<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-25-046170.txt : 20250508
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20250508163050
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-25-046170
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		19
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20250507
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20250508
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20250508

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Theriva Biologics, Inc.
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000894158
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS [2834]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	03 Life Sciences
		EIN:				133808303
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NV
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-12584
		FILM NUMBER:		25926800

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		9605 MEDICAL CENTER DRIVE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 270
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(734) 332-7800

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		9605 MEDICAL CENTER DRIVE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 270
		CITY:			ROCKVILLE
		STATE:			MD
		ZIP:			20850

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	Synthetic Biologics, Inc.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20120305

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	ADEONA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20081027

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	PIPEX PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	20061214
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>UNITED STATES</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)</b></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Registrant&#8217;s telephone number, including
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Former name or former address, if changed since
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K
filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions (see General
Instruction A.2. below):</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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<tr style="vertical-align: top">
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<tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td>&#160;</td>
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<tr style="vertical-align: top">
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b)
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant
is an emerging growth company as defined in in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (17 CFR &#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (17 CFR &#167;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">Emerging growth company&#160;<span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_907_edei--EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_c20250507__20250507_zgNS63m5Xkdk"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="AsOf2025-05-07" format="ixt:booleanfalse" id="Fact000029" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">If an emerging growth company, indicate by checkmark
if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards
provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.&#160;<span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span style="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>


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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><b>Item 1.01. Entry into
a Material Definitive Agreement.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">On May&#160;8, 2025 (the &#8220;Closing Date&#8221;),
Theriva Biologics,&#160;Inc. (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) consummated a public offering (the &#8220;Offering&#8221;) of an aggregate of
(i)&#160;1,990,900&#160;shares (the &#8220;Shares&#8221;) of common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &#8220;Common Stock&#8221;),
(ii)&#160;pre-funded warrants (&#8220;Pre-Funded Warrants&#8221;) to purchase up to 4,827,280&#160;shares of Common Stock (the &#8220;Pre-Funded
Warrant Shares&#8221;), and (iii)&#160;Common Stock purchase warrants (&#8220;Common Warrants&#8221;) to purchase up to 6,818,180&#160;shares
of Common Stock (the &#8220;Common Warrant Shares&#8221;). Each Share and associated Common Warrant to purchase one (1)&#160;Common Warrant
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Warrant Share was sold at a combined public offering price of $1.099.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Company received aggregate gross proceeds
from the Offering of approximately $7.5&#160;million, before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses. The Company intends
to use the proceeds of the Offering primarily for working capital and general corporate purposes, including for research and development
and manufacturing scale-up and may use a portion of the proceeds&#160;to invest in or acquire other products, businesses or technologies.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><i>The Securities Offered</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Each Pre-Funded Warrant is immediately exercisable
for one (1)&#160;Pre-Funded Warrant Shares at an exercise price of $0.001&#160;per share and will remain exercisable until such Pre-Funded
Warrant is exercised in full. Each Common Warrant has an exercise price of $1.10&#160;per Common Warrant Share, is immediately exercisable,
and expires five (5)&#160;years from its issuance date.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants and accompanying
Common Warrants were issued separately.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
exercise price of the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise will be
adjusted in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events.
</span>In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in each of the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants, the holders
of the such warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of their respective warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or
other property that the holders would have received had they exercised their warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction.
In addition, in certain circumstances, upon a fundamental transaction, a holder of Common Warrants will have the right to require us to
repurchase its Common Warrants at the Black Scholes Value; provided, however, that, if the fundamental transaction is not within the Company&#8217;s
control, including not approved by the Company&#8217;s board of directors, then the holder shall only be entitled to receive the same
type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion), at the Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of the Common Warrant,
that is being offered and paid to the holders of common stock in connection with the fundamental transaction.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Common Warrants may be exercised on a cashless
basis if at the time of exercise thereof there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein
is not available for, the issuance of the Common Warrant Shares to the holder. The Pre-Funded Warrants may be exercised on a cashless
basis at any time.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A holder of the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded
Warrants (together with its affiliates) may not exercise any portion of the Common Warrant or Pre-Funded Warrant to the extent that the
holder would own more than 4.99% (or 9.99%, at the election of the holder) of the outstanding shares of Common Stock immediately after
exercise, except that upon at least 61 days&#8217; prior notice from the holder to the Company, the holder may increase the amount of
beneficial ownership of outstanding shares after exercising the holder&#8217;s Common Warrants or Pre-Funded Warrants up to 9.99% of the
number of the Company&#8217;s shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Shares, the Common Warrants, the Common Warrant
Shares, the Pre-Funded Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrant Shares were offered and sold by the Company pursuant to the Company&#8217;s
Registration Statement on Form&#160;S-1 (File No.&#160;333-283722), filed by the Company with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
(the &#8220;SEC&#8221;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities Act&#8221;) that became effective on May&#160;7,
2025.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The foregoing does not purport to be a complete
description of each of the Common Warrants or the Pre-Funded Warrants, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text
of each of such document, which are filed as Exhibits 4.1 and 4.2, respectively, to this Current Report on Form&#160;8-K (this &#8220;Form&#160;8-K&#8221;)
and incorporated herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><i>The Securities Purchase
Agreement</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">In connection with the Offering, on May&#160;7,
2025, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the &#8220;Purchase Agreement&#8221;) with certain investors, pursuant
to which the Company agreed not to effect or enter into an agreement to effect any issuance by the Company or any of its subsidiaries
of shares of Common Stock or Common Stock equivalents for a period of ninety (90)&#160;days and will not directly or indirectly offer
to sell, sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of shares of its Common Stock or any securities convertible into, exercisable
or exchangeable for its shares of Common Stock in any &#8220;at-the-market,&#8221; continuous equity, equity lines, or variable rate transaction,
for a period of six (6)&#160;months after the Closing Date of the Offering, provided that the foregoing shall not apply, (x)&#160;following
the seventy-five (75) day anniversary of the Closing Date, to sales under the &#8220;at-the-market&#8221; offering in which the Placement
Agent (as defined below) is the sales agent, pursuant to the Amended and Restated Sales Agreement dated February&#160;9, 2021, as amended,
by and between the Company and the Placement Agent or (y)&#160;following the forty-five (45) day anniversary of the Closing Date, to the
filing of a prospectus supplement with respect to such sales.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The foregoing does not purport to be a complete
description of the Purchase Agreement and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of such document, which is filed
as Exhibit&#160;10.1 to this Form&#160;8-K and incorporated herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><i>The Placement Agent
Agreement</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Also, in connection with the Offering, on May&#160;7,
2025, the Company entered into a placement agency agreement (the &#8220;Placement Agency Agreement&#8221;) with A.G.P./Alliance Global
Partners (the &#8220;Placement Agent&#8221;), pursuant to which the Placement Agent agreed to act as placement agent on a &#8220;reasonable
best efforts&#8221; basis in connection with the Offering. The Company paid the Placement Agent an aggregate fee equal to 7.0% of the
gross proceeds raised in the Offering. Further, the Company agreed to reimburse the Placement Agent up to an aggregate of $100,000 for
accountable legal fees, other reasonable and documented out-of-pocket expenses, and non-accountable expenses.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Placement Agency Agreement and the Purchase
Agreement each contains customary representations, warranties and agreements by the Company, customary conditions to closing, indemnification
obligations of the Company, the Placement Agent, or the purchasers in the Offering, as the case may be, other obligations of the parties
and termination provisions. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Placement Agency Agreement, the Company and its executive officers
and directors have entered into agreements providing that the Company (for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of the Placement
Agency Agreement) and each such person (for a period of ninety (90) days from the date of the Placement Agency Agreement) may not, subject
to customary exceptions, offer, issue, sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of the Company&#8217;s securities without the prior written
consent of the Placement Agent. The Placement Agency Agreement also provides that for a period of six (6)&#160;months after the Offering
the Company will not directly or indirectly offer to sell, sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of shares of its Common
Stock or any securities convertible into, exercisable or exchangeable for its shares of Common Stock in any &#8220;at-the-market,&#8221;
continuous equity, equity lines, or variable rate transaction, without the prior written consent of the Placement Agent, provided that
the foregoing shall not apply, (x)&#160;seventy-five (75) days after the Closing Date, to the &#8220;at-the-market&#8221; offering with
the Placement Agent as sales agent Agent or (y)&#160;following the forty-five (45) day anniversary of the Closing Date, to the filing
of a prospectus supplement with respect to such sales.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The foregoing does not purport to be a complete
description of the Placement Agency Agreement and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of such document, which is
filed as Exhibit&#160;1.1 to this Form&#160;8-K and incorporated herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><b>Item 8.01. Other Events</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Company issued a press release announcing
the pricing of the Offering on May&#160;7, 2025 and a press release announcing the closing of the Offering on May 8, 2025. Copies of the
press releases are filed herewith as Exhibit&#160;99.1 and Exhibit&#160;99.2, respectively, and are incorporated by reference herein.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As of the date of this Current Report on
Form&#160;8-K, after the closing of the Offering and assuming no exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants or Common Warrants, there are
4,773,358 shares of Common Stock outstanding.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white"><b>Item 9.01. Financial
Statements and Exhibits.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">(d)&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;&#8239;Exhibits.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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Number</b></span></td>
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    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid; vertical-align: bottom; width: 87%; text-align: justify"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Description</b></span></td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: center"><a href="tm2514447d1_ex1-1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">1.1*</span></a></td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><a href="tm2514447d1_ex1-1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Placement Agency Agreement, dated as of May&#160;7, 2025, by and between Theriva Biologics,&#160;Inc. and A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, as placement agent.</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: center"><a href="tm2514447d1_ex4-1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.1*</span></a></td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><a href="tm2514447d1_ex4-1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&#160;of Common Warrant</span></a></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="text-align: center"><a href="tm2514447d1_ex4-2.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">4.2*</span></a></td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><a href="tm2514447d1_ex4-2.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&#160;of Pre-Funded Warrant</span></a></td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: center"><a href="tm2514447d1_ex10-1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">10.1*</span></a></td>
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><a href="tm2514447d1_ex10-1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Form&#160;of Securities Purchase Agreement</span></a></td></tr>
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    <td style="text-align: center"><a href="tm2514447d1_ex99-1.htm"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">99.1*</span></a></td>
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  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
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    <td style="text-align: justify"><a href="tm2514447d1_ex99-2.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit">Press Release dated May&#160;8, 2025</a></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">* Filed herewith.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURES</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Dated: May&#160;8, 2025</span></td>
    <td colspan="3"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>THERIVA BIOLOGICS,&#160;INC.</b></span></td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="3">&#160;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
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    <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross</span></td></tr>
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    <td style="width: 50%">&#160;</td>
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    <td><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer and <br/>
Chief Financial Officer</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 1.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
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<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 1.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PLACEMENT AGENCY AGREEMENT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">May&nbsp;7, 2025</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite&nbsp;270</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Rockville, MD 20850</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Attention: Steven A. Shallcross</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Dear Mr.&nbsp;Shallcross:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This letter (the &ldquo;<B>Agreement</B>&rdquo;)
constitutes the agreement between A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners, as placement agent (the &ldquo;<B>Placement Agent</B>&rdquo;), and
Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc., a company incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada (the &ldquo;<B>Company</B>&rdquo;), that the
Placement Agent shall serve as the exclusive placement agent for the Company, on a &ldquo;reasonable best efforts&rdquo; basis, in connection
with the proposed placement (the &ldquo;<B>Placement</B>&rdquo;) of (i)&nbsp;shares (the &ldquo;<B>Shares</B>&rdquo;) of the Company&rsquo;s
common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;<B>Common Stock</B>&rdquo;), (ii)&nbsp;warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock
of the Company (the &ldquo;<B>Common Warrants</B>&rdquo;), and/or (iii)&nbsp;pre-funded warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock (the
&ldquo;<B>Pre-Funded Warrants</B>&rdquo;, and together with the Common Warrants, the &ldquo;<B>Warrants</B>,&rdquo; and collectively with
the Shares, the &ldquo;<B>Securities</B>&rdquo;), depending on the beneficial ownership percentage of the purchaser of the Common Stock
following its purchase. The Shares, Common Warrants and Pre-Funded Warrants, along with the shares of Common Stock underlying the Pre-Funded
Warrants and Common Warrants shall be offered and sold under the Company&rsquo;s registration statement on Form&nbsp;S-1 (File No.&nbsp;333-283722)
(the &ldquo;<B>Registration Statement</B>&rdquo;). The Securities actually placed by the Placement Agent are referred to herein as the
&ldquo;<B>Placement Agent Securities</B>.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The terms of the Placement
shall be mutually agreed upon by the Company and the purchasers (each, a &ldquo;<B>Purchaser</B>&rdquo; and collectively, the &ldquo;<B>Purchasers</B>&rdquo;);
<I>provided, however</I>, that nothing herein shall obligate the Company to issue any Securities or complete the Placement. The Company
expressly acknowledges and agrees that the Placement Agent&rsquo;s obligations hereunder are on a reasonable best efforts basis only and
that the execution of this Agreement does not constitute a commitment by the Placement Agent to purchase the Securities and does not ensure
the successful placement of the Securities or any portion thereof or the success of the Placement Agent with respect to securing any other
financing on behalf of the Company. The Placement Agent may retain other brokers or dealers to act as sub-agents or selected-dealers on
its behalf in connection with the Placement. Certain affiliates of the Placement Agent may participate in the Placement by purchasing
some of the Placement Agent Securities. The sale of Placement Agent Securities to any Purchaser will be evidenced by a securities purchase
agreement (the &ldquo;<B>Purchase Agreement</B>&rdquo;) between the Company and such Purchaser, in a form reasonably acceptable to the
Company and the Purchaser. Capitalized terms that are not otherwise defined herein have the meanings given to such terms in the Purchase
Agreement. Prior to the signing of any Purchase Agreement, officers of the Company will be available to answer inquiries from prospective
Purchasers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>SECTION&nbsp;1. REPRESENTATIONS
AND WARRANTIES OF THE COMPANY; COVENANTS OF THE COMPANY.</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A. <U>Representations of the
Company</U>. With respect to the Placement Agent Securities, each of the representations and warranties (together with any related disclosure
schedules thereto) and covenants made by the Company to the Purchasers in the Purchase Agreement in connection with the Placement, is
hereby incorporated herein by reference into this Agreement (as though fully restated herein) and is, as of the date of this Agreement
and as of the Closing Date, hereby made to, and in favor of, the Placement Agent. In addition to the foregoing, the Company represents
and warrants that there are no affiliations with any FINRA member firm among the Company&rsquo;s officers, directors or, to the knowledge
of the Company, any five percent (5.0%) or greater stockholder of the Company, except as set forth in the Purchase Agreement, the FINRA
questionnaires and SEC Reports.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">B. <U>Covenants of the Company</U>.
The Company covenants and agrees to continue to retain (i)&nbsp;an independent public accounting firm registered with the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board (the &ldquo;<B>PCAOB</B>&rdquo;) for a period of at least three (3)&nbsp;years after the Closing Date and (ii)&nbsp;a
competent transfer agent with respect to the Placement Agent Securities for a period of three (3)&nbsp;years after the Closing Date. In
addition, from the date hereof until ninety (90) days after the Closing Date, subject to certain exceptions provided for in the Purchase
Agreement, neither the Company nor any Subsidiary shall issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed
issuance of any shares of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents, except that such restriction shall not apply with respect to an Exempt
Issuance (as defined in the Purchase Agreement). In addition, from the date hereof until six (6)&nbsp;months after the Closing Date, neither
the Company nor any Subsidiary shall effect or enter into an agreement to effect any issuance by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries
of shares of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents (as defined in the Purchase Agreement) (or a combination of units thereof) involving
a Variable Rate Transaction (as defined in the Purchase Agreement). The foregoing shall not apply, (i)&nbsp;forty-five (45) days after
the Closing Date, to the filing of a prospectus supplement with respect to sales under the &ldquo;at-the-market&rdquo; offering with the
Placement Agent as sales agent, pursuant to the Amended and Restated At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, dated February&nbsp;9, 2021,
between the Company and the Placement Agent, as amended by Amendment No.&nbsp;1 thereto, dated May&nbsp;3, 2021, and Amendment No.&nbsp;2
thereto, dated May&nbsp;2, 2024 (the &ldquo;Sales Agreement&rdquo;) and (ii)&nbsp;seventy-five (75) days after the Closing Date, to the
sale and issuance of securities in an at-the-market offering pursuant to the Sales Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>SECTION&nbsp;2</U>. <U>REPRESENTATIONS
OF THE PLACEMENT AGENT</U>. The Placement Agent represents and warrants that it (i)&nbsp;is a member in good standing of FINRA, (ii)&nbsp;is
registered as a broker/dealer under the Exchange Act, (iii)&nbsp;is licensed as a broker/dealer under the laws of the United States of
America, applicable to the offers and sales of the Placement Agent Securities by the Placement Agent, (iv)&nbsp;is and will be a corporate
body validly existing under the laws of its place of incorporation, and (v)&nbsp;has full power and authority to enter into and perform
its obligations under this Agreement. The Placement Agent will immediately notify the Company in writing of any change in its status with
respect to subsections (i)&nbsp;through (v)&nbsp;above. The Placement Agent covenants that it will use its reasonable best efforts to
conduct the Placement hereunder in compliance with the provisions of this Agreement and the requirements of applicable law.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>SECTION&nbsp;3</U>. <U>COMPENSATION
AND EXPENSES</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A. In consideration of the
services to be provided for hereunder, the Company shall pay to the Placement Agent or its respective designees a total cash fee equal
to seven percent (7.0%) of the gross proceeds from the total amount of Placement Agent Securities sold in the Placement (the &ldquo;<B>Cash
Fee</B>&rdquo;). The Cash Fee shall be paid on the Closing Date. The Company shall not be required to pay the Placement Agent any fees
or expenses except for the Cash Fee and the reimbursement of (i)&nbsp;accountable legal fees and other reasonable and documented out-of-pocket
expenses incurred by the Placement Agent in connection with the transaction in the amount of up to $85,000 and (ii)&nbsp;non-accountable
expenses equal to $15,000. The Placement Agent reserves the right to reduce any item of compensation or adjust the terms thereof as specified
herein in the event that a determination shall be made by FINRA to the effect that the Placement Agent&rsquo;s aggregate compensation
is in excess of FINRA Rules&nbsp;or that the terms thereof require adjustment. Notwithstanding the foregoing, upon a termination of this
Agreement the fees owed by the Company under this paragraph 3.A. shall be reduced to a maximum of $25,000.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">B. The Company agrees to pay
all costs, fees and expenses incurred by the Company in connection with the performance of its obligations hereunder and in connection
with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation: (i)&nbsp;all expenses incident to the issuance, delivery and
qualification of the Placement Agent Securities (including all printing and engraving costs); (ii)&nbsp;all fees and expenses of the registrar
and transfer agent of the Shares; (iii)&nbsp;all necessary issue, transfer and other stamp taxes in connection with the issuance and sale
of the Placement Agent Securities; (iv)&nbsp;all fees and expenses of the Company&rsquo;s counsel, independent public or certified public
accountants and other advisors; (v)&nbsp;all costs and expenses incurred in connection with the preparation, printing, filing, shipping
and distribution of the Registration Statement (including financial statements, exhibits, schedules, consents and certificates of experts),
the Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus, and all amendments and supplements thereto, and this Agreement; (vi)&nbsp;all filing fees,
reasonable attorneys&rsquo; fees and expenses incurred by the Company in connection with qualifying or registering (or obtaining exemptions
from the qualification or registration of) all or any part of the Placement Agent Securities for offer and sale under the state securities
or blue sky laws or the securities laws of any other country; and (vii)&nbsp;the fees and expenses associated with including the Placement
Agent Securities on the Trading Market.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>SECTION&nbsp;4</U>. <U>INDEMNIFICATION</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A. To the extent permitted
by law, with respect to the Placement Agent Securities, the Company will indemnify the Placement Agent and its affiliates, stockholders,
directors, officers, employees, members and controlling persons (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20
of the Exchange Act) against all losses, claims, damages, expenses and liabilities, as the same are incurred (including the reasonable
fees and expenses of counsel), relating to or arising out of its activities hereunder or pursuant to this Agreement, except to the extent
that any losses, claims, damages, expenses or liabilities (or actions in respect thereof) are found in a final judgment (not subject to
appeal) by a court of law to have resulted from a Placement Agent&rsquo;s fraud, willful misconduct or gross negligence in executing this
Agreement or performing the services described herein. For the avoidance of doubt, this Section&nbsp;4 is not intended to govern claims
between the parties hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">B. Promptly after receipt
by the Placement Agent of notice of any claim or the commencement of any action or proceeding with respect to which the Placement Agent
is entitled to indemnity hereunder, the Placement Agent will notify the Company in writing of such claim or of the commencement of such
action or proceeding, but failure to so notify the Company shall not relieve the Company from any obligation it may have hereunder, except
and only to the extent such failure results in the forfeiture by the Company of substantial rights or defenses or prejudice to the Company&rsquo;s
substantial rights or defenses. If the Company so elects or is requested by the Placement Agent, the Company will assume the defense of
such action or proceeding and will employ counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Placement Agent and will pay the fees and expenses of
such counsel. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, the Placement Agent will be entitled to employ its own counsel separate from counsel
for the Company and from any other party in such action if counsel for the Placement Agent reasonably determines that it would be inappropriate
under the applicable rules&nbsp;of professional responsibility for the same counsel to represent both the Company and the Placement Agent.
In such event, the reasonable fees and disbursements of no more than one such separate counsel will be paid by the Company, in addition
to fees of local counsel. The Company will have the right to settle the claim or proceeding, provided that the Company will not settle
any such claim, action or proceeding without the prior written consent of the Placement Agent, which will not be unreasonably withheld
or delayed unless such settlement includes an unconditional, irrevocable release of each Indemnified Person from any and all liability
arising out of such claim.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">C. The Company agrees to notify
the Placement Agent promptly of the assertion against it or any other person of any claim or the commencement of any action or proceeding
relating to a transaction contemplated by this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">D. If for any reason the foregoing
indemnity is unavailable to the Placement Agent or insufficient to hold the Placement Agent harmless, then the Company shall contribute
to the amount paid or payable by the Placement Agent as a result of such losses, claims, damages or liabilities in such proportion as
is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Placement Agent on the other,
but also the relative fault of the Company on the one hand and the Placement Agent on the other that resulted in such losses, claims,
damages or liabilities, as well as any relevant equitable considerations. The amounts paid or payable by a party in respect of losses,
claims, damages and liabilities referred to above shall be deemed to include any legal or other fees and expenses incurred in defending
any litigation, proceeding or other action or claim. Notwithstanding the provisions hereof, the liable Placement Agent&rsquo;s share of
the liability hereunder shall not be in excess of the amount of fees actually received, or to be received, by the Placement Agent under
this Agreement (excluding any amounts received as reimbursement of expenses incurred by the Placement Agent).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">E. These indemnification provisions
shall remain in full force and effect whether or not the transaction contemplated by this Agreement is completed and shall survive the
expiration or termination of this Agreement, and shall be in addition to any liability that the Company might otherwise have to any indemnified
party under this Agreement or otherwise.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>SECTION&nbsp;5</U>. <U>ENGAGEMENT
TERM</U>. The Placement Agent&rsquo;s engagement hereunder will be until the earlier of (i)&nbsp;May&nbsp;15, 2025 and (ii)&nbsp;the Closing
Date. The date of termination of this Agreement is referred to herein as the &ldquo;<B>Termination Date</B>.&rdquo; In the event, however,
in the course of the Placement Agent&rsquo;s performance of due diligence it deems, it necessary to terminate the engagement, the Placement
Agent may do so prior to the Termination Date. The Company may elect to terminate the engagement hereunder for any reason prior to the
Termination Date but will remain responsible for up to $25,000 of expenses incurred by the Placement Agent. The Placement Agent agrees
not to use any confidential information concerning the Company provided to the Placement Agent by the Company for any purposes other than
those contemplated under this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>SECTION&nbsp;6</U>. <U>PLACEMENT
AGENT INFORMATION</U>. The Company agrees that any information or advice rendered by the Placement Agent in connection with this engagement
is for the confidential use of the Company only in its evaluation of the Placement and, except as otherwise required by law, the Company
will not disclose or otherwise refer to the advice or information in any manner without the Placement Agent&rsquo;s prior written consent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>SECTION&nbsp;7</U>. <U>NO
FIDUCIARY RELATIONSHIP</U>. This Agreement does not create, and shall not be construed as creating rights enforceable by any person or
entity not a party hereto, except those entitled hereto by virtue of the indemnification provisions hereof. The Company acknowledges and
agrees that the Placement Agent is not and shall not be construed as a fiduciary of the Company and shall have no duties or liabilities
to the equity holders or the creditors of the Company or any other person by virtue of this Agreement or the retention of the Placement
Agent hereunder, all of which are hereby expressly waived.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>SECTION&nbsp;8</U>. <U>CLOSING</U>.
