its rules&nbsp;and regulations and will
expire on the fifth anniversary of the date of Stockholder Approval. If at any time after the date of Stockholder Approval a registration
statement registering the issuance of the New Warrant Shares under the Securities Act is not effective or available, the holder may,
in its sole discretion, elect to exercise the New Warrants through a cashless exercise, in which case the holder would receive upon such
exercise the net number of shares of Common Stock determined according to the formula set forth in the New Warrants. &ldquo;Stockholder
Approval&rdquo; means such approval from our stockholders of the full exercise of the New Warrants and the issuance of all of the New
Warrant Shares upon the exercise thereof, it being understood that no portion of the New Warrants may be exercised until such approval
from our stockholders is obtained. We agreed to use our reasonable best efforts to obtain all components of the Stockholder Approval.
If we do not obtain all components of the Stockholder Approval at the first meeting of our stockholders called within sixty (60) days
following the Closing Date, we will call a meeting every sixty (60) days thereafter to seek any remaining components of the Stockholder
Approval until the earlier of the date on which Stockholder Approval is obtained or the New Warrants are no longer outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 15; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->11<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The exercise price of the New Warrants, and the
number of New Warrant Shares, will be subject to adjustment in the event of any stock dividend or split, recapitalization, reorganization
or similar transaction, as described in the New Warrants.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A holder of New Warrants will not have the right
to exercise any portion of the New Warrants if the holder (together with its affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% (or,
upon election of the holder, 9.99%) of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise,
as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the New Warrants. However, a holder may increase or decrease
such percentage, provided that any increase will not be effective until the 61st day after such election.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In the event of a Fundamental Transaction (as
such term is defined in the New Warrants), then the successor entity will succeed to, and be substituted for the us, and may exercise
every right and power that we may exercise and will assume all of our obligations under the New Warrants with the same effect as if such
successor entity had been named in the warrant itself. If holders of Common Stock are given a choice as to the securities, cash or property
to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then a holder of the New Warrants shall be given the same choice as to the consideration
it receives upon any exercise of the New Warrants following such Fundamental Transaction. In addition, the successor entity, at the request
of holders of New Warrants, will be obligated to purchase any unexercised portion of the New Warrants in accordance with the terms thereof.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction, the holders of the New Warrants have the right to require us
or a successor entity to purchase the New Warrant for cash in the amount of the Black Scholes Value (as defined in the New Warrant) of
the unexercised portion of the New Warrants concurrently with or within 30 days following the consummation of a Fundamental Transaction.
However, in the event of a Fundamental Transaction which is not in our control, including a Fundamental Transaction not approved by our
board of directors, the holders of the New Warrants will only be entitled to receive from the us or our successor entity, as of the date
of consummation of such Fundamental Transaction, the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion), at the Black Scholes
Value of the unexercised portion of the New Warrant that is being offered and paid to the holders of Common Stock in connection with
the Fundamental Transaction, whether that consideration is in the form of cash, stock or any combination of cash and stock, or whether
the holders of Common Stock are given the choice to receive alternative forms of consideration in connection with the Fundamental Transaction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Except as otherwise provided in the New Warrants
or by virtue of such holder&rsquo;s ownership of shares of Common Stock, the holder of a New Warrants will not have the rights or privileges
of a holder of Common Stock, including any voting rights, until the holder exercises such New Warrant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The foregoing summaries of the Warrant Inducement,
including the securities to be issued in connection therewith, the Warrant Inducement Agreement and the New Warrants do not purport to
be complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the definitive transaction documents, copies of which are attached as
Exhibits <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925100468/tm2528131d2_ex10-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">10.1</A> and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925100468/tm2528131d2_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">4.1</A>, respectively, to our Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed with the SEC on October&nbsp;17, 2025, and which are
each incorporated herein by reference.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 16; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->12<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_010"></A>SELLING STOCKHOLDERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The shares of Common Stock being offered by the
Selling Stockholders are those issuable to the Selling Stockholders upon exercise of the New Warrants. For additional information regarding
the issuances of the New Warrants, see &ldquo;Description of the Warrant Inducement&rdquo; elsewhere in this prospectus. We are registering
the shares of Common Stock in order to permit the Selling Stockholders to offer the shares of Common Stock for resale from time to time,
after Stockholder Approval has been obtained. Except for the entry into the Warrant Inducement Agreement, ownership of the New Warrants
and the other securities (if any) listed in the table below, the Selling Stockholders have not had any material relationship with us
within the past three (3) years, except that they acquired securities from us in the following transactions: (i) on September&nbsp;27,
2024, we consummated a public offering of an aggregate of (a) 918,600&nbsp;shares of Common Stock, (b)&nbsp;pre-funded warrants to purchase
up to 510,000&nbsp;shares of Common Stock, and (c) common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 1,428,600&nbsp;shares of Common Stock,
and (ii) on May&nbsp;8, 2025, we consummated a public offering of an aggregate of (a)&nbsp;1,990,900&nbsp;shares of Common Stock, (b)&nbsp;pre-funded
warrants to purchase up to 4,827,280&nbsp;shares of Common Stock, and (c) common stock purchase warrants to purchase up to 6,818,180&nbsp;shares
of Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The table below lists the Selling Stockholders
and other information regarding the beneficial ownership of the shares of Common Stock by each of the Selling Stockholders. Beneficial
ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to shares of our
Common Stock or if a person has the right to acquire beneficial ownership of our Common Stock within 60 days.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Unless otherwise indicated below, to our knowledge,
the Selling Stockholders named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares of Common Stock beneficially
owned by them. The number of shares of Common Stock disclosed as beneficially owned in the table below includes (i) all shares of our
Common Stock held by such Selling Stockholder as of November 3, 2025, and (ii) all shares of our Common Stock issuable to such Selling
Stockholder upon the exercise of New Warrants. The inclusion of any shares in this table does not constitute an admission of beneficial
ownership by the person named below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The second column in the table below titled &ldquo;Number
of Shares of Common Stock Beneficially Owned Prior to Offering&rdquo; lists the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by
the Selling Stockholders, based on their respective ownership of shares of our Common Stock and the New Warrants, as of November 3, 2025,
assuming exercise of the New Warrants held by the Selling Stockholders on that date, without regard to any limitations on exercises.
As of November 3, 2025, we had 33,729,643 shares of our Common Stock outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The third column in the table below titled &ldquo;Maximum
Number of Shares of Common Stock to be Sold in this Offering&rdquo; lists the maximum number of shares of Common Stock to be sold by
this prospectus by the Selling Stockholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In accordance with the terms of the Warrant Inducement
Agreement with the Selling Stockholders, this prospectus generally covers the resale of the maximum number of shares of Common Stock
issuable upon exercise of the New Warrants, determined as if the outstanding New Warrants were exercised in full as of the trading day
immediately preceding the date this registration statement was initially filed with the SEC, each as of the trading day immediately preceding
the applicable date of determination and all subject to adjustment as provided in the registration right agreement, without regard to
any limitations on the exercise of the New Warrants. The fourth and fifth columns in the table below titled &ldquo;Number of Shares of
Common Stock Beneficially Owned After Offering&rdquo; and &ldquo;Percentage of Shares Beneficially Owned After Offering&rdquo;, assume
the sale of all of the shares of Common Stock offered by the Selling Stockholders pursuant to this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Under the terms of the New Warrants, the Selling
Stockholders may not exercise the New Warrants to the extent such exercise would cause such Selling Stockholder, together with its affiliates
and attribution parties, to beneficially own a number of shares of Common Stock that would exceed 4.99%, of our then outstanding Common
Stock following such exercise, excluding for purposes of such determination shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of such New
Warrants which have not been exercised. The number of shares in the second and third columns do not reflect this limitation. The Selling
Stockholders may sell all, some or none of their shares in this offering (assuming Stockholder Approval is obtained and NYSE American
approval is obtained). See &ldquo;Plan of Distribution&rdquo; section of this prospectus for more information.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 17; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->13<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Name of Selling Stockholders</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Number of<BR> Shares<BR> of Common<BR> Stock<BR> Beneficially<BR> Owned<BR> Prior to<BR> Offering<SUP>(1)</SUP></B></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Maximum<BR> Number of<BR> Shares<BR> of Common<BR> Stock<BR> to be Sold<BR> in this<BR> Offering</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Number of<BR> Shares<BR> of Common<BR> Stock<BR> Beneficially<BR> Owned After<BR> Offering</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Percentage<BR> of Shares<BR> Beneficially<BR> Owned after<BR> Offering<SUP>(1)</SUP></B></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 44%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Anson Investments Master Fund LP<SUP>(1)</SUP></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">3,193,638</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">3,193,638</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 2%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Anson East Master Fund LP<SUP>(2)</SUP></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">740,002</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">740,002</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Armistice Capital, LLC <SUP>(3)</SUP></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">4,503,640</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">4,503,640</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">CVI Investments, Inc.<SUP>(4)</SUP></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">570,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">570,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Funds managed by Empery Asset Management, LP<SUP>(5)</SUP></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">3,363,640</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">3,363,640</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Hudson Bay Master Fund Ltd.<SUP>(6)</SUP></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">3,363,640</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">3,363,640</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Intracoastal Capital LLC<SUP>(7)</SUP></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">300,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">300,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Robert Forster<SUP>(8)</SUP></FONT></TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">150,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">150,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">&mdash;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-top: 3pt; margin-bottom: 3pt; width: 25%"><DIV STYLE="border-top: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 1pt">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">*</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">less than 1%</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(1)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Consists of 3,193,638
                                            shares of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the New Warrants.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">Anson Advisors Inc. and Anson Funds
Management LP, the Co-Investment Advisers of Anson Investments Master Fund LP (&ldquo;Anson Investments&rdquo;), hold voting and dispositive
power over our securities held by Anson Investments. Tony Moore is the managing member of Anson Management GP LLC, which is the general
partner of Anson Funds Management LP. Moez Kassam and Amin Nathoo are directors of Anson Advisors Inc. Mr. Moore, Mr. Kassam and Mr.
Nathoo each disclaim beneficial ownership of these securities except to the extent of their pecuniary interest therein. The principal
business address of Anson Investments is Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman
Islands.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(2)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Consists of 740,002 shares
                                            of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the New Warrants.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">Anson Advisors Inc. and Anson Funds
Management LP, the Co-Investment Advisers of Anson East Master Fund LP (&ldquo;Anson East&rdquo;), hold voting and dispositive power
over our securities held by Anson East. Tony Moore is the managing member of Anson Management GP LLC, which is the general partner of
Anson Funds Management LP. Moez Kassam and Amin Nathoo are directors of Anson Advisors Inc. Mr. Moore, Mr. Kassam and Mr. Nathoo each
disclaim beneficial ownership of these securities except to the extent of their pecuniary interest therein. The principal business address
of Anson East is Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(3)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Consists of 4,503,640
                                            shares of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the New Warrants.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">The securities are directly held by
Armistice Capital Master Fund Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempted company (the &ldquo;Master Fund&rdquo;), and may be deemed to be beneficially
owned by: (i) Armistice Capital, LLC (&ldquo;Armistice Capital&rdquo;), as the investment manager of the Master Fund; and (ii) Steven
Boyd, as the Managing Member of Armistice Capital. The warrants are subject to a beneficial ownership limitation of 4.99%, which such
limitation restricts the Selling Stockholder from exercising that portion of the warrants that would result in the Selling Stockholder
and its affiliates owning, after exercise, a number of shares of Common Stock in excess of the beneficial ownership limitation. The address
of Armistice Capital Master Fund Ltd. is c/o Armistice Capital, LLC, 510 Madison Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10022.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 0in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in; text-align: left">(4)</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Consists of 570,000 shares
                                            of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the New Warrants.</TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">Heights Capital Management, Inc.,
the authorized agent of CVI Investments, Inc. (&ldquo;CVI&rdquo;), has discretionary authority to vote and dispose of the shares of our
Common Stock held by CVI and may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of these shares. Martin Kobinger, in his capacity as Investment
Manager of Heights Capital Management, Inc., may also be deemed to have investment discretion and voting power over the shares held by
CVI. Mr.&nbsp;Kobinger disclaims any such beneficial ownership of the securities. CVI is affiliated with one or more FINRA member, none
of whom are currently expected to participate in this securities sale. The mailing address of CVI Investments, Inc. is C/O Heights Capital
Management, Inc., 101 California Street, Suite 3250, San Francisco, California 94111.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 18; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->14<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(5)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consists of: (i) 1,496,648 shares of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the New Warrants held by Empery Asset Master, LTD (&ldquo;EAM&rdquo;), (ii) 470,776 shares of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the New Warrants held by Empery Tax Efficient, LP (&ldquo;ETE&rdquo;), and (iii) &nbsp;1,396,216 shares of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the New Warrants held by Empery Tax Efficient III, LP (&ldquo;ETE III,&rdquo; and collectively with EAM and ETE, the &ldquo;Empery Funds&rdquo;).</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.25in; text-align: justify">Empery Asset Management LP, the authorized
agent of the Empery Funds, has discretionary authority to vote and dispose of the shares held by the Empery Funds and may be deemed to
be the beneficial owner of these shares. Martin Hoe and Ryan Lane, in their capacity as investment managers of Empery Asset Management
LP, may also be deemed to have investment discretion and voting power over the shares held by the Empery Funds. Each of the Empery Funds,
Mr. Hoe and Mr. Lane each disclaim any beneficial ownership of these shares. The address of Empery Asset Management, LP is 1 Rockefeller
Plaza, Suite 1205, New York, NY 10020.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(6)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consists of 3,363,640 shares of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the New Warrants. Hudson Bay Capital Management LP, the investment manager of Hudson Bay Master Fund Ltd., has voting and investment power over these securities. Sander Gerber is the managing member of Hudson Bay Capital GP LLC, which is the general partner of Hudson Bay Capital Management LP. Each of Hudson Bay Master Fund Ltd. and Sander Gerber disclaims beneficial ownership over these securities. The mailing address is c/o Hudson Bay Capital Management LP, 290 Harbor Drive, Floor 3, Stamford, CT 06902.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(7)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consists of 300,000 shares of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the New Warrants. Mitchell P. Kopin (&ldquo;Mr. Kopin&rdquo;) and Daniel B. Asher (&ldquo;Mr. Asher&rdquo;), each of whom are managers of Intracoastal Capital LLC (&ldquo;Intracoastal&rdquo;), have shared voting control and investment discretion over the securities reported herein that are held by Intracoastal. As a result, each of Mr. Kopin and Mr. Asher may be deemed to have beneficial ownership (as determined under Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act) of the securities reported herein that are held by Intracoastal. The business address of Intracoastal is 245 Palm Trail, Delray Beach, FL 33483</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(8)</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consists of 150,000 shares of our Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the New Warrants. Robert Forster has sole voting control and investment power over the securities reported herein. The address of Mr. Forster is 54 Deepdale Drive, Great Neck, NY 11021.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.25in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 19; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->15<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_011"></A>PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each Selling Stockholders of the securities and
any of its pledgees, assignees and successors-in-interest may, from time to time, sell any or all of their securities covered hereby
on the NYSE American or any other stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the securities are traded or in private transactions.
These sales may be at fixed or negotiated prices. The Selling Stockholders may use any one or more of the following methods when selling
securities:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ordinary brokerage transactions
    and transactions in which the broker-dealer solicits purchasers;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">block trades in which the
    broker-dealer will attempt to sell the securities as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate
    the transaction;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">purchases by a broker-dealer
    as principal and resale by the broker-dealer for its account;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">an exchange distribution
    in accordance with the rules&nbsp;of the applicable exchange;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">privately negotiated transactions;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">settlement of short sales;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">in transactions through
    broker-dealers that agree with the Selling Stockholders to sell a specified number of such securities at a stipulated price per security;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">through the writing or
    settlement of options or other hedging transactions, whether through an options exchange or otherwise;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">a combination of any such
    methods of sale; or</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 24px"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#9679;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">any other method permitted
    pursuant to applicable law.</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Stockholders may also sell securities under
Rule&nbsp;144 or any other exemption from registration under the Securities Act, if available, rather than under this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Broker-dealers engaged by the Selling Stockholders
may arrange for other brokers-dealers to participate in sales. Broker-dealers may receive commissions or discounts from the Selling Stockholders
(or, if any broker-dealer acts as agent for the purchaser of securities, from the purchaser) in amounts to be negotiated, but, except
as set forth in a supplement to this prospectus, in the case of an agency transaction not in excess of a customary brokerage commission
in compliance with FINRA Rule&nbsp;2121; and in the case of a principal transaction a markup or markdown in compliance with FINRA Rule&nbsp;2121.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In connection with the sale of the securities
or interests therein, the Selling Stockholders may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers or other financial institutions,
which may in turn engage in short sales of the securities in the course of hedging the positions they assume. The Selling Stockholders
may also sell securities short and deliver these securities to close out their short positions, or loan or pledge the securities to broker-dealers
that in turn may sell these securities. The Selling Stockholders may also enter into option or other transactions with broker-dealers
or other financial institutions or create one or more derivative securities which require the delivery to such broker-dealer or other
financial institution of securities offered by this prospectus, which securities such broker-dealer or other financial institution may
resell pursuant to this prospectus (as supplemented or amended to reflect such transaction).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Selling Stockholders and any broker-dealers
or agents that are involved in selling the securities may be deemed to be &ldquo;underwriters&rdquo; within the meaning of the Securities
Act in connection with such sales. In such event, any commissions received by such broker-dealers or agents and any profit on the resale
of the securities purchased by them may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts under the Securities Act. Each Selling
Stockholders has informed us that it does not have any written or oral agreement or understanding, directly or indirectly, with any person
to distribute the securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 20; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->16<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We are required to pay certain fees and expenses
incurred by us incident to the registration of the securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We agreed to keep this prospectus effective until
the date on which the New Warrants have been sold. Under applicable rules&nbsp;and regulations under the Exchange Act, any person engaged
in the distribution of the resale securities may not simultaneously engage in market making activities with respect to the Common Stock
for the applicable restricted period, as defined in Regulation M, prior to the commencement of the distribution. In addition, the Selling
Stockholders will be subject to applicable provisions of the Exchange Act and the rules&nbsp;and regulations thereunder, including Regulation
M, which may limit the timing of purchases and sales of the Common Stock by the Selling Stockholders or any other person. We will make
copies of this prospectus available to the Selling Stockholders and have informed them of the need to deliver a copy of this prospectus
to each purchaser at or prior to the time of the sale (including by compliance with Rule&nbsp;172 under the Securities Act).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 21; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->17<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_012"></A><B>LEGAL MATTERS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Blank Rome LLP, New York, New York is representing
us in connection with the offering. The validity of the shares of Common Stock offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Parsons Behle&nbsp;&amp;
Latimer, Reno, Nevada.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As of the date of this prospectus, an attorney
of Blank Rome LLP beneficially owns securities exercisable to purchase shares of Common Stock that represent less than 1% of our outstanding
shares of Common Stock.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_013"></A>EXPERTS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The consolidated financial statements of
Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. (the Company) as of December&nbsp;31, 2024 and 2023 and for each of the two years in the period ended
December&nbsp;31, 2024 incorporated by reference in this prospectus and in the registration statement have been so incorporated in
reliance on the report of BDO USA, P.C, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as
experts in auditing and accounting. The report on the consolidated financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph regarding
the Company&rsquo;s ability to continue as a going concern.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_014"></A>WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE
INFORMATION</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This prospectus is part of a registration statement
we filed with the SEC. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement and the exhibits
to the registration statement. For further information with respect to us and the securities we are offering under this prospectus, we
refer you to the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules filed as a part of the registration statement. Neither we nor
any agent, underwriter or dealer has authorized any person to provide you with different information. We are not making an offer of these
securities in any state where the offer is not permitted. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus is accurate as
of any date other than the date on the front page&nbsp;of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any
sale of the securities offered by this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We file annual, quarterly and current reports,
proxy statements and other information with the SEC. Our SEC filings are available to the public at the SEC&rsquo;s website at&nbsp;<I>www.sec.gov</I>.
Additional information about Synthetic Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. is contained at our website,&nbsp;<I>www.syntheticbiologics.com</I>. Information
on our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We make available on our website our SEC filings as soon as reasonably
practicable after those reports are filed with the SEC.&nbsp;The following Corporate Governance documents are also posted on our website:
Code of Ethics and the Charters for the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Governance Committee of the Board
of Directors.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><A NAME="a_015"></A><B>INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN
DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The SEC allows us to &ldquo;incorporate by reference&rdquo;
information from other documents that we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you
to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus. Information in this prospectus
supersedes information incorporated by reference that we filed with the SEC prior to the date of this prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We incorporate by reference into this prospectus,
and the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, the information or documents listed below that we have filed with
the SEC (Commission File No.&nbsp;001-12584):</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057825000285/tmb-20241231x10k.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
Annual Report on&nbsp;Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March&nbsp;6, 2025;</FONT></A></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057825001242/tmb-20250331x10q.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Our
Quarterly Report on&nbsp;Form&nbsp;10-Q&nbsp;for the quarter ended March&nbsp;31, 2025 filed with the SEC on&nbsp;May&nbsp;14, 2025;</FONT></A></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057825001654/tmb-20250630x10q.htm">Our
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2025 filed with the SEC on August 11, 2025;</A></TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">Our Current Reports on Form&nbsp;8-K filed with the SEC on&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925029654/tm2510883d1_8k.htm">March&nbsp;31,
                                                                                                               2025</A>&nbsp;(other than as set forth therein),&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925045309/tm2514050d1_8k.htm">May&nbsp;7,
                                                                                                               2025</A>&nbsp;(other than as set forth therein),&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925046170/tm2514447d1_8k.htm">May&nbsp;8,
                                                                                                               2025</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925055181/tm2516499d1_8k.htm">June&nbsp;2,
                                                                                                               2025</A>&nbsp;(other than as set forth therein),&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925061203/tm2518362d1_8k.htm">June
                                                                                                               20, 2025</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925062559/tm2518991d1_8k.htm">June 25,
                                                                                                               2025</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925087465/tm2525057d1_8k.htm">September 4,
                                                                                                               2025</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925096047/tm2527561d1_8k.htm">October 2,
                                                                                                               2025</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925096946/tm2528055d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">October
                                                                                                               6, 2025</A>&nbsp;(other than as set forth therein),&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925097739/tm2528131d1_8k.htm">October
                                                                                                               8, 2025</A>,&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925098882/tm2528558d1_8k.htm">October 14,
                                                                                                               2025</A>&nbsp;(other than as set forth therein),&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925100468/tm2528131d2_8k.htm">October
                                                                                                               17, 2025</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925100608/tm2529071d1_8k.htm">October 20,
                                                                                                               2025</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925102104/tm2529425d2_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">October 24, 2025</A> and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925103774/tm2529686d1_8k.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">October 29, 2025</A>; and</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"></TD><TD STYLE="width: 0.25in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Symbol">&middot;</FONT></TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The description of our Common Stock set forth in (i)&nbsp;our registration statement on&nbsp;<A HREF="http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016307000379/s11-7491_8a.htm">Form
8-A12B, filed with the SEC on June 20, 2007 (File No. 001-12584)</A>&nbsp;and (ii)&nbsp;<A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000141057824000293/tmb-20231231xex4d3.htm">Exhibit
4.2</A>&mdash;Description of Securities of Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. to our Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended
December&nbsp;31, 2024.</TD></TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 22; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->18<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We also incorporate by reference any future filings
(other than current reports furnished under Item 2.02 or Item 7.01 of Form&nbsp;8-K and exhibits filed on such form that are related
to such items unless such Form&nbsp;8-K expressly provides to the contrary) made with the SEC pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or
15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act, including those made &nbsp;(i)&nbsp;on or after the date of the initial filing of the registration statement
of which this prospectus forms a part and prior to effectiveness of such registration statement, and (ii)&nbsp;on or after the date of
this prospectus but prior to the termination of the offering (i.e., until the earlier of the date on which all of the securities registered
hereunder have been sold or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part has been withdrawn). Information in such
future filings updates and supplements the information provided in this prospectus. Any statements in any such future filings will automatically
be deemed to modify and supersede any information in any document we previously filed with the SEC that is incorporated or deemed to
be incorporated herein by reference to the extent that statements in the later filed document modify or replace such earlier statements.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We will furnish without charge to each person,
including any beneficial owner, to whom a prospectus is delivered, upon written or oral request, a copy of any or all of the documents
incorporated by reference into this prospectus but not delivered with the prospectus, including exhibits that are specifically incorporated
by reference into such documents. You should direct any requests for documents to:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite&nbsp;270</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Rockville, Maryland 20850</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Telephone: (301) 417-4364</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Attention: Corporate Secretary</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You may also access these documents, free of
charge, on the SEC&rsquo;s website at&nbsp;<I>www.sec.gov</I>&nbsp;or on our website at&nbsp;<I>https://ir.therivabio.com/sec-filings</I>.
The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference in, and is not part of, this
prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In accordance with Rule&nbsp;412 of the Securities
Act, any statement contained in a document incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed modified or superseded to the extent that
a statement contained herein or in any other subsequently filed document which also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein
modifies or supersedes such statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">You should rely only on information contained
in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from
that contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We are not making offers to sell the securities
in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or solicitation is not authorized or in which the person making such offer or solicitation
is not qualified to do so or to anyone to whom it is unlawful to make such an offer or solicitation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 23; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->19<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tm2530375d1_s3img001.jpg" ALT="">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>16,184,560 Shares</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>of Common Stock</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">, 2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 24 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PART&nbsp;II</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 14. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The following table sets forth the various expenses
to be incurred in connection with the sale and distribution of the securities being registered hereby, all of which will be borne by
the Registrant (except any underwriting discounts and commissions and expenses incurred by the Selling Stockholders for brokerage, accounting,
tax or legal services or any other expenses incurred by the Selling Stockholders in disposing of the shares). All amounts shown are estimates
except the SEC registration fee.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: center">Amount</TD><TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 86%; text-align: left">SEC registration fee</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 2%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 10%; text-align: right">665</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 1%; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">Legal fees and expenses</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">40,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">Printing expenses</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">2,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">Accounting fees and expenses</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">7,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">Miscellaneous fees and expenses</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">3,335</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font: bold 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">$</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 2.5pt double; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right">53,000</TD><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Item 15. Indemnification of Directors and
Officers.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Section&nbsp;78.138 of the Nevada Revised Statute
provides that, subject to certain exceptions, a director or officer is not individually liable to the corporation or its stockholders
or creditors for any damages as a result of any act or failure to act in his capacity as a director or officer unless the presumption
that the director or officer acted in good faith, on an informed basis and with a view to the interest of the corporation is rebutted
and it is proven that (1)&nbsp;his act or failure to act constituted a breach of his fiduciary duties as a director or officer and (2)&nbsp;his
breach of those duties involved intentional misconduct, fraud or a knowing violation of law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This provision is intended to afford directors
and officers protection against and to limit their potential liability for monetary damages resulting from suits alleging a breach of
the duty of care by a director or officer. As a consequence of this provision, stockholders of our company will be unable to recover
monetary damages against directors or officers for action taken by them that may constitute negligence or gross negligence in performance
of their duties unless such conduct falls within one of the foregoing exceptions. The provision, however, does not alter the applicable
standards governing a director&rsquo;s or officer&rsquo;s fiduciary duty and does not eliminate or limit the right of our company or
any stockholder to obtain an injunction or any other type of non-monetary relief in the event of a breach of fiduciary duty.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Registrant&rsquo;s Articles of Incorporation,
as amended, and amended and restated bylaws provide for indemnification of directors, officers, employees or agents of the Registrant
to the fullest extent permitted by Nevada law (as amended from time to time). Section&nbsp;78.7502 of the Nevada Revised Statute provides
that &nbsp;a corporation may indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending
or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, except an action by or in the right
of the corporation, by reason of the fact that the person is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is
or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint
venture, trust or other enterprise or as a manager of a limited-liability company, against expenses, including attorneys&rsquo; fees,
judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by the person in connection with the action, suit or
proceeding if the&nbsp; person is not liable as provided above and acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed
to be in, or not opposed to, the best interest of a company and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable
cause to behave his conduct was unlawful.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The registrant has entered into separate indemnification
agreements with each of the registrant&rsquo;s directors and certain of the registrant&rsquo;s officers which require the registrant,
among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities which may arise by reason of their status as directors or officers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Registrant has an insurance policy in place
that covers its officers and directors with respect to certain liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act or
otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Any underwriting agreement, agency agreement,
equity distribution agreement or similar agreement that the Registrant may enter into will likely provide for indemnification by any
underwriters or agents of the Registrant, its directors, its officers who sign the registration statement and the Registrant&rsquo;s
controlling persons for some liabilities, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 25; Options: NewSection; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">II-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->1<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 16. Exhibits.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The exhibits to this registration statement are listed in the Exhibit&nbsp;Index
to this registration statement, which immediately precedes the Signature Page&nbsp;and which Exhibit&nbsp;Index is hereby incorporated
by reference.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Item 17. Undertakings.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">To file, during any period in which offers or
sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this Registration Statement:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(i)&nbsp;to include any prospectus required by
Section&nbsp;10(a)(3)&nbsp;of the Securities Act;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(ii)&nbsp;to reflect in the prospectus any facts
or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which,
individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding
the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum
offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;if, in the aggregate,
the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the &ldquo;Calculation
of Registration Fee&rdquo; table in the effective registration statement; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(iii)&nbsp;to include any material information
with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information
in the registration statement; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that paragraphs (i), (ii)&nbsp;and (iii)&nbsp;do not apply if the information
required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in reports filed with or furnished to the SEC
by the Registrant pursuant to Section&nbsp;13 or Section&nbsp;15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference in the
registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)&nbsp;that is part of the registration
statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">That, for the purpose of determining any liability
under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities
offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial <I>bona fide</I> offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">To remove from registration by means of a post-effective
amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">That, for the purpose of determining liability
under the Securities Act to any purchaser:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(A)&nbsp;Each prospectus filed by a Registrant
pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)(3)&nbsp;shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was
deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">(B)&nbsp;Each prospectus required to be filed
pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b)(2), (b)(5)&nbsp;or (b)(7)&nbsp;as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule&nbsp;430B relating
to an offering made pursuant to Rule&nbsp;415(a)(1)(i), (vii)&nbsp;or (x)&nbsp;for the purpose of providing the information required
by Section&nbsp;10(a)&nbsp;of the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier
of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the
offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule&nbsp;430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that
date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in
the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the
initial <I>bona fide</I> offering thereof. <I>Provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus
that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration
statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such
effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration
statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 26; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">II-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->2<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">That, for purposes of determining any liability
under the Securities Act, each filing of Registrant&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a)&nbsp;or 15(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange
Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan&rsquo;s annual report pursuant to Section&nbsp;15(d)&nbsp;of the
Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating
to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial <I>bona fide</I>
offering thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising
under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing
provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy
as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities
(other than the payment by a Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of a Registrant in
the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with
the securities being registered, that Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling
precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as
expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 27; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">II-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->3<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>EXHIBIT&nbsp;INDEX</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 10%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; padding-bottom: 1pt">
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Exhibit&nbsp;</B></P>
    <P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Number</B></P></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 89%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Description</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921016924/tm216028d1_ex1-1.htm">1.1</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921016924/tm216028d1_ex1-1.htm">Amended and Restated At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, dated February&nbsp;9, 2021, by and among Synthetic Biologics,&nbsp;Inc., B. Riley Securities,&nbsp;Inc. and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;1.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed February&nbsp;9, 2021, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921060274/tm2114499d2_ex1-2.htm">1.2</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921060274/tm2114499d2_ex1-2.htm">Amendment No.&nbsp;1 to the Amended and Restated At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;1.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed May&nbsp;3, 2021, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924056146/tm2413223d1_ex10-3.htm">1.3</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924056146/tm2413223d1_ex10-3.htm">Amendment No.&nbsp;2 to the Amended and Restated At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;10.3 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed May&nbsp;2, 2024, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921149412/tm2135322d2_ex2-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.1</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 89%; text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921149412/tm2135322d2_ex2-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Share Purchase Agreement by and among Theriva Biologics, Inc., VCN Biosciences, S.L. and the shareholders of VCN Biosciences, S.L. dated December 14, 2021(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed December 14, 2021, File No. 001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922032661/tm228957d1_ex2-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">2.2</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922032661/tm228957d1_ex2-2.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Amendment, dated March 9, 2022, to the Share Purchase Agreement, by and among Theriva Biologics, Inc., VCN Biosciences, S.L. and the shareholders of VCN Biosciences, S.L., dated December 14, 2021 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form 8-K filed March 11, 2022, File No. 001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.1</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate of Incorporation, as amended&nbsp;(Incorporated by reference to (i)&nbsp;</FONT><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016308000665/s11-8824_ex31.htm"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October&nbsp;16, 2008, File No.&nbsp;001-12584</FONT></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">,&nbsp;(ii)&nbsp;</FONT><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000095012401502861/c64437ex3-1.txt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q for the quarterly period ended June&nbsp;30, 2001 filed August&nbsp;14, 2001, File No.&nbsp;001-12584</FONT></A><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">; and (iii)&nbsp;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Exhibits <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/0000921895-98-000694.txt" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">3.1</A>, <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/0000921895-98-000694.txt" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">4.1</A> and <A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/0000921895-98-000694.txt" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">4.2</A> of the Registrant&rsquo;s Quarterly Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q for the quarterly period ended June&nbsp;30, 1998 filed August&nbsp;14, 1998, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex31.htm">3.2</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex31.htm">Articles of Merger (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October&nbsp;19, 2009, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex32.htm">3.3</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex32.htm">Certificate of Merger filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October&nbsp;19, 2009, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex33.htm">3.4</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000089016309000007/s22-9415_ex33.htm">Articles of Incorporation filed with the Nevada Secretary of State (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.3 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October&nbsp;19, 2009, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412009508/v302955_ex3-1.htm">3.5</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420412009508/v302955_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed February&nbsp;16, 2012, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415031962/v411020_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.6</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420415031962/v411020_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant's Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed May&nbsp;18, 2015, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047316/v474831_ex3-1.htm">3.7</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047316/v474831_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed September&nbsp;8, 2017, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047548/v474946_ex3-1.htm">3.8</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420417047548/v474946_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Designations for Series&nbsp;A Preferred Stock to Certificate of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed September&nbsp;12, 2017, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418043710/tv500716_ex3-1.htm">3.9</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418043710/tv500716_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Change Pursuant to NRS 78. 209 (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed August&nbsp;13, 2018, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418050928/tv503400_ex3-1.htm">3.10</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418050928/tv503400_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed September&nbsp;26, 2018, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; background-color: white">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418053807/tv504760_ex3-1.htm">3.11</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418053807/tv504760_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Designations for Series&nbsp;B Preferred Stock to Certificate of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October&nbsp;15, 2018, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418053807/tv504760_ex3-2.htm">3.12</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 89%; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420418053807/tv504760_ex3-2.htm">Certificate of Amendment to Certificate of Designations for Series&nbsp;B Preferred Stock to Certificate of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October&nbsp;15, 2018, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921009794/tm214840d1_ex3-1.htm">3.13</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465921009794/tm214840d1_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Amendment to the Certificate of Designation for the Series&nbsp;A Convertible Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K/A filed on February&nbsp;1, 2021 File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 28; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">II-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->4<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0; font-size: 10pt"></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 10%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922082251/tm2221681d1_ex3-1.htm">3.14</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 89%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922082251/tm2221681d1_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Change filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on July&nbsp;21, 2022 (effective as of July&nbsp;25, 2022) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on July&nbsp;25, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex3-1.htm">3.15</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex3-1.htm">Form&nbsp;of Certificate of Designation of Series&nbsp;C Convertible Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on July&nbsp;29, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex3-2.htm">3.16</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922084301/tm2222078d1_ex3-2.htm">Form&nbsp;of Certificate of Designation of Series&nbsp;D Convertible Preferred Stock (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on July&nbsp;29, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922107928/tm2228052d1_ex3-1.htm">3.17</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922107928/tm2228052d1_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on October&nbsp;12, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922107928/tm2228052d1_ex3-2.htm">3.18</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465922107928/tm2228052d1_ex3-2.htm">Certificate of Change to Articles of Incorporation (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.2 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed on October&nbsp;12, 2022 (File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; background-color: white; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465923090511/tm2323521d1_ex3-1.htm">3.19</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 89%; text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465923090511/tm2323521d1_ex3-1.htm">Second Amended and Restated Bylaws (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed August&nbsp;11, 2023, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 10%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924092644/tm2422579d1_ex3-1.htm">3.20</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 89%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924092644/tm2422579d1_ex3-1.htm">Certificate of Change filed with the Secretary of State of Nevada on August&nbsp;22, 2024 (effective as of August&nbsp;26, 2024) (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed August&nbsp;26, 2024, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924113480/tm2427299d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">3.21</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465924113480/tm2427299d1_ex3-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Certificate of Change to the Articles of Incorporation&nbsp;(Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;3.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed November&nbsp;1, 2024, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 10%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1476963/000155335013000103/heat_ex4z8.htm">4.1</A></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 89%; text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000114420413038075/v348628_ex4-1.htm">Specimen Stock Certificate (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant&rsquo;s Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed on July 3, 2013, File No. 333-189794.)</A></FONT></TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925100468/tm2528131d2_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2</FONT></A></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify"><A HREF="https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/894158/000110465925100468/tm2528131d2_ex4-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form of New Warrant (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit&nbsp;4.1 of the Registrant&rsquo;s Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K filed October 17, 2025, File No.&nbsp;001-12584.)</FONT></A></TD></TR>