The obligations of the Placement Agent, and the closing of the sale of the Placement Agent Securities hereunder are subject to the accuracy,
when made and on the Closing Date, of the representations and warranties on the part of the Company contained herein and in the Purchase
Agreement, to the performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder, and to each of the following additional terms and conditions,
except as otherwise disclosed to and acknowledged and waived by the Placement Agent:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">A. All corporate proceedings
and other legal matters incident to the authorization, form, execution, delivery and validity of each of this Agreement, the Placement
Agent Securities, and all other legal matters relating to this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby with respect to the
Placement Agent Securities shall be reasonably satisfactory in all material respects to the Placement Agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">B. The Placement Agent shall
have received from Company Counsel and Company Nevada Counsel such counsel&rsquo;s written opinion with respect to the Placement Agent
Securities and negative assurance letter (with respect to the Company Counsel), addressed to the Placement Agent and, with respect to
the opinion, the Purchasers, dated as of the Closing Date, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Placement Agent.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">C. The Common Stock shall
be registered under the Exchange Act and, as of the Closing Date, the Placement Agent Securities shall be listed and admitted and authorized
for trading on the Trading Market or other applicable U.S. national exchange and satisfactory evidence of such action shall have been
provided to the Placement Agent. The Company shall have taken no action designed to, or likely to have the effect of terminating the registration
of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act or removing or suspending from trading the Common Stock from the Trading Market or other applicable
U.S. national exchange, nor has the Company received any information suggesting that the Commission or the Trading Market or other U.S.
applicable national exchange is contemplating terminating such registration or listing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">D. No action shall have been
taken and no statute, rule, regulation or order shall have been enacted, adopted or issued by any governmental agency or body which would,
as of the Closing Date, prevent the issuance or sale of the Placement Agent Securities or materially and adversely affect or potentially
and adversely affect the business or operations of the Company; and no injunction, restraining order or order of any other nature by any
federal or state court of competent jurisdiction shall have been issued as of the Closing Date which would prevent the issuance or sale
of the Placement Agent Securities or materially and adversely affect or potentially and adversely affect the business or operations of
the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">E. The Company shall have
entered into a Purchase Agreement with each of the Purchasers of the Placement Agent Securities that choose to do so and such agreements
shall be in full force and effect and shall contain representations, warranties and covenants of the Company as agreed upon between the
Company and the Purchasers.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">F. FINRA shall have raised
no objection to the fairness and reasonableness of the terms and arrangements of this Agreement. In addition, the Company shall, if requested
by the Placement Agent, make or authorize Placement Agent&rsquo;s counsel to make on the Company&rsquo;s behalf, any filing with the FINRA
Corporate Financing Department pursuant to FINRA Rule&nbsp;5110, if applicable, with respect to the Placement and pay all filing fees
required in connection therewith.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">G. The Placement Agent shall
have received customary certificates of the Company&rsquo;s executive officers (the &ldquo;<B>Officer&rsquo;s Certificate&rdquo;) </B>as
to the accuracy of the representations and warranties contained in the Purchase Agreement, and a certificate of the Company&rsquo;s secretary
(the &ldquo;<B>Secretary&rsquo;s Certificate&rdquo;) </B>certifying (i)&nbsp;that the Company&rsquo;s organizational documents are true
and complete, have not been modified and are in full force and effect; (ii)&nbsp;that the resolutions of the Company&rsquo;s Board of
Directors relating to the Placement are in full force and effect and have not been modified; and (iii)&nbsp;as to the incumbency of the
officers of the Company. Each of the Officer&rsquo;s Certificate and Secretary&rsquo;s Certificate shall be dated as of the Closing Date,
and all documents referenced in the Secretary&rsquo;s Certificate shall be attached thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">H. The Placement Agent shall
have received an executed Lock-Up Agreement from each of the Company&rsquo;s directors, officers and 5% stockholders prior to the Closing
Date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">I. On the date hereof, the
Placement Agent shall have received, a letter from BDO USA, P.C (the independent registered public accounting firm of the Company), addressed
to the Placement Agent, dated as of the date hereof, <FONT STYLE="background-color: white">&nbsp;and a bring-down &ldquo;comfort letter&rdquo;
addressed to the Placement Agent on the Closing Date, each </FONT>in form and substance satisfactory to the Placement Agent. The letters
shall not disclose any change in the condition (financial or other), earnings, operations or business of the Company, which, in the Placement
Agent&rsquo;s sole judgment, is material and adverse and that makes it, in the Placement Agent&rsquo;s sole judgment, impracticable or
inadvisable to proceed with the Placement of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If any of the conditions specified
in this Section&nbsp;8 shall not have been fulfilled when and as required by this Agreement, all obligations of the Placement Agent hereunder
may be cancelled by the Placement Agent at, or at any time prior to, the Closing Date. Notice of such cancellation shall be given to the
Company in writing or orally. Any such oral notice shall be confirmed promptly thereafter in writing.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>SECTION&nbsp;9</U>. <U>GOVERNING
LAW</U>. This Agreement will be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York applicable to agreements
made and to be performed entirely in such State. This Agreement may not be assigned by either party without the prior written consent
of the other party. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto, and their respective successors
and permitted assigns. Any right to trial by jury with respect to any dispute arising under this Agreement or any transaction or conduct
in connection herewith is waived. Any dispute arising under this Agreement may be brought into the courts of the State of New York or
into the Federal Court located in New York, New York and, by execution and delivery of this Agreement, the Company hereby accepts for
itself and in respect of its property, generally and unconditionally, the jurisdiction of aforesaid courts. Each party hereto hereby irrevocably
waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by delivering a copy thereof
via overnight delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees
that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed
to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law. If either party shall commence an action or proceeding
to enforce any provisions of this Agreement, then the prevailing party in such action or proceeding shall be reimbursed by the other party
for its attorney&rsquo;s fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such action
or proceeding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>SECTION&nbsp;10</U>. <U>ENTIRE
AGREEMENT/MISCELLANEOUS</U>. This Agreement embodies the entire agreement and understanding between the parties hereto, and supersedes
all prior agreements and understandings, relating to the subject matter hereof. If any provision of this Agreement is determined to be
invalid or unenforceable in any respect, such determination will not affect such provision in any other respect or any other provision
of this Agreement, which will remain in full force and effect. This Agreement may not be amended or otherwise modified or waived except
by an instrument in writing signed by the Placement Agent and the Company. The representations, warranties, agreements and covenants contained
herein shall survive the Closing Date of the Placement and delivery of the Placement Agent Securities. This Agreement may be executed
in two or more counterparts, all of which when taken together shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective
when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to the other party, it being understood that both parties need not sign
the same counterpart. In the event that any signature is delivered by facsimile transmission or a .pdf format file, such signature shall
create a valid and binding obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) with the same force and effect
as if such facsimile or .pdf signature page&nbsp;were an original thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>SECTION&nbsp;11</U>. <U>NOTICES</U>.
Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall
be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (a)&nbsp;the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is sent to the email
address specified on the signature pages&nbsp;attached hereto prior to 6:30 p.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) on a business day, (b)&nbsp;the
next business day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is sent to the email address on the signature pages&nbsp;attached
hereto on a day that is not a business day or later than 6:30 p.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) on any business day, (c)&nbsp;the third business
day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. internationally recognized air courier service, or (d)&nbsp;upon actual receipt by
the party to whom such notice is required to be given. The address for such notices and communications shall be as set forth on the signature
pages&nbsp;hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>SECTION&nbsp;12</U>. <U>PRESS
ANNOUNCEMENTS</U>. The Company agrees that the Placement Agent shall, on and after the Closing Date, have the right to reference the Placement
and the Placement Agent&rsquo;s role in connection therewith in the Placement Agent&rsquo;s marketing materials and on its website and
to place advertisements in financial and other newspapers and journals, in each case at its own expense.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[<I>The remainder of this page&nbsp;has been intentionally
left blank.</I>]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Please confirm that the foregoing correctly sets forth our agreement
by signing and returning to the Placement Agents the enclosed copy of this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Very truly yours,</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>A.G.P./ALLIANCE GLOBAL PARTNERS</B></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 5%">By:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; width: 45%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Thomas Higgins</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Thomas Higgins</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Managing Director</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><U>Address for notice</U>:</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">590 Madison Avenue 28th Floor New York, </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">New York 10022 </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">Attn: Thomas Higgins </TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2">Email: [&bull;]</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[<I>Signature Page&nbsp;to Placement Agency Agreement.</I>]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Accepted and Agreed to as of</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt">the date first written above:</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font-size: 10pt"><B>THERIVA BIOLOGICS,&nbsp;INC.</B></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%; font-size: 10pt">By:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 45%; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt">/s/ Steven A. Shallcross</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Name:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Steven A. Shallcross</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Title:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Chief Executive Officer and<BR> Chief Financial Officer</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2"><U>Address for notice</U>:</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2">9605 Medical Center Drive, Suite&nbsp;270</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2">Rockville, MD 20850</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2"> Attention: Steven Shallcross</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD COLSPAN="2">Email: [&bull;]</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[<I>Signature Page&nbsp;to Placement Agency Agreement.</I>]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

</BODY>
</HTML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-4.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tm2514447d1_ex4-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 4.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 4.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>COMMON STOCK PURCHASE WARRANT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Theriva
Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 12%"><B>Warrant Shares:</B></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 12%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 36%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 19%"><B>Issue Date:</B></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 19%">May 8, 2025</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">THIS COMMON STOCK PURCHASE
WARRANT (the &ldquo;<U>Warrant</U>&rdquo;) certifies that, for value received, __________<B>&nbsp;</B>or its assigns (the &ldquo;<U>Holder</U>&rdquo;)
is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions hereinafter set forth, at any time on or after
the date hereof (the &ldquo;<U>Initial Exercise Date</U>&rdquo;) and on or prior to 5:00 p.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) on the five (5)&nbsp;year
anniversary of the Initial Exercise Date (the &ldquo;<U>Termination Date</U>&rdquo;) but not thereafter, to subscribe for and purchase
from <B>Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</B>, a Nevada corporation (the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;), up to <B>______ shares</B> (as subject
to adjustment hereunder, the &ldquo;<U>Warrant Shares</U>&rdquo;) of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the
&ldquo;<U>Common Stock</U>&rdquo;). The purchase price of one share of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise
Price, as defined in Section&nbsp;2(b).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>Section&nbsp;1</U>. <U>Definitions</U>.&nbsp;Capitalized
terms used and not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings set forth in that certain Securities Purchase Agreement (the &ldquo;<U>Purchase
Agreement</U>&rdquo;), dated May 7, 2025, among the Company and the purchasers signatory thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>Section&nbsp;2</U>. <U>Exercise</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">a) <U>Exercise of Warrant</U>.&nbsp;Subject
to the terms and conditions hereof, exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be made, in whole or in part, at any
time or times on or after the Initial Exercise Date and on or before the Termination Date by delivery to the Company of a duly executed
facsimile copy or PDF copy submitted by e-mail (or e-mail attachment) of the Notice of Exercise in the form attached hereto as <U>Exhibit&nbsp;A</U>
(the &ldquo;<U>Notice of Exercise</U>&rdquo;).&nbsp;Within the earlier of (i)&nbsp;one (1)&nbsp;Trading Day and (ii)&nbsp;the number of
Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period (as defined in Section&nbsp;2(d)(i)&nbsp;herein) following the date of exercise
as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver the aggregate Exercise Price for the Warrant Shares specified in the applicable Notice of Exercise
by wire transfer or cashier&rsquo;s check drawn on a United States bank unless the cashless exercise procedure specified in Section&nbsp;2(c)&nbsp;below
is applicable and specified in the attached Notice of Exercise.&nbsp;The Company shall have no obligation to inquire with respect to or
otherwise confirm the authenticity of the signature(s)&nbsp;contained on any Notice of Exercise nor the authority of the person executing
such Notice of Exercise. No ink-original Notice of Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee
or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise be required.&nbsp;Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be
required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company until the Holder has purchased all of the Warrant Shares available hereunder
and the Warrant has been exercised in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant to the Company for cancellation within
three (3)&nbsp;Trading Days of the date on which the final Notice of Exercise is delivered to the Company. Partial exercises of this Warrant
resulting in purchases of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares available hereunder shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding
number of Warrant Shares purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable number of Warrant Shares purchased.&nbsp;The Holder
and the Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares purchased and the date of such purchases. The Company shall
deliver any objection to any Notice of Exercise within one (1)&nbsp;Trading Day of receipt of such notice.&nbsp;<B>The Holder and any
assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions of this paragraph, following the purchase
of a portion of the Warrant Shares hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares available for purchase hereunder at any given time may be less
than the amount stated on the face hereof.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">b) <U>Exercise Price</U>.&nbsp;The
exercise price per share of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be <B>$[&#9679;]</B>, subject to adjustment hereunder (the &ldquo;<U>Exercise
Price</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">c) <U>Cashless Exercise</U>.
If at the time of exercise hereof there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not
available for, the issuance of the Warrant Shares to the Holder, then this Warrant may also be exercised, in whole or in part, at such
time by means of a &ldquo;cashless exercise&rdquo; in which the Holder shall be entitled to receive a number of Warrant Shares equal to
the quotient obtained by dividing [(A-B) (X)] by (A), where:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">(A)&thinsp;=</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">as applicable: (i)&nbsp;the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is (1)&nbsp;delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a)&nbsp;hereof on a day that is not a Trading Day or (2)&nbsp;delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a)&nbsp;hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of &ldquo;regular trading hours&rdquo; (as defined in Rule&nbsp;600(b)&nbsp;of Regulation NMS promulgated under the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day, (ii)&nbsp;at the option of the Holder, either (y)&nbsp;the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise or (z)&nbsp;the highest Bid Price of the Common Stock on the principal Trading Market as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (&ldquo;<U>Bloomberg</U>&rdquo;) within two (2)&nbsp;hours of the time of Holder&rsquo;s delivery of the Notice of Exercise pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a)&nbsp;hereof if such Notice of Exercise is delivered&nbsp;&nbsp;during &ldquo;regular trading hours&rdquo; or within two (2)&nbsp;hours thereafter the close of &ldquo;regular trading hours&rdquo; on a Trading Day or (iii)&nbsp;the VWAP on the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if the date of such Notice of Exercise is a Trading Day and such Notice of Exercise is delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a)&nbsp;hereof within two (2)&nbsp;hours after the close of &ldquo;regular trading hours&rdquo; on such Trading Day; </TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 0.5in; text-align: justify">(B)&thinsp;=</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">the Exercise Price of this Warrant, as adjusted hereunder; and </TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; width: 0.5in">(X)&thinsp;=</TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">the number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of this Warrant in accordance with the terms of this Warrant if such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise. </TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>Bid Price</U>&rdquo;
means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a)&nbsp;if the Common Stock is then listed
or quoted on a Trading Market, the bid price of the Common Stock for the time in question (or the nearest preceding date) on the Trading
Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (based on a Trading Day from 9:30 a.m.&nbsp;(New
York City time) to 4:02 p.m.&nbsp;(New York City time)), (b)&nbsp;if the Common Stock is not then listed or quoted on a Trading Market
and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported on the OTCQB Venture Market (&ldquo;<U>OTCQB</U>&rdquo;) or the OTCQX Best Market
(&ldquo;<U>OTCQX</U>&rdquo;), as applicable, the volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding
date) on OTCQB or OTCQX, as applicable, <FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(</FONT>c)&nbsp;if the Common Stock is not then listed or quoted
for trading on a Trading Market or on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported on The Pink Open Market (or
a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per share of the Common Stock
so reported, or (d)&nbsp;in all other cases, the fair market value of a share of Common Stock as determined by an independent appraiser
selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Securities then outstanding and reasonably acceptable to the Company,
the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>VWAP</U>&rdquo;
means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a)&nbsp;if the Common Stock is then listed
or quoted on a Trading Market, the daily volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date)
on the Trading Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (based on a Trading Day from 9:30
a.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) to 4:02 p.m.&nbsp;(New York City time)), (b)&nbsp;if the Common Stock is not then listed or quoted on a
Trading Market and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported on OTCQB or OTCQX, as applicable, the volume weighted average price
of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX, as applicable, (c)&nbsp;if the Common Stock is not
then listed or quoted for trading on a Trading Market or on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported on The
Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per
share of the Common Stock so reported, or (d)&nbsp;in all other cases, the fair market value of a share of Common Stock as determined
by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Securities then outstanding and reasonably
acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If Warrant Shares are issued
in such a cashless exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance with Section&nbsp;3(a)(9)&nbsp;of the Securities Act,
the Warrant Shares shall take on the registered characteristics of the Warrants being exercised.&nbsp;The Company agrees not to take any
position contrary to this Section&nbsp;2(c).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">d) <U>Mechanics of Exercise</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">i. <U>Delivery of
Warrant Shares Upon Exercise</U>. The Company shall cause the Warrant Shares purchased hereunder to be transmitted by the Transfer Agent
to the Holder by crediting the account of the Holder&rsquo;s or its designee&rsquo;s balance account with The Depository Trust Company
through its Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system if the Company is then a participant in such system and either (A)&nbsp;there is
an effective registration statement permitting the issuance of the Warrant Shares or (B)&nbsp;this Warrant is being exercised via cashless
exercise, and otherwise by physical delivery of a certificate, registered in the Company&rsquo;s share register in the name of the Holder
or its designee, for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the address specified by
the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earlier of (A)&nbsp;the earlier of (i)&nbsp;two (2)&nbsp;Trading Days and
(ii)&nbsp;the number of days comprising the Standard Settlement Period, in each case after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of
Exercise and (B)&nbsp;one (1)&nbsp;Trading Day after delivery of the aggregate Exercise Price to the Company (such date, the &ldquo;<U>Warrant
Share Delivery Date</U>&rdquo;). Upon delivery of the Notice of Exercise, the Holder shall be deemed for all corporate purposes to have
become the holder of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date of delivery
of the Warrant Shares, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received
by the Warrant Share Delivery Date. If the Company fails for any reason to deliver to the Holder the Warrant Shares subject to a Notice
of Exercise by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the instance of a
cashless exercise) is received by the Company by such date, the Company shall pay to the Holder, in cash, as liquidated damages and not
as a penalty, for each $1,000 of Warrant Shares subject to such exercise (based on the VWAP of the Common Stock on the date of the applicable
Notice of Exercise), $10 per Trading Day (increasing to $20 per Trading Day on the third Trading Day after the Warrant Share Delivery
Date) for each Trading Day after such Warrant Share Delivery Date until such Warrant Shares are delivered or Holder rescinds such exercise.
The Company agrees to maintain a transfer agent that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding
and exercisable. As used herein, &ldquo;<U>Standard Settlement Period</U>&rdquo; means the standard settlement period, expressed in a
number of Trading Days, on the Company&rsquo;s primary Trading Market with respect to the Common Stock as in effect on the date of delivery
of the Notice of Exercise.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">ii. <U>Delivery
of New Warrants Upon Exercise</U>. If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the Company shall, at the request of a Holder and
upon surrender of this Warrant certificate, at the time of delivery of the Warrant Shares, deliver to the Holder a new Warrant evidencing
the rights of the Holder to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares called for by this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects
be identical with this Warrant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">iii. <U>Rescission
Rights</U>. If the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(d)(i)&nbsp;by
the Warrant Share Delivery Date, then the Holder will have the right to rescind such exercise by delivering written notice to the Company
at any time prior to the delivery of such Warrant Shares (in which case any liquidated damages payable under Section&nbsp;2(d)(i)&nbsp;shall
no longer be payable).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">iv. <U>Compensation
for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant Shares Upon Exercise</U>. In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if
the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section&nbsp;2(d)(i)&nbsp;above
pursuant to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date (other than any such failure that is solely due to any action or
inaction by the Holder with respect to such exercise), and if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an
open market transaction or otherwise) or the Holder&rsquo;s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction
of a sale by the Holder of the Warrant Shares which the Holder anticipated receiving upon such exercise (a &ldquo;Buy-In&rdquo;), then
the Company shall (A)&nbsp;pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x)&nbsp;the Holder&rsquo;s total purchase price (including
brokerage commissions, if any) for the shares of Common Stock so purchased exceeds (y)&nbsp;the amount obtained by multiplying (1)&nbsp;the
number of Warrant Shares that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with the exercise at issue times (2)&nbsp;the
price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed, and (B)&nbsp;at the option of the Holder, either reinstate
the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares for which such exercise was not honored (in which case such exercise
shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock that would have been issued had the Company timely
complied with its exercise and delivery obligations hereunder. For example, if the Holder purchases Common Stock having a total purchase
price of $11,000 to cover a Buy-In with respect to an attempted exercise of Warrants with an aggregate sale price giving rise to such
purchase obligation of $10,000, under clause (A)&nbsp;of the immediately preceding sentence the Company shall be required to pay the Holder
$1,000. The Holder shall provide the Company written notice indicating the amounts payable to the Holder in respect of the Buy-In and,
upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss. Nothing herein shall limit a Holder&rsquo;s right to pursue any other
remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive
relief with respect to the Company&rsquo;s failure to timely deliver shares of Common Stock upon exercise of the Warrant as required pursuant
to the terms hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">v. <U>No Fractional
Shares or Scrip</U>. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant. As
to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such exercise, the Company shall, at its election,
either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Exercise Price or
round up to the next whole share</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">vi. <U>Charges,
Taxes and Expenses</U>. Issuance of Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or transfer tax or other incidental
expense in respect of the issuance of such Warrant Shares, all of which taxes and expenses shall be paid by the Company, and such Warrant
Shares shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names as may be directed by the Holder; provided, however, that in
the event that Warrant Shares are to be issued in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise
shall be accompanied by the Assignment Form, attached hereto as <U>Exhibit&nbsp;B</U>, duly executed by the Holder and the Company may
require, as a condition thereto, the payment of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto. The Company
shall pay all Transfer Agent fees required for same-day processing of any Notice of Exercise and all fees to the Depository Trust Company
(or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for same-day electronic delivery of the Warrant Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">vii. <U>Closing
of Books</U>. The Company will not close its stockholder books or records in any manner which prevents the timely exercise of this Warrant,
pursuant to the terms hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">e) <U>Holder&rsquo;s Exercise
Limitations</U>.&nbsp;The Company shall not effect any exercise of this Warrant, and a Holder shall not have the right to exercise any
portion of this Warrant, pursuant to Section&nbsp;2 or otherwise, to the extent that after giving effect to such issuance after exercise
as set forth on the applicable Notice of Exercise, the Holder (together with the Holder&rsquo;s Affiliates, and any other Persons acting
as a group together with the Holder or any of the Holder&rsquo;s Affiliates (such Persons, &ldquo;<U>Attribution Parties</U>&rdquo;)),
would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined below).&nbsp;For purposes of the foregoing sentence,
the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the Holder and its Affiliates and Attribution Parties shall include the number
of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which such determination is being made, but shall exclude
the number of shares of Common Stock which would be issuable upon (i)&nbsp;exercise of the remaining, nonexercised portion of this Warrant
beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties and (ii)&nbsp;exercise or conversion of the unexercised
or nonconverted portion of any other securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any other&nbsp;Common Stock Equivalents)
subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained herein beneficially owned by the Holder or any
of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties.&nbsp;Except as set forth in the preceding sentence, for purposes of this Section&nbsp;2(e),
beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section&nbsp;13(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act and the rules&nbsp;and regulations
promulgated thereunder, it being acknowledged by the Holder that the Company is not representing to the Holder that such calculation is
in compliance with Section&nbsp;13(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act and the Holder is solely responsible for any schedules required to be filed
in accordance therewith.&nbsp;To the extent that the limitation contained in this Section&nbsp;2(e)&nbsp;applies, the determination of
whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution
Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion of the Holder, and the submission of a Notice
of Exercise shall be deemed to be the Holder&rsquo;s determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities
owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable, in each
case subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, and the Company shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such
determination and shall have no liability for exercises of the Warrant that are not in compliance with the Beneficial Ownership Limitation,
except to the extent the Holder relies on a number of outstanding shares of Common Stock that was provided by the Company.&nbsp;In addition,
a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section&nbsp;13(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange
Act and the rules&nbsp;and regulations promulgated thereunder, and the Company shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy
of such determination and shall have no liability for exercises of the Warrant that are not in compliance with the Beneficial Ownership
Limitation, except to the extent the Holder relies on the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock that was provided by the Company.&nbsp;For
purposes of this Section&nbsp;2(e), in determining the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock, a Holder may rely on the number of
outstanding shares of Common Stock as reflected in (A)&nbsp;the Company&rsquo;s most recent periodic or annual report filed with the Commission,
as the case may be, (B)&nbsp;a more recent public announcement by the Company or (C)&nbsp;a more recent written notice by the Company
or the Transfer Agent setting forth the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding.&nbsp;Upon the written request of a Holder, the Company
shall within two (2)&nbsp;Trading Days confirm orally and in writing to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding.&nbsp;In
any case, the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities
of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder or its Affiliates or Attribution Parties since the date as of which such number
of outstanding shares of Common Stock was reported.&nbsp;The &ldquo;<U>Beneficial Ownership Limitation</U>&rdquo; shall be [4.99/9.99]%
of the number of shares of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of Common Stock issuable
upon exercise of this Warrant.&nbsp;The Holder, upon written notice to the Company, may increase or decrease the Beneficial Ownership
Limitation provisions of this Section&nbsp;2(e), provided that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation in no event exceeds 9.99% of the number
of shares of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of this
Warrant held by the Holder and the provisions of this Section&nbsp;2(e)&nbsp;shall continue to apply.&nbsp;Any increase in the Beneficial
Ownership Limitation will not be effective until the 61st day after such notice is delivered to the Company.&nbsp;The provisions of this
paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section&nbsp;2(e)&nbsp;to
correct this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Beneficial Ownership Limitation
herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitations
contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant. If the Warrant is unexercisable as a result of the Holder&rsquo;s
Beneficial Ownership Limitation, no alternate consideration is owing to the Holder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>Section&nbsp;3</U>. <U>Certain
Adjustments</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">a) <U>Stock Dividends and
Splits</U>. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding: (i)&nbsp;pays a stock dividend or otherwise makes a distribution
or distributions on shares of its Common Stock or any other equity or equity equivalent securities payable in shares of Common Stock (which,
for avoidance of doubt, shall not include any shares of Common Stock issued by the Company upon exercise of this Warrant or pursuant to
any other Transaction Documents), (ii)&nbsp;subdivides outstanding shares of Common Stock into a larger number of shares, (iii)&nbsp;combines
(including by way of reverse stock split) outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares, or (iv)&nbsp;issues by reclassification
of shares of the Common Stock any shares of capital stock of the Company, then in each case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by
a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock (excluding treasury shares, if any) outstanding immediately
before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after such event,
and the number of shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately adjusted such that the aggregate Exercise Price
of this Warrant shall remain unchanged.&nbsp;Any adjustment made pursuant to this Section&nbsp;3(a)&nbsp;shall become effective immediately
after the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution and shall become effective
immediately after the effective date in the case of a subdivision, combination or re-classification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">b) <U>Subsequent Rights Offerings</U>.&nbsp;In
addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section&nbsp;3(a)&nbsp;above, if at any time that this Warrant is outstanding the Company grants,
issues or sells any Common Stock Equivalents or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to all of the
record holders of any class of shares of Common Stock (the &ldquo;<U>Purchase Rights</U>&rdquo;), then the Holder will be entitled to
acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired if the
Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations
on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date on which a record is
taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders
of shares of Common Stock are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights (<U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>,
that to the extent that the Holder&rsquo;s right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial
Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership
of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held
in abeyance for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership
Limitation).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">c) <U>Pro Rata Distributions</U>.&nbsp;During
such time as this Warrant is outstanding, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights
to acquire its assets) to all of the holders of shares of Common Stock, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation,
any distribution of cash, stock or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement,
scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) (a &ldquo;<U>Distribution</U>&rdquo;), at any time after the issuance of this Warrant,
then, in each such case, the Holder shall be entitled to participate in such Distribution to the same extent that the Holder would have
participated therein if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without
regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the
date of which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares
of Common Stock are to be determined for the participation in such Distribution (<U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that to the extent that
the Holder&rsquo;s right to participate in any such Distribution would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation,
then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to such extent (or in the beneficial ownership of any shares
of Common Stock as a result of such Distribution to such extent) and the portion of such Distribution shall be held in abeyance for the
benefit of the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership
Limitation).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">d) <U>Fundamental Transaction</U>.
If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i)&nbsp;the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects
any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person, (ii)&nbsp;the Company (or any Subsidiary), directly or indirectly,
effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Company&rsquo;s
assets in one or a series of related transactions, (iii)&nbsp;any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer
(whether by the Company or another Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange
their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares of
Common Stock of the Company or more than 50% of the voting power of the outstanding common and preferred stocks of the Company, (iv)&nbsp;the
Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization
of shares of Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the shares of Common Stock are effectively converted into
or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (v)&nbsp;the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions
consummates a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization,
spin-off, merger or scheme of arrangement) with another Person or group of Persons whereby such other Person or group acquires more than
50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company or more than 50% of the aggregate voting power of the outstanding common
and preferred stocks of the Company (each a &ldquo;<U>Fundamental Transaction</U>&rdquo;), then, upon any subsequent exercise of this
Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately
prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the option of the Holder (without regard to any limitation in Section&nbsp;2(e)&nbsp;on
the exercise of this Warrant), the number of shares of Common Stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it
is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (the &ldquo;<U>Alternate Consideration</U>&rdquo;) receivable as a result
of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock for which this Warrant is exercisable immediately
prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section&nbsp;2(e)&nbsp;on the exercise of this Warrant). For
purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration
based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one share of Common Stock in such Fundamental Transaction, and the
Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any
different components of the Alternate Consideration. If holders of Common Stock are given any choice as to the securities, cash or property
to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives
upon any exercise of this Warrant following such Fundamental Transaction. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, in the event of a
Fundamental Transaction, the Company or any Successor Entity (as defined below) shall, at the Holder&rsquo;s option, exercisable at any
time concurrently with, or within 30 days after, the consummation of the Fundamental Transaction (or, if later, the date of the public
announcement of the applicable Fundamental Transaction), purchase this Warrant from the Holder by paying to the Holder, as described below,
an amount of consideration equal to the Black Scholes Value (as defined below) of the remaining unexercised portion of this Warrant on
the date of the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction, <U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that, if the Fundamental Transaction is
not within the Company&rsquo;s control, including not approved by the Company&rsquo;s Board of Directors, the Holder shall only be entitled
to receive from the Company or any Successor Entity, the same type or form of consideration (and in the same proportion), valued at the
Black Scholes Value of the unexercised portion of this Warrant, that is being offered and paid to the holders of Common Stock of the Company
in connection with the Fundamental Transaction, whether that consideration be in the form of cash, stock or any combination thereof, or
whether the holders of Common Stock are given the choice to receive from among alternative forms of consideration in connection with the
Fundamental Transaction; provided further, that if holders of Common Stock of the Company are not offered or paid any consideration in
such Fundamental Transaction, such holders of Common Stock will be deemed to have received shares of the Successor Entity (which Successor
Entity may be the Company following such Fundamental Transaction) in such Fundamental Transaction. &ldquo;<U>Black Scholes Value</U>&rdquo;
means the value of this Warrant based on the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model obtained from the &ldquo;OV&rdquo; function on Bloomberg
determined as of the day of consummation of the applicable Fundamental Transaction for pricing purposes and reflecting (A)&nbsp;a risk-free
interest rate corresponding to the U.S. Treasury rate for a period equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the
applicable contemplated Fundamental Transaction and the Termination Date, (B)&nbsp;an expected volatility equal to 100 day volatility
obtained from the HVT function on Bloomberg (determined utilizing a 365-day annualization factor) as of the Trading Day immediately following
the public announcement of the applicable Fundamental Transaction, (C)&nbsp;the underlying price per share used in such calculation shall
be the sum of the price per share being offered in cash, if any, plus the value of any non-cash consideration, if any, being offered in
such Fundamental Transaction and ending on the Trading Day of the Holder&rsquo;s request pursuant to this Section&nbsp;3(d), (D)&nbsp;a
remaining option time equal to the time between the date of the public announcement of the applicable Fundamental Transaction and the
Termination Date, and (E)&nbsp;a zero cost of borrow. The payment of the Black Scholes Value will be made by wire transfer of immediately
available funds (or such other consideration) within five Business Days of the Holder&rsquo;s election (or, if later, on the effective
date of the Fundamental Transaction). The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental Transaction in which the Company is
not the survivor (the &ldquo;<U>Successor Entity</U>&rdquo;) to assume in writing all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant
and the other Transaction Documents in accordance with the provisions of this Section&nbsp;3(d)&nbsp;pursuant to written agreements in
form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder prior to such Fundamental Transaction and shall, at the option of the Holder,
deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written instrument substantially
similar in form and substance to this Warrant which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital stock of such Successor
Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the shares of Common Stock acquirable and receivable upon exercise of this Warrant (without
regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an exercise price which applies
the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value of the shares of Common Stock
pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares of capital stock and such
exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental
Transaction), and which is reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the occurrence of any such Fundamental Transaction,
the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be substituted for (so that from and after the date of such Fundamental Transaction, the provisions
of this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents referring to the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo; shall refer instead to the Successor
Entity), and may exercise every right and power of the Company and shall assume all of the obligations of the Company under this Warrant
and the other Transaction Documents with the same effect as if such Successor Entity had been named as the Company herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">e) <U>Calculations</U>. All
calculations under this Section&nbsp;3 shall be made to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as the case may be. For purposes
of this Section&nbsp;3, the number of shares of Common Stock deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall be the sum of
the number of shares of Common Stock (excluding treasury shares, if any) issued and outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">f) <U>Notice to Holder</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">i. <U>Adjustment
to Exercise Price</U>. Whenever the Exercise Price is adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Section&nbsp;3, the Company shall promptly
deliver to the Holder by facsimile or email a notice setting forth the Exercise Price after such adjustment and any resulting adjustment
to the number of Warrant Shares and setting forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment; provided, however, that the
Company may satisfy this notice requirement in this Section&nbsp;3(f)&nbsp;by filing such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current
Report on Form&nbsp;8-K, Quarterly Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q or Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">ii. <U>Notice to
Allow Exercise by Holder</U>. If (A)&nbsp;the Company shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in whatever form) on the Common
Stock other than a stock split, (B)&nbsp;the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the Common
Stock, (C)&nbsp;the Company shall authorize the granting to all holders of the Common Stock rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase
any shares of capital stock of any class or of any rights, (D)&nbsp;the approval of any stockholders of the Company shall be required
in connection with any reclassification of the Common Stock, any consolidation or merger to which the Company is a party, any sale or
transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, or any compulsory share exchange whereby the Common Stock is converted
into other securities, cash or property, or (E)&nbsp;the Company shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation
or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then, in each case, the Company shall cause to be delivered by facsimile or email to the
Holder at its last facsimile number or email address as it shall appear upon the Warrant Register of the Company, at least 4 calendar
days prior to the applicable record or effective date hereinafter specified, a notice stating (x)&nbsp;the date on which a record is to
be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution, redemption, rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as
of which the holders of the Common Stock of record to be entitled to such dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants are
to be determined or (y)&nbsp;the date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is expected
to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of the Common Stock of record shall be entitled to
exchange their shares of the Common Stock for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification, consolidation,
merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; provided that the failure to deliver such notice or any defect therein or in the delivery thereof
shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be specified in such notice.&nbsp;To the extent that any notice provided
in this Warrant constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any of the Company&rsquo;s subsidiaries,
the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K.&nbsp;The Holder shall
remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice to the effective date of the event triggering
such notice except as may otherwise be expressly set forth herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">g) <U>Voluntary Adjustment
by Company</U>. Subject to the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Trading Market, the Company may at any time during the term of this Warrant,
subject to the prior written consent of the Holder, reduce the then current Exercise Price to any amount and for any period of time deemed
appropriate by the board of directors of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>Section&nbsp;4</U>. <U>Transfer
of Warrant</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">a) <U>Transferability</U>.&nbsp;This
Warrant and all rights hereunder (including, without limitation, any registration rights) are transferable, in whole or in part, upon
surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company or its designated agent, together with a written assignment of this Warrant
substantially in the form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent or attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer
taxes payable upon the making of such transfer.&nbsp;Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and
deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in the name of the assignee or assignees, as applicable, and in the denomination or denominations specified
in such instrument of assignment, and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant evidencing the portion of this Warrant not so assigned,
and this Warrant shall promptly be cancelled.&nbsp;Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to
physically surrender this Warrant to the Company unless the Holder has assigned this Warrant in full, in which case, the Holder shall
surrender this Warrant to the Company within three (3)&nbsp;Trading Days of the date on which the Holder delivers an assignment form to
the Company assigning this Warrant in full.&nbsp;The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder
for the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">b) <U>New Warrants</U>. This
Warrant may be divided or combined with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of the Company, together with
a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed by the Holder or its agent or attorney.&nbsp;Subject
to compliance with Section&nbsp;4(a), as to any transfer which may be involved in such division or combination, the Company shall execute
and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants to be divided or combined in accordance with such notice.
All Warrants issued on transfers or exchanges shall be dated the Issue Date of this Warrant and shall be identical with this Warrant except
as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">c) <U>Warrant Register</U>.
The Company shall register this Warrant, upon records to be maintained by the Company for that purpose (the &ldquo;<U>Warrant Register</U>&rdquo;),
in the name of the record Holder hereof from time to time.&nbsp;The Company may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as
the absolute owner hereof for the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent
actual notice to the contrary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><U>Section&nbsp;5</U>. <U>Miscellaneous</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">a) <U>No Rights as Stockholder
Until Exercise; No Settlement in Cash</U>.&nbsp;This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights, dividends or other rights
as a stockholder of the Company prior to the exercise hereof as set forth in Section&nbsp;2(d)(i), except as expressly set forth in Section&nbsp;3.&nbsp;Without
limiting the rights of a Holder to receive Warrant Shares on a &ldquo;cashless exercise&rdquo; as permitted in Section&nbsp;2(c), and
to receive the cash payments contemplated pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(d)(i)&nbsp;and Section&nbsp;2(d)(iv), in no event will the Company
be required to net cash settle an exercise of this Warrant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">b) <U>Loss, Theft, Destruction
or Mutilation of Warrant</U>. The Company covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to it of the
loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any stock certificate relating to the Warrant Shares, and in case of loss, theft
or destruction, of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it (which, in the case of the Warrant, shall not include the posting
of any bond), and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or stock certificate, if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver
a new Warrant or stock certificate of like tenor and dated as of such cancellation, in lieu of such Warrant or stock certificate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">c) <U>Saturdays, Sundays,
Holidays,&nbsp;etc</U>.&nbsp;If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted
herein shall not be a Trading Day, then, such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Trading Day.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">d) <U>Authorized Shares</U>.
The Company covenants that, at all times during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued
Common Stock a sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of any purchase rights
under this Warrant.&nbsp;The Company further covenants that its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers
who are charged with the duty of issuing the necessary Warrant Shares upon the exercise of the purchase rights under this Warrant.&nbsp;The
Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided herein without
violation of any applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the Trading Market upon which the Common Stock may be listed.&nbsp;The
Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant will,
upon exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant and payment for such Warrant Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized,
validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue
thereof (other than taxes in respect of any transfer occurring contemporaneously with such issue).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Except and to the extent as
waived or consented to by the Holder, the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its certificate of
incorporation or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any
other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, but will at all times
in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate to
protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment (it being understood that this Warrant shall not in any case
prevent the Company from effecting any such amendment, reorganization, transfer, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issuance or sale).&nbsp;Without
limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i)&nbsp;not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount
payable therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii)&nbsp;take all such action as may be necessary
or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon the exercise of
this Warrant and (iii)&nbsp;use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations, exemptions or consents from any public
regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to perform its obligations under this Warrant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Before taking any action,
which would result in an adjustment in the number of Warrant Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable or in the Exercise Price, the
Company shall obtain all such authorizations or exemptions thereof, or consents thereto, as may be necessary from any public regulatory
body or bodies having jurisdiction thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">e) <U>Jurisdiction</U>. All
questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Warrant shall be determined in accordance with
the provisions of the Purchase Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">f) <U>Restrictions</U>.&nbsp;The
Holder acknowledges that the Warrant Shares acquired upon the exercise of this Warrant, if not registered, and the Holder does not utilize
cashless exercise, will have restrictions upon resale imposed by state and federal securities laws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">g) <U>Nonwaiver and Expenses</U>.&nbsp;No
course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on the part of Holder shall operate as a waiver of such right
or otherwise prejudice the Holder&rsquo;s rights, powers or remedies, notwithstanding the fact that the right to exercise this Warrant
terminates on the Termination Date.&nbsp;Without limiting any other provision of this Warrant, if the Company willfully and knowingly
fails to comply with any provision of this Warrant, which results in any material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the
Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys&rsquo;
fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing
any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">h) <U>Notices</U>.&nbsp;Any
notice, request or other document required or permitted to be given or delivered to the Holder by the Company shall be delivered in accordance
with the notice provisions of the Purchase Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">i) <U>Limitation of Liability</U>.&nbsp;No
provision hereof, in the absence of any affirmative action by the Holder to exercise this Warrant to purchase Warrant Shares, and no enumeration
herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder for the purchase price of any Common
Stock or as a stockholder of the Company, whether such liability is asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">j) <U>Remedies</U>.&nbsp;The
Holder, in addition to being entitled to exercise all rights granted by law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled to specific
performance of its rights under this Warrant.&nbsp;The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation for any
loss incurred by reason of a breach by it of the provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert the defense in
any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">k) <U>Successors and Assigns</U>.&nbsp;Subject
to applicable securities laws, this Warrant and the rights and obligations evidenced hereby shall inure to the benefit of and be binding
upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns of Holder.&nbsp;The provisions of this
Warrant are intended to be for the benefit of any Holder from time to time of this Warrant and shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder
of Warrant Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">l) <U>Amendment</U>.&nbsp;This
Warrant may be modified or amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company, on the one hand, and the Holder
of this Warrant, on the other hand.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">m) <U>Severability</U>.&nbsp;Wherever
possible, each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if
any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be ineffective to the extent
of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provisions or the remaining provisions of this Warrant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">n) <U>Headings</U>.&nbsp;The
headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">********************</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(Signature Page&nbsp;Follows)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this
Warrant to be executed by its officer thereunto duly authorized as of the date first above indicated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD></TD><TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</B></FONT></TD>
</TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 3%">By:</TD>
               <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; width: 47%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify">Name:</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify">Title:</TD></TR>
     </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[SIGNATURE PAGE TO COMMON STOCK PURCHASE WARRANT
OF</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">THERIVA BIOLOGICS,&nbsp;INC.]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>EXHIBIT&nbsp;A</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>NOTICE OF EXERCISE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in">TO:</TD>
    <TD><B>THERIVA BIOLOGICS,&nbsp;INC.</B>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">(1)&nbsp;The undersigned hereby elects to purchase
________ Warrant Shares of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant (only if exercised in full), and tenders herewith
payment of the exercise price in full, together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">(2)&nbsp;Payment shall take the form of (check applicable
box):</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">[&nbsp;] in lawful money of the United States; or</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">[&nbsp;] if permitted the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares
as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in subsection 2(c), to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number
of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the cashless exercise procedure set forth in subsection 2(c).</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">(3)&nbsp;Please issue said Warrant Shares in the
name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below:</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
</TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account
Number:</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Name of Investing Entity: _______________________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><I>Signature of Authorized Signatory of Investing Entity</I>: __________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Name of Authorized Signatory: __________________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Title of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Date: _________________________________________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: right; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><B>EXHIBIT&nbsp;B</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>ASSIGNMENT FORM</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>(To assign the foregoing Warrant, execute this
form and supply required information.&nbsp;Do not use this form to exercise the Warrant to purchase shares.)</I></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the foregoing Warrant and
all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">Name:</TD>
<TD></TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD>
</TR><TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">(Please Print)</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">Address:</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">(Please Print)</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">Phone Number:</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">Email Address:</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">Dated:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 24%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">,</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD STYLE="width: 35%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 23%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">Holder&rsquo;s Signature:</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">Holder&rsquo;s Address:</TD>
<TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
     </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

</BODY>
</HTML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-4.2
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>tm2514447d1_ex4-2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 4.2
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 4.2</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>PRE-FUNDED COMMON STOCK PURCHASE WARRANT</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Theriva
Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 12%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Warrant Shares:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 12%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 36%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 19%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Issue Date:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: right; width: 19%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">May 8,
    2025</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">THIS PRE-FUNDED COMMON STOCK
PURCHASE WARRANT (the &ldquo;<U>Warrant</U>&rdquo;) certifies that, for value received, __________<B>&nbsp;</B>or its assigns (the &ldquo;<U>Holder</U>&rdquo;)
is entitled, upon the terms and subject to the limitations on exercise and the conditions hereinafter set forth, at any time on or after
the date hereof (the &ldquo;<U>Initial Exercise Date</U>&rdquo;) and until this Warrant is exercised in full (the &ldquo;<U>Termination
Date</U>&rdquo;) but not thereafter, to subscribe for and purchase from <B>Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</B>, a Nevada corporation (the
&ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;), up to <B>______ shares</B> (as subject to adjustment hereunder, the &ldquo;<U>Warrant Shares</U>&rdquo;)
of the Company&rsquo;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the &ldquo;<U>Common Stock</U>&rdquo;). The purchase price of one share
of Common Stock under this Warrant shall be equal to the Exercise Price, as defined in Section&nbsp;2(b).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Section&nbsp;1</U></FONT>.