<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt; width: 10%"><A HREF="tm2530375d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">5.1*</A></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; width: 1%; text-align: justify"></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; width: 89%"><A HREF="tm2530375d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit">Opinion
                                            of Parsons Behle&nbsp;&amp; Latimer</A></TD>
</TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="tm2530375d1_ex23-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.1*</FONT></A></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="tm2530375d1_ex23-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent
                                            of BDO USA, P.C.,&nbsp;Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="tm2530375d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">23.2*</FONT></A></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="tm2530375d1_ex5-1.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Consent
                                            of Parsons Behle&nbsp;&amp; Latimer (included in Exhibit&nbsp;5.1)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="#a_016"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">24.1*</FONT></A></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="#a_016"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Power
                                            of Attorney (included on the signature page&nbsp;of this Registration Statement)</FONT></A></TD>
</TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; font-size: 10pt"><A HREF="tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">107*</FONT></A></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"></TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify"><A HREF="tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm" STYLE="-sec-extract: exhibit"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Calculation
                                            of Filing Fee Table</FONT></A></TD>
</TR></TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Rule-Page --><DIV STYLE="margin-top: 3pt; margin-bottom: 3pt; width: 25%"><DIV STYLE="border-top: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 1pt">&nbsp;</DIV></DIV><!-- Field: /Rule-Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">* Filed herewith. &nbsp;</P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 29; Value: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">II-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->5<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><A NAME="a_016"></A>SIGNATURES</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements
of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the
requirements for filing on Form&nbsp;S-3 and has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned,
thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Rockville, State of Maryland, on the 7th&nbsp;day of November, 2025.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>THERIVA BIOLOGICS,&nbsp;INC.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="3">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">By:</FONT></TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/
    Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 3%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Name:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 44%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Title:</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer
    and Chief Financial Officer</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>POWER OF ATTORNEY</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE
PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints Steven A. Shallcross, as his true and lawful
agent, proxy and attorney-in-fact, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any
and all capacities, to (i)&nbsp;act on, sign and file with the Securities and Exchange Commission any and all amendments (including post-effective
amendments) to this registration statement together with all schedules and exhibits thereto and any subsequent registration statement
filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(b)&nbsp;under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, together with all schedules and exhibits thereto,
(ii)&nbsp;act on, sign and file such certificates, instruments, agreements and other documents as may be necessary or appropriate in
connection therewith, (iii)&nbsp;act on and file any supplement to any prospectus included in this registration statement or any such
amendment or any subsequent registration statement filed pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(b)&nbsp;under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended,
and (iv)&nbsp;take any and all actions which may be necessary or appropriate to be done, as fully for all intents and purposes as he
might or could do in person, hereby approving, ratifying and confirming all that such agent, proxy and attorney-in-fact or any of his
substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in">Pursuant to the requirements
of the Securities Act, this Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3 has been signed below by the following persons, in the capacities
and on the date or dates indicated:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black thin solid; width: 31%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Signature</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black thin solid; width: 46%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Title</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="width: 1%; text-align: center">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black thin solid; width: 21%; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Date</B></FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/
Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer and
Chief Financial Officer</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;November&nbsp;7, 2025</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Steven A. Shallcross</FONT></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and
Accounting Officer) Director</FONT></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/
Jeffrey J. Kraws</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chairman of the Board of Directors</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;November&nbsp;7, 2025</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jeffrey J. Kraws</FONT></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/
Jeffrey Wolf</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;November&nbsp;7, 2025</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Jeffrey Wolf</FONT></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/
John Monahan, Ph.D.</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Director</FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="vertical-align: top"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;November&nbsp;7, 2025</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">John Monahan, Ph.D.</FONT></TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 30; Options: Last -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: center; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">II-<!-- Field: Sequence; Type: Arabic; Name: PageNo -->6<!-- Field: /Sequence --></P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