<U>Definitions</U>.&nbsp;Capitalized terms used and not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings set forth in that certain Securities
Purchase Agreement (the &ldquo;<U>Purchase Agreement</U>&rdquo;), dated May 7, 2025, among the Company and the purchasers
signatory thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Section&nbsp;2</U></FONT>.
<U>Exercise</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">a) <U>Exercise of Warrant</U>.&nbsp;Subject
to the terms and conditions hereof, exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant may be made, in whole or in part, at any
time or times on or after the Initial Exercise Date and on or before the Termination Date by delivery to the Company of a duly executed
facsimile copy or PDF copy submitted by e-mail (or e-mail attachment) of the Notice of Exercise in the form attached hereto as <U>Exhibit&nbsp;A</U>
(the &ldquo;<U>Notice of Exercise</U>&rdquo;).&nbsp;Within the earlier of (i)&nbsp;one (1)&nbsp;Trading Day and (ii)&nbsp;the number of
Trading Days comprising the Standard Settlement Period (as defined in Section&nbsp;2(d)(i)&nbsp;herein) following the date of exercise
as aforesaid, the Holder shall deliver the unpaid portion of the aggregate Exercise Price for the Warrant Shares specified in the applicable
Notice of Exercise by wire transfer or cashier&rsquo;s check drawn on a United States bank unless the cashless exercise procedure specified
in Section&nbsp;2(c)&nbsp;below is applicable and specified in the attached Notice of Exercise.&nbsp;The Company shall have no obligation
to inquire with respect to or otherwise confirm the authenticity of the signature(s)&nbsp;contained on any Notice of Exercise nor the
authority of the person executing such Notice of Exercise. No ink-original Notice of Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion
guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise be required.&nbsp;Notwithstanding anything herein to
the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant to the Company until the Holder has purchased all
of the Warrant Shares available hereunder and the Warrant has been exercised in full, in which case, the Holder shall surrender this Warrant
to the Company for cancellation within three (3)&nbsp;Trading Days of the date on which the final Notice of Exercise is delivered to the
Company. Partial exercises of this Warrant resulting in purchases of a portion of the total number of Warrant Shares available hereunder
shall have the effect of lowering the outstanding number of Warrant Shares purchasable hereunder in an amount equal to the applicable
number of Warrant Shares purchased.&nbsp;The Holder and the Company shall maintain records showing the number of Warrant Shares purchased
and the date of such purchases. The Company shall deliver any objection to any Notice of Exercise within one (1)&nbsp;Trading Day of receipt
of such notice.&nbsp;<B>The Holder and any assignee, by acceptance of this Warrant, acknowledge and agree that, by reason of the provisions
of this paragraph, following the purchase of a portion of the Warrant Shares hereunder, the number of Warrant Shares available for purchase
hereunder at any given time may be less than the amount stated on the face hereof.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">b) <U>Exercise Price</U>.&nbsp;The
aggregate exercise price of this Warrant, except for a nominal exercise price of $0.001 per Warrant Share, was pre-funded to the Company
on or prior to the Initial Exercise Date and, consequently, no additional consideration (other than the nominal exercise price of $0.001
per Warrant Share) shall be required to be paid by the Holder to the Company to effect any exercise of this Warrant. The Holder shall
not be entitled to the return or refund of all, or any portion, of such pre-paid aggregate exercise price under any circumstance or for
any reason. The remaining exercise price per Warrant Share shall be $0.001, subject to adjustment hereunder (the &ldquo;<U>Exercise Price</U>&rdquo;).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">c) <U>Cashless Exercise</U>.
Subject to the terms and conditions of this Warrant, the Holder may exercise, in whole or in part, at such time by means of a &ldquo;cashless
exercise&rdquo; in which the Holder shall be entitled to receive a number of Warrant Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing
[(A-B) (X)] by (A), where:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(A)&thinsp;=</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">as applicable: (i)&nbsp;the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if such Notice of Exercise is (1)&nbsp;delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a)&nbsp;hereof on a day that is not a Trading Day or (2)&nbsp;delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a)&nbsp;hereof on a Trading Day prior to the opening of &ldquo;regular trading hours&rdquo; (as defined in Rule&nbsp;600(b)&nbsp;of Regulation NMS promulgated under the federal securities laws) on such Trading Day, (ii)&nbsp;at the option of the Holder, either (y)&nbsp;the VWAP on the Trading Day immediately preceding the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise or (z)&nbsp;the highest Bid Price of the Common Stock on the principal Trading Market as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (&ldquo;<U>Bloomberg</U>&rdquo;) within two (2)&nbsp;hours of the time of Holder&rsquo;s delivery of the Notice of Exercise pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a)&nbsp;hereof if such Notice of Exercise is delivered&nbsp;&nbsp;during &ldquo;regular trading hours&rdquo; or within two (2)&nbsp;hours thereafter the close of &ldquo;regular trading hours&rdquo; on a Trading Day or (iii)&nbsp;the VWAP on the date of the applicable Notice of Exercise if the date of such Notice of Exercise is a Trading Day and such Notice of Exercise is delivered pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(a)&nbsp;hereof within two (2)&nbsp;hours after the close of &ldquo;regular trading hours&rdquo; on such Trading Day;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; width: 0.5in; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(B)&thinsp;=</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the Exercise Price of this Warrant, as adjusted hereunder; and </FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify; width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">(X)&thinsp;=</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">the number of Warrant Shares that would be issuable upon exercise of this Warrant in accordance with the terms of this Warrant if such exercise were by means of a cash exercise rather than a cashless exercise. </FONT></TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&ldquo;<U>Bid
Price</U>&rdquo; means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a)&nbsp;if the Common
Stock is then listed or quoted on a Trading Market, the bid price of the Common Stock for the time in question (or the nearest preceding
date) on the Trading Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (based on a Trading Day from
9:30 a.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) to 4:02 p.m.&nbsp;(New York City time)), (b)&nbsp;if the Common Stock is not then listed or quoted
on a Trading Market and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported on the OTCQB Venture Market (&ldquo;<U>OTCQB</U>&rdquo;) or the
OTCQX Best Market (&ldquo;<U>OTCQX</U>&rdquo;), as applicable, the volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or
the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX, as applicable, </FONT><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">(</FONT>c)&nbsp;if the Common Stock
is not then listed or quoted for trading on a Trading Market or on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported
on The Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price
per share of the Common Stock so reported, or (d)&nbsp;in all other cases, the fair market value of a share of Common Stock as determined
by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Securities then outstanding and reasonably
acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<U>VWAP</U>&rdquo;
means, for any date, the price determined by the first of the following clauses that applies: (a)&nbsp;if the Common Stock is then listed
or quoted on a Trading Market, the daily volume weighted average price of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date)
on the Trading Market on which the Common Stock is then listed or quoted as reported by Bloomberg L.P. (based on a Trading Day from 9:30
a.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) to 4:02 p.m.&nbsp;(New York City time)), (b)&nbsp;if the Common Stock is not then listed or quoted on a
Trading Market and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported on OTCQB or OTCQX, as applicable, the volume weighted average price
of the Common Stock for such date (or the nearest preceding date) on OTCQB or OTCQX, as applicable, (c)&nbsp;if the Common Stock is not
then listed or quoted for trading on a Trading Market or on OTCQB or OTCQX and if prices for the Common Stock are then reported on The
Pink Open Market (or a similar organization or agency succeeding to its functions of reporting prices), the most recent bid price per
share of the Common Stock so reported, or (d)&nbsp;in all other cases, the fair market value of a share of Common Stock as determined
by an independent appraiser selected in good faith by the Holders of a majority in interest of the Securities then outstanding and reasonably
acceptable to the Company, the fees and expenses of which shall be paid by the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If Warrant Shares are issued
in such a cashless exercise, the parties acknowledge and agree that in accordance with Section&nbsp;3(a)(9)&nbsp;of the Securities Act,
the Warrant Shares shall take on the registered characteristics of the Warrants being exercised.&nbsp;The Company agrees not to take any
position contrary to this Section&nbsp;2(c).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">d) <U>Mechanics of Exercise</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">i. <U>Delivery of
Warrant Shares Upon Exercise</U>. The Company shall cause the Warrant Shares purchased hereunder to be transmitted by the Transfer Agent
to the Holder by crediting the account of the Holder&rsquo;s or its designee&rsquo;s balance account with The Depository Trust Company
through its Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system if the Company is then a participant in such system and either (A)&nbsp;there is
an effective registration statement permitting the issuance of the Warrant Shares or (B)&nbsp;this Warrant is being exercised via cashless
exercise, and otherwise by physical delivery of a certificate, registered in the Company&rsquo;s share register in the name of the Holder
or its designee, for the number of Warrant Shares to which the Holder is entitled pursuant to such exercise to the address specified by
the Holder in the Notice of Exercise by the date that is the earlier of (A)&nbsp;the earlier of (i)&nbsp;two (2)&nbsp;Trading Days and
(ii)&nbsp;the number of days comprising the Standard Settlement Period, in each case after the delivery to the Company of the Notice of
Exercise and (B)&nbsp;one (1)&nbsp;Trading Day after delivery of the aggregate Exercise Price to the Company (such date, the &ldquo;<U>Warrant
Share Delivery Date</U>&rdquo;). Upon delivery of the Notice of Exercise, the Holder shall be deemed for all corporate purposes to have
become the holder of record of the Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant has been exercised, irrespective of the date of delivery
of the Warrant Shares, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received
by the Warrant Share Delivery Date. If the Company fails for any reason to deliver to the Holder the Warrant Shares subject to a Notice
of Exercise by the Warrant Share Delivery Date, provided that payment of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the instance of a
cashless exercise) is received by the Company by such date, the Company shall pay to the Holder, in cash, as liquidated damages and not
as a penalty, for each $1,000 of Warrant Shares subject to such exercise (based on the VWAP of the Common Stock on the date of the applicable
Notice of Exercise), $10 per Trading Day (increasing to $20 per Trading Day on the third Trading Day after the Warrant Share Delivery
Date) for each Trading Day after such Warrant Share Delivery Date until such Warrant Shares are delivered or Holder rescinds such exercise.
The Company agrees to maintain a transfer agent that is a participant in the FAST program so long as this Warrant remains outstanding
and exercisable. As used herein, &ldquo;<U>Standard Settlement Period</U>&rdquo; means the standard settlement period, expressed in a
number of Trading Days, on the Company&rsquo;s primary Trading Market with respect to the Common Stock as in effect on the date of delivery
of the Notice of Exercise. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to any Notice(s)&nbsp;of Exercise delivered on or prior to 9:00
a.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) on the Initial Exercise Date, which may be delivered at any time after the time of execution of the Purchase
Agreement, the Company agrees to deliver the Warrant Shares subject to such notice(s)&nbsp;by 4:00 p.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) on the
Initial Exercise Date and the Initial Exercise Date shall be the Warrant Share Delivery Date for purposes hereunder, provided that payment
of the aggregate Exercise Price (other than in the case of a cashless exercise) is received by such Warrant Share Delivery Date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">ii. <U>Delivery
of New Warrants Upon Exercise</U>. If this Warrant shall have been exercised in part, the Company shall, at the request of a Holder and
upon surrender of this Warrant certificate, at the time of delivery of the Warrant Shares, deliver to the Holder a new Warrant evidencing
the rights of the Holder to purchase the unpurchased Warrant Shares called for by this Warrant, which new Warrant shall in all other respects
be identical with this Warrant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">iii. <U>Rescission
Rights</U>. If the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(d)(i)&nbsp;by
the Warrant Share Delivery Date, then the Holder will have the right to rescind such exercise by delivering written notice to the Company
at any time prior to the delivery of such Warrant Shares (in which case any liquidated damages payable under Section&nbsp;2(d)(i)&nbsp;shall
no longer be payable).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">iv. <U>Compensation
for Buy-In on Failure to Timely Deliver Warrant Shares Upon Exercise</U>. In addition to any other rights available to the Holder, if
the Company fails to cause the Transfer Agent to transmit to the Holder the Warrant Shares in accordance with the provisions of Section&nbsp;2(d)(i)&nbsp;above
pursuant to an exercise on or before the Warrant Share Delivery Date(other than any such failure that is solely due to any action or inaction
by the Holder with respect to such exercise), and if after such date the Holder is required by its broker to purchase (in an open market
transaction or otherwise) or the Holder&rsquo;s brokerage firm otherwise purchases, shares of Common Stock to deliver in satisfaction
of a sale by the Holder of the Warrant Shares which the Holder anticipated receiving upon such exercise (a &ldquo;<U>Buy-In</U>&rdquo;),
then the Company shall (A)&nbsp;pay in cash to the Holder the amount, if any, by which (x)&nbsp;the Holder&rsquo;s total purchase price
(including brokerage commissions, if any) for the shares of Common Stock so purchased exceeds (y)&nbsp;the amount obtained by multiplying
(1)&nbsp;the number of Warrant Shares that the Company was required to deliver to the Holder in connection with the exercise at issue
times (2)&nbsp;the price at which the sell order giving rise to such purchase obligation was executed, and (B)&nbsp;at the option of the
Holder, either reinstate the portion of the Warrant and equivalent number of Warrant Shares for which such exercise was not honored (in
which case such exercise shall be deemed rescinded) or deliver to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock that would have been
issued had the Company timely complied with its exercise and delivery obligations hereunder. For example, if the Holder purchases Common
Stock having a total purchase price of $11,000 to cover a Buy-In with respect to an attempted exercise of Warrants with an aggregate sale
price giving rise to such purchase obligation of $10,000, under clause (A)&nbsp;of the immediately preceding sentence the Company shall
be required to pay the Holder $1,000. The Holder shall provide the Company written notice indicating the amounts payable to the Holder
in respect of the Buy-In and, upon request of the Company, evidence of the amount of such loss. Nothing herein shall limit a Holder&rsquo;s
right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific
performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company&rsquo;s failure to timely deliver shares of Common Stock upon exercise
of the Warrant as required pursuant to the terms hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">v. <U>No Fractional
Shares or Scrip</U>. No fractional shares or scrip representing fractional shares shall be issued upon the exercise of this Warrant. As
to any fraction of a share which the Holder would otherwise be entitled to purchase upon such exercise, the Company shall, at its election,
either pay a cash adjustment in respect of such final fraction in an amount equal to such fraction multiplied by the Exercise Price or
round up to the next whole share</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">vi. <U>Charges,
Taxes and Expenses</U>. Issuance of Warrant Shares shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or transfer tax or other incidental
expense in respect of the issuance of such Warrant Shares, all of which taxes and expenses shall be paid by the Company, and such Warrant
Shares shall be issued in the name of the Holder or in such name or names as may be directed by the Holder; provided, however, that in
the event that Warrant Shares are to be issued in a name other than the name of the Holder, this Warrant when surrendered for exercise
shall be accompanied by the Assignment Form, attached hereto as <U>Exhibit&nbsp;B</U>, duly executed by the Holder and the Company may
require, as a condition thereto, the payment of a sum sufficient to reimburse it for any transfer tax incidental thereto. The Company
shall pay all Transfer Agent fees required for same-day processing of any Notice of Exercise and all fees to the Depository Trust Company
(or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions) required for same-day electronic delivery of the Warrant Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">vii. <U>Closing
of Books</U>. The Company will not close its stockholder books or records in any manner which prevents the timely exercise of this Warrant,
pursuant to the terms hereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">e) <U>Holder&rsquo;s Exercise
Limitations</U>.&nbsp;The Company shall not effect any exercise of this Warrant, and a Holder shall not have the right to exercise any
portion of this Warrant, pursuant to Section&nbsp;2 or otherwise, to the extent that after giving effect to such issuance after exercise
as set forth on the applicable Notice of Exercise, the Holder (together with the Holder&rsquo;s Affiliates, and any other Persons acting
as a group together with the Holder or any of the Holder&rsquo;s Affiliates (such Persons, &ldquo;<U>Attribution Parties</U>&rdquo;)),
would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation (as defined below).&nbsp;For purposes of the foregoing sentence,
the number of shares of Common Stock beneficially owned by the Holder and its Affiliates and Attribution Parties shall include the number
of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of this Warrant with respect to which such determination is being made, but shall exclude
the number of shares of Common Stock which would be issuable upon (i)&nbsp;exercise of the remaining, nonexercised portion of this Warrant
beneficially owned by the Holder or any of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties and (ii)&nbsp;exercise or conversion of the unexercised
or nonconverted portion of any other securities of the Company (including, without limitation, any other&nbsp;Common Stock Equivalents)
subject to a limitation on conversion or exercise analogous to the limitation contained herein beneficially owned by the Holder or any
of its Affiliates or Attribution Parties.&nbsp;Except as set forth in the preceding sentence, for purposes of this Section&nbsp;2(e),
beneficial ownership shall be calculated in accordance with Section&nbsp;13(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act and the rules&nbsp;and regulations
promulgated thereunder, it being acknowledged by the Holder that the Company is not representing to the Holder that such calculation is
in compliance with Section&nbsp;13(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act and the Holder is solely responsible for any schedules required to be filed
in accordance therewith.&nbsp;To the extent that the limitation contained in this Section&nbsp;2(e)&nbsp;applies, the determination of
whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution
Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable shall be in the sole discretion of the Holder, and the submission of a Notice
of Exercise shall be deemed to be the Holder&rsquo;s determination of whether this Warrant is exercisable (in relation to other securities
owned by the Holder together with any Affiliates and Attribution Parties) and of which portion of this Warrant is exercisable, in each
case subject to the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, and the Company shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy of such
determination and shall have no liability for exercises of the Warrant that are not in compliance with the Beneficial Ownership Limitation,
except to the extent the Holder relies on a number of outstanding shares of Common Stock that was provided by the Company.&nbsp;In addition,
a determination as to any group status as contemplated above shall be determined in accordance with Section&nbsp;13(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange
Act and the rules&nbsp;and regulations promulgated thereunder, and the Company shall have no obligation to verify or confirm the accuracy
of such determination and shall have no liability for exercises of the Warrant that are not in compliance with the Beneficial Ownership
Limitation, except to the extent the Holder relies on the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock that was provided by the Company.&nbsp;For
purposes of this Section&nbsp;2(e), in determining the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock, a Holder may rely on the number of
outstanding shares of Common Stock as reflected in (A)&nbsp;the Company&rsquo;s most recent periodic or annual report filed with the Commission,
as the case may be, (B)&nbsp;a more recent public announcement by the Company or (C)&nbsp;a more recent written notice by the Company
or the Transfer Agent setting forth the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding.&nbsp;Upon the written request of a Holder, the Company
shall within two (2)&nbsp;Trading Days confirm orally and in writing to the Holder the number of shares of Common Stock then outstanding.&nbsp;In
any case, the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock shall be determined after giving effect to the conversion or exercise of securities
of the Company, including this Warrant, by the Holder or its Affiliates or Attribution Parties since the date as of which such number
of outstanding shares of Common Stock was reported.&nbsp;The &ldquo;<U>Beneficial Ownership Limitation</U>&rdquo; shall be [4.99/9.99]%
of the number of shares of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of Common Stock issuable
upon exercise of this Warrant.&nbsp;The Holder, upon written notice to the Company, may increase or decrease the Beneficial Ownership
Limitation provisions of this Section&nbsp;2(e), provided that the Beneficial Ownership Limitation in no event exceeds 9.99% of the number
of shares of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the issuance of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of this
Warrant held by the Holder and the provisions of this Section&nbsp;2(e)&nbsp;shall continue to apply.&nbsp;Any increase in the Beneficial
Ownership Limitation will not be effective until the 61st day after such notice is delivered to the Company.&nbsp;The provisions of this
paragraph shall be construed and implemented in a manner otherwise than in strict conformity with the terms of this Section&nbsp;2(e)&nbsp;to
correct this paragraph (or any portion hereof) which may be defective or inconsistent with the intended Beneficial Ownership Limitation
herein contained or to make changes or supplements necessary or desirable to properly give effect to such limitation. The limitations
contained in this paragraph shall apply to a successor holder of this Warrant. If the Warrant is unexercisable as a result of the Holder&rsquo;s
Beneficial Ownership Limitation, no alternate consideration is owing to the Holder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Section&nbsp;3</U></FONT>.
<U>Certain Adjustments</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">a) <U>Stock Dividends and
Splits</U>. If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding: (i)&nbsp;pays a stock dividend or otherwise makes a distribution
or distributions on shares of its Common Stock or any other equity or equity equivalent securities payable in shares of Common Stock (which,
for avoidance of doubt, shall not include any shares of Common Stock issued by the Company upon exercise of this Warrant or pursuant to
any other Transaction Documents), (ii)&nbsp;subdivides outstanding shares of Common Stock into a larger number of shares, (iii)&nbsp;combines
(including by way of reverse stock split) outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares, or (iv)&nbsp;issues by reclassification
of shares of the Common Stock any shares of capital stock of the Company, then in each case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by
a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock (excluding treasury shares, if any) outstanding immediately
before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after such event,
and the number of shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant shall be proportionately adjusted such that the aggregate Exercise Price
of this Warrant shall remain unchanged.&nbsp;Any adjustment made pursuant to this Section&nbsp;3(a)&nbsp;shall become effective immediately
after the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution and shall become effective
immediately after the effective date in the case of a subdivision, combination or re-classification.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">b) <U>Subsequent Rights Offerings</U>.&nbsp;In
addition to any adjustments pursuant to Section&nbsp;3(a)&nbsp;above, if at any time while this Warrant is outstanding the Company grants,
issues or sells any Common Stock Equivalents or rights to purchase stock, warrants, securities or other property pro rata to all of the
record holders of any class of shares of Common Stock (the &ldquo;<U>Purchase Rights</U>&rdquo;), then the Holder will be entitled to
acquire, upon the terms applicable to such Purchase Rights, the aggregate Purchase Rights which the Holder could have acquired if the
Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations
on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the date on which a record is
taken for the grant, issuance or sale of such Purchase Rights, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders
of shares of Common Stock are to be determined for the grant, issue or sale of such Purchase Rights (<U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>,
that to the extent that the Holder&rsquo;s right to participate in any such Purchase Right would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial
Ownership Limitation, then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Purchase Right to such extent (or beneficial ownership
of such shares of Common Stock as a result of such Purchase Right to such extent) and such Purchase Right to such extent shall be held
in abeyance for the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership
Limitation).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">c) <U>Pro Rata Distributions</U>.&nbsp;During
such time as this Warrant is outstanding, if the Company shall declare or make any dividend or other distribution of its assets (or rights
to acquire its assets) to all of the holders of shares of Common Stock, by way of return of capital or otherwise (including, without limitation,
any distribution of cash, stock or other securities, property or options by way of a dividend, spin off, reclassification, corporate rearrangement,
scheme of arrangement or other similar transaction) (a &ldquo;<U>Distribution</U>&rdquo;), at any time after the issuance of this Warrant,
then, in each such case, the Holder shall be entitled to participate in such Distribution to the same extent that the Holder would have
participated therein if the Holder had held the number of shares of Common Stock acquirable upon complete exercise of this Warrant (without
regard to any limitations on exercise hereof, including without limitation, the Beneficial Ownership Limitation) immediately before the
date of which a record is taken for such Distribution, or, if no such record is taken, the date as of which the record holders of shares
of Common Stock are to be determined for the participation in such Distribution (<U>provided</U>, <U>however</U>, that to the extent that
the Holder&rsquo;s right to participate in any such Distribution would result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership Limitation,
then the Holder shall not be entitled to participate in such Distribution to such extent (or in the beneficial ownership of any shares
of Common Stock as a result of such Distribution to such extent) and the portion of such Distribution shall be held in abeyance for the
benefit of the Holder until such time, if ever, as its right thereto would not result in the Holder exceeding the Beneficial Ownership
Limitation).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">d) <U>Fundamental Transaction</U>.
If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i)&nbsp;the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects
any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person, (ii)&nbsp;the Company (or any Subsidiary), directly or indirectly,
effects any sale, lease, license, assignment, transfer, conveyance or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Company&rsquo;s
assets in one or a series of related transactions, (iii)&nbsp;any, direct or indirect, purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer
(whether by the Company or another Person) is completed pursuant to which holders of Common Stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange
their shares for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares of
Common Stock of the Company or more than 50% of the voting power of the outstanding common and preferred stocks of the Company, (iv)&nbsp;the
Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions effects any reclassification, reorganization or recapitalization
of shares of Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the shares of Common Stock are effectively converted into
or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (v)&nbsp;the Company, directly or indirectly, in one or more related transactions
consummates a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization,
spin-off, merger or scheme of arrangement) with another Person or group of Persons whereby such other Person or group acquires more than
50% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock of the Company or more than 50% of the aggregate voting power of the outstanding common
and preferred stocks of the Company (each a &ldquo;<U>Fundamental Transaction</U>&rdquo;), then, upon any subsequent exercise of this
Warrant, the Holder shall have the right to receive, for each Warrant Share that would have been issuable upon such exercise immediately
prior to the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction, at the option of the Holder (without regard to any limitation in Section&nbsp;2(e)&nbsp;on
the exercise of this Warrant), the number of shares of Common Stock of the successor or acquiring corporation or of the Company, if it
is the surviving corporation, and any additional consideration (the &ldquo;<U>Alternate Consideration</U>&rdquo;) receivable as a result
of such Fundamental Transaction by a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock for which this Warrant is exercisable immediately
prior to such Fundamental Transaction (without regard to any limitation in Section&nbsp;2(e)&nbsp;on the exercise of this Warrant). For
purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration
based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one share of Common Stock in such Fundamental Transaction, and the
Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any
different components of the Alternate Consideration. If holders of Common Stock are given any choice as to the securities, cash or property
to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives
upon any exercise of this Warrant following such Fundamental Transaction. The Company shall cause any successor entity in a Fundamental
Transaction in which the Company is not the survivor (the &ldquo;<U>Successor Entity</U>&rdquo;) to assume in writing all of the obligations
of the Company under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents in accordance with the provisions of this Section&nbsp;3(d)&nbsp;pursuant
to written agreements in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Holder prior to such Fundamental Transaction and shall, at
the option of the Holder, deliver to the Holder in exchange for this Warrant a security of the Successor Entity evidenced by a written
instrument substantially similar in form and substance to this Warrant which is exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of capital
stock of such Successor Entity (or its parent entity) equivalent to the shares of Common Stock acquirable and receivable upon exercise
of this Warrant (without regard to any limitations on the exercise of this Warrant) prior to such Fundamental Transaction, and with an
exercise price which applies the exercise price hereunder to such shares of capital stock (but taking into account the relative value
of the shares of Common Stock pursuant to such Fundamental Transaction and the value of such shares of capital stock, such number of shares
of capital stock and such exercise price being for the purpose of protecting the economic value of this Warrant immediately prior to the
consummation of such Fundamental Transaction), and which is reasonably satisfactory in form and substance to the Holder. Upon the occurrence
of any such Fundamental Transaction, the Successor Entity shall succeed to, and be substituted for (so that from and after the date of
such Fundamental Transaction, the provisions of this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents referring to the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;
shall refer instead to the Successor Entity), and may exercise every right and power of the Company and shall assume all of the obligations
of the Company under this Warrant and the other Transaction Documents with the same effect as if such Successor Entity had been named
as the Company herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">e) <U>Calculations</U>. All
calculations under this Section&nbsp;3 shall be made to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as the case may be. For purposes
of this Section&nbsp;3, the number of shares of Common Stock deemed to be issued and outstanding as of a given date shall be the sum of
the number of shares of Common Stock (excluding treasury shares, if any) issued and outstanding.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">f) <U>Notice to Holder</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">i. <U>Adjustment
to Exercise Price</U>. Whenever the Exercise Price is adjusted pursuant to any provision of this Section&nbsp;3, the Company shall promptly
deliver to the Holder by facsimile or email a notice setting forth the Exercise Price after such adjustment and any resulting adjustment
to the number of Warrant Shares and setting forth a brief statement of the facts requiring such adjustment; provided, however, that the
Company may satisfy this notice requirement in this Section&nbsp;3(f)&nbsp;by filing such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current
Report on Form&nbsp;8-K, Quarterly Report on Form&nbsp;10-Q or Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">ii. <U>Notice to
Allow Exercise by Holder</U>. If (A)&nbsp;the Company shall declare a dividend (or any other distribution in whatever form) on the Common
Stock other than a stock split, (B)&nbsp;the Company shall declare a special nonrecurring cash dividend on or a redemption of the Common
Stock, (C)&nbsp;the Company shall authorize the granting to all holders of the Common Stock rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase
any shares of capital stock of any class or of any rights, (D)&nbsp;the approval of any stockholders of the Company shall be required
in connection with any reclassification of the Common Stock, any consolidation or merger to which the Company is a party, any sale or
transfer of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, or any compulsory share exchange whereby the Common Stock is converted
into other securities, cash or property, or (E)&nbsp;the Company shall authorize the voluntary or involuntary dissolution, liquidation
or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then, in each case, the Company shall cause to be delivered by facsimile or email to the
Holder at its last facsimile number or email address as it shall appear upon the Warrant Register of the Company, at least 4 calendar
days prior to the applicable record or effective date hereinafter specified, a notice stating (x)&nbsp;the date on which a record is to
be taken for the purpose of such dividend, distribution, redemption, rights or warrants, or if a record is not to be taken, the date as
of which the holders of the Common Stock of record to be entitled to such dividend, distributions, redemption, rights or warrants are
to be determined or (y)&nbsp;the date on which such reclassification, consolidation, merger, sale, transfer or share exchange is expected
to become effective or close, and the date as of which it is expected that holders of the Common Stock of record shall be entitled to
exchange their shares of the Common Stock for securities, cash or other property deliverable upon such reclassification, consolidation,
merger, sale, transfer or share exchange; provided that the failure to deliver such notice or any defect therein or in the delivery thereof
shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be specified in such notice.&nbsp;To the extent that any notice provided
in this Warrant constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any of the Company&rsquo;s subsidiaries,
the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K.&nbsp;The Holder shall
remain entitled to exercise this Warrant during the period commencing on the date of such notice to the effective date of the event triggering
such notice except as may otherwise be expressly set forth herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">g) <U>Voluntary Adjustment
by Company</U>. Subject to the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Trading Market, the Company may at any time during the term of this Warrant,
subject to the prior written consent of the Holder, reduce the then current Exercise Price to any amount and for any period of time deemed
appropriate by the board of directors of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Section&nbsp;4</U></FONT>.
<U>Transfer of Warrant</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">a) <U>Transferability</U>.&nbsp;This
Warrant and all rights hereunder (including, without limitation, any registration rights) are transferable, in whole or in part, upon
surrender of this Warrant at the principal office of the Company or its designated agent, together with a written assignment of this Warrant
substantially in the form attached hereto duly executed by the Holder or its agent or attorney and funds sufficient to pay any transfer
taxes payable upon the making of such transfer.&nbsp;Upon such surrender and, if required, such payment, the Company shall execute and
deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in the name of the assignee or assignees, as applicable, and in the denomination or denominations specified
in such instrument of assignment, and shall issue to the assignor a new Warrant evidencing the portion of this Warrant not so assigned,
and this Warrant shall promptly be cancelled.&nbsp;Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, the Holder shall not be required to
physically surrender this Warrant to the Company unless the Holder has assigned this Warrant in full, in which case, the Holder shall
surrender this Warrant to the Company within three (3)&nbsp;Trading Days of the date on which the Holder delivers an assignment form to
the Company assigning this Warrant in full.&nbsp;The Warrant, if properly assigned in accordance herewith, may be exercised by a new holder
for the purchase of Warrant Shares without having a new Warrant issued.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">b) <U>New Warrants</U>. This
Warrant may be divided or combined with other Warrants upon presentation hereof at the aforesaid office of the Company, together with
a written notice specifying the names and denominations in which new Warrants are to be issued, signed by the Holder or its agent or attorney.&nbsp;Subject
to compliance with Section&nbsp;4(a), as to any transfer which may be involved in such division or combination, the Company shall execute
and deliver a new Warrant or Warrants in exchange for the Warrant or Warrants to be divided or combined in accordance with such notice.
All Warrants issued on transfers or exchanges shall be dated the Issue Date of this Warrant and shall be identical with this Warrant except
as to the number of Warrant Shares issuable pursuant thereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">c) <U>Warrant Register</U>.
The Company shall register this Warrant, upon records to be maintained by the Company for that purpose (the &ldquo;<U>Warrant Register</U>&rdquo;),
in the name of the record Holder hereof from time to time.&nbsp;The Company may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as
the absolute owner hereof for the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent
actual notice to the contrary.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><U>Section&nbsp;5</U></FONT>.
<U>Miscellaneous</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">a) <U>No Rights as Stockholder
Until Exercise; No Settlement in Cash</U>.&nbsp;This Warrant does not entitle the Holder to any voting rights, dividends or other rights
as a stockholder of the Company prior to the exercise hereof as set forth in Section&nbsp;2(d)(i), except as expressly set forth in Section&nbsp;3.&nbsp;Without
limiting the rights of a Holder to receive Warrant Shares on a &ldquo;cashless exercise&rdquo; as permitted in Section&nbsp;2(c), and
to receive the cash payments contemplated pursuant to Section&nbsp;2(d)(i)&nbsp;and Section&nbsp;2(d)(iv), in no event will the Company
be required to net cash settle an exercise of this Warrant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">b) <U>Loss, Theft, Destruction
or Mutilation of Warrant</U>. The Company covenants that upon receipt by the Company of evidence reasonably satisfactory to it of the
loss, theft, destruction or mutilation of this Warrant or any stock certificate relating to the Warrant Shares, and in case of loss, theft
or destruction, of indemnity or security reasonably satisfactory to it (which, in the case of the Warrant, shall not include the posting
of any bond), and upon surrender and cancellation of such Warrant or stock certificate, if mutilated, the Company will make and deliver
a new Warrant or stock certificate of like tenor and dated as of such cancellation, in lieu of such Warrant or stock certificate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">c) <U>Saturdays, Sundays,
Holidays,&nbsp;etc</U>.&nbsp;If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted
herein shall not be a Trading Day, then, such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Trading Day.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">d) <U>Authorized Shares</U>.
The Company covenants that, at all times during the period the Warrant is outstanding, it will reserve from its authorized and unissued
Common Stock a sufficient number of shares to provide for the issuance of the Warrant Shares upon the exercise of any purchase rights
under this Warrant.&nbsp;The Company further covenants that its issuance of this Warrant shall constitute full authority to its officers
who are charged with the duty of issuing the necessary Warrant Shares upon the exercise of the purchase rights under this Warrant.&nbsp;The
Company will take all such reasonable action as may be necessary to assure that such Warrant Shares may be issued as provided herein without
violation of any applicable law or regulation, or of any requirements of the Trading Market upon which the Common Stock may be listed.&nbsp;The
Company covenants that all Warrant Shares which may be issued upon the exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant will,
upon exercise of the purchase rights represented by this Warrant and payment for such Warrant Shares in accordance herewith, be duly authorized,
validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges created by the Company in respect of the issue
thereof (other than taxes in respect of any transfer occurring contemporaneously with such issue).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Except and to the extent as
waived or consented to by the Holder, the Company shall not by any action, including, without limitation, amending its certificate of
incorporation or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issue or sale of securities or any
other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, but will at all times
in good faith assist in the carrying out of all such terms and in the taking of all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate to
protect the rights of Holder as set forth in this Warrant against impairment (it being understood that this Warrant shall not in any case
prevent the Company from effecting any such amendment, reorganization, transfer, consolidation, merger, dissolution, issuance or sale).&nbsp;Without
limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company will (i)&nbsp;not increase the par value of any Warrant Shares above the amount
payable therefor upon such exercise immediately prior to such increase in par value, (ii)&nbsp;take all such action as may be necessary
or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable Warrant Shares upon the exercise of
this Warrant and (iii)&nbsp;use commercially reasonable efforts to obtain all such authorizations, exemptions or consents from any public
regulatory body having jurisdiction thereof, as may be, necessary to enable the Company to perform its obligations under this Warrant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Before taking any action,
which would result in an adjustment in the number of Warrant Shares for which this Warrant is exercisable or in the Exercise Price, the
Company shall obtain all such authorizations or exemptions thereof, or consents thereto, as may be necessary from any public regulatory
body or bodies having jurisdiction thereof.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">e) <U>Jurisdiction</U>. All
questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Warrant shall be determined in accordance with
the provisions of the Purchase Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">f) <U>Restrictions</U>.&nbsp;The
Holder acknowledges that the Warrant Shares acquired upon the exercise of this Warrant, if not registered, and the Holder does not utilize
cashless exercise, will have restrictions upon resale imposed by state and federal securities laws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">g) <U>Nonwaiver and Expenses</U>.&nbsp;No
course of dealing or any delay or failure to exercise any right hereunder on the part of Holder shall operate as a waiver of such right
or otherwise prejudice the Holder&rsquo;s rights, powers or remedies, notwithstanding the fact that the right to exercise this Warrant
terminates on the Termination Date.&nbsp;Without limiting any other provision of this Warrant, if the Company willfully and knowingly
fails to comply with any provision of this Warrant, which results in any material damages to the Holder, the Company shall pay to the
Holder such amounts as shall be sufficient to cover any costs and expenses including, but not limited to, reasonable attorneys&rsquo;
fees, including those of appellate proceedings, incurred by the Holder in collecting any amounts due pursuant hereto or in otherwise enforcing
any of its rights, powers or remedies hereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">h) <U>Notices</U>.&nbsp;Any
notice, request or other document required or permitted to be given or delivered to the Holder by the Company shall be delivered in accordance
with the notice provisions of the Purchase Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">i) <U>Limitation of Liability</U>.&nbsp;No
provision hereof, in the absence of any affirmative action by the Holder to exercise this Warrant to purchase Warrant Shares, and no enumeration
herein of the rights or privileges of the Holder, shall give rise to any liability of the Holder for the purchase price of any Common
Stock or as a stockholder of the Company, whether such liability is asserted by the Company or by creditors of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">j) <U>Remedies</U>.&nbsp;The
Holder, in addition to being entitled to exercise all rights granted by law, including recovery of damages, will be entitled to specific
performance of its rights under this Warrant.&nbsp;The Company agrees that monetary damages would not be adequate compensation for any
loss incurred by reason of a breach by it of the provisions of this Warrant and hereby agrees to waive and not to assert the defense in
any action for specific performance that a remedy at law would be adequate.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">k) <U>Successors and Assigns</U>.&nbsp;Subject
to applicable securities laws, this Warrant and the rights and obligations evidenced hereby shall inure to the benefit of and be binding
upon the successors and permitted assigns of the Company and the successors and permitted assigns of Holder.&nbsp;The provisions of this
Warrant are intended to be for the benefit of any Holder from time to time of this Warrant and shall be enforceable by the Holder or holder
of Warrant Shares.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">l) <U>Amendment</U>.&nbsp;This
Warrant may be modified or amended or the provisions hereof waived with the written consent of the Company, on the one hand, and the Holder
of this Warrant, on the other hand.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">m) <U>Severability</U>.&nbsp;Wherever
possible, each provision of this Warrant shall be interpreted in such manner as to be effective and valid under applicable law, but if
any provision of this Warrant shall be prohibited by or invalid under applicable law, such provision shall be ineffective to the extent
of such prohibition or invalidity, without invalidating the remainder of such provisions or the remaining provisions of this Warrant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">n) <U>Headings</U>.&nbsp;The
headings used in this Warrant are for the convenience of reference only and shall not, for any purpose, be deemed a part of this Warrant.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">********************</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><I>(Signature Page&nbsp;Follows)</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this
Warrant to be executed by its officer thereunto duly authorized as of the date first above indicated.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="text-transform: uppercase"><B>Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</B></FONT></TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 2%">By:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify; width: 48%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify">Name:</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: justify">Title:</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[SIGNATURE PAGE TO PRE-FUNDED COMMON STOCK PURCHASE
WARRANT OF</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">THERIVA BIOLOGICS,&nbsp;INC.]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>EXHIBIT&nbsp;A</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>NOTICE OF EXERCISE</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 0.5in"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">TO:</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>THERIVA BIOLOGICS,&nbsp;INC.</B></FONT>&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">(1)&nbsp;The undersigned hereby elects to purchase
________ Warrant Shares of the Company pursuant to the terms of the attached Warrant (only if exercised in full), and tenders herewith
payment of the exercise price in full, together with all applicable transfer taxes, if any.</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">(2)&nbsp;Payment shall take the form of (check applicable
box):</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">[&nbsp;] in lawful money of the United States; or</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">[&nbsp;] if permitted the cancellation of such number of Warrant Shares
as is necessary, in accordance with the formula set forth in subsection 2(c), to exercise this Warrant with respect to the maximum number
of Warrant Shares purchasable pursuant to the cashless exercise procedure set forth in subsection 2(c).</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 1in">(3)&nbsp;Please issue said Warrant Shares in the
name of the undersigned or in such other name as is specified below:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">The Warrant Shares shall be delivered to the following DWAC Account Number:</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER]</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Name of Investing Entity: _______________________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><I>Signature
of Authorized Signatory of Investing Entity</I></FONT>: __________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Name of Authorized Signatory: __________________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Title of Authorized Signatory: ____________________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Date: _________________________________________________________________________</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>EXHIBIT&nbsp;B</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>ASSIGNMENT FORM</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in"><I>(To assign the foregoing Warrant, execute this
form and supply required information.&nbsp;Do not use this form to exercise the Warrant to purchase shares.)</I></P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the foregoing Warrant and
all rights evidenced thereby are hereby assigned to</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%">
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">Name:</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">(Please Print)</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">Address:</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">(Please Print)</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">Phone Number:</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">Email Address:</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD STYLE="width: 5%">Dated:</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 24%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">,</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 35%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left; width: 5%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; width: 23%">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">Holder&rsquo;s Signature:</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  <TR STYLE="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
    <TD COLSPAN="4">Holder&rsquo;s Address:</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD>&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
  </TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-10.1
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>tm2514447d1_ex10-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 10.1
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
     <title></title>
</head>
<body style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><b>Exhibit 10.1</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">This SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT
(this &ldquo;<u>Agreement</u>&rdquo;) is dated as of May 7, 2025, between Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc., a Nevada corporation
(the &ldquo;<u>Company</u>&rdquo;), and each purchaser identified on the signature pages&nbsp;hereto (each, including its successors and
assigns, a &ldquo;<u>Purchaser</u>&rdquo; and collectively the &ldquo;<u>Purchasers</u>&rdquo;).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">WHEREAS, subject to the terms
and conditions set forth in this Agreement and pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act (as defined below),
the Company desires to issue and sell to each Purchaser, and each Purchaser, severally and not jointly, desires to purchase from the Company,
securities of the Company as more fully described in this Agreement.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">NOW, THEREFORE,&nbsp;IN CONSIDERATION
of the mutual covenants contained in this Agreement, and for other good and valuable consideration the receipt and adequacy of which are
hereby acknowledged, the Company and each Purchaser agree as follows:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Section&nbsp;1.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>DEFINITIONS</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.25in">1.1</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Definitions</u>. In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Agreement, for all purposes of
this Agreement, the following terms have the meanings set forth in this Section&nbsp;1.1:</td></tr></table>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Acquiring Person</u>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;4.5.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Action</u>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3.1(j).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Affiliate</u>&rdquo;
means any Person that, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under common control
with a Person as such terms are used in and construed under Rule&nbsp;405 under the Securities Act.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Board of Directors</u>&rdquo;
means the board of directors of the Company.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Business Day</u>&rdquo;
means any day other than Saturday, Sunday, or other day on which banking institutions in the State of New York are authorized or required
by law to remain closed.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Closing</u>&rdquo;
means the closing of the purchase and sale of the Securities pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.1.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Closing Date</u>&rdquo;
means the Trading Day on which all of the Transaction Documents have been executed and delivered by the applicable parties thereto, and
all conditions precedent to (i)&nbsp;the Purchasers&rsquo; obligations to pay the Subscription Amount at the Closing and (ii)&nbsp;the
Company&rsquo;s obligations to deliver the Securities, in each case, at the Closing have been satisfied or waived, but in no event later
than the second (2nd) Trading Day following the date hereof.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Commission</u>&rdquo;
means the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Common Stock</u>&rdquo;
means the common stock of the Company, par value $0.001 per share.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Common Stock Equivalents</u>&rdquo;
means any securities of the Company or the Subsidiaries which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire at any time Common Stock, including,
without limitation, any debt, preferred stock, right, option, warrant or other instrument that is at any time convertible into or exercisable
or exchangeable for, or otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Common Stock.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Common Warrants</u>&rdquo;
means the common warrants delivered to the Purchasers at Closing in accordance with Section&nbsp;2.2(a)&nbsp;hereof, which common warrants
shall be exercisable immediately upon issuance and may be exercised during a period of five years commencing from their issuance, in the
form of <u>Exhibit&nbsp;A</u> attached hereto.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Company Counsel</u>&rdquo;
means Blank Rome LLP, with offices located at 1271 Avenue of The Americas, New York, NY 10020.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Company Nevada Counsel</u>&rdquo;
means Parsons Behle&nbsp;&amp; Latimer, with offices located at 50 West Liberty Street, Suite&nbsp;750, Reno, Nevada 89501.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Disclosure Schedules</u>&rdquo;
means the Disclosure Schedules of the Company delivered concurrently herewith.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Disclosure Time</u>&rdquo;
means, (i)&nbsp;if this Agreement is signed on a day that is not a Trading Day or after 9:00 a.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) and before
midnight (New York City time) on any Trading Day, 9:01 a.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) on the Trading Day immediately following the date
hereof, unless otherwise instructed as to an earlier time by the Placement Agent, and (ii)&nbsp;if this Agreement is signed between midnight
(New York City time) and 9:00 a.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) on any Trading Day, no later than 9:01 a.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) on
the date hereof, unless otherwise instructed as to an earlier time by the Placement Agent.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>DVP</u>&rdquo; shall
have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;2.1(v).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Evaluation Date</u>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3.1(r).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Exchange Act</u>&rdquo;
means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the rules&nbsp;and regulations promulgated thereunder.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Exempt Issuance</u>&rdquo;
means the issuance of (a)&nbsp;shares of Common Stock, restricted stock units or options, including the shares of Common Stock underlying
the restricted stock units or options, to employees, officers, directors or consultants of the Company or its subsidiary pursuant to any
stock or option plan or arrangement duly adopted for such purpose by a majority of the non-employee members of the Board of Directors
or a majority of the members of a committee of non-employee directors established for such purpose for services rendered to the Company
provided that such securities issued to consultants are issued as &ldquo;restricted securities&rdquo; (as defined in Rule&nbsp;144) and
carry no registration rights that require or permit the filing of any registration statement in connection therewith during the prohibition
period in Section&nbsp;4.10(a)&nbsp;herein, (b)&nbsp;securities upon the exercise or exchange of or conversion of any Securities issued
hereunder and/or other securities exercisable or exchangeable for or convertible into shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding on
the date of this Agreement,&nbsp;<i>provided</i>&nbsp;that such securities have not been amended since the date of this Agreement to increase
the number of such securities or to decrease the exercise price, exchange price or conversion price of such securities (other than in
connection with stock splits or combinations or anti-dilution provisions contained therein as disclosed in the SEC Reports and the Prospectus)
or to extend the term of such securities, (c)&nbsp;securities pursuant to merger, acquisition or strategic transactions approved by a