</BODY>
</HTML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>2
<FILENAME>tm2530375d1_ex5-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 5.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit&nbsp;5.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: center; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><IMG SRC="tm2530375d1_ex5-1img001.jpg" ALT="" STYLE="height: 100px; width: 100px">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">November&nbsp;7, 2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Board of Directors</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite&nbsp;270</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Rockville, Maryland 20850</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 48px; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Re:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3</U></B></FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Ladies&nbsp;and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have acted as counsel to
Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc., a Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;<B><I>Company</I></B>&rdquo;), in connection with its filing on the date
hereof with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<B><I>Commission</I></B>&rdquo;) of a Registration Statement on Form&nbsp;S-3
(the &ldquo;<B><I>Registration Statement</I></B>&rdquo;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &ldquo;<B><I>Securities Act</I></B>&rdquo;),
for the registration of the resale of an aggregate of 16,184,560 shares (the &ldquo;<B><I>Shares</I></B>&rdquo;) of the Company&rsquo;s
common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;<B><I>Common Stock</I></B>&rdquo;). The Shares are being registered on behalf of
certain stockholders of the Company (each a &ldquo;<B><I>Selling Stockholders</I></B>&rdquo;), which Shares are issuable upon exercise
of common warrants (the &ldquo;<B><I>New Warrants</I></B>&rdquo;) issued to the Selling Stockholders in a warrant inducement private placement
transaction that was effected pursuant to the terms of a warrant inducement agreement, dated October&nbsp;16, 2025, entered into by the
Company and the Selling Stockholders.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion letter is being
delivered in accordance with the requirements of Item 601(b)(5)&nbsp;of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">As counsel to the Company,
we have examined such matters of fact and questions of law as we have considered appropriate for purposes of this letter. With your consent,
we have relied upon certificates and other assurances of officers of the Company and others as to factual matters without having independently
verified such factual matters. We are opining herein as to the Nevada Revised Statutes (the &ldquo;<B><I>NRS</I></B>&rdquo;), and we express
no opinion with respect to the applicability thereto, or the effect thereon, of the laws of any other jurisdiction or, in the case of
Nevada, any other laws, or as to any matters of municipal law or the laws of any local agencies within any state.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We have made such examination
as we have deemed necessary for the purpose of this opinion letter.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Based upon and subject to
the foregoing, we are of the opinion that the Shares have been duly and validly authorized by the Company&rsquo;s Board of Directors,&nbsp;and
(i)&nbsp;when approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares of Common Stock present in person or by proxy
and entitled to vote on the matter at a meeting of the Company&rsquo;s stockholders, and (ii)&nbsp;when issued and delivered by the Company
in accordance with the terms of the New Warrants, including the payment of the exercise price therefor, the Shares will be validly issued,
fully paid and&nbsp;non-assessable.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">In rendering the foregoing
opinion, we have assumed that (i)&nbsp;the Company will comply with all applicable notice requirements regarding uncertificated shares
of Common Stock provided in the NRS and (ii)&nbsp;upon the issuance of any of the Shares, the total number of shares of Common Stock
issued and outstanding will not exceed the total number of shares of Common Stock that the Company is then authorized to issue under
its articles of incorporation.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 1 -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">The Board of Directors</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Theriva Biologics, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">November 7, 2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Page 2</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This opinion letter is given
as of the date hereof and we assume no obligation to advise you of changes that may hereafter be brought to our attention. This opinion
letter is delivered solely in connection with the consummation of the transactions described herein, and may not be relied upon by you
for any other purpose nor by any other person for any purpose.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">We hereby consent to the reference
to our firm under the caption &ldquo;Legal Matters&rdquo; in the Registration Statement and related Prospectus and to the filing of this
opinion as Exhibit&nbsp;5.1 to the Registration Statement. &nbsp;In giving our consent, we do not thereby admit that we are in the category
of persons whose consent is required under Section&nbsp;7 of the Securities Act or the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Commission thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="width: 50%; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Very truly yours,</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">/s/ PARSONS BEHLE&nbsp;&amp; LATIMER</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 2; Options: Last -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>


</BODY>
</HTML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-23.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tm2530375d1_ex23-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 23.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit&nbsp;23.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>CONSENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING
FIRM</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We hereby consent to the incorporation by
reference in this the Prospectus constituting a part of this Registration Statement of our report dated March&nbsp;6, 2025, relating
to the consolidated financial statements&nbsp;of Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc. (the Company)&nbsp;appearing in the
Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024.&nbsp;Our report contains an explanatory
paragraph regarding the Company&rsquo;s ability to continue as a going concern.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">We also consent to the reference to us under the
caption &ldquo;Experts&rdquo; in the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">/s/ BDO USA, P.C.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Raleigh, North Carolina</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">November&nbsp;7, 2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 1; Options: Last -->
    <DIV STYLE="margin-top: 12pt; margin-bottom: 6pt; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

</BODY>
</HTML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-FILING FEES
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-FILING FEES
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='ASCII'?>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:xbrldi="http://xbrl.org/2006/xbrldi" xmlns:iso4217="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217" xmlns:ix="http://www.xbrl.org/2013/inlineXBRL" xmlns:ixt="http://www.xbrl.org/inlineXBRL/transformation/2015-02-26" xmlns:ixt-sec="http://www.sec.gov/inlineXBRL/transformation/2015-08-31" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025" xmlns:ffd="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025">
  <head>
    <title>EX-FILING FEES</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div style="display: none">
      <ix:header>
        <ix:hidden>
          <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:FormTp" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-331">S-3</ix:nonNumeric>
          <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:SubmissnTp" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-332">S-3</ix:nonNumeric>
          <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:FeeExhibitTp" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-333">EX-FILING FEES</ix:nonNumeric>
          <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityCentralIndexKey" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-334">0000894158</ix:nonNumeric>
          <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityRegistrantName" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-335">Theriva Biologics, Inc.</ix:nonNumeric>
          <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:OfferingTableNa" contextRef="rc" id="hiddenrcOfferingTableNa" xsi:nil="true"></ix:nonNumeric>
          <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:OffsetTableNa" contextRef="rc" id="hiddenrcOffsetTableNa">N/A</ix:nonNumeric>
          <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:CombinedProspectusTableNa" contextRef="rc" id="hiddenrcCombinedProspectusTableNa">N/A</ix:nonNumeric>
        </ix:hidden>
        <ix:references>
          <link:schemaRef xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025/ffd-2025.xsd" xlink:type="simple"/>
        </ix:references>
        <ix:resources>
          <xbrli:context id="rc">
            <xbrli:entity>
              <xbrli:identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0000894158</xbrli:identifier>
            </xbrli:entity>
            <xbrli:period>
              <xbrli:startDate>2025-11-06</xbrli:startDate>
              <xbrli:endDate>2025-11-06</xbrli:endDate>
            </xbrli:period>
          </xbrli:context>
          <xbrli:context id="offrl_1">
            <xbrli:entity>
              <xbrli:identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0000894158</xbrli:identifier>
              <xbrli:segment>
                <xbrldi:typedMember dimension="ffd:OfferingAxis">
                  <dei:lineNo>1</dei:lineNo>
                </xbrldi:typedMember>
              </xbrli:segment>
            </xbrli:entity>
            <xbrli:period>
              <xbrli:startDate>2025-11-06</xbrli:startDate>
              <xbrli:endDate>2025-11-06</xbrli:endDate>
            </xbrli:period>
          </xbrli:context>
          <xbrli:unit id="USD">
            <xbrli:measure>iso4217:USD</xbrli:measure>
          </xbrli:unit>
          <xbrli:unit id="pure">
            <xbrli:measure>xbrli:pure</xbrli:measure>
          </xbrli:unit>
          <xbrli:unit id="Shares">
            <xbrli:measure>xbrli:shares</xbrli:measure>
          </xbrli:unit>
        </ix:resources>
      </ix:header>
    </div>
    <div>
      <table style="width: 99%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; text-align: center;">
        <tr>
          <td colspan="4" style="padding-bottom: .5em">
            <p>
              <b>Calculation of Filing Fee Tables</b>
            </p>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="padding-bottom: .25em">
            <p>
              <b>
                <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:FormTp" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-363">S-3</ix:nonNumeric>
              </b>
            </p>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td style="padding-bottom: .25em">
            <p>
              <b>
                <ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityRegistrantName" contextRef="rc" id="ixv-364">Theriva Biologics, Inc.</ix:nonNumeric>
              </b>
            </p>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </table>
    </div>
    <div style="padding-bottom: 20px;">
      <table style="float: center; width: 100%; text-align: left;  ">
        <tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px">
          <th style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: left; word-wrap: break-word">
            <b>Table 1: Newly Registered and Carry Forward Securities</b>
          </th>
          <th style="vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word; text-align: right;">
            <span style="-sec-ix-hidden: hiddenrcOfferingTableNa">&#9744;Not Applicable</span>
          </th>
        </tr>
      </table>
      <table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; float: center; width: 100%; text-align: center; border: 1px solid black; font-size: 16px;">
        <tr style="background-color:#9ADAF6">
          <th style="width: 12%;">
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </th>
          <th style="width: 2%;">
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </th>
          <th style="width: 12%;">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Security Type</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 14%;">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Security Class Title </b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 2%;">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Fee Calculation or Carry Forward Rule</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 5%;">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Amount Registered</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 15%;">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Proposed Maximum Offering Price Per Unit</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 10%;">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Maximum Aggregate Offering Price</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 5%;">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Fee Rate</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 6%;">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Amount of Registration Fee</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 1%;">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Carry Forward Form Type</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 7%;">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Carry Forward File Number</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 6%;">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Carry Forward Initial Effective Date</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 7%;">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Filing Fee Previously Paid in Connection with Unsold Securities to be Carried Forward</b>
            </p>
          </th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="14" style="text-align: center">
            <b>Newly Registered Securities</b>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
          <td style="text-align: left;">
            <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:PrevslyPdFlg" contextRef="offrl_1" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="ixv-365">Fees to be Paid</ix:nonNumeric>
          </td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">
		1
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
            <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:OfferingSctyTp" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-366">Equity</ix:nonNumeric>
          </td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
            <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:OfferingSctyTitl" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-367">Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</ix:nonNumeric>
          </td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">
            <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:Rule457aFlg" contextRef="offrl_1" format="ixt:booleantrue" id="ixv-368">457(a)</ix:nonNumeric>
          </td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
            <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:AmtSctiesRegd" unitRef="Shares" decimals="0" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-369">16,184,560</ix:nonFraction>
          </td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
            <span>$</span>
            <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:MaxOfferingPricPerScty" unitRef="USD" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-370">0.2972</ix:nonFraction>
          </td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
            <span>$</span>
            <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:MaxAggtOfferingPric" unitRef="USD" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-371">4,810,051.23</ix:nonFraction>
          </td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
            <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:FeeRate" unitRef="pure" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-372">0.0001381</ix:nonFraction>
          </td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
            <span>$</span>
            <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:FeeAmt" unitRef="USD" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-373">664.27</ix:nonFraction>
          </td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		Fees Previously Paid
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="14" style="text-align: center">
            <b>Carry Forward Securities</b>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		Carry Forward Securities
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">