majority of the disinterested directors of the Company,&nbsp;<i>provided</i>&nbsp;that such securities are issued as &ldquo;restricted
securities&rdquo; (as defined in Rule&nbsp;144) and carry no registration rights that require or permit the filing of any registration
statement in connection therewith during the prohibition period in Section&nbsp;4.10(a)&nbsp;herein, and&nbsp;<i>provided</i>&nbsp;<i>further</i>&nbsp;that
any such issuance shall only be to a Person that is, itself or through its subsidiaries, an operating company in a business synergistic
with the business of the Company and in which the Company receives benefits in addition to any investment of funds, but shall not include
a transaction in which the Company is issuing securities primarily for the purpose of raising capital or to an entity whose primary business
is investing in securities, and (d)&nbsp;securities for settlement of outstanding payables or liabilities&nbsp;<i>provided</i>&nbsp;that
such securities are issued as &ldquo;restricted securities&rdquo; (as defined in Rule&nbsp;144) and carry no registration rights that
require or permit the filing of any registration statement in connection therewith during the prohibition period in Section&nbsp;4.10(a)&nbsp;herein.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>FCPA</u>&rdquo;
means the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>GAAP</u>&rdquo;
means generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>General Disclosure
Package</u>&rdquo; means the Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus, and the Registration Statement.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Indebtedness</u>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3.1(z).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Intellectual Property
Rights</u>&rdquo; shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3.1(p).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Liens</u>&rdquo;
means a lien, charge, pledge, security interest, encumbrance, right of first refusal, preemptive right or other restriction.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Lock-Up Agreements</u>&rdquo;
means each Lock-Up Agreement, dated as of the date hereof, by and between the Company and each of the directors, officers and 5% stockholders
of the Company, in the form of <u>Exhibit&nbsp;C</u> attached hereto.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Material Adverse
Effect</u>&rdquo; shall have the meaning assigned to such term in Section&nbsp;3.1(b).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Material Permits</u>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3.1(m).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Per Share Purchase
Price</u>&rdquo; equals $1.10, subject to adjustment for reverse and forward share splits, share dividends, share combinations and
other similar transactions of shares of Common Stock that occur between the date hereof and the Closing Date.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Per Pre-Funded Warrant
Purchase Price</u>&rdquo; equals $0.001, subject to adjustment for reverse and forward share splits, share dividends, share combinations
and other similar transactions relating to shares of Common Stock that occur after the date of this Agreement.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Person</u>&rdquo;
means an individual or corporation, partnership, trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited liability company,
joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision thereof) or other entity of any kind.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Placement Agent</u>&rdquo;
means A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Placement Agent
Counsel</u>&rdquo; means Thompson Hine LLP with offices located at 300 Madison Ave, 27<sup>th</sup> Floor, New York, New York 10017.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Pre-Funded Warrants</u>&rdquo;
means, collectively, the warrants delivered to the Purchasers at Closing in accordance with Section&nbsp;2.2(a)&nbsp;hereof, which Pre-Funded
Warrants shall be exercisable immediately upon issuance and shall expire when exercised in full, in the form of <u>Exhibit&nbsp;B</u>
attached hereto.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Pre-Notice</u>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;4.16(b).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Preliminary Prospectus</u>&rdquo;
means the preliminary prospectus included in the Registration Statement at the time the Registration Statement is declared effective.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Proceeding</u>&rdquo;
means an action, claim, suit, investigation or proceeding (including, without limitation, an informal investigation or partial proceeding,
such as a deposition), whether commenced or threatened.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Prospectus</u>&rdquo;
means the final prospectus filed pursuant to the Registration Statement.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Purchaser Party</u>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;4.8.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Registration Statement</u>&rdquo;
means the effective registration statement with the Commission on Form&nbsp;S-1 (File No.&nbsp;333-283722), as amended, which registers
the sale of the Securities and includes any Rule&nbsp;462(b)&nbsp;Registration Statement.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Required Approvals</u>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3.1(e).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Rule&nbsp;144</u>&rdquo;
means Rule&nbsp;144 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule&nbsp;may be amended or interpreted from
time to time, or any similar rule&nbsp;or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the same purpose and effect
as such Rule.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Rule&nbsp;424</u>&rdquo;
means Rule&nbsp;424 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule&nbsp;may be amended or interpreted from
time to time, or any similar rule&nbsp;or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the same purpose and effect
as such Rule.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Rule&nbsp;462(b)&nbsp;Registration
Statement</u>&rdquo; means any registration statement prepared by the Company registering additional Securities, which was filed with
the Commission on or prior to the date hereof and became automatically effective pursuant to Rule&nbsp;462(b)&nbsp;promulgated by the
Commission pursuant to the Securities Act.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>SEC Reports</u>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;3.1(h).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Securities</u>&rdquo;
means the Shares, the Warrants, and the Warrant Shares.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Securities Act</u>&rdquo;
means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules&nbsp;and regulations promulgated thereunder.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Shares</u>&rdquo;
means the shares of Common Stock issued and issuable to each Purchaser pursuant to this Agreement.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Short Sales</u>&rdquo;
means all &ldquo;short sales&rdquo; as defined in Rule&nbsp;200 of Regulation SHO under the Exchange Act (but shall not be deemed to include
locating and/or borrowing shares of Common Stock).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Subscription Amount</u>&rdquo;
means, as to each Purchaser, the aggregate amount to be paid for shares of Common Stock, and Pre-Funded Warrants, purchased hereunder
as specified below such Purchaser&rsquo;s name on the signature page&nbsp;of this Agreement and next to the heading &ldquo;Subscription
Amount,&rdquo; in United States dollars and in immediately available funds.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Subsidiary</u>&rdquo;
means any significant subsidiary of the Company as set forth in the Exhibit&nbsp;21.1 to the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K
for the year ended December&nbsp;31, 2023 and shall, where applicable, also include any direct or indirect subsidiary of the Company formed
or acquired after the date hereof.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Trading Day</u>&rdquo;
means a day on which the principal Trading Market is open for trading.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Trading Market</u>&rdquo;
means any of the following markets or exchanges on which the shares of Common Stock are listed or quoted for trading on the date in question:
the NYSE American, The Nasdaq Capital Market, The Nasdaq Global Market, The Nasdaq Global Select Market, or the New York Stock Exchange
(or any successors to any of the foregoing).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Transaction Documents</u>&rdquo;
means this Agreement, the Warrants, the Lock-Up Agreements and all exhibits and schedules thereto and hereto and any other documents or
agreements executed in connection with the transactions contemplated hereunder.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Variable Rate Transaction</u>&rdquo;
shall have the meaning ascribed to such term in Section&nbsp;4.10(b).</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Warrants</u>&rdquo;
means, collectively, the Common Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants.</p>

<p style="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&ldquo;<u>Warrant Shares</u>&rdquo;
means, collectively, the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Section&nbsp;2.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>PURCHASE AND SALE</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">2.1 <u>Closing</u>. On the Closing Date, upon
the terms and subject to the conditions set forth herein, the Company agrees to sell, and the Purchasers, severally and not jointly, agree
to purchase, (i)&nbsp;the number of shares of Common Stock set forth under the heading &ldquo;Subscription Amount&rdquo; on the Purchaser&rsquo;s
signature page&nbsp;hereto, at the Per Share Purchase Price, and (ii)&nbsp;Common Warrants exercisable for shares of Common Stock as calculated
pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.2(a); <i>provided, however</i>, that, to the extent that a Purchaser determines, in its sole discretion, that
such Purchaser (together with such Purchaser&rsquo;s Affiliates, and any Person acting as a group together with such Purchaser or any
of such Purchaser&rsquo;s Affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of the Beneficial Ownership Limitation, or as such Purchaser may
otherwise choose, in lieu of purchasing shares of Common Stock, such Purchaser may elect to purchase Pre-Funded Warrants in such manner
to result in the full Subscription Amount being paid by such Purchaser to the Company. The &ldquo;<u>Beneficial Ownership Limitation</u>&rdquo;
shall be 4.99% (or, at the election of the Purchaser, 9.99%) of the number of shares of Common Stock, in each case, outstanding immediately
after giving effect to the issuance of the Securities on the Closing Date.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Each Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription
Amount as set forth on the signature page&nbsp;hereto executed by such Purchaser shall be made available for Delivery Versus Payment (&ldquo;<u>DVP</u>&rdquo;)
settlement with the Company or its designees. The Company shall deliver to each Purchaser its respective Shares and Warrants as determined
pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.2(a), and the Company and each Purchaser shall deliver the other items set forth in Section&nbsp;2.2 at the
Closing. Upon satisfaction of the covenants and conditions set forth in Sections 2.2 and 2.3, the Closing shall occur remotely via the
exchange of documents and signatures or such other location as the parties shall mutually agree. Unless otherwise directed by the Placement
Agent, settlement of the Shares shall occur via DVP (i.e., on the Closing Date, the Company shall issue the Shares registered in the Purchasers&rsquo;
names and addresses and released by the Depositary directly to the account(s)&nbsp;at the Placement Agent identified by each Purchaser;
upon receipt of such Shares, the Placement Agent shall promptly electronically deliver such Shares to the applicable Purchaser, and payment
therefor shall be made by the Placement Agent (or its clearing firm) by wire transfer to the Company). Notwithstanding anything herein
to the contrary, if at any time on or after the time of execution of this Agreement by the Company and an applicable Purchaser through,
and including the time immediately prior to the Closing (the &ldquo;<u>Pre-Settlement Period</u>&rdquo;), such Purchaser sells to any
Person all, or any portion, of any Securities to be issued hereunder to such Purchaser at the Closing (collectively, the &ldquo;<u>Pre-Settlement
Shares</u>&rdquo;), such Person shall, automatically hereunder (without any additional required actions by such Purchaser or the Company),
be deemed to be a Purchaser under this Agreement unconditionally bound to purchase, and the Company shall be deemed unconditionally bound
to sell, such Pre-Settlement Shares to such Person at the Closing; provided, that the Company shall not be required to deliver any Pre-Settlement
Shares to such Purchaser prior to the Company&rsquo;s receipt of the Subscription Amount for such Pre-Settlement Shares hereunder; and
provided, further, that the Company hereby acknowledges and agrees that the forgoing shall not constitute a representation or covenant
by such Purchaser as to whether or not such Purchaser will elect to sell any Pre-Settlement Shares during the Pre-Settlement Period. The
decision to sell any shares of Common Stock by such Purchaser shall solely be made at the time such Purchaser elects to effect any such
sale, if any. Notwithstanding the foregoing, with respect to any Notice(s)&nbsp;of Exercise (as defined in the Prefunded Warrants) delivered
on or prior to 9:00 a.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) on the Closing Date, which may be delivered at any time after the time of execution
of the this Agreement, the Company agrees to deliver the Warrant Shares subject to such notice(s)&nbsp;by 4:00 p.m.&nbsp;(New York City
time) on the Closing Date and the Closing Date shall be the Warrant Share Delivery Date (as defined in the Prefunded Warrants) for purposes
hereunder. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein and a Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription Amount set forth on the signature pages&nbsp;attached
hereto, the number of Shares purchased by a Purchaser (and its Affiliates) hereunder shall not, when aggregated with all other shares
of Common Stock owned by such Purchaser (and its Affiliates) at such time, result in such Purchaser beneficially owning (as determined
in accordance with Section&nbsp;13(d)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act) in excess of 9.99% of the then issued and outstanding Common Stock outstanding
at the Closing (the &ldquo;Beneficial Ownership Maximum&rdquo;), and such Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription Amount, to the extent it would
otherwise exceed the Beneficial Ownership Maximum immediately prior to the Closing, shall be conditioned upon the issuance of Shares at
the Closing to the other Purchasers signatory hereto. To the extent that a Purchaser&rsquo;s beneficial ownership of the Shares would
otherwise be deemed to exceed the Beneficial Ownership Maximum, such Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription Amount shall automatically be reduced
as necessary in order to comply with this paragraph.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">2.2 <u>Deliveries</u>.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(a)</td><td style="text-align: justify">On or prior to the Closing Date, the Company shall deliver or cause to be delivered to each Purchaser
the following:</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(i)</td><td style="text-align: justify">this Agreement duly executed by the Company;</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(ii)</td><td style="text-align: justify">the Company&rsquo;s wire instructions, on Company letterhead and executed by the Company&rsquo;s Chief
Executive Officer or Chief Financial Officer;</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(iii)</td><td style="text-align: justify">subject to the provision of Section&nbsp;2.1 that settlement of the Shares shall occur via DVP, a copy
of the irrevocable instructions to the Transfer Agent instructing the Transfer Agent to deliver on an expedited basis via The Depository
Trust Company Deposit or Withdrawal at Custodian system shares of Common Stock equal to the portion of such Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription
Amount divided by the Per Share Purchase Price, registered in the name of such Purchaser;</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(iv)</td><td style="text-align: justify">for each Purchaser of Pre-Funded Warrants pursuant to Section&nbsp;2.1, a Pre-Funded Warrant registered
in the name of such Purchaser to purchase up to a number of shares of Common Stock equal to the portion of such Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription
Amount applicable to Pre-Funded Warrants divided by the sum of the Per Pre-Funded Warrant Purchase Price, subject to adjustment therein;</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(v)</td><td style="text-align: justify">the Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus (which may be delivered in accordance with Rule&nbsp;172
under the Securities Act);</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(vi)</td><td style="text-align: justify">a Common Warrant with an exercise price equal to $1.10, registered in the name of such Purchaser,
to purchase up to a number of shares of Common Stock equal to 100% of such Purchaser&rsquo;s shares of Common Stock, or a Pre-Funded Warrants,
as applicable, with an exercise price equal to $0.001 per share, subject to adjustment therein;</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(vii)</td><td style="text-align: justify">the duly executed Lock-Up Agreements;</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(viii)</td><td style="text-align: justify">a legal opinion of Company Counsel, in form reasonably acceptable to the Placement Agent and the Purchasers;
and</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(ix)</td><td style="text-align: justify">a legal opinion of Company Nevada Counsel, in form reasonably acceptable to the Placement Agent and the
Purchasers.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(b)</td><td style="text-align: justify">On or prior to the Closing Date, each Purchaser shall deliver or cause to be delivered to the Company,
the following:</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(i)</td><td style="text-align: justify">this Agreement duly executed by such Purchaser; and</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(ii)</td><td style="text-align: justify">such Purchaser&rsquo;s Subscription Amount with respect to the Securities purchased by such Purchaser,
which shall be made available for DVP settlement with the Company or its designees.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">2.3 <u>Closing Conditions</u>.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(a)</td><td style="text-align: justify">The obligations of the Company hereunder in connection with the Closing are subject to the following conditions
being met:</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(i)</td><td style="text-align: justify">the accuracy in all material respects (or, to the extent representations or warranties are qualified by
materiality or Material Adverse Effect, in all respects) when made and on the Closing Date of the representations and warranties of the
Purchasers contained herein (unless as of a specific date therein in which case they shall be accurate as of such date in all material
respects or to the extent qualified by materiality or Material Adverse Effect);</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(ii)</td><td style="text-align: justify">all obligations, covenants and agreements of each Purchaser required to be performed at or prior to the
Closing Date shall have been performed; and</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(iii)</td><td style="text-align: justify">the delivery by each Purchaser of the items set forth in Section&nbsp;2.2(b)&nbsp;of this Agreement.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(b)</td><td style="text-align: justify">The respective obligations of the Purchasers hereunder in connection with the Closing are subject to the
following conditions being met:</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(i)</td><td style="text-align: justify">the accuracy in all material respects (or, to the extent representations or warranties are qualified by
materiality or Material Adverse Effect, in all respects) when made and on the Closing Date of the representations and warranties of the
Company contained herein (unless as of a specific date therein in which case they shall be accurate as of such date);</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(ii)</td><td style="text-align: justify">all obligations, covenants and agreements of the Company required to be performed at or prior to the Closing
Date shall have been performed;</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(iii)</td><td style="text-align: justify">the delivery by the Company of the items set forth in Section&nbsp;2.2(a)&nbsp;of this Agreement;</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(iv)</td><td style="text-align: justify">there shall have been no Material Adverse Effect with respect to the Company since the date hereof; and</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 1in"></td><td style="width: 0.5in">(v)</td><td style="text-align: justify">from the date hereof to the Closing Date, trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended by
the Commission or any Trading Market, and, at any time prior to the Closing Date, trading in securities generally as reported by Bloomberg
L.P. shall not have been suspended or limited, nor shall a banking moratorium have been declared either by the United States or New York
State authorities nor shall there have occurred after the date of this Agreement any material outbreak or escalation of hostilities or
other national or international calamity of such magnitude in its effect on, or any material adverse change in, any financial market which,
in each case, in the reasonable judgment of such Purchaser, makes it impracticable or inadvisable to purchase the Securities at the Closing.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Section&nbsp;3.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">3.1 <u>Representations and Warranties of the Company</u>.
Except as set forth in the Disclosure Schedules, which Disclosure Schedules shall be deemed a part hereof and shall qualify any representation
or otherwise made herein to the extent of the disclosure contained in the corresponding section of the Disclosure Schedules, the Company
hereby makes the following representations and warranties to each Purchaser:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(a)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Subsidiaries</u>. Except as disclosed in the SEC Reports, the Company owns, directly or indirectly,
all of the capital shares or other equity interests of each Subsidiary, free and clear of any Liens, and all of the issued and outstanding
shares of capital stock of each Subsidiary are validly issued and are fully paid, non-assessable and free of preemptive and similar rights
to subscribe for or purchase securities.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(b)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Organization and Qualification</u>. The Company and each of the Subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated
or otherwise organized, validly existing, and, if applicable under the laws of the jurisdiction in which they are formed, in good standing
under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or organization, with the requisite power and authority to own and use its properties
and assets and to carry on its business as currently conducted. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in violation nor default of
any of the provisions of its respective memorandum of association, articles of association, certificate or articles of incorporation,
bylaws, operating agreement, or other organizational or charter documents that would constitute a Material Adverse Effect (defined below).
Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is duly qualified to conduct business and is in good standing (where applicable) as a foreign
corporation or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification
necessary, except where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing, as the case may be, could not have or reasonably be expected
to result in: (i)&nbsp;a material adverse effect on the legality, validity or enforceability of any Transaction Document, (ii)&nbsp;material
adverse effect on the results of operations, assets, business, prospects or condition (financial or otherwise) of the Company and the
Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, or (iii)&nbsp;a material adverse effect on the Company&rsquo;s ability to perform in any material respect
on a timely basis its obligations under any Transaction Document (any of (i), (ii)&nbsp;or (iii), a &ldquo;<u>Material Adverse Effect</u>&rdquo;)
and no Proceeding has been instituted in any such jurisdiction revoking, limiting or curtailing or seeking to revoke, limit or curtail
such power and authority or qualification.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(c)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Authorization; Enforcement</u>. The Company has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter
into and to consummate the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and each of the other Transaction Documents and otherwise to carry
out its obligations hereunder and thereunder. The execution and delivery of this Agreement and each of the other Transaction Documents
by the Company and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby have been duly authorized by all necessary
action on the part of the Company and no further action is required by the Company, the Board of Directors, a committee of the Board of
Directors or the Company&rsquo;s stockholders in connection herewith or therewith other than in connection with the Required Approvals.
This Agreement and each other Transaction Document to which it is a party has been (or upon delivery will have been) duly executed by
the Company and, when delivered in accordance with the terms hereof and thereof, will constitute the valid and binding obligation of the
Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except (i)&nbsp;as limited by general equitable principles and applicable
bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors&rsquo; rights
generally, (ii)&nbsp;as limited by laws relating to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies
and (iii)&nbsp;insofar as indemnification and contribution provisions may be limited by applicable law.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(d)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>No Conflicts</u>. The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this Agreement and the
other Transaction Documents to which it is a party, the issuance and sale of the Securities and the consummation by it of the transactions
contemplated hereby and thereby do not and will not (i)&nbsp;conflict with or violate any provision of the Company&rsquo;s or any Subsidiary&rsquo;s
memorandum of association, articles of association, certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws, operating agreement, or other organizational
or charter documents, or (ii)&nbsp;conflict with, or constitute a default (or an event that with notice or lapse of time or both would
become a default) under, result in the creation of any Lien upon any of the properties or assets of the Company or any Subsidiary, or
give to others any rights of termination, amendment, anti-dilution or similar adjustments acceleration or cancellation (with or without
notice, lapse of time or both) of, any agreement, credit facility, debt or other instrument (evidencing a Company or Subsidiary debt or
otherwise) or other understanding to which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or by which any property or asset of the Company or
any Subsidiary is bound or affected, or (iii)&nbsp;subject to the Required Approvals, conflict with or result in a violation of any law,
rule, regulation, order, judgment, injunction, decree or other restriction of any court or governmental authority to which the Company
or a Subsidiary is subject (including federal and state securities laws and regulations), or by which any property or asset of the Company
or a Subsidiary is bound or affected; except in the case of each of clauses (ii)&nbsp;and (iii), such as could not have or reasonably
be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(e)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Filings, Consents and Approvals</u>. The Company is not required to obtain any consent, waiver, authorization
or order of, give any notice to, or make any filing or registration with, any court or other federal, state, local or other governmental
authority or other Person in connection with the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of the Transaction Documents, other
than: (i)&nbsp;the filings required pursuant to Section&nbsp;4.4 of this Agreement, (ii)&nbsp;the filing with the Commission of the Prospectus,
(iii)&nbsp;notices and/or application(s)&nbsp;to and approvals by each applicable Trading Market for the listing of the applicable Securities
for trading thereon in the time and manner required thereby, and (iv)&nbsp;filings required by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
(&ldquo;<u>FINRA</u>&rdquo;) (collectively, the &ldquo;<u>Required Approvals</u>&rdquo;).</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(f)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Issuance of the Securities; Registration</u>. The Shares and Warrant Shares are duly authorized and,
when issued and paid for in accordance with the applicable Transaction Documents, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable,
free and clear of all Liens imposed by the Company. The Warrants are duly authorized and binding obligations of the Company under the
law of the jurisdiction governing the Warrants, and, when issued in accordance with this Agreement, will be duly and validly issued, and
free and clear of all Liens imposed by the Company. The Company has reserved from its duly authorized share capital the maximum number
of shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant to this Agreement and the Warrants. The Company has prepared and filed the Registration Statement
in conformity with the requirements of the Securities Act, which became effective on May&nbsp;[7], 2025, including the Prospectus, and
such amendments and supplements thereto as may have been required to the date of this Agreement. The Registration Statement is effective
under the Securities Act and no stop order preventing or suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or suspending or preventing
the use of the Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus has been issued by the Commission and no proceedings for that purpose have been
instituted or, to the knowledge of the Company, are threatened by the Commission. The Company, if required by the rules&nbsp;and regulations
of the Commission, shall file the Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b). At the time
the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto became effective as determined under the Securities Act, at the date of this Agreement
and at the Closing Date, the Registration Statement and any amendments thereto conformed and will conform in all material respects to
the requirements of the Securities Act and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material
fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading; and the Prospectus and any amendments or
supplements thereto, at the time the Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto was issued and at the
Closing Date, conformed and will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Securities Act and did not and will not contain
an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light
of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(g)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Capitalization</u>. The capitalization of the Company as of the date hereof is as set forth in the
General Disclosure Package, and includes the number of shares of Common Stock owned beneficially, and of record, by Affiliates of the
Company as of the date hereof. The Company has not issued any capital stock since its most recently filed report under the Exchange Act,
other than pursuant to the exercise of employee stock options under the Company&rsquo;s stock option plans, the issuance of shares of
Common Stock to employees pursuant to the Company&rsquo;s employee stock purchase plans and pursuant to the conversion and/or exercise
of Common Stock Equivalents outstanding as of the date of the most recently filed report under the Exchange Act. No Person has any right
of first refusal, preemptive right, right of participation, or any similar right to participate in the transactions contemplated by the
Transaction Documents. As a result of the purchase and sale of the Securities, there are no outstanding options, warrants, scrip rights
to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or securities, rights or obligations convertible into or
exercisable or exchangeable for, or giving any Person any right to subscribe for or acquire, any shares of Common Stock, or contracts,
commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to issue additional shares of
Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents. The issuance and sale of the Securities will not result in a right of any holder of Company
securities to adjust the exercise, conversion, exchange or reset price under any of such securities. There are no outstanding securities
or instruments of the Company or any Subsidiary with any provision that adjusts the exercise, conversion, exchange or reset price of such
security or instrument upon an issuance of securities by the Company or any Subsidiary. There are no outstanding securities or instruments
of the Company or any Subsidiary that contain any redemption or similar provisions, and there are no contracts, commitments, understandings
or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may become bound to redeem a security of the Company or such Subsidiary.
The Company does not have any share appreciation rights or &ldquo;phantom share&rdquo; plans or agreements or any similar plan or agreement.
All of the outstanding shares of the Company are duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable, have been issued in compliance
with all federal and state securities laws where applicable, and none of such outstanding shares was issued in violation of any preemptive
rights or similar rights to subscribe for or purchase securities. Except for the Required Approvals, no further approval or authorization
of any stockholder, the Board of Directors, or others is required for the issuance and sale of the Securities. There are no stockholders
agreements, voting agreements or other similar agreements with respect to the Company&rsquo;s share capital to which the Company is a
party or, to the knowledge of the Company, between or among any of the Company&rsquo;s stockholders.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(h)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>SEC Reports; Financial Statements</u>. The Company has filed all reports, schedules, forms, statements
and other documents required to be filed by the Company under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, including pursuant to Section&nbsp;13(a)&nbsp;or
15(d)&nbsp;thereof, for the one year preceding the date hereof (or such shorter period as the Company was required by law or regulation
to file such materials) (the foregoing materials, including the exhibits thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein, together
with the Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus, being collectively referred to herein as the &ldquo;<u>SEC Reports</u>&rdquo;) As
of their respective dates, the SEC Reports complied in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange
Act, as applicable, and none of the SEC Reports, when filed, contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material
fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which
they were made, not misleading. The financial statements of the Company included in the SEC Reports comply in all material respects with
applicable accounting requirements and the rules&nbsp;and regulations of the Commission with respect thereto as in effect at the time
of filing. Such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, except as may be otherwise specified in such financial
statements or the notes thereto and except that unaudited financial statements may not contain all footnotes required by GAAP, and fairly
present in all material respects the financial position of the Company and its consolidated Subsidiaries as of and for the dates thereof
and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods then ended, subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal, immaterial,
year-end audit adjustments.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(i)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Material Changes; Undisclosed Events, Liabilities or Developments</u>. Since the date of the latest
financial statements filed by the Company with the SEC and other than the reverse stock split effected August&nbsp;26, 2024, (i)&nbsp;there
has been no event, occurrence or development that has had or that could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect,
(ii)&nbsp;the Company has not incurred any liabilities (contingent or otherwise) other than (A)&nbsp;trade payables and accrued expenses
incurred in the ordinary course of business consistent with past practice and strategic acquisitions and (B)&nbsp;liabilities not required
to be reflected in the Company&rsquo;s financial statements pursuant to GAAP or disclosed in filings made with the Commission, (iii)&nbsp;the
Company has not altered its method of accounting, (iv)&nbsp;the Company has not declared or made any dividend or distribution of cash
or other property to its stockholders or purchased, redeemed or made any agreements to purchase or redeem any of its shares and (v)&nbsp;the
Company has not issued any equity securities to any officer, director or Affiliate, except pursuant to existing Company equity incentive
plans. The Company does not have pending before the Commission any request for confidential treatment of information. Except for the issuance
of the Securities contemplated by this Agreement, no event, liability, fact, circumstance, occurrence or development has occurred or exists
or is reasonably expected to occur or exist with respect to the Company or its Subsidiaries or their respective businesses, prospects,
properties, operations, assets or financial condition that would be required to be disclosed by the Company under applicable securities
laws at the time this representation is made or deemed made that has not been publicly disclosed at least one (1)&nbsp;Trading Day prior
to the date that this representation is made.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(j)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Litigation</u>. There is no action, suit, inquiry, notice of violation, proceeding or investigation
pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened against or affecting the Company, any Subsidiary or any of their respective properties
before or by any court, arbitrator, governmental or administrative agency or regulatory authority (federal, state, county, local or foreign)
(collectively, an &ldquo;<u>Action</u>&rdquo;) except as disclosed in the General Disclosure Package. None of the Actions disclosed in
the General Disclosure Package (i)&nbsp;adversely affects or challenges the legality, validity or enforceability of any of the Transaction
Documents, the Shares or the Warrant Shares, or (ii)&nbsp;could, if there were an unfavorable decision, have or reasonably be expected
to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor any director or officer thereof, is or has been the
subject of any Action involving a claim of violation of or liability under federal or state securities laws or a claim of breach of fiduciary
duty, which could result in a Material Adverse Effect. There has not been, and to the knowledge of the Company, there is not pending or
contemplated, any investigation by the Commission involving the Company or any current or former director or officer of the Company. The
Commission has not issued any stop order or other order suspending the effectiveness of any registration statement filed by the Company
or any Subsidiary under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(k)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Labor Relations</u>. No labor dispute exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is imminent with
respect to any of the employees of the Company, which could reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. None of the
Company&rsquo;s or its Subsidiaries&rsquo; employees is a member of a union that relates to such employee&rsquo;s relationship with the
Company or such Subsidiary, and neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is a party to a collective bargaining agreement, and the
Company and its Subsidiaries believe that their relationships with their employees are good. To the knowledge of the Company, no executive
officer of the Company or any Subsidiary, is, or is now expected to be, in violation of any material term of any employment contract,
confidentiality, disclosure or proprietary information agreement or non-competition agreement, or any other contract or agreement or any
restrictive covenant in favor of any third party, and the continued employment of each such executive officer does not subject the Company
or any of its Subsidiaries to any liability with respect to any of the foregoing matters. The Company and its Subsidiaries are in compliance
with all applicable U.S. federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations relating to employment and employment practices, terms
and conditions of employment and wages and hours, except where the failure to be in compliance could not, individually or in the aggregate,
reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(l)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Compliance</u>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary: (i)&nbsp;is in default under or in violation
of (and no event has occurred that has not been waived that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would result in a default by the Company
or any Subsidiary under), nor has the Company or any Subsidiary received notice of a claim that it is in default under or that it is in
violation of, any indenture, loan or credit agreement or any other agreement or instrument to which it is a party or by which it or any
of its properties is bound (whether or not such default or violation has been waived), (ii)&nbsp;is in violation of any judgment, decree
or order of any court, arbitrator or other governmental authority or (iii)&nbsp;is or has been in violation of any statute, rule, ordinance
or regulation of any governmental authority, including without limitation all foreign, federal, state and local laws relating to taxes,
environmental protection, occupational health and safety, product quality and safety and employment and labor matters, except in each
case of (i), (ii)&nbsp;and (iii)&nbsp;as could not have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(m)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Environmental Laws</u>. The Company and its Subsidiaries (i)&nbsp;are in compliance with all federal,
state, local and foreign laws relating to pollution or protection of human health or the environment (including ambient air, surface water,
groundwater, land surface or subsurface strata), including laws relating to emissions, discharges, releases or threatened releases of
chemicals, pollutants, contaminants, or toxic or hazardous substances or wastes (collectively, &ldquo;<u>Hazardous Materials</u>&rdquo;)
into the environment, or otherwise relating to the manufacture, processing, distribution, use, treatment, storage, disposal, transport
or handling of Hazardous Materials, as well as all authorizations, codes, decrees, demands, or demand letters, injunctions, judgments,
licenses, notices or notice letters, orders, permits, plans or regulations, issued, entered, promulgated or approved thereunder (&ldquo;<u>Environmental
Laws</u>&rdquo;); (ii)&nbsp;have received all permits licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws
to conduct their respective businesses; and (iii)&nbsp;are in compliance with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or
approval where in each clause (i), (ii)&nbsp;and (iii), the failure to so comply could be reasonably expected to have, individually or
in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(n)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Regulatory Permits</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries possess all certificates, authorizations and
permits issued by the appropriate federal, state, local or foreign regulatory authorities necessary to conduct their respective businesses
as described in the General Disclosure Package, except where the failure to possess such certificates, authorizations or permits could
not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect (&ldquo;<u>Material Permits</u>&rdquo;), and neither the Company nor
any Subsidiary has received any notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any Material Permit.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(o)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Title to Assets</u>. Except as disclosed <u>in the General Disclosure Package</u>, the Company and
the Subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to all real property owned by them and good and marketable title in all
personal property owned by them that is material to the business of the Company and the Subsidiaries, in each case free and clear of all
Liens, except for (i)&nbsp;Liens as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not materially interfere with the use made
and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and the Subsidiaries and (ii)&nbsp;Liens for the payment of federal, state or
other taxes, for which appropriate reserves have been made therefor in accordance with GAAP and, the payment of which is neither delinquent
nor subject to penalties. Any real property and facilities held under lease by the Company and the Subsidiaries are held by them under
valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with which the Company and the Subsidiaries are in compliance in all material respects.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(p)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Intellectual Property</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries have, or have rights to use, all patents,
patent applications, trademarks, trademark applications, service marks, trade names, trade secrets, inventions, copyrights, licenses and
other intellectual property rights and similar rights necessary or required for use in connection with their respective businesses as
described in the General Disclosure Package, and which the failure to so have could have a Material Adverse Effect (collectively, the
&ldquo;<u>Intellectual Property Rights</u>&rdquo;). None of, and neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received a notice (written
or otherwise) that any of, the Intellectual Property Rights has expired, terminated or been abandoned, or is expected to expire or terminate
or be abandoned, within two (2)&nbsp;years from the date of this Agreement except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material
Adverse Effect. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received, since the date of the latest audited financial statements included
within the General Disclosure Package, a written notice of a claim or otherwise has any knowledge that the Intellectual Property Rights
violate or infringe upon the rights of any Person, except as could not have or reasonably be expected to not have a Material Adverse Effect.
To the actual knowledge of the Company, all such Intellectual Property Rights are enforceable and there is no existing infringement by
another Person of any of the Intellectual Property Rights. The Company and its Subsidiaries have taken reasonable security measures to
protect the secrecy, confidentiality and value of all of their intellectual properties, except where failure to do so could not, individually
or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(q)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Insurance</u>. The Company and the Subsidiaries are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility
against such losses and risks and in such amounts as are prudent and customary in the businesses in which the Company and the Subsidiaries
are engaged, including, but not limited to, directors and officers insurance coverage in an amount deemed commercially reasonable. Neither
the Company nor any Subsidiary has any reason to believe that it will not be able to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when
such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business without a significant
increase in cost.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(r)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Transactions with Affiliates and Employees</u>. Except as set forth in the General Disclosure Package,
none of the officers or directors of the Company or any Subsidiary and, to the knowledge of the Company, none of the employees of the
Company or any Subsidiary is presently a party to any transaction with the Company or any Subsidiary (other than for services as employees,
officers and directors), including any contract, agreement or other arrangement providing for the furnishing of services to or by, providing
for rental of real or personal property to or from, providing for the borrowing of money from or lending of money to or otherwise requiring
payments to or from any officer, director or such employee or, to the knowledge of the Company, any entity in which any officer, director,
or any such employee has a substantial interest or is an officer, director, trustee, shareholder, member or partner, in each case in excess
of $120,000 other than for (i)&nbsp;payment of salary or consulting fees for services rendered, (ii)&nbsp;reimbursement for expenses incurred
on behalf of the Company or a Subsidiary and (iii)&nbsp;other employee benefits, including share option agreements under any share option
plan of the Company.</td></tr></table>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(s)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Sarbanes-Oxley; Internal Accounting Controls</u>. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, the Company
and the Subsidiaries are in material compliance with any and all applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 that are effective
as of the date hereof, and any and all applicable rules&nbsp;and regulations promulgated by the Commission thereunder that are effective
as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date. Except as set forth in the SEC Reports, the Company and the Subsidiaries maintain a
system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurance that: (i)&nbsp;transactions are executed in accordance
with management&rsquo;s general or specific authorizations, (ii)&nbsp;transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of
financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain asset accountability, (iii)&nbsp;access to assets is permitted only in accordance
with management&rsquo;s general or specific authorization, and (iv)&nbsp;the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing
assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. The Company and the Subsidiaries have
established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules&nbsp;13a-15(e)&nbsp;and 15d-15(e)) for the Company and
the Subsidiaries and designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company
in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified
in the Commission&rsquo;s rules&nbsp;and forms. The Company&rsquo;s certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the disclosure
controls and procedures of the Company and the Subsidiaries as of the end of the period covered by the most recently filed Form&nbsp;10-Q
under the Exchange Act (such date, the &ldquo;<u>Evaluation Date</u>&rdquo;). The Company presented in its most recently filed Form&nbsp;10-Q
under the Exchange Act the conclusions of the certifying officers about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based
on their evaluations as of the Evaluation Date. Since the Evaluation Date, there have been no changes in the internal control over financial
reporting (as such term is defined in the Exchange Act) that have materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the
internal control over financial reporting of the Company and its Subsidiaries.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(t)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Certain Fees</u>. Except for fees payable to the Placement Agent, no brokerage or finder&rsquo;s fees
or commissions are or will be payable by the Company or any Subsidiary to any broker, financial advisor or consultant, finder, placement
agent, investment banker, bank or other Person with respect to the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents (for the avoidance
of doubt, the foregoing shall not include any fees and/or commissions owed to the Depositary). Other than for Persons engaged by any Purchaser,
if any, the Purchasers shall have no obligation with respect to any fees or with respect to any claims made by or on behalf of other Persons
for fees of a type contemplated in this Section&nbsp;that may be due in connection with the transactions contemplated by the Transaction
Documents.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(u)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Investment Company</u>. The Company is not, and is not an Affiliate of, and immediately after receipt
of payment for the Securities, will not be or be an Affiliate of, an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo; within the meaning of the Investment
Company Act of 1940, as amended. The Company shall conduct its business in a manner so that it will not become an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo;
subject to registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(v)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Registration Rights</u>. No Person has any right to cause the Company to effect the registration under
the Securities Act of any securities of the Company or any Subsidiary.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(w)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Listing and Maintenance Requirements</u>. The shares of Common Stock are registered pursuant to Section&nbsp;12(b)&nbsp;or
12(g)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act, and the Company has taken no action designed to, or which to its knowledge is likely to have the effect
of, terminating the registration of the Common Stock under the Exchange Act nor has the Company received any notification that the Commission
is contemplating terminating such registration. Except as disclosed in the General Disclosure Package, the Company has not, in the 12
months preceding the date hereof, received notice from any Trading Market on which the Common Stock are or have been listed or quoted
to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements of such Trading Market. The shares of
Common Stock are currently eligible for electronic transfer through The Depository Trust Company or another established clearing corporation
and the Company is current in payment of the fees to The Depository Trust Company (or such other established clearing corporation) in
connection with such electronic transfer.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(x)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Application of Takeover Protections</u>. The Company and the Board of Directors have taken all necessary
action, if any, in order to render inapplicable any control share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution
under a rights agreement) or other similar anti-takeover provision under the Company&rsquo;s articles of incorporation or the laws of
its state of incorporation that is or could become applicable to the Purchasers as a result of the Purchasers and the Company fulfilling
their obligations or exercising their rights under the Transaction Documents, including without limitation as a result of the Company&rsquo;s
issuance of the Securities and the Purchasers&rsquo; ownership of the Securities.</td></tr></table>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(y)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Disclosure</u>. Except with respect to the material terms and conditions of the transactions contemplated
by the Transaction Documents, the Company confirms that it has not provided any of the Purchasers or their agents or counsel with any
information that it believes constitutes or might constitute material, non-public information which is not otherwise disclosed in the
Prospectus. The Company understands and confirms that the Purchasers will rely on the foregoing representation in effecting transactions
in securities of the Company. All of the disclosure furnished by or on behalf of the Company to the Purchasers regarding the Company and
its Subsidiaries, their respective businesses and the transactions contemplated hereby, including the Disclosure Schedules to this Agreement,
is true and correct in all material respects and does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material
fact necessary in order to make the statements made therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.
The press releases disseminated by the Company during the twelve months preceding the date of this Agreement taken as a whole do not contain
any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the
statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made and when made, not misleading. The Company acknowledges
and believes, to its best knowledge, that no Purchaser makes or has made any representations or warranties with respect to the transactions
contemplated hereby other than those specifically set forth in Section&nbsp;3.2 hereof.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(z)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>No Integrated Offering</u>. Assuming the accuracy of the Purchasers&rsquo; representations and warranties
set forth in Section&nbsp;3.2, neither the Company, nor any of its Affiliates, nor any Person acting on its or their behalf has, directly
or indirectly, made any offers or sales of any security or solicited any offers to buy any security, under circumstances that would cause
this offering of the Securities to be integrated with prior offerings by the Company for purposes of any applicable stockholder approval
provisions of any Trading Market on which any of the securities of the Company are listed or designated.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(aa)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Solvency</u>. Except as disclosed in the General Disclosure Package, based on the consolidated financial
condition of the Company as of the Closing Date, after giving effect to the receipt by the Company of the proceeds from the sale of the
Securities hereunder, (i)&nbsp;the fair saleable value of the Company&rsquo;s assets exceeds the amount that will be required to be paid
on or in respect of the Company&rsquo;s existing debts and other liabilities (including known contingent liabilities) as they mature,
(ii)&nbsp;the Company&rsquo;s assets do not constitute unreasonably small capital to carry on its business as now conducted and as proposed
to be conducted including its capital needs taking into account the particular capital requirements of the business conducted by the Company,
consolidated and projected capital requirements and capital availability thereof, and (iii)&nbsp;the current cash flow of the Company,
together with the proceeds the Company would receive, were it to liquidate all of its assets, after taking into account all anticipated
uses of the cash, would be sufficient to pay all amounts on or in respect of its liabilities when such amounts are required to be paid.