	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">

	</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right">Total Offering Amounts:</p>
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top; width: 16%;">
            <p id="MaxAggtOfferingPrice" style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right">
              <span>$</span>
              <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:TtlOfferingAmt" contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" unitRef="USD" id="ixv-374">4,810,051.23</ix:nonFraction>
            </p>
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top; border-bottom: 1px black; width: 16%;">
            <p id="TotalFeeAmt" style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right">
              <span>$</span>
              <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:TtlFeeAmt" contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" unitRef="USD" id="ixv-375">664.27</ix:nonFraction>
            </p>
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right">
					Total Fees Previously Paid:
				</p>
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top">
            <p id="TotalPreviouslyPaidAmt" style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right">
              <span>$</span>
              <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:TtlPrevslyPdAmt" contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" unitRef="USD" id="ixv-376">0.00</ix:nonFraction>
            </p>
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right">
					Total Fee Offsets:
				</p>
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top">
            <p id="TotalOffsetAmt" style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right">
              <span>$</span>
              <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:TtlOffsetAmt" contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" unitRef="USD" id="ixv-377">0.00</ix:nonFraction>
            </p>
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right">
					Net Fee Due:
				</p>
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td style="vertical-align: top">
            <p id="NetFeeAmt" style="margin: 0pt; text-align: right">
              <span>$</span>
              <ix:nonFraction name="ffd:NetFeeAmt" contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" format="ixt:numdotdecimal" unitRef="USD" id="ixv-378">664.27</ix:nonFraction>
            </p>
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
          <td>
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </td>
        </tr>
      </table>
    </div>
    <div>
      <table style="width: 100%; text-indent: 0px;">
        <tbody>
          <tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: top;">
            <td>
              <p style="margin:0pt;text-align:left; margin-bottom: 5px;">
                <b>Offering Note</b>
              </p>
            </td>
            <td/>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </div>
    <div style="padding-bottom: 20px;">
      <table style="width: 100%; text-indent: 0px;">
        <tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: top;">
          <td style="width:10pt;">
            <p style="margin:0pt;text-align:left;">
              <sup style="vertical-align:top;line-height:120%;font-size:10px">1</sup>
            </p>
          </td>
          <td colspan="7" style="white-space: pre-line;">
            <ix:nonNumeric name="ffd:OfferingNote" escape="1" contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-379">(1) Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement also covers such an indeterminate amount of shares of common stock as may become issuable to prevent dilution resulting from stock splits, stock dividends and similar events.

(2) The amount registered consists of up to 16,184,560 shares of the Registrant's common stock held by certain selling stockholders.

(3) Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee, based on the average of the high and low prices of the shares of common stock on the NYSE American LLC on November 4, 2025 (such date being within five business days of the date that this registration statement was first filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in accordance with Rule 457(c) under the Securities Act).</ix:nonNumeric>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="7">
            <hr style="width:100%;text-align:left;margin-left:0"/>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </table>
    </div>
    <div style="padding-bottom: 20px;">
      <table style="float: center; width: 100%; text-align: left;  ">
        <tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px">
          <th style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: left; word-wrap: break-word">
            <b>Table 2: Fee Offset Claims and Sources</b>
          </th>
          <th style="vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word; text-align: right;">
            <span style="-sec-ix-hidden: hiddenrcOffsetTableNa">&#9745;Not Applicable</span>
          </th>
        </tr>
      </table>
      <table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; float: center; width: 100%; text-align: center;  border: 1px solid black;">
        <tr style="background-color:#9ADAF6">
          <th style="width: 10%; text-align: left;">
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </th>
          <th style="width: 8%; text-align: left;">
            <!-- BLANK -->
          </th>
          <th style="width: 16%;">
				Registrant or Filer Name
			</th>
          <th style="width: 6%;">
				Form or Filing Type
			</th>
          <th style="width: 7%;">
				File Number
			</th>
          <th style="width: 6%;">
				Initial Filing Date
			</th>
          <th style="width: 6%;">
				Filing Date
			</th>
          <th style="width: 6%;">
				Fee Offset Claimed
			</th>
          <th style="width: 6%;">
				Security Type Associated with Fee Offset Claimed
			</th>
          <th style="width: 8%;">
				Security Title Associated with Fee Offset Claimed
			</th>
          <th style="width: 6%;">
				Unsold Securities Associated with Fee Offset Claimed
			</th>
          <th style="width: 9%;">
				Unsold Aggregate Offering Amount Associated with Fee Offset Claimed
			</th>
          <th style="width: 6%;">
				Fee Paid with Fee Offset Source
			</th>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="14" style="text-align: center">
            <b>Rules 457(b) and 0-11(a)(2)</b>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		Fee Offset Claims
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		Fee Offset Sources
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
        </tr>
        <tr>
          <td colspan="14" style="text-align: center">
            <b>Rule 457(p)</b>
          </td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		Fee Offset Claims
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
        </tr>
        <tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2">
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		Fee Offset Sources
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: left;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
        </tr>
      </table>
    </div>
    <div style="padding-bottom: 20px;">
      <table style="float: center; width: 100%; text-align: left;  ">
        <tr style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px">
          <th style="vertical-align: bottom; text-align: left; word-wrap: break-word">
            <b>Table 3: Combined Prospectuses</b>
          </th>
          <th style="vertical-align: bottom; word-wrap: break-word; text-align: right;">
            <span style="-sec-ix-hidden: hiddenrcCombinedProspectusTableNa">&#9745;Not Applicable</span>
          </th>
        </tr>
      </table>
      <table style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; float: center; width: 100%; border: 1px solid black;">
        <tr style="background-color:#9ADAF6">
          <th style="width: 4%">
            <!-- Note column -->
          </th>
          <th style="width: 14%">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Security Type</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 25%">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Security Class Title</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 14%">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Amount of Securities Previously Registered</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 18%">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Maximum Aggregate Offering Price of Securities Previously Registered</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 6%">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Form Type</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 10%">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>File Number</b>
            </p>
          </th>
          <th style="width: 8%">
            <p style="margin: 0pt; text-align: center;">
              <b>Initial Effective Date</b>
            </p>
          </th>
        </tr>
        <tr style="background-color:#E7E7E2;">
          <td style="text-align: center;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td>
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: right;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">
		N/A
	</td>
          <td style="text-align: center;">
		N/A
	</td>
        </tr>
      </table>
    </div>
  </body>
</html>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>GRAPHIC
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>tm2530375d1_ex5-1img001.jpg
<DESCRIPTION>GRAPHIC
<TEXT>
begin 644 tm2530375d1_ex5-1img001.jpg
M_]C_X  02D9)1@ ! 0$ 8 !@  #_VP!#  @&!@<&!0@'!P<)"0@*#!0-# L+
M#!D2$P\4'1H?'AT:'!P@)"XG("(L(QP<*#<I+# Q-#0T'R<Y/3@R/"XS-#+_
MVP!# 0@)"0P+#!@-#1@R(1PA,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R
M,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C+_P  1" !R '(# 2(  A$! Q$!_\0
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?]\BE%O#C_4Q_]\BBB@!_V>'_ )XQ_P#?(HHHI ?_V0$!

end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>GRAPHIC
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>tm2530375d1_s3img001.jpg
<DESCRIPTION>GRAPHIC
<TEXT>
begin 644 tm2530375d1_s3img001.jpg
M_]C_X  02D9)1@ ! 0$ 8 !@  #_VP!#  @&!@<&!0@'!P<)"0@*#!0-# L+
M#!D2$P\4'1H?'AT:'!P@)"XG("(L(QP<*#<I+# Q-#0T'R<Y/3@R/"XS-#+_
MVP!# 0@)"0P+#!@-#1@R(1PA,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R
M,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C+_P  1"  Z *\# 2(  A$! Q$!_\0
M'P   04! 0$! 0$           $" P0%!@<("0H+_\0 M1   @$# P($ P4%
M! 0   %] 0(#  01!1(A,4$&$U%A!R)Q%#*!D:$((T*QP152T? D,V)R@@D*
M%A<8&1HE)B<H*2HT-38W.#DZ0T1%1D=(24I35%565UA96F-D969G:&EJ<W1U
M=G=X>7J#A(6&AXB)BI*3E)66EYB9FJ*CI*6FIZBIJK*SM+6VM[BYNL+#Q,7&
MQ\C)RM+3U-76U]C9VN'BX^3EYN?HZ>KQ\O/T]?;W^/GZ_\0 'P$  P$! 0$!
M 0$! 0        $" P0%!@<("0H+_\0 M1$  @$"! 0#! <%! 0  0)W  $"
M Q$$!2$Q!A)!40=A<1,B,H$(%$*1H;'!"2,S4O 58G+1"A8D-.$E\1<8&1HF
M)R@I*C4V-S@Y.D-$149'2$E*4U155E=865IC9&5F9VAI:G-T=79W>'EZ@H.$
MA8:'B(F*DI.4E9:7F)F:HJ.DI::GJ*FJLK.TM;:WN+FZPL/$Q<;'R,G*TM/4
MU=;7V-G:XN/DY>;GZ.GJ\O/T]?;W^/GZ_]H # ,!  (1 Q$ /P#WUI IP<YI
MOFKCH:BO)X;6![B=PD4:[F9CP!7F.O?%F-)C9Z%;_:9&X$K XS[#O5PI3J2]
MW8ER2W/5!*IZ<T>8OK7B$>N>/=#_ .)I=PRSVTQWO'(N0H^G\-=AI_CNU\3:
M>8+*Z2PU,C@3\_E6DL/-*YG&JFKG?F0 9YQ3@P(R.E>4Q>)?$/A6Z,&KQFZ@
M8DB1OZ&N]T?7[36M--Y;,=J?>!'*D#D5,Z4HJ_0J-1-&SFC<*X63XK>&8I&1
MYI0R$J?W9ZBFGXL>&1SYTW_?LTO8U'9I#<XH[S<*-PKD[7X@:)?:;=WT,DK0
M6@4R_)SST_E6KH'B"Q\16!O+%F,0<I\RX.< _P!:EPDE=HKF1KYHS3=PP.:=
MFH&+FBFY'K1FBZ 7-(6 [&DR/6LW7-;L] TYKZ]8B%2 =HR230KMV#0U P-&
M:I:;J5OJ=A#>VS9@F7<A(Q5S<#WHVW 7-+FFY'K1GWH =FBF[AZTHH Y[QP-
MW@_4QC/[G(_,5YSX"LK2S\%WFMBWB>^CD*)(RYVCC_&O7[J&.X1HI4#HZX9"
M,@CZ5S5_HEEHOA>^M[*+RXI&WE.P)(Z5U4JEER=V<]=>Z[=C,\/375_:7&HW
M-TPMP2)$(W!L#]*YN_\  NG^(_.OO#K&TN$;YXG^ZQZ@BNDT:ZCTSP7>SR1^
M9&DGS+G&0<#^M<\_C$6J-:^'K1HVDY+O\S9]A5\M95FH6MYG'03]E%LO[;K2
M/"LUEXHOH+F5D(MXL!G7'J?2M/X8Q@^'[D$91ICGT(P*P--\&7^N7GVC6+EH
M6<;MA.9&'].M>DZ+HUIH=DMI9J53J=QR2:*TDH\M]?P.JG'FE>VASVL^!O#D
M>F7URFEPB41.X;'.[!.:X#X6^'M,UN74QJ%K%.(Q'L##IG=G^5>Q:Z?^)#?_
M /7N_P#Z":\R^"O^NU?Z1_\ LU%*<_8R=]ASBN=&_P"+O#VEZ%X'U;^S;2.W
M\U5W[.^#Q_6N(\%>+]1TO1&TW2=+>]N3(9&."0 0!CCZ5Z9\1O\ D1=2]D'\
MQ6#\'K:%?#%Q.J R/<%6;U  Q_.G"?\ L[YE?4<E>:2(-)^)E^FN1Z;X@TP6
MCRD*K*"I&?7/:NI\5^+[3PO9(\@\Z>7B*)>K?YS7&?%N!$U+1)@O[TR,,^P*
M_P"-9/CY[EO&&C[563_1XS&LOW2V3U_(52HPFXR6EQ<[6AMCQWXO6'[:WAQ?
ML8Y)VL#M^N:ZSP_XRL_$6E3W-H"DT"$O"_53C/Y5AFY\?26^PZ=IQC92,!QC
MFLOP?X5US1-1U.]O8X8K:XMWRL3@@-S_ /7J)0IN-]@N^A!:_%N^E>> :6DM
MSOVP)%DYZYS_ /6K5USQ!?2_#Y[[6=(B\UYMC6\JD#'.#S7.?"6SBG\2ZE.Z
M!GA4;/;+'/\ *NR^+''@I_\ KLO]:J4:<:D8)#5VKW*=WXLOM&\$:7JMC86_
MV9E"O$ 0$';'Y&NVT;4H]7TBUU"(C9-&&P.Q[C\ZY?2=+36?A;;V+C_66QQ]
M<FN4\"^+O[#TG4M'OL))8AWBW=^>1^=9RI*=^5:I@I\NK.FOO'5VWC9- TVV
MCE4$"61\_*>I_F*JZAXZ\0OJ-Q::3X>>1(7*,[J3R/IQ5#X9:0\\U]XJO,[I
MV?8/09R34\/C?7]>U2ZMO#NF6[P0/@O*<<U3A%2LEL/7=L2Q^)U]:ZLFG:_I
M9M7<A0RY&,].#7J,;!D!4@@@$$5X#X^?7FU#3GUN&WBE7_5^2<\9KW72SG3+
M4GJ84_\ 014UZ:C%274*<FY6+3#G.*S]9M&OM-FMXR [C )[5HD TA0&N573
MNC6<5*+BSS$R7.D03:=?6^^VEY9#T/N#5>SGL=+8C1[(K,_61_F8>PS7IEWI
M]M>1&.>)77MNYQ52QT"PT]F:&$;S_$>2/QKN6(AJY1NSR7@JL7RQEH8_AS3;
MY+N2_NSS*N,$\UU8Z8H6-0.E/"@5QSESRN>E2I^SC8HZG;M<Z9=6\> \D3*N
M?4BN+^'/A+4O##Z@VH>6//V;-C ],_XUZ%M&<TA12<XYH4Y*#BNIIRINY@^+
MM+N-8\,WEA:X,TRX4L<=ZS_A_P"'[SPWX?:RO0@E,Q;Y3D8P/\*Z[:,T%12Y
MY<KB'*KW.#^('A;4?$<^EM8B,BWD+/O..I7_  JSXL\$Q^)=-ME$ODWMLH$<
M@^@Z_B*[%D4]0"?4UB:C>W%O>-'"Q"K$'("YSR:N-2:Y;=#.:C%79P\6B_$>
MV@%G'J$31 ;1(67('\ZZKPWH6IZ5HES:W^H&[GE!(ST4D5K"\D9+(J1B;[^/
MI587EW.URT3K&D#;=A&<_P"%7.I.2Z$*<4<Q\/O"&I^'-2U">^6/9/C9L;/<
M_P"-;?CS1+KQ#X=:PL]GG&16^8XZ9K5%VW^AE4"B;[P I]_/*CPQ0,%>5B-Q
MYQBI<VY<Q:<;%7PQI\VE^'+*QN0OG0IM;:<]Z\[\6?#/4-2\1W%[IK1BWN"&
M8,<8/0_RS7HT%],DMS!,0[PKN# ?>!JN+^=&MY9I 1-CY0G STYJJ=2<).2Z
MD2<&M2WI.DQ:;H5OIB#"1Q;#CN3U_4UY_;>#?%/AG5KJ70+B!K6=]^V0C^1K
MT'[7(NHW$/!C2(.!COS_ (5%#->2)#<&=-DA'R$8X/H:F$IQO?J/FBU8\XUK
MP+XKU^>"]OKN":X4X\L$*L8SVKUO3XF@L+>)OO)$JGZ@8K(O;VY@NF!8I"H&
MTA-PS[UN0-NB4Y!R <BG4J2FDGT'3<;V1)1116)N!I,4M% 6"BBB@ HHHH *
M*** $-4;G3H;B7S'+ABNT[6(R*OT4T[$RBI;E,6,"B(*F!%]S':HI-*M9)3(
M0RLWWMK$!OK6C11<7)'L49M.AGC1&W!8_N[3C'Y4-I\+PK$^X[>C9Y'XU>HH
MN')$HPZ?! '" Y?[Q)R3^-1#1K7<N?,(4Y52YP/PK3HHN')'L4Q8PBX>?!\Q
MU"$YZBH5TBUCD5AO*J<JA8E1]!6E11<?)'L9T^F0SR,[-("PY"N0#5Z-0B!1
,T  I]%%P48IW1__9

end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>GRAPHIC
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>tm2530375d1_s3img002.jpg
<DESCRIPTION>GRAPHIC
<TEXT>
begin 644 tm2530375d1_s3img002.jpg
M_]C_X  02D9)1@ ! 0$ 8 !@  #_VP!#  @&!@<&!0@'!P<)"0@*#!0-# L+
M#!D2$P\4'1H?'AT:'!P@)"XG("(L(QP<*#<I+# Q-#0T'R<Y/3@R/"XS-#+_
MVP!# 0@)"0P+#!@-#1@R(1PA,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R
M,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C(R,C+_P  1" %) P(# 2(  A$! Q$!_\0
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M=$>4%9Q/$\) ;.#AP,@X/-.SMH)M(V<TM5EO;>1Q&D\;.5W *P)(]?I5"_\
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M ,)7+_T!-1_[Y7_XJC_A*I?^@)J/_?*__%5'LY%_6J??\&=-17,_\)5+_P!
M/4?^^5_^*H_X2J7_ * >H_\ ?*__ !5'LI]OR#ZS3[_@SHI_]4?J/YT^N7D\
M42LA']B:CV_A7U_WJ=_PE,O_ $!-1_[Y7_XJCV4^WY!]:I_TF7_$EC-J?AZ]
MLK< RS1[5R<=Q7-7G@8_V.B0R3W-Y*UNL\EQ+N(C0Y*@X'')XK7_ .$JF_Z
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MY56K-?D"JTUU,^ST[5YO&1OK[3HTLX6=;4QR !0>KD=V;]*[0=JYO_A*I?\
MH":C_P!\K_\ %4?\)5+_ - /4?\ OE?_ (JLG";Z%+$4UU.AD^_'_O5+7+MX
MHE)4_P!B:CQ_LK_\53O^$KE_Z FH_P#?*_\ Q5+V4Q_6J7?\&'BG0[C6KC3!
M!+)"D-QOEDB?:ZKZJ:P]7\"EVAALHS+"D,Y9II/F:5\G<3ZECG-;?_"52_\
M0$U'_OE?_BJ/^$JE_P"@)J/_ 'RO_P 55I55L0Z]%]?P9SW_  C&N/JUC-+'
M%LA>(NZ2XW*$"MGU.0?PJJG@S71I<UJJQ^2AA*PR2?/)L(RN\=5(& 2 ?45U
M?_"52_\ 0$U'_OE?_BJ/^$JE_P"@)J/_ 'RO_P 55WJ]D3[:CW_!D-AI6IZ9
MX1%M;00&\#%_)ED+)RV2H;''H..*M^$-*N](T,6UV$5S,\BQAMQ168D MW(S
MR:B_X2J7_H":C_WRO_Q5+_PE4O\ T!-1_P"^5_\ BJS<:CW+6(I)WO\ @SI>
MU1Q?>D_WJY[_ (2N7_H":C_WRO\ \53%\43 L?[#U'D_W5_^*J?93[?D5]:I
M]_P9U-%<S_PE4O\ T!-1_P"^5_\ BJ/^$JE_Z >H_P#?*_\ Q5'LI]OR#ZS3
M[_@SIJBN 6B(4X)Z'&<5SW_"52_] 34?^^5_^*H_X2J7_H":C_WRO_Q5'LYA
M]9I]_P &<I#X0UZ*WU"WAA@MHI;.>)HDG+1R2,A"[ 1\@R0>M)>>"M7-S/)#
M;P.K20S,/,QYVT893]#R/I76?\)5+_T!-1_[Y7_XJC_A*I?^@)J/_?*__%5N
MI549NK2[_@SF_P#A$=7@?36M54/&L8?S9?,C4!@2"#@\ <$9YQD5Z0N0@!ZX
MYKFO^$JE_P"@)J/_ 'RO_P 52_\ "52_] /4?^^5_P#BJRG&I+=?D5'$4UU_
M!G345S/_  E4O_0$U'_OE?\ XJC_ (2J7_H":C_WRO\ \54^RGV*^M4N_P"#
M.EIDJEXV4$ D'!-<[_PE4O\ T!-1_P"^5_\ BJ/^$JE_Z FH_P#?*_\ Q5'L
MI]@^M4N_X,Y>'P=K>;RW6*VM;:6VGC=%F+1R.RD*47;E1D@GZ4+X6UMKG3V-
MG!!%;O Q6*3^%00P/J><]N,]\"NG_P"$JE_Z FH_]\K_ /%4O_"52_\ 0$U'
M_OE?_BJW3JF?MJ7?\&<E'X2U^STX06UG:EVM+FSD_?D9\QE82=/]G&/<5JV?
MAG5;?Q'!,$C^R$[K@R/O!4QE3L[ALXXQC&><UL?\)5+_ - 34?\ OE?_ (JD
M_P"$JE_Z FH_]\K_ /%5+]H]T/VU)=?P9NVEG;V4/E6T*Q1YW;5&!GUJR,8K
MFO\ A*I?^@)J/_?*_P#Q5'_"52_] 34?^^5_^*K+V<RUB:??\&=-17,_\)5+
M_P! 34?^^5_^*H_X2J7_ * FH_\ ?*__ !5'LI=@^LT^_P"#.FHKF?\ A*I?
M^@)J/_?*_P#Q5'_"52_] 34?^^5_^*H]E/L'UJEW_!G345S/_"52_P#0$U'_
M +Y7_P"*H_X2J7_H":C_ -\K_P#%4>RGV#ZU2[_@SIJ*YG_A*I?^@)J/_?*_
M_%4?\)5+_P! 34?^^5_^*H]E/L'UJEW_  9TU%<S_P )5+_T!-1_[Y7_ .*H
M_P"$JE_Z FH_]\K_ /%4>RGV#ZU2[_@SIJ,US)\52_\ 0$U'_OE?_BJ$\43,
MZK_8NHC)QDJO'_CU'LI#6)IO8Z:BF1-OB5L$9[&GUF;IWU"BBB@85$@&WI4M
M,3[HH ,#THP/2GXHQ2L S ]*,#T%/Q1BBP#,#T%&!Z"GT4"LAF/:C'M3Z*+!
M9#,>U&/:GT46"R&8'I3'*H"S$  9)J4UF:]')+H>H1Q(SR-;2!57J3M.*:N%
MBS!<VUQEH)HI0.#Y;!@/RJQA:XFYTN^TRU%TMR?,D"1,;6$QA%W DD#<2>/3
M_&H;)O$)M8YVN+TW$1MTV2 !7W$!RP&>Q)SFM/9W5[D<UNAWF%]*,+[5Q=B=
M2N'L(Q=:H%-P3<O, N,1L=O3[NX =/H:HP77B%;*8SS7>\E%EZYA;<,XPIXQ
MG[H8>])4[[,;;['?L\:D LH.<<TORD^E>?6O]M B?==O?/"H"RC@D="W& <X
MSS6[:"YN_#VHQP/?2S/$RH;K"MO*GA3QT/J/SIRIN.[$I7Z'112P2EA'(CE3
MAMI!P?2I,+[5Q4TOE6,KZ5IUU%<1PI'+, 4V_.NX8Y)(&3D ]/>JMLWB"54=
MKJ_"PN<9 'F#S8\9]1M+4E"_4'+R._P/2C"^@KA'N=:&F2E9-0^U;U^T[@,1
M#//EX!S[XSQFM3P^FIRW(EO;FZ9(X5VJV KDYY/')H=-)7N"=^AT330JV"Z
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MLZ1_T$K+_O\ K_C7S=17H_V$OYSB>:6WB?2/]LZ1_P!!.R_[_K_C1_;.D?\
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MI0@=P?K5>3PE;RN7>YD+M#Y!.!_J\<#ZYP<^U6-.\-QV,T4OVAI'C)/W, Y
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M,T3QG::\]FMO%(IN(#*0W6,@X*GWS5<DNPN='445S3^+K:/77TUH)PBED-R
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M\.W-G ]NHCD-P]L RC&TQR%R3[8_6NS7@5,DN@*_46BBBD48WBS_ )%;4?\
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MMZ4#'48IN6]*,MZ4 .P*,#TIN6]*,MZ4 .Q1BFY;THRWI0 ZDQ29;THRWI0
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M"1-%C9P3D]!FNIT/3$TC1[6P0[A!&J;O[Q ZTI<B7NL$VWJ7HH8X5VQJ%7T
MP*=_'^%+5:_NUL;*YNV4LL,32%1WP,UFC0LYHS6#=^*[.V1C$OVIE@\[9"ZL
M>H&WZ\TD_BNUCA\V*-I5(0H<[0=Y &3V SS5*+9+DD=!FBL >(VE$4=O822W
M+J7V>8 H4'!.[G(YXXY]J<_B&1F*V^FW$LD<8DGC)"M&",@8YRWM^M'+(%),
MW:*RM1UN+3H3(T3NPADG*#J%12Q)_+'U-0#Q)$T#.+=_-%PL"Q9^9MQ'S?3!
M)^@-+E8[FY29K/36+7^S9+Z9A%%$&\W>>4(Z@^]/DU6SAL#?/.@M@ ?,!W#G
MZ4K,+EZDS6/9>)=/O+=YA)L5653N!_B8*O;N33X?$FE7$32Q7*LBLJEL$9+-
MM&,CGD@4^60N9&KS1S6$_BS2_.C2*;S,RF.0@$>5A&?)!'3"'I4MQXFTBU.)
M;M5// 5CT('8?[0_.CDEV#F1L4M8O_"4Z0$B<W8"2ML0E6Y.0,=..2.OK4FF
M:_9:HYBA;$Z@EHR#D '&<XP>WYT<LD.Z+>I7,=G8R7$S!8H_F8^@%<Z/B+X:
MZ_;^/]PUI^*N?"^I?]<&_E7SLO0?2O8RW+X8J,G)M-,\[&8J=&45&Q[O_P +
M%\,_\_\ _P".&E_X6-X9_P"?_P#\<->$?C17J?V'1O\ $S@69U>R/=_^%C>&
M?^?_ /\ '#1_PL;PS_S_ /\ XX:\(HH_L*C_ #,?]IU>R/=_^%C>&?\ G_\
M_'#1_P +&\,_\_\ _P".&O"**/["H_S,/[3J]D>[_P#"Q?#./^/\_P#?LU&/
MB'X:\XO]OX(Q_JS7AE%']A4?YF']IU>R/=_^%C>&?^?_ /\ '#1_PL;PS_S_
M /\ XX:\(HH_L*C_ #,/[3J]D>[_ /"QO#/_ #__ /CAH_X6-X9_Y_\ _P <
M->$44?V%1_F8?VG5[(]W_P"%C>&?^?\ _P#'#1_PL;PS_P __P#XX:\(HH_L
M*C_,P_M.KV1[M_PL;PS_ ,__ /XX:N:=XPT;5YG@L[L/(JY*[2#BOGVK^AZD
MVDZU;WBY"JV& /53U%95LEIQIN46[E0S*HY)-'T,EY"J*"W/TJ3[;!_?_2L6
M.198D=2"K@,#Z@CBG5X"HKJ>M[6ZN;'VV#^_^E'VV#^_^E8]%/V,0]JS8^VP
M?W_TH^VP?W_TK'HH]C$/:LV/ML']_P#2C[;!_?\ TK'HH]C$/:LU6O("R8?O
MZ4_[;!_?_2L?\**/8Q#VK-C[;!_?_2C[;!_?_2L>BCV,0]JS8^VP?W_TH^VP
M?W_TK'HH]C$/:LV/ML']_P#2C[;!_?\ TK'HH]C$/:LV/MT']_\ 2EMY%DWL
MIR"U8U:FG?\ 'OT[UG."BM"XS<F7::S8-+4%S*D"-)(VU0.3C-8&H/=Q1N$>
M5$8\ ,P!-3*VZN#O-$U*[G>&]O;.*TEG\S[0,^:5SD!<GY3VS^E=/J>MV6@:
M.VHWCN;9-HR@W'D@#]34QFI&LX**5G<UZ*Y>3Q[HT=U<Q;;IH+4-]HNQ'^YB
M*@DJ6)Z\8X!YJSHGB[3]=NI+2&.YM[E$$ODW,>QF0]&')XJS(WZ*** "BBB@
M IIZTZHI9!$C.1PH)/X4 245REM\0M%N$+,+B$!@,2(,X.?FX)XX^OM6L?$F
MDK+Y;7L0;RO.Y)&4QG-.S)NC5HK*3Q'I+M;*+R/-U_J0<C=^G'XT1>(;"6[U
M"W#L&T] ]PS*0J@@GKWX!I6871JT5@VGBW3;J&>:1;BUCBV_-<1[?,#="N,Y
M_G4TGBG18I!&U_%N(!XR>O3M]?R-.S#F1L45BS^*](A,BBY$DD;*K(@).2RK
M]#RZ]^]$GBS1HWC7[8A+S>3QD[6VEN?;"GGVHY6',C:HJII^IVFJ1-+9S+*B
ML5)7/!%7*0PHHHH&%%%% !BC%%% !BD/0TM!Z&@!%^Z*6D7[HI: "BBB@ ID
M?W13Z9']T4 /I",TM% #2N:-IR"<9IU% #0N!CVHP3GM[TZB@!A0D4;*?10
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M1:PWM28;U%5O[0B]&_*C^T(?1ORHY9!S(F?.].1UJ3#>U4FOH2R$;N#Z4_\
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M$#Q!IFHW=Q,]I;%")9&89$B\\FO?*!C<-[48;VIU% #<-ZBD(;/44^F_Q"@
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M7 /Y5<3PWIL5K;V\=NL<=N^] GRG.".?7J:HQ^"-%CF65(9 RH5&)#T*LO\
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MS1?^@79_]^5_PH_X1S1?^@79_P#?E?\ "M#8_P#SU/Y"C8__ #U/Y"G[6?\
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M,N_;A_</YU+;OYH9NG-9N*OV/^J/UJ)P45=&E.I)RL27%S#;1/+,X1$&68]
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MSF#>4DKL&VJH7ENO3\C6GLY'.L13[FWFEW5SY\21I/(CV\@521QR2=RKC'_
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MIR J  'U%*-6*B]!RIR;6IQ[>*[I=ET+8EWM5/EKDKN,FW.*8_B6^\[[48B
MMJX\IN%9@^-Q'8?CTKLC96N"/L\>TJ5(VC&WN*7[%;; @MX@H79C8,;?3Z4U
M4@OLD^SG_,<:VK:@-+U*5KD@B\6,RQKGR8RP#,H.>@R><U7.HWEE-.]O?S7E
ME9212O*^"=I(WKD 9^7)_"N\BM+>*,QQP1I&1@JJ@ BFK9VJ0&!((EB(P4"@
M*?PH56-]@=*7\QQD7B6^L8;>XEC,L5VQN#N!S'&S<*!VP#UYKLGB2ZB>*5 \
M4B$,I[@]ORI6L[:0QE[>)O+.4)0';]/2IQ]_\*SG.+M9&L8-;LR1X?L=C+ME
M+'&':5BRXY&"3D#- T#3PF/);I@DN<]"N<YZX/6MBEI<\NX^2/8SK?2[6WL9
M;15<PREM^]R2V[KDGFJ__".:?OWE92V"!F1CU4J3C/)P36Q12YGT8^5=C+?0
M;!U8&)N69\[SD,>I'-$6B6< .U9,LC1LWF'<0W)YSG/'6M7FDHYI=PY8]C+B
MTBWALI[2,,%G#"1F));<,'DTG]C026DL5PFYI41964D9V_=[]JU:*.9ARHH"
MP O8)B?DA0JB8Z$]_P OYUH444KWW&DEL%%%% PHHHH Q_%7_(L:@!SF%N/P
MKYY6&7'^I?I_<-?3%R T)##(R.,>]-^RP9_U*?\ ?->ME^9/"1E'EO?S.#%X
M/ZQ9W/FKR9<_ZJ3_ +X-'DR_\\I/^^#7TM]F@_YXQ_\ ?-'V:#_GBG_?->I_
MK&_^??X_\ X_[*3UYCYI\F7_ )Y2?]\&CR9?^>3_ /?!KZ6^S0?\\4_[YH^S
MP?\ /*/_ +Y%'^L<O^??XA_9*_F/#O!&C/?Z^DTL+""V'F,67JW11_/\J]=Y
M/;]*UDBC3[L:K]!3@B^@KQ<7CY8FISM'91P?LHV3,?!]#1SZ&MG8OH*B"C[2
MPP,;1_6N;VWD:^P\S+P?0T8/H:V=B^@HV+Z"CVWD'L/,QL'T-&#Z&MG8OH*-
MB^@H]MY![#S,;!]#1@^AK9V+Z"C8OH*/;>0>P\S&P?0T8/H:V=B^@I&50IX'
M2CVWD'L/,Q\'T-&#Z&M6)08DR*DV+Z"CVWD'L/,QL'T-&#Z&MG8OH*-B^@H]
MMY![#S,;!]#1@^AK9V+Z"C8OH*/;>0>P\S&P?0T8/H:V=B^@HV+Z"CVWD'L/
M,QN?0T8/H:U9%7<G ZU)L7T%'MO(/8>9C8/H:,'T-;.Q?04;%]!1[;R#V'F8
MV#Z&C!]#6SL7T%&Q?04>V\@]AYF-SZ&CGT-;.Q?04;5]!1[;R'[#S,?GT-7[
M$?NC]:L[5]!^51Q_>?\ WJB=2Z+A3Y7<BN;:.X1@PYP0&'49]*YP:-?)I$FD
MK:VY5E*"X)'0]RN.M=;2=:XYT(S?,=,:DHJQQNL:9IL=Q;K=:#<ZEBR:V,D>
M3\AX*%<XY]:QK71=,F\FVE\.ZU&1,IBF:_F+0@C:V'W;E !/ .#7IF*,5M%6
M5B6[G%Z=JO\ 8FG0V%CX7OHHHE"JB#< 3ZGJ3ZDU>_X22]D$130;O:X._>=N
MP;@/QZY^@KIL48JA&!XA\.6?B336M[A2KD925>&0_6N:_P"$.U#2+2UL]($$
MI)!>XN<GRG QO &,_3UKT3%(0*EQ3=S6-><5RWT.2U?PK87.BVMC-)+$L4@D
MWQ*K%WQR2&!!S[UD#P+I;131K?WZQSP^4XV1DXQC.2I(QGUQ7?3VT5P )02
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MK;Q13YY6M<7L:=[V,E]$M#"Z(FPL#\PZC( _H*FTK35TRU:-9'D+OO9F/.<
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MO1Y+?\]7J4TF10!%Y+?\]7I?);_GJ]29'I2T@(O);_GJ]'DM_P ]7J7(S13
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M4=)>Q1)I9VN()2PP >0GL3C:?9C6_I&FW-MKMM<?9%@A&G>1(%P/W@92!QV
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M;X>&!Y<ALABH&1^HK5;1K!XQ&]I;M&I!5#$N!]./>GQZ;:0RF1+>)9&&"ZH
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MM]S^= 6\ACK\R<#K4FT>@J.11O3D]?6I,>_ZT!;R#:/04;1Z"C'O^M&/?]:
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MJ*;M^OYT;?K^= #J*;M^OYT;?K^= #J0]#2;?K^=!7CO^= "K]T4M(OW12T
M%%%% !3(_NBGTR/[HH ?1136%  S!1R<4WS%]:Y3Q7O$MN0\B)@\?,%8_5<<
M^E1);74NH6@)FBBN(EEEA?J'4=/TY%<\JS3M8YG7:E:QV/F+QR*7>OK7G^FR
M:C'J-H&662%Y)9%)/0X/RY^M3WLM]-K4#2Q7,,OF1F.-6. N1OSC@]ZGV_D9
MK%WCS.+.X\U.>14,MY#%C?(JY(QDUY^)!-'<2P37 M]Z>:AD8MLW#<QYXR/T
MJ_9Z3>7ULK&-0KJ ))ERS1XQM]<D4O;REHD+ZU*6D8G:V\\=Q$)(G#+DC(J6
MLS0[::ULI$G0(S3.X4'/!.16G75&]M3LBVXIL0UGZM.]MIEW-&0'2)F4GID"
MM$U6O!$UO()PIAVG?OZ;>^:'M8);-')6.MZA A>Y\VXCDV(GG1B(ER?ITJR_
MBIUF8M;8A2%W<%N0RD#&?2MO[/9W=DL12.2W8 J" 1QR"*@GM-+AB1I88(XP
M/*^90  W&W\<]*YN2HMI''R5(JRD9W_"4,8E*V3%V+Y7>.-HR>:BD\1S2R/M
MBV1"2W 8$%B)& ((/U[5MII=BB +;0X7) VCOU_.H8[/2Y)72.*!I(RH;'4%
M3E?Q&*$JG5C2J=9&/<^*))E=+:,QN'CV29#!U,BJ?YU;N-<DM+JX!1Y@IB54
MR ,N<<=ZLM8Z+;SB)H+9)67>$P 2%(/3V(!I9)-'DDA>1[9GG*F,G!+E>A_#
MM1:IUD@2J*]Y(S;OQ/,;29;>WV7"Q2-DN/DV\9YZ\D<4ZVUZ8S-&(WGER3AF
M5< 8S@_C^M69E\.RW)M)?LK3 MF-L%NF3_+/X5)=0Z%'9B>Y^RBWD.0[8P2>
M/_K4K5-U)"Y:N_,BI<^)VC>YCBM\O'$[JQ?()4=#Z=:1?$4JW'E-"TLD@CVQ
M[E 4E68\_P# >]6E303']J M?+D# R<888^8?D#^5.-OH<BE66U;:@D(X^Z
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M#_S#+7_OT*FM]#TVR+/;6<,3$<E$ JX90U).3O8UI</.,U*4]BJB[(U4<
M#VI_XU?B@B:)24&2/2I?L\7]P5Z_L+;'O_5GM<R_QH_&M3[/%_<%'V>+^X*?
ML0^J^9E_C1^-:GV>+^X*/L\7]P4>Q#ZKYF7^-'XUJ?9XO[@H^SQ?W!1[$/JO
MF9>?>C\:T'AC5D 0<G!J3[/%_<%'L0^K>9E_C1^-:GV>+^X*/L\7]P4>Q#ZK
MYF7^-'XUJ?9XO[@H^SQ?W!1[$/JOF9?XT?C6I]GB_N"C[/%_<%'L0^J^9EY]
MZNV7^K-3_9XO[@IL( +@= <54*?*[FE.BX.Y+2BBBMCI"BBB@ HHHH ****
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MP?6@!:*3!]:,'UH 6BDP?6C!]: %IK?=/TI<'^]2%21C- #(!^Y7Z5+3%0J
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M0 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%%
M!1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %
F%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 %%%% !1110 4444 ?_]D!

end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>9
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
							} else { e.nextSibling.style.display='none'; }
							}</script>
</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Submission<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Nov. 06, 2025</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_SubmissionLineItems', window );"><strong>Submission [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000894158<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Theriva Biologics, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FormTp', window );">Form Type</a></td>
<td class="text">S-3<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_SubmissnTp', window );">Submission Type</a></td>
<td class="text">S-3<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeExhibitTp', window );">Fee Exhibit Type</a></td>
<td class="text">EX-FILING FEES<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTableNa', window );">Offering Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text"> <span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OffsetTableNa', window );">Offset Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text">N/A<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa', window );">Combined Prospectus Table N/A</a></td>
<td class="text">N/A<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:naItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeeExhibitTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeExhibitTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:feeExhibitTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FormTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FormTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingTableNa">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingTableNa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:naItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OffsetTableNa">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OffsetTableNa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:naItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_SubmissionLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_SubmissionLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_SubmissnTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_SubmissnTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>10
<FILENAME>R2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
							} else { e.nextSibling.style.display='none'; }
							}</script>
</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Offerings - Offering: 1<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Nov. 06, 2025 </div>
<div>USD ($) </div>
<div>shares</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingTable', window );"><strong>Offering:</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg', window );">Fee Previously Paid</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_Rule457aFlg', window );">Rule 457(a)</a></td>
<td class="text">true<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp', window );">Security Type</a></td>
<td class="text">Equity<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl', window );">Security Class Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd', window );">Amount Registered | shares</a></td>
<td class="nump">16,184,560<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_MaxOfferingPricPerScty', window );">Proposed Maximum Offering Price per Unit</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.2972<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric', window );">Maximum Aggregate Offering Price</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,810,051.23<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeRate', window );">Fee Rate</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.01381%<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeeAmt', window );">Amount of Registration Fee</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 664.27<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_OfferingNote', window );">Offering Note</a></td>
<td class="text">(1) Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement also covers such an indeterminate amount of shares of common stock as may become issuable to prevent dilution resulting from stock splits, stock dividends and similar events.

(2) The amount registered consists of up to 16,184,560 shares of the Registrant's common stock held by certain selling stockholders.

(3) Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee, based on the average of the high and low prices of the shares of common stock on the NYSE American LLC on November 4, 2025 (such date being within five business days of the date that this registration statement was first filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in accordance with Rule 457(c) under the Securities Act).<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_AmtSctiesRegd">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The amount of securities being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_AmtSctiesRegd</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Total amount of registration fee (amount due after offsets).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeeRate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The rate per dollar of fees that public companies and other issuers pay to register their securities with the Commission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeeRate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:percentItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum aggregate offering price for the offering that is being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_MaxOfferingPricPerScty">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The maximum offering price per share/unit being registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_MaxOfferingPricPerScty</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegativeDecimal4lItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingNote">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingNote</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dtr-types:textBlockItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTitl">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The title of the class of securities being registered (for each class being registered).</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingSctyTitl</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingSctyTp">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Type of securities: "Asset-backed Securities", "ADRs/ADSs", "Debt", "Debt Convertible into Equity", "Equity", "Face Amount Certificates", "Limited Partnership Interests", "Mortgage Backed Securities", "Non-Convertible Debt", "Unallocated (Universal) Shelf", "Exchange Traded Vehicle Securities", "Other"</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingSctyTp</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:securityTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingTable">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingTable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_PrevslyPdFlg">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_PrevslyPdFlg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_Rule457aFlg">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(a) to calculate the registration fee due.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 457<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_Rule457aFlg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_OfferingAxis=1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Details</a><div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_OfferingAxis=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>11
<FILENAME>R3.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
							} else { e.nextSibling.style.display='none'; }
							}</script>
</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Fees Summary<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th">
<div>Nov. 06, 2025 </div>
<div>USD ($)</div>
</th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems', window );"><strong>Fees Summary [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlOfferingAmt', window );">Total Offering</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 4,810,051.23<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt', window );">Previously Paid Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.00<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlFeeAmt', window );">Total Fee Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">664.27<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_TtlOffsetAmt', window );">Total Offset Amount</a></td>
<td class="nump">0.00<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_ffd_NetFeeAmt', window );">Net Fee</a></td>
<td class="nump">$ 664.27<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_NetFeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_NetFeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:monetaryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlFeeAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlFeeAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlOfferingAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlOfferingAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlOffsetAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlOffsetAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- References</a><div><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>ffd_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>ffd:nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>12
<FILENAME>Show.js
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
// Edgar(tm) Renderer was created by staff of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.  Data and content created by government employees within the scope of their employment are not subject to domestic copyright protection. 17 U.S.C. 105.
var Show={};Show.LastAR=null,Show.showAR=function(a,r,w){if(Show.LastAR)Show.hideAR();var e=a;while(e&&e.nodeName!='TABLE')e=e.nextSibling;if(!e||e.nodeName!='TABLE'){var ref=((window)?w.document:document).getElementById(r);if(ref){e=ref.cloneNode(!0);
e.removeAttribute('id');a.parentNode.appendChild(e)}}
if(e)e.style.display='block';Show.LastAR=e};Show.hideAR=function(){Show.LastAR.style.display='none'};Show.toggleNext=function(a){var e=a;while(e.nodeName!='DIV')e=e.nextSibling;if(!e.style){}else if(!e.style.display){}else{var d,p_;if(e.style.display=='none'){d='block';p='-'}else{d='none';p='+'}
e.style.display=d;if(a.textContent){a.textContent=p+a.textContent.substring(1)}else{a.innerText=p+a.innerText.substring(1)}}}
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>13
<FILENAME>report.css
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
/* Updated 2009-11-04 */
/* v2.2.0.24 */

/* DefRef Styles */
.report table.authRefData{
	background-color: #def;
	border: 2px solid #2F4497;
	font-size: 1em;
	position: absolute;
}

.report table.authRefData a {
	display: block;
	font-weight: bold;
}

.report table.authRefData p {
	margin-top: 0px;
}

.report table.authRefData .hide {
	background-color: #2F4497;
	padding: 1px 3px 0px 0px;
	text-align: right;
}

.report table.authRefData .hide a:hover {
	background-color: #2F4497;
}

.report table.authRefData .body {
	height: 150px;
	overflow: auto;
	width: 400px;
}

.report table.authRefData table{
	font-size: 1em;
}

/* Report Styles */
.pl a, .pl a:visited {
	color: black;
	text-decoration: none;
}

/* table */
.report {
	background-color: white;
	border: 2px solid #acf;
	clear: both;
	color: black;
	font: normal 8pt Helvetica, Arial, san-serif;
	margin-bottom: 2em;
}

.report hr {
	border: 1px solid #acf;
}

/* Top labels */
.report th {
	background-color: #acf;
	color: black;
	font-weight: bold;
	text-align: center;
}

.report th.void	{
	background-color: transparent;
	color: #000000;
	font: bold 10pt Helvetica, Arial, san-serif;
	text-align: left;
}

.report .pl {
	text-align: left;
	vertical-align: top;
	white-space: normal;
	width: 200px;
	white-space: normal; /* word-wrap: break-word; */
}

.report td.pl a.a {
	cursor: pointer;
	display: block;
	width: 200px;
	overflow: hidden;
}

.report td.pl div.a {
	width: 200px;
}

.report td.pl a:hover {
	background-color: #ffc;
}

/* Header rows... */
.report tr.rh {
	background-color: #acf;
	color: black;
	font-weight: bold;
}

/* Calendars... */
.report .rc {
	background-color: #f0f0f0;
}

/* Even rows... */
.report .re, .report .reu {
	background-color: #def;
}

.report .reu td {
	border-bottom: 1px solid black;
}

/* Odd rows... */
.report .ro, .report .rou {
	background-color: white;
}

.report .rou td {
	border-bottom: 1px solid black;
}

.report .rou table td, .report .reu table td {
	border-bottom: 0px solid black;
}

/* styles for footnote marker */
.report .fn {
	white-space: nowrap;
}

/* styles for numeric types */
.report .num, .report .nump {
	text-align: right;
	white-space: nowrap;
}

.report .nump {
	padding-left: 2em;
}

.report .nump {
	padding: 0px 0.4em 0px 2em;
}

/* styles for text types */
.report .text {
	text-align: left;
	white-space: normal;
}

.report .text .big {
	margin-bottom: 1em;
	width: 17em;
}

.report .text .more {
	display: none;
}

.report .text .note {
	font-style: italic;
	font-weight: bold;
}

.report .text .small {
	width: 10em;
}

.report sup {
	font-style: italic;
}

.report .outerFootnotes {
	font-size: 1em;
}
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>15
<FILENAME>FilingSummary.xml
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<XML>
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<FilingSummary>
  <Version>3.25.3</Version>
  <ProcessingTime/>
  <ReportFormat>html</ReportFormat>
  <ContextCount>2</ContextCount>
  <ElementCount>23</ElementCount>
  <EntityCount>1</EntityCount>
  <FootnotesReported>false</FootnotesReported>
  <SegmentCount>1</SegmentCount>
  <ScenarioCount>0</ScenarioCount>
  <TuplesReported>false</TuplesReported>
  <UnitCount>3</UnitCount>
  <MyReports>
    <Report instance="tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm">
      <IsDefault>false</IsDefault>
      <HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports>
      <HtmlFileName>R1.htm</HtmlFileName>
      <LongName>995210 - Document - Submission</LongName>
      <ReportType>Sheet</ReportType>
      <Role>http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable</Role>
      <ShortName>Submission</ShortName>
      <MenuCategory>Cover</MenuCategory>
      <Position>1</Position>
    </Report>
    <Report instance="tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm">
      <IsDefault>false</IsDefault>
      <HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports>
      <HtmlFileName>R2.htm</HtmlFileName>
      <LongName>995211 - Document - Offerings</LongName>
      <ReportType>Sheet</ReportType>
      <Role>http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable</Role>
      <ShortName>Offerings</ShortName>
      <MenuCategory>Cover</MenuCategory>
      <Position>2</Position>
    </Report>
    <Report instance="tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm">
      <IsDefault>false</IsDefault>
      <HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports>
      <HtmlFileName>R3.htm</HtmlFileName>
      <LongName>995215 - Document - Fees Summary</LongName>
      <ReportType>Sheet</ReportType>
      <Role>http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable</Role>
      <ShortName>Fees Summary</ShortName>
      <MenuCategory>Cover</MenuCategory>
      <Position>3</Position>
    </Report>
    <Report>
      <IsDefault>false</IsDefault>
      <HasEmbeddedReports>false</HasEmbeddedReports>
      <LongName>All Reports</LongName>
      <ReportType>Book</ReportType>
      <ShortName>All Reports</ShortName>
    </Report>
  </MyReports>
  <InputFiles>
    <File doctype="EX-FILING FEES" original="tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm">tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm</File>
  </InputFiles>
  <SupplementalFiles/>
  <BaseTaxonomies>
    <BaseTaxonomy items="3">http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025</BaseTaxonomy>
    <BaseTaxonomy items="22">http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025</BaseTaxonomy>
  </BaseTaxonomies>
  <HasPresentationLinkbase>false</HasPresentationLinkbase>
  <HasCalculationLinkbase>false</HasCalculationLinkbase>
</FilingSummary>
</XML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>JSON
<SEQUENCE>17
<FILENAME>MetaLinks.json
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
{
 "version": "2.2",
 "instance": {
  "tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm": {
   "dts": {
    "inline": {
     "local": [
      "tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm"
     ]
    },
    "schema": {
     "remote": [
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xl-2003-12-31.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xlink-2003-12-31.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd",
      "http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/arcrole/deprecated-2009-12-16.xsd",
      "https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2024-01-31/types.xsd",
      "https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025/dei-2025.xsd",
      "https://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025/ffd-2025.xsd"
     ]
    }
   },
   "keyStandard": 23,
   "keyCustom": 0,
   "axisStandard": 1,
   "axisCustom": 0,
   "memberStandard": 1,
   "memberCustom": 0,
   "hidden": {
    "total": 8,
    "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025": 6,
    "http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025": 2
   },
   "contextCount": 2,
   "entityCount": 1,
   "segmentCount": 1,
   "elementCount": 107,
   "unitCount": 3,
   "baseTaxonomies": {
    "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025": 22,
    "http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025": 3
   },
   "report": {
    "R1": {
     "role": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable",
     "longName": "995210 - Document - Submission",
     "shortName": "Submission",
     "isDefault": "true",
     "groupType": "Fee_Exhibit",
     "subGroupType": "",
     "menuCat": "Cover",
     "order": "1",
     "firstAnchor": null,
     "uniqueAnchor": null
    },
    "R2": {
     "role": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
     "longName": "995211 - Document - Offerings",
     "shortName": "Offerings",
     "isDefault": "false",
     "groupType": "Fee_Exhibit",
     "subGroupType": "",
     "menuCat": "Cover",
     "order": "2",
     "firstAnchor": {
      "contextRef": "offrl_1",
      "name": "ffd:PrevslyPdFlg",
      "unitRef": null,
      "xsiNil": "false",
      "lang": "en-US",
      "decimals": null,
      "ancestors": [
       "td",
       "tr",
       "table",
       "div",
       "body",
       "html"
      ],
      "reportCount": 1,
      "baseRef": "tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm",
      "first": true,
      "unique": true
     },
     "uniqueAnchor": {
      "contextRef": "offrl_1",
      "name": "ffd:PrevslyPdFlg",
      "unitRef": null,
      "xsiNil": "false",
      "lang": "en-US",
      "decimals": null,
      "ancestors": [
       "td",
       "tr",
       "table",
       "div",
       "body",
       "html"
      ],
      "reportCount": 1,
      "baseRef": "tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm",
      "first": true,
      "unique": true
     }
    },
    "R3": {
     "role": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable",
     "longName": "995215 - Document - Fees Summary",
     "shortName": "Fees Summary",
     "isDefault": "false",
     "groupType": "Fee_Exhibit",
     "subGroupType": "",
     "menuCat": "Cover",
     "order": "3",
     "firstAnchor": {
      "contextRef": "rc",
      "name": "ffd:TtlOfferingAmt",
      "unitRef": "USD",
      "xsiNil": "false",
      "lang": null,
      "decimals": "INF",
      "ancestors": [
       "p",
       "td",
       "tr",
       "table",
       "div",
       "body",
       "html"
      ],
      "reportCount": 1,
      "baseRef": "tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm",
      "first": true,
      "unique": true
     },
     "uniqueAnchor": {
      "contextRef": "rc",
      "name": "ffd:TtlOfferingAmt",
      "unitRef": "USD",
      "xsiNil": "false",
      "lang": null,
      "decimals": "INF",
      "ancestors": [
       "p",
       "td",
       "tr",
       "table",
       "div",
       "body",
       "html"
      ],
      "reportCount": 1,
      "baseRef": "tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees.htm",
      "first": true,
      "unique": true
     }
    }
   },
   "tag": {
    "ffd_AggtRedRpPricFsclYr": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "AggtRedRpPricFsclYr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Aggregate Redeemed or Repurchased Price, Fiscal Year",
        "terseLabel": "Aggregate Redeemed or Repurchased, FY"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AggtRedRpPricPrrFsclYr": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "AggtRedRpPricPrrFsclYr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Aggregate Redeemed or Repurchased Price, Prior Fiscal Year",
        "terseLabel": "Aggregate Redeemed or Repurchased, Prior FY"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AggtSalesPricFsclYr": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "AggtSalesPricFsclYr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Aggregate Sales Price, Fiscal Year",
        "terseLabel": "Aggregate Sales Price"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AmtRedCdts": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "AmtRedCdts",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Amount of Redemption Credits",
        "terseLabel": "Redemption Credits"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AmtSctiesRcvd": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "AmtSctiesRcvd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Amount of Securities Received",
        "terseLabel": "Amount of Securities Received",
        "documentation": "Amount of securities to be received by the registrant (or cancelled upon issuance of securities to be registered on the form)"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r6"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_AmtSctiesRegd": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "AmtSctiesRegd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Amount of Securities Registered",
        "terseLabel": "Amount Registered",
        "documentation": "The amount of securities being registered."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CeasedOprsDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CeasedOprsDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Ceased Operations Date",
        "terseLabel": "Ceased Operations Date"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_CfwdFormTp": {
     "xbrltype": "formTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CfwdFormTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Carry Forward Form Type",
        "terseLabel": "Carry Forward Form Type",
        "documentation": "The Form Type of the prior shelf registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6). This should be an EDGAR submission type (S-3, S-3/A, S-3ASR, etc.), which means there is a fixed set of possible responses. Note that while the XBRL response should be an EDGAR submission type, the human-readable Ex. 107 could include a simpler label (e.g., \"Form S-3\" in the human-readable and \"S-3ASR\" in the XBRL)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CfwdPrevslyPdFee": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CfwdPrevslyPdFee",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Carry Forward Previously Paid Fee",
        "terseLabel": "Filing Fee Previously Paid in Connection with Unsold Securities to be Carried Forward",
        "documentation": "The fee previously paid in connection with the securities being brought forward from the prior shelf registration statement on which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CfwdPrrFctvDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CfwdPrrFctvDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Carry Forward Prior Effective Date",
        "terseLabel": "Carry Forward Initial Effective Date",
        "documentation": "The initial effective date of the prior shelf registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CfwdPrrFileNb": {
     "xbrltype": "fileNumberItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CfwdPrrFileNb",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Carry Forward File Number",
        "terseLabel": "Carry Forward File Number",
        "documentation": "The EDGAR File Number of the prior shelf registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under 415(a)(6). If the prior registration statement has a Securities Act File Number and an Investment Company Act File Number, the Securities Act File Number should be used."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CmbndPrspctsItemAxis": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CmbndPrspctsItemAxis",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Combined Prospectus Item [Axis]",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus",
        "documentation": "A sequence number (1, 2, 3...) used to distinguish different references to earlier prospectuses on a single fee bearing submission."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CmbndPrspctsLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CmbndPrspctsLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Combined Prospectus [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CmbndPrspctsTable": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CmbndPrspctsTable",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Combined Prospectus [Table]",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus Table"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CombinedProspectusTableNa": {
     "xbrltype": "naItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CombinedProspectusTableNa",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Combined Prospectus Table [N/A]",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus Table N/A"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_CshPdByRegistrantInTx": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CshPdByRegistrantInTx",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Cash Paid by Registrant in Transaction",
        "terseLabel": "Cash Consideration Paid",
        "documentation": "Amount of cash consideration paid by registrant in connection with the exchange or other transaction being registered (in a 457(f) calculation)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r12"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_CshRcvdByRegistrantInTx": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "CshRcvdByRegistrantInTx",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Cash Received by Registrant in Transaction",
        "terseLabel": "Cash Consideration Received",
        "documentation": "Amount of cash consideration received by registrant in connection with the exchange or other transaction being registered (in a 457(f) calculation)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r12"
     ]
    },
    "dei_EntityCentralIndexKey": {
     "xbrltype": "centralIndexKeyItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025",
     "localname": "EntityCentralIndexKey",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Entity Central Index Key",
        "terseLabel": "Central Index Key",
        "documentation": "A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r0"
     ]
    },
    "dei_EntityRegistrantName": {
     "xbrltype": "normalizedStringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025",
     "localname": "EntityRegistrantName",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Entity Registrant Name",
        "terseLabel": "Registrant Name",
        "documentation": "The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r0"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeeAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Amount of Registration Fee",
        "documentation": "Total amount of registration fee (amount due after offsets)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeExhibitTp": {
     "xbrltype": "feeExhibitTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeeExhibitTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Exhibit Type",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Exhibit Type"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_FeeIntrstAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeeIntrstAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Interest Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Interest Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeNote": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeeNote",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Note",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Note"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeNoteMaxAggtOfferingPric": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeeNoteMaxAggtOfferingPric",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Note Maximum Aggregate Offering Price",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Note MAOP"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeeRate": {
     "xbrltype": "percentItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeeRate",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Rate",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Rate",
        "documentation": "The rate per dollar of fees that public companies and other issuers pay to register their securities with the Commission."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeesOthrRuleFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeesOthrRuleFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fees, Other Rule [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Other Rule",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using a rule other than 457(a), 457(o), or 457(f) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FeesSummaryLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FeesSummaryLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fees Summary [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Fees Summary:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FnlPrspctsFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FnlPrspctsFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Final Prospectus [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Final Prospectus"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_FormTp": {
     "xbrltype": "submissionTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "FormTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Form Type",
        "terseLabel": "Form Type"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_GnlInstrIIhiFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "GnlInstrIIhiFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "General Instruction II.H,I [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "General Instruction II.H,I"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrCity": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrCity",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, City",
        "terseLabel": "City"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrStatOrCtryCd": {
     "xbrltype": "stateOrCountryCodeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrStatOrCtryCd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, State or Country Code",
        "terseLabel": "State or Country Code"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrStrt1": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrStrt1",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, Street 1",
        "terseLabel": "Street 1"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrStrt2": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrStrt2",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, Street 2",
        "terseLabel": "Street 2"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrBizAdrZipCd": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "IssrBizAdrZipCd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Business Address, Zip Code",
        "terseLabel": "Zip Code"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_IssrNm": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "IssrNm",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Issuer Name",
        "terseLabel": "Issuer Name"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_MaxAggtOfferingPric": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "MaxAggtOfferingPric",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Maximum Aggregate Offering Price",
        "terseLabel": "Maximum Aggregate Offering Price",
        "documentation": "The maximum aggregate offering price for the offering that is being registered."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_MaxOfferingPricPerScty": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal4lItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "MaxOfferingPricPerScty",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Maximum Offering Price per Security",
        "terseLabel": "Proposed Maximum Offering Price per Unit",
        "documentation": "The maximum offering price per share/unit being registered."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NetFeeAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "monetaryItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "NetFeeAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Net Fee Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Net Fee"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NetSalesAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "NetSalesAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Net Sales Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Net Sales"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NrrtvDsclsr": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "NrrtvDsclsr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Narrative Disclosure",
        "terseLabel": "Narrative Disclosure"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NrrtvMaxAggtAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "NrrtvMaxAggtAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Narrative Disclosure, Maximum Aggregate Offering Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Narrative - Max Aggregate Offering Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "NrrtvMaxAggtOfferingPric",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Narrative Disclosure, Maximum Aggregate Offering Price",
        "terseLabel": "Narrative - Max Aggregate Offering Price"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OfferingAxis": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingAxis",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering [Axis]",
        "terseLabel": "Offering",
        "documentation": "A sequence number (1, 2, 3...) used to distinguish different security offerings on a single fee bearing submission."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_OfferingLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Offering:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_OfferingNote": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingNote",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering Note",
        "terseLabel": "Offering Note"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OfferingSctyTitl": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTitleItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingSctyTitl",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering Security Title",
        "terseLabel": "Security Class Title",
        "documentation": "The title of the class of securities being registered (for each class being registered)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OfferingSctyTp": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingSctyTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering Security Type",
        "terseLabel": "Security Type",
        "documentation": "Type of securities: \"Asset-backed Securities\", \"ADRs/ADSs\", \"Debt\", \"Debt Convertible into Equity\", \"Equity\", \"Face Amount Certificates\", \"Limited Partnership Interests\", \"Mortgage Backed Securities\", \"Non-Convertible Debt\", \"Unallocated (Universal) Shelf\", \"Exchange Traded Vehicle Securities\", \"Other\""
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OfferingTable": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingTable",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering [Table]",
        "terseLabel": "Offering:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_OfferingTableNa": {
     "xbrltype": "naItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OfferingTableNa",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offering Table [N/A]",
        "terseLabel": "Offering Table N/A"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_OffsetAxis": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetAxis",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset [Axis]",
        "terseLabel": "Offset",
        "documentation": "A sequence number (1, 2, 3...) used to distinguish different offsets as applied to a fee bearing submission."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetClmInitlFilgDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetClmInitlFilgDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Claim Initial Filing Date",
        "terseLabel": "Initial Filing Date",
        "documentation": "The initial filing date of the earlier registration statement with which the earlier (offsetting) fee was paid for a claimed offset. If the offset fee was paid with an amendment, do not provide the amendment date under this element; instead, provide the date of the initial filing (i.e. the \"parent\" filing) ."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetClmdAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetClmdAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Claimed Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "The amount of offsetting fees being claimed."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetClmdInd": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetClmdInd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Claimed Indicator",
        "terseLabel": "Offset Claimed"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetExpltnForClmdAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetExpltnForClmdAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Explanation for Claimed Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Explanation for Claimed Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "terseLabel": "Offset:",
        "label": "Offset [Line Items]"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetNote": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetNote",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Note",
        "terseLabel": "Offset Note"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrFeeAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrFeeAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Fee Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Paid with Fee Offset Source",
        "documentation": "The fee previously paid from which an offset is being derived."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrFileNb": {
     "xbrltype": "fileNumberItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrFileNb",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior File Number",
        "terseLabel": "File Number",
        "documentation": "The EDGAR File Number of the earlier registration statement with which the earlier (offsetting) fee was paid. If the offset filing for the offset has a Securities Act File Number and an Investment Company Act File Number, the Securities Act File Number should be used."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrFilerNm": {
     "xbrltype": "filerNameItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrFilerNm",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Filer Name",
        "terseLabel": "Registrant or Filer Name",
        "documentation": "The name of the registrant that filed the earlier registration statement with which the earlier (offsetting) fee was paid."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrFormTp": {
     "xbrltype": "formTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrFormTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Form Type",
        "terseLabel": "Form or Filing Type",
        "documentation": "The Form Type of the offset filing."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrNbOfUnsoldScties": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeIntegerItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrNbOfUnsoldScties",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Unsold Number of Securities",
        "terseLabel": "Unsold Securities Associated with Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "The number of unsold securities registered on the prior registration statement that are associated with the claimed offset."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrSctyTitl": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTitleItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrSctyTitl",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Security Title",
        "terseLabel": "Security Title Associated with Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "The title of the class of securities from which offset fees were derived."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrSctyTp": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrSctyTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Security Type",
        "terseLabel": "Security Type Associated with Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "Type of securities: \"Asset-backed Securities\", \"ADRs/ADSs\", \"Debt\", \"Debt Convertible into Equity\", \"Equity\", \"Face Amount Certificates\", \"Limited Partnership Interests\", \"Mortgage Backed Securities\", \"Non-Convertible Debt\", \"Unallocated (Universal) Shelf\", \"Exchange Traded Vehicle Securities\", \"Other\""
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetPrrUnsoldOfferingAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetPrrUnsoldOfferingAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Prior Unsold Offering Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Unsold Aggregate Offering Amount Associated with Fee Offset Claimed",
        "documentation": "The aggregate offering amount of unsold securities registered on the prior registration statement that are associated with the claimed offset."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetSrcFilgDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetSrcFilgDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Source Filing Date",
        "terseLabel": "Filing Date",
        "documentation": "The filing date of the earlier registration statement with which the earlier (offsetting) fee was paid in an offset."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5",
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetTable": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetTable",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "terseLabel": "Offset Payment:",
        "label": "Offset [Table]"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_OffsetTableNa": {
     "xbrltype": "naItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "OffsetTableNa",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Offset Table [N/A]",
        "terseLabel": "Offset Table N/A"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_PrevslyPdFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "PrevslyPdFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable",
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Fee Previously Paid [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Fee Previously Paid"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_RegnFileNb": {
     "xbrltype": "fileNumberItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "RegnFileNb",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Registration File Number",
        "terseLabel": "Registration File Number"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_RptgFsclYrEndDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "RptgFsclYrEndDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Reporting Fiscal Year End Date",
        "terseLabel": "Reporting FY End Date"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_Rule011Flg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule011Flg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 0-11 [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 0-11"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_Rule011a2OffsetFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule011a2OffsetFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "terseLabel": "Rule 0-11(a)(2) Offset",
        "label": "Rule 0-11(a)(2) Offset [Flag]"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_Rule415a6Flg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule415a6Flg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 415(a)(6) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 415(a)(6)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is claiming a 415(a)(6) carryforward."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r2"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429AggtOfferingAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429AggtOfferingAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Aggregate Offering Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Maximum Aggregate Offering Price of Securities Previously Registered",
        "documentation": "The maximum aggregate offering amount of unsold securities registered on the prior registration statement that are carried forward under Rule 429. Only applicable if 457(o) was used in the fee calculation for the prior registration statement."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429CmbndPrspctsFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429CmbndPrspctsFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Combined Prospectus [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 429",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using a combined prospectus under Rule 429."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429EarlierFileNb": {
     "xbrltype": "fileNumberItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429EarlierFileNb",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Earlier File Number",
        "terseLabel": "File Number",
        "documentation": "The Securities Act File Number of the earlier effective registration statement(s) from which securities may be offered and sold using the combined prospectus pursuant to Rule 429."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429EarlierFormTp": {
     "xbrltype": "formTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429EarlierFormTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Earlier Form Type",
        "terseLabel": "Form Type",
        "documentation": "The Form Type of the earlier registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under Rule 429. This should be an EDGAR submission type (S-3, S-3/A, S-3ASR, etc.), which means there is a fixed set of possible responses. Note that while the XBRL response should be an EDGAR submission type, the human-readable Ex. 107 could include a simpler label (e.g., \"Form S-3\" in the human-readable and \"S-3ASR\" in the XBRL)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429InitlFctvDt": {
     "xbrltype": "dateItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429InitlFctvDt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Initial Effective Date",
        "terseLabel": "Initial Effective Date",
        "documentation": "The filing date of the earlier registration statement from which unsold securities are carried forward under Rule 429."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429NbOfUnsoldScties": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429NbOfUnsoldScties",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Number Of Unsold Securities",
        "terseLabel": "Amount of Securities Previously Registered",
        "documentation": "The number of securities registered on the prior registration statement that are carried forward under Rule 429."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r3"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429PrspctsNote": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429PrspctsNote",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Prospectus Note",
        "terseLabel": "Combined Prospectus Note"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429SctyTitl": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTitleItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429SctyTitl",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Security Title",
        "terseLabel": "Security Class Title"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule429SctyTp": {
     "xbrltype": "securityTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule429SctyTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesByCmbndPrspctsTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 429 Security Type",
        "terseLabel": "Security Type"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457aFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457aFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(a) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(a)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(a) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r4"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457bOffsetFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457bOffsetFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(b) Offset [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(b) Offset",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is claiming an offset under Rule 457(b) or 0-11(a)(2)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r5"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457fFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457fFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(f) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(f)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(f) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r6"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457oFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457oFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(o) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(o)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(o) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r7"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457pOffsetFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457pOffsetFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(p) Offset [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(p) Offset",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is claiming an offset under Rule 457(p)."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r8"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457rFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457rFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(r) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(r)"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r9"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457sFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457sFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(s) Flag",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(s)"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r10"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Rule457uFlg": {
     "xbrltype": "booleanItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Rule457uFlg",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Rule 457(u) [Flag]",
        "terseLabel": "Rule 457(u)",
        "documentation": "Checkbox indicating whether filer is using Rule 457(u) to calculate the registration fee due."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r11"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Scties424iAxis": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Scties424iAxis",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Securities, 424I [Axis]",
        "terseLabel": "Securities, 424I"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Scties424iLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Scties424iLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Securities, 424I [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Securities, 424I:"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Scties424iTable": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Scties424iTable",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/securities424iTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Securities, 424I [Table]",
        "terseLabel": "Securities, 424I Table"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_Securities424iTableNa": {
     "xbrltype": "naItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "Securities424iNa",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Securities 424I [N/A]",
        "terseLabel": "Securities 424I N/A"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_SubmissionLineItems": {
     "xbrltype": "stringItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "SubmissionLineItems",
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Submission [Line Items]",
        "terseLabel": "Items"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_SubmissnTp": {
     "xbrltype": "submissionTypeItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "SubmissnTp",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/submissionTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Submission Type",
        "terseLabel": "Submission Type"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_TermntnCmpltnWdrwl": {
     "xbrltype": "textBlockItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TermntnCmpltnWdrwl",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOffsetTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Termination / Completion / Withdrawal Statement",
        "terseLabel": "Termination / Withdrawal Statement"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_TtlFeeAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TtlFeeAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Fee Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Total Fee Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlFeeAndIntrstAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TtlFeeAndIntrstAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Fee and Interest Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Total Fee and Interest Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlOfferingAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TtlOfferingAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Offering Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Total Offering"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlOffsetAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TtlOffsetAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Offset Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Total Offset Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlPrevslyPdAmt": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative1TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TtlPrevslyPdAmt",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Previously Paid Amount",
        "terseLabel": "Previously Paid Amount"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TtlTxValtn": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TtlTxValtn",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesSummaryTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Total Transaction Valuation",
        "terseLabel": "Total Transaction Valuation"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r1"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_TxValtn": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "TxValtn",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Transaction Valuation",
        "terseLabel": "Transaction Valuation"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": []
    },
    "ffd_ValSctiesRcvd": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegative100TMonetary2ItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "ValSctiesRcvd",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Value of Securities Received",
        "terseLabel": "Value of Securities Received",
        "documentation": "Value of securities to be received by the registrant (or cancelled upon issuance of securities to be registered on the form)"
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r6"
     ]
    },
    "ffd_ValSctiesRcvdPerShr": {
     "xbrltype": "nonNegativeDecimal4lItemType",
     "nsuri": "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025",
     "localname": "ValSctiesRcvdPerShr",
     "presentation": [
      "http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/role/document/feesOfferingTable"
     ],
     "lang": {
      "en-us": {
       "role": {
        "label": "Value of Securities Received, Per Share",
        "terseLabel": "Value of Securities Received, Per Share",
        "documentation": "Value per share of securities to be received by the registrant (or cancelled upon issuance of securities to be registered on the form). This is included in the explanation of 457(f) fee calculation."
       }
      }
     },
     "auth_ref": [
      "r6"
     ]
    }
   }
  }
 },
 "std_ref": {
  "r0": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Section": "12",
   "Subsection": "b-2"
  },
  "r1": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230"
  },
  "r2": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "415",
   "Subsection": "a"
  },
  "r3": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "429"
  },
  "r4": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457"
  },
  "r5": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "b"
  },
  "r6": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "f"
  },
  "r7": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "o"
  },
  "r8": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "p"
  },
  "r9": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "r"
  },
  "r10": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "s"
  },
  "r11": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Section": "457",
   "Subsection": "u"
  },
  "r12": {
   "role": "http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Subsection": "f",
   "Section": "457"
  }
 }
}
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>ZIP
<SEQUENCE>18
<FILENAME>0001104659-25-108521-xbrl.zip
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
begin 644 0001104659-25-108521-xbrl.zip
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M'H3Z3!7KH@++IEFNMB*><5M^7^;9*WI&+;E0E_%$+7,5;U"^/QP*YS_F:[%
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M1>U?MC_=?[EYNPK3<>[^A?O\>>=N9DZN>2^2!?(]>L:1IKX(--D7?,H/=C]
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MM5Q6\/_%T?T_4$L! A0#%     @ <X1G6Z Z:G.C#   W6,  !T
M     ( !     '1M,C4S,#,W-60Q7V5X+69I;&EN9V9E97,N:'1M4$L%!@
0   !  $ 2P   -X,      $!

end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>19
<FILENAME>tm2530375d1_ex-filingfees_htm.xml
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<XML>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<xbrl
  xmlns="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance"
  xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2025"
  xmlns:ffd="http://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025"
  xmlns:iso4217="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/iso4217"
  xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
  xmlns:xbrldi="http://xbrl.org/2006/xbrldi"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
    <link:schemaRef
      xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/ffd/2025/ffd-2025.xsd"
      xlink:type="simple"/>
    <context id="rc">
        <entity>
            <identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0000894158</identifier>
        </entity>
        <period>
            <startDate>2025-11-06</startDate>
            <endDate>2025-11-06</endDate>
        </period>
    </context>
    <context id="offrl_1">
        <entity>
            <identifier scheme="http://www.sec.gov/CIK">0000894158</identifier>
            <segment>
                <xbrldi:typedMember dimension="ffd:OfferingAxis">
                    <dei:lineNo>1</dei:lineNo>
                </xbrldi:typedMember>
            </segment>
        </entity>
        <period>
            <startDate>2025-11-06</startDate>
            <endDate>2025-11-06</endDate>
        </period>
    </context>
    <unit id="USD">
        <measure>iso4217:USD</measure>
    </unit>
    <unit id="pure">
        <measure>pure</measure>
    </unit>
    <unit id="Shares">
        <measure>shares</measure>
    </unit>
    <ffd:FormTp contextRef="rc" id="ixv-331">S-3</ffd:FormTp>
    <ffd:SubmissnTp contextRef="rc" id="ixv-332">S-3</ffd:SubmissnTp>
    <ffd:FeeExhibitTp contextRef="rc" id="ixv-333">EX-FILING FEES</ffd:FeeExhibitTp>
    <dei:EntityCentralIndexKey contextRef="rc" id="ixv-334">0000894158</dei:EntityCentralIndexKey>
    <dei:EntityRegistrantName contextRef="rc" id="ixv-335">Theriva Biologics, Inc.</dei:EntityRegistrantName>
    <ffd:OfferingTableNa contextRef="rc" id="hiddenrcOfferingTableNa" xsi:nil="true"/>
    <ffd:OffsetTableNa contextRef="rc" id="hiddenrcOffsetTableNa">N/A</ffd:OffsetTableNa>
    <ffd:CombinedProspectusTableNa contextRef="rc" id="hiddenrcCombinedProspectusTableNa">N/A</ffd:CombinedProspectusTableNa>
    <ffd:FormTp contextRef="rc" id="ixv-363">S-3</ffd:FormTp>
    <dei:EntityRegistrantName contextRef="rc" id="ixv-364">Theriva Biologics, Inc.</dei:EntityRegistrantName>
    <ffd:PrevslyPdFlg contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-365">false</ffd:PrevslyPdFlg>
    <ffd:OfferingSctyTp contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-366">Equity</ffd:OfferingSctyTp>
    <ffd:OfferingSctyTitl contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-367">Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</ffd:OfferingSctyTitl>
    <ffd:Rule457aFlg contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-368">true</ffd:Rule457aFlg>
    <ffd:AmtSctiesRegd
      contextRef="offrl_1"
      decimals="0"
      id="ixv-369"
      unitRef="Shares">16184560</ffd:AmtSctiesRegd>
    <ffd:MaxOfferingPricPerScty
      contextRef="offrl_1"
      decimals="INF"
      id="ixv-370"
      unitRef="USD">0.2972</ffd:MaxOfferingPricPerScty>
    <ffd:MaxAggtOfferingPric
      contextRef="offrl_1"
      decimals="INF"
      id="ixv-371"
      unitRef="USD">4810051.23</ffd:MaxAggtOfferingPric>
    <ffd:FeeRate
      contextRef="offrl_1"
      decimals="INF"
      id="ixv-372"
      unitRef="pure">0.0001381</ffd:FeeRate>
    <ffd:FeeAmt
      contextRef="offrl_1"
      decimals="INF"
      id="ixv-373"
      unitRef="USD">664.27</ffd:FeeAmt>
    <ffd:TtlOfferingAmt contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" id="ixv-374" unitRef="USD">4810051.23</ffd:TtlOfferingAmt>
    <ffd:TtlFeeAmt contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" id="ixv-375" unitRef="USD">664.27</ffd:TtlFeeAmt>
    <ffd:TtlPrevslyPdAmt contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" id="ixv-376" unitRef="USD">0.00</ffd:TtlPrevslyPdAmt>
    <ffd:TtlOffsetAmt contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" id="ixv-377" unitRef="USD">0.00</ffd:TtlOffsetAmt>
    <ffd:NetFeeAmt contextRef="rc" decimals="INF" id="ixv-378" unitRef="USD">664.27</ffd:NetFeeAmt>
    <ffd:OfferingNote contextRef="offrl_1" id="ixv-379">(1) Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this registration statement also covers such an indeterminate amount of shares of common stock as may become issuable to prevent dilution resulting from stock splits, stock dividends and similar events.

(2) The amount registered consists of up to 16,184,560 shares of the Registrant's common stock held by certain selling stockholders.

(3) Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee, based on the average of the high and low prices of the shares of common stock on the NYSE American LLC on November 4, 2025 (such date being within five business days of the date that this registration statement was first filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, in accordance with Rule 457(c) under the Securities Act).</ffd:OfferingNote>
</xbrl>
</XML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