The Company does not intend to incur debts beyond its ability to pay such debts as they mature (taking into account the timing and amounts
of cash to be payable on or in respect of its debt). The Company has no knowledge of any facts or circumstances which lead it to believe
that it will file for reorganization or liquidation under the bankruptcy or reorganization laws of any jurisdiction within one year from
the Closing Date. Schedule 3.1(aa) sets forth as of the date hereof all outstanding secured and unsecured Indebtedness of the Company
or any Subsidiary, or for which the Company or any Subsidiary has commitments. For the purposes of this Agreement, &ldquo;Indebtedness&rdquo;
means (x)&nbsp;any liabilities for borrowed money or amounts owed in excess of $50,000 (other than trade accounts payable incurred in
the ordinary course of business), (y)&nbsp;all guaranties, endorsements and other contingent obligations in respect of indebtedness of
others, whether or not the same are or should be reflected in the Company&rsquo;s consolidated balance sheet (or the notes thereto), except
guaranties by endorsement of negotiable instruments for deposit or collection or similar transactions in the ordinary course of business;
and (z)&nbsp;the present value of any lease payments in excess of $50,000 due under leases required to be capitalized in accordance with
GAAP. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary is in default with respect to any Indebtedness.</td></tr></table>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(bb)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Tax Compliance</u>. Except for matters that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably
be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, the Company and its Subsidiaries each (i)&nbsp;has made or filed all federal, state
and local income and all foreign tax returns, reports and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject, (ii)&nbsp;has
paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges, fines or penalties that are material in amount, shown or determined to
be due on such returns, reports and declarations and (iii)&nbsp;has set aside on its financial statements provision reasonably adequate
for the payment of all material tax liability of which has not been finally determined and all material taxes for periods subsequent to
the periods to which such returns, reports or declarations apply. There are no unpaid taxes in any material amount claimed to be due by
the taxing authority of any jurisdiction, and the officers of the Company or of any Subsidiary know of no basis for any such claim.</td></tr></table>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(cc)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Foreign Corrupt Practices</u>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary, nor to the knowledge of the
Company or any Subsidiary, any agent or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any Subsidiary, has (i)&nbsp;directly or indirectly,
used any funds for unlawful contributions, gifts, entertainment or other unlawful expenses related to foreign or domestic political activity,
(ii)&nbsp;made any unlawful payment to foreign or domestic government officials or employees or to any foreign or domestic political parties
or campaigns from corporate funds, (iii)&nbsp;failed to disclose fully any contribution made by the Company or any Subsidiary (or made
by any person acting on its behalf of which the Company is aware) which is in violation of law, or (iv)&nbsp;violated in any material
respect any provision of FCPA.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(dd)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Accountants</u>. The Company&rsquo;s independent registered public accounting firm is as set forth
in the Prospectus. To the knowledge and belief of the Company, such accounting firm (i)&nbsp;is a registered public accounting firm as
required by the Exchange Act and (ii)&nbsp;shall express its opinion with respect to the financial statements to be included in the Company&rsquo;s
Annual Report for the fiscal year ending December&nbsp;31, 2023.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(ee)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Acknowledgment Regarding Purchasers&rsquo; Purchase of Securities</u>. The Company acknowledges and
agrees that each of the Purchasers is acting solely in the capacity of an arm&rsquo;s length purchaser with respect to the Transaction
Documents and the transactions contemplated thereby. The Company further acknowledges that no Purchaser is acting as a financial advisor
or fiduciary of the Company (or in any similar capacity) with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated thereby
and any advice given by any Purchaser or any of their respective representatives or agents in connection with the Transaction Documents
and the transactions contemplated thereby is merely incidental to the Purchasers&rsquo; purchase of the Securities. The Company further
represents to each Purchaser that the Company&rsquo;s decision to enter into this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents has been
based solely on the independent evaluation of the transactions contemplated hereby by the Company and its representatives.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(ff)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Acknowledgment Regarding Purchaser&rsquo;s Trading Activity</u>. Anything in this Agreement or elsewhere
herein to the contrary notwithstanding (except for 4.12 hereof), it is understood and acknowledged by the Company that: (i)&nbsp;none
of the Purchasers has been asked by the Company to agree, nor has any Purchaser agreed, to desist from purchasing or selling, long and/or
short, securities of the Company, or &ldquo;derivative&rdquo; securities based on securities issued by the Company or to hold the Securities
for any specified term; (ii)&nbsp;past or future open market or other transactions by any Purchaser, specifically including, without limitation,
Short Sales or &ldquo;derivative&rdquo; transactions, before or after the closing of this or future private placement transactions, may
negatively impact the market price of the Company&rsquo;s publicly-traded securities; (iii)&nbsp;any Purchaser, and counter-parties in
&ldquo;derivative&rdquo; transactions to which any such Purchaser is a party, directly or indirectly, presently may have a &ldquo;short&rdquo;
position in the shares of Common Stock, and (iv)&nbsp;each Purchaser shall not be deemed to have any affiliation with or control over
any arm&rsquo;s length counter-party in any &ldquo;derivative&rdquo; transaction. The Company further understands and acknowledges that
(y)&nbsp;one or more Purchasers may engage in hedging activities at various times during the period that the Securities are outstanding,
and (z)&nbsp;such hedging activities (if any) could reduce the value of the existing stockholders&rsquo; equity interests in the Company
at and after the time that the hedging activities are being conducted. The Company acknowledges that such aforementioned hedging activities
do not constitute a breach of any of the Transaction Documents.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(gg)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Regulation M Compliance</u>. The Company has not, and to its knowledge no one acting on its behalf
has, (i)&nbsp;taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to cause or to result in the stabilization or manipulation of the price
of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of any of the shares of Common Stock, (ii)&nbsp;sold, bid for, purchased,
or, paid any compensation for soliciting purchases of, any of the shares of Common Stock, or (iii)&nbsp;paid or agreed to pay to any Person
any compensation for soliciting another to purchase any other securities of the Company, other than, in the case of clauses (ii)&nbsp;and
(iii), compensation paid to the Placement Agent in connection with the placement of the shares of Common Stock.</td></tr></table>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</p></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(hh)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Stock Option Plans</u>. Each stock option granted by the Company under the Company&rsquo;s stock incentive
plans was granted (i)&nbsp;in accordance with the terms of such plan and (ii)&nbsp;with an exercise price at least equal to the fair market
value of the Common Stock on the date such stock option would be considered granted under GAAP and applicable law. No stock option granted
under the Company&rsquo;s stock option plan has been backdated.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(ii)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Cybersecurity</u>. Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect,
(i)&nbsp;the Company and the Subsidiaries are presently in compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders,
rules&nbsp;and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, internal policies and contractual obligations
relating to the privacy and security of the Company&rsquo;s or any Subsidiary&rsquo;s information technology and computer systems, networks,
hardware, software, data (including the data of its respective customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained
by or on behalf of it), equipment or technology (collectively, &ldquo;<u>IT Systems and Data</u>&rdquo;) and to the protection of such
IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification; (ii)&nbsp;the Company and the Subsidiaries have implemented
and maintained commercially reasonable safeguards to maintain and protect its material confidential information and the integrity, continuous
operation, redundancy and security of all IT Systems and Data; and (iii)&nbsp;the Company and the Subsidiaries have implemented backup
and disaster recovery technology consistent with commercially reasonable industry standards and practices.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(jj)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>FDA</u>. As to each product subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (&ldquo;<u>FDA</u>&rdquo;)
under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, as amended, and the regulations thereunder (&ldquo;FDCA&rdquo;) that is manufactured, packaged,
labeled, tested, distributed, sold, and/or marketed by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (each such product, a &ldquo;<u>Pharmaceutical
Product</u>&rdquo;), such Pharmaceutical Product is being manufactured, packaged, labeled, tested, distributed, sold and/or marketed by
the Company in compliance with all applicable requirements under FDCA and similar laws, rules&nbsp;and regulations relating to registration,
investigational use, premarket clearance, licensure, or application approval, good manufacturing practices, good laboratory practices,
good clinical practices, product listing, quotas, labeling, advertising, record keeping and filing of reports, except where the failure
to be in compliance would not have a Material Adverse Effect. There is no pending, completed or, to the Company's knowledge, threatened,
action (including any lawsuit, arbitration, or legal or administrative or regulatory proceeding, charge, complaint, or investigation)
against the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, and none of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries has received any notice, warning letter
or other communication from the FDA or any other governmental entity, which (i)&nbsp;contests the premarket clearance, licensure, registration,
or approval of, the uses of, the distribution of, the manufacturing or packaging of, the testing of, the sale of, or the labeling and
promotion of any Pharmaceutical Product, (ii)&nbsp;withdraws its approval of, requests the recall, suspension, or seizure of, or withdraws
or orders the withdrawal of advertising or sales promotional materials relating to, any Pharmaceutical Product, (iii)&nbsp;imposes a clinical
hold on any clinical investigation by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (iv)&nbsp;enjoins production at any facility of the Company
or any of its Subsidiaries, (v)&nbsp;enters or proposes to enter into a consent decree of permanent injunction with the Company or any
of its Subsidiaries, or (vi)&nbsp;otherwise alleges any violation of any laws, rules&nbsp;or regulations by the Company or any of its
Subsidiaries, and which, either individually or in the aggregate, would have a Material Adverse Effect. The properties, business and operations
of the Company have been and are being conducted in all material respects in accordance with all applicable laws, rules&nbsp;and regulations
of the FDA. The Company has not been informed by the FDA that the FDA will prohibit the marketing, sale, license or use in the United
States of any product proposed to be developed, produced or marketed by the Company nor has the FDA expressed any concern as to approving
or clearing for marketing any product being developed or proposed to be developed by the Company.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(kk)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Office of Foreign Assets Control</u>. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary nor, to the Company&rsquo;s
knowledge, any director, officer, agent, employee or affiliate of the Company or any Subsidiary is currently subject to any U.S. sanctions
administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Treasury Department (&ldquo;<u>OFAC</u>&rdquo;).</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</p></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(ll)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Money Laundering</u>. The operations of the Company and its Subsidiaries are and have been conducted
at all times in compliance with applicable financial record-keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions
Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, applicable money laundering statutes and applicable rules&nbsp;and regulations thereunder (collectively,
the &ldquo;<u>Money Laundering Laws</u>&rdquo;), and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority
or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any Subsidiary with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge
of the Company or any Subsidiary, threatened.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">3.2 <u>Representations and Warranties of the Purchasers</u>.
Each Purchaser, for itself and for no other Purchaser, hereby represents and warrants as of the date hereof and as of the Closing Date
to the Company as follows (unless as of a specific date therein, in which case they shall be accurate as of such date):</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(a)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Organization; Authority</u>. Such Purchaser is either an individual or an entity duly incorporated
or formed, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its incorporation or formation with full right,
corporate, partnership limited liability company or similar power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions contemplated
by the Transaction Documents and otherwise to carry out its obligations hereunder and thereunder. The execution and delivery of the Transaction
Documents and performance by such Purchaser of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents have been duly authorized by
all necessary corporate, partnership, limited liability company or similar action, as applicable, on the part of such Purchaser. Each
Transaction Document to which it is a party has been duly executed by such Purchaser, and when delivered by such Purchaser in accordance
with the terms hereof, will constitute the valid and legally binding obligation of such Purchaser, enforceable against it in accordance
with its terms, except: (i)&nbsp;as limited by general equitable principles and applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium
and other laws of general application affecting enforcement of creditors&rsquo; rights generally, (ii)&nbsp;as limited by laws relating
to the availability of specific performance, injunctive relief or other equitable remedies and (iii)&nbsp;insofar as indemnification and
contribution provisions may be limited by applicable law.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(b)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Understandings or Arrangements</u>. Such Purchaser is acquiring the Securities as principal for its
own account and has no direct or indirect arrangement or understandings with any other persons to distribute or regarding the distribution
of such Securities (this representation and warranty not limiting such Purchaser&rsquo;s right to sell the Securities pursuant to the
Registration Statement or otherwise in compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws).</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(c)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Experience of Such Purchaser</u>. Such Purchaser, either alone or together with its representatives,
has such knowledge, sophistication and experience in business and financial matters so as to be capable of evaluating the merits and risks
of the prospective investment in the Securities, and has so evaluated the merits and risks of such investment. Such Purchaser is able
to bear the economic risk of an investment in the Securities and, at the present time, is able to afford a complete loss of such investment.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(d)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Certain Transactions and Confidentiality</u>. Other than consummating the transactions contemplated
hereunder, such Purchaser has not, nor has any Person acting on behalf of or pursuant to any understanding with such Purchaser, directly
or indirectly executed any purchases or sales, including Short Sales, of the securities of the Company during the period commencing as
of the time that such Purchaser first received a term sheet (written or oral) from the Company or any other Person representing the Company
setting forth the material terms, which terms include definitive pricing terms, of the transactions contemplated hereunder and ending
immediately prior to the execution hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the case of a Purchaser that is a multi-managed investment
vehicle whereby separate portfolio managers manage separate portions of such Purchaser&rsquo;s assets and the portfolio managers have
no direct knowledge of the investment decisions made by the portfolio managers managing other portions of such Purchaser&rsquo;s assets,
the representation set forth above shall only apply with respect to the portion of assets managed by the portfolio manager that made the
investment decision to purchase the Securities covered by this Agreement. Other than to other Persons party to this Agreement or to such
Purchaser&rsquo;s representatives, including, without limitation, its officers, directors, partners, legal and other advisors, employees,
agents and Affiliates, such Purchaser has maintained the confidentiality of all disclosures made to it in connection with this transaction
(including the existence and terms of this transaction). Notwithstanding the foregoing, for the avoidance of doubt, nothing contained
herein shall constitute a representation or warranty, or preclude any actions, with respect to locating or borrowing shares order to effect
Short Sales or similar transactions in the future.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(e)</td><td style="text-align: justify"><u>Independent Advice</u>. Each Purchaser understands that nothing in this Agreement or any other materials
presented by or on behalf of the Company to the Purchaser in connection with the purchase of the Securities constitutes legal, tax or
investment advice.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company acknowledges and
agrees that the representations contained in this Section&nbsp;3.2 shall not modify, amend or affect such Purchaser&rsquo;s right to rely
on the Company&rsquo;s representations and warranties contained in this Agreement or any representations and warranties contained in any
other Transaction Document or any other document or instrument executed and/or delivered in connection with this Agreement or the consummation
of the transactions contemplated hereby. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for the avoidance of doubt, nothing contained herein shall constitute
a representation or warranty, or preclude any actions, except as set forth in this Agreement, with respect to locating or borrowing shares
in order to effect Short Sales or similar transactions in the future.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Section&nbsp;4.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>OTHER AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.1 <u>Legends</u>. The shares of Common Stock
and the Warrant Shares shall be issued free of legends. If at any time following the date hereof the Registration Statement is not effective
or is not otherwise available for the sale of the shares of Common Stock, the Warrants or the Warrant Shares, the Company shall immediately
notify the holders of the Warrants in writing that such registration statement is not then effective and thereafter shall promptly notify
such holders when the registration statement is effective again and available for the sale of the Shares, the Warrants or the Warrant
Shares (it being understood and agreed that the foregoing shall not limit the ability of the Company to issue, or any Purchaser to sell,
any of the Shares, the Warrants or the Warrant Shares in compliance with applicable federal and state securities laws). The Company shall
use commercially reasonable best efforts to keep a registration statement (including the Registration Statement) registering the issuance
of the Warrant Shares effective during the term of the Warrants.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.2 <u>Furnishing of Information; Public Information</u>.
Until the earliest of the time that (i)&nbsp;no Purchaser owns Securities, or (ii)&nbsp;the Common Warrants have expired, the Company
covenants to maintain the registration of the Common Stock under Section&nbsp;12(b)&nbsp;or 12(g)&nbsp;of the Exchange Act and to timely
file (or obtain extensions in respect thereof and file within the applicable grace period) all reports required to be filed by the Company
after the date hereof pursuant to the Exchange Act, even if the Company is not then subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange
Act, (in each case on or after the date as of which the Purchasers may sell all of their Securities without restriction or limitation
pursuant to Rule&nbsp;144) except in the event that the Company consummates: (a)&nbsp;any transaction or series of related transactions
as a result of which any Person (together with its Affiliates) acquires then outstanding securities of the Company representing more than
fifty percent (50%) of the voting control of the Company; (b)&nbsp;a merger or reorganization of the Company with one or more other entities
in which the Company is not the surviving entity; or (c)&nbsp;a sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, where the
consummation of such transaction results in the Company no longer being subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.3 <u>Integration</u>. The Company shall not
sell, offer for sale or solicit offers to buy or otherwise negotiate in respect of any security (as defined in Section&nbsp;2 of the Securities
Act) that would be integrated with the offer or sale of the Securities for purposes of the rules&nbsp;and regulations of any Trading Market
such that it would require shareholder approval prior to the closing of such other transaction unless shareholder approval is obtained
before the closing of such subsequent transaction.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.4 <u>Securities Laws Disclosure; Publicity</u>.
The Company shall (a)&nbsp;by the Disclosure Time, issue a press release disclosing the material terms of the transactions contemplated
hereby and other material non-public information delivered to any of the Purchasers by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or any
of their respective officers, directors, employees or agents, and (b)&nbsp;file a Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K, including the Transaction
Documents as exhibits thereto, with the Commission within the time required by the Exchange Act. From and after the issuance of such press
release, the Company represents to the Purchasers that it shall have publicly disclosed all material, non-public information delivered
to any of the Purchasers by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective officers, directors, employees or agents.
In addition, effective upon the issuance of such press release, the Company acknowledges and agrees that any and all confidentiality or
similar obligations under any agreement, whether written or oral, between the Company, any of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective
officers, directors, agents, employees or Affiliates on the one hand, and any of the Purchasers or any of their Affiliates on the other
hand, shall terminate. The Company and each Purchaser shall consult with each other in issuing any other press releases with respect to
the transactions contemplated hereby, and neither the Company nor any Purchaser shall issue any such press release nor otherwise make
any such public statement without the prior consent of the Company, with respect to any press release of any Purchaser, or without the
prior consent of each Purchaser, with respect to any press release of the Company, which consent shall not unreasonably be withheld or
delayed, except if such disclosure is required by law, in which case the disclosing party shall promptly provide the other party with
prior notice of such public statement or communication. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not publicly disclose the name
of any Purchaser, or include the name of any Purchaser in any filing with the Commission or any regulatory agency or Trading Market, without
the prior written consent of such Purchaser, except (a)&nbsp;as required by federal securities law in connection with the filing of final
Transaction Documents with the Commission, and (b)&nbsp;to the extent such disclosure is required by law or Trading Market regulations,
in which case the Company shall provide the Purchasers with prior notice of such disclosure permitted under this clause (b).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.5 <u>Stockholder Rights Plan</u>. No claim will
be made or enforced by the Company or, with the consent of the Company, any other Person, that any Purchaser is an &ldquo;Acquiring Person&rdquo;
under any control share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or similar
anti-takeover plan or arrangement in effect or hereafter adopted by the Company, or that any Purchaser could be deemed to trigger the
provisions of any such plan or arrangement, by virtue of receiving Securities under the Transaction Documents or under any other agreement
between the Company and the Purchasers.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.6 <u>Non-Public Information</u>. Except with
respect to the material terms and conditions of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents, which shall be disclosed pursuant
to Section&nbsp;4.4, the Company covenants and agrees that neither it, nor any other Person acting on its behalf will provide any Purchaser
or its agents or counsel with any information that the Company reasonably believes constitutes material non-public information, unless
prior thereto such Purchaser shall have entered into a written agreement with the Company regarding the confidentiality and use of such
information. The Company understands and confirms that each Purchaser shall be relying on the foregoing covenant in effecting transactions
in securities of the Company. To the extent that the Company delivers any material, non-public information to a Purchaser without such
Purchaser&rsquo;s consent, the Company hereby covenants and agrees that such Purchaser shall not have any duty of confidentiality to the
Company, any of its Subsidiaries, or any of their respective officers, directors, agents, employees or Affiliates, or a duty to the Company,
and of its Subsidiaries or any of their respective officers, directors, agents, employees or Affiliates not to trade on the basis of,
such material, non-public information, provided that the Purchaser shall remain subject to applicable law. To the extent that any notice
provided pursuant to any Transaction Document constitutes, or contains, material, non-public information regarding the Company or any
Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission pursuant to a Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K. The
Company understands and confirms that each Purchaser shall be relying on the foregoing covenant in effecting transactions in securities
of the Company.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.7 <u>Use of Proceeds</u>. Although the Company
intends to use the net proceeds from the sale of the Securities hereunder for general working capital purposes and potential acquisitions],
the Company has discretion in the application of the net proceeds of the Offering.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.8 <u>Indemnification of Purchasers</u>. Subject
to the provisions of this Section&nbsp;4.8, the Company will indemnify and hold each Purchaser and its directors, officers, shareholders,
members, partners, employees and agents (and any other Persons with a functionally equivalent role of a Person holding such titles notwithstanding
a lack of such title or any other title), each Person who controls such Purchaser (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities
Act and Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act), and the directors, officers, shareholders, agents, members, partners or employees (and any
other Persons with a functionally equivalent role of a Person holding such titles notwithstanding a lack of such title or any other title)
of such controlling persons (each, a &ldquo;Purchaser Party&rdquo;) harmless from any and all losses, liabilities, obligations, claims,
contingencies, damages, costs and expenses, including all judgments, amounts paid in settlements, court costs and reasonable attorneys&rsquo;
fees and costs of investigation that any such Purchaser Party may suffer or incur as a result of or relating to (a)&nbsp;any breach of
any of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements made by the Company in this Agreement or in the other Transaction Documents
or (b)&nbsp;any action instituted against the Purchaser Parties in any capacity (including a Purchaser Party&rsquo;s status as an investor),
or any of them or their respective Affiliates, any stockholder of the Company who is not an Affiliate of such Purchaser Party, arising
out of or relating to any of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents (unless such action is based upon a material breach
of such Purchaser Party&rsquo;s representations, warranties, covenants or agreements made by such Purchaser Party in any Transaction Document
or any conduct by a Purchaser Party which is finally judicially determined to constitute fraud, gross negligence or willful misconduct).
If any action shall be brought against any Purchaser Party in respect of which indemnity may be sought pursuant to this Agreement, such
Purchaser Party shall promptly notify counsel of its own choosing reasonably acceptable to the Purchaser Party. Any Purchaser Party shall
have the right to employ separate counsel in any such action and participate in the defense thereof, but the fees and expenses of such
counsel shall be at the expense of such Purchaser Party except to the extent that (i)&nbsp;the employment thereof has been specifically
authorized by the Company in writing, (ii)&nbsp;the Company has failed after a reasonable period of time to assume such defense and to
employ counsel or (iii)&nbsp;in such action there is, in the reasonable opinion of counsel to the applicable Purchaser Party (which may
be internal counsel), a material conflict on any material issue between the position of the Company and the position of such Purchaser
Party, in which case the Company shall be responsible for the reasonable fees and expenses of no more than one such separate counsel.
The Company will not be liable to any Purchaser Party under this Agreement for any settlement by a Purchaser Party effected without the
Company&rsquo;s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld or delayed, or the extent that a loss, claim, damage,
or liability is attributable to any Purchaser Party&rsquo;s breach of any of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements
made by such Purchaser Party in this Agreement or in the other Transaction Documents. The indemnification and other payment obligations
required by this Section&nbsp;4.8 shall be made by periodic payments of the amount thereof during the course of the investigation, defense,
collection, enforcement or action, as and when bills are received or are incurred; provided, that if any Purchaser Party is finally judicially
determined not to be entitled to indemnification or payment under this Section&nbsp;4.8, such Purchaser Party shall promptly reimburse
the Company for any payments that are advanced under this sentence. The indemnity agreements contained herein shall be in addition to
any cause of action or similar right of any Purchaser Party against the Company or others and any liabilities the Company may be subject
to pursuant to law.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.9 <u>Listing of Shares</u>. The Company hereby
agrees to use commercially reasonable best efforts to maintain the listing or quotation of the shares of Common Stock on each Trading
Market on which each is currently listed, and concurrently with the Closing, the Company shall apply to list or quote all of the shares
of Common Stock on such Trading Markets and promptly secure the listing of all of the shares of Common Stock on such Trading Markets.
The Company further agrees, if the Company applies to have the Common Stock traded on any other Trading Market, it will then include in
such application all of the shares of Common Stock and Warrant Shares, and will take such other action as is necessary to cause all of
the shares of Common Stock and Warrant Shares to be listed or quoted on such other Trading Market as promptly as possible. The Company
will then take all action reasonably necessary to continue the listing and trading of the Common Stock on a Trading Market and will comply
in all material respects with the Company&rsquo;s reporting, filing and other obligations under the bylaws or rules&nbsp;of the Trading
Market. The Company agrees to use commercially reasonable efforts to maintain the eligibility of the for electronic transfer through the
Depository Trust Company or another established clearing corporation, including, without limitation, by timely payment of fees to the
Depository Trust Company or such other established clearing corporation in connection with such electronic transfer. Notwithstanding anything
to the contrary contained in this Agreement, none of the foregoing shall apply in the event that the Company consummates (a)&nbsp;any
transaction or series of related transactions as a result of which any Person (together with its Affiliates) acquires then outstanding
securities of the Company representing more than fifty percent (50%) of the voting control of the Company; (b)&nbsp;a merger or reorganization
of the Company with one or more other entities in which the Company is not the surviving entity; or (c)&nbsp;a sale of all or substantially
all of the assets of the Company, where the consummation of such transaction results in the Company no longer being subject to the reporting
requirements of the Exchange Act</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.10 <u>Subsequent Equity Sales</u>.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(a)</td><td style="text-align: justify">From the date hereof until ninety (90) days after the Closing Date, neither the Company nor any Subsidiary
shall (i)&nbsp;issue, enter into any agreement to issue or announce the issuance or proposed issuance of any shares of Common Stock or
Common Stock Equivalents or (ii)&nbsp;file any registration statement or amendment or supplement thereto, other than the Prospectus Supplement
or filing a registration statement on Form&nbsp;S-8 in connection with any employee benefit plan.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(b)</td><td style="text-align: justify">From the date hereof until the six (6)&nbsp;month anniversary of the Closing Date, the Company shall be
prohibited from effecting or entering into an agreement to effect any issuance by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries of shares of
Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents (or a combination of units thereof) involving a Variable Rate Transaction. &ldquo;<u>Variable
Rate Transaction</u>&rdquo; means a transaction in which the Company (i)&nbsp;issues or sells any debt or equity securities that are convertible
into, exchangeable or exercisable for, or include the right to receive additional shares of Common Stock either (A)&nbsp;at a conversion
price, exercise price or exchange rate or other price that is based upon and/or varies with the trading prices of or quotations for the
Common Stock at any time after the initial issuance of such debt or equity securities, or (B)&nbsp;with a conversion, exercise or exchange
price that is subject to being reset at some future date after the initial issuance of such debt or equity security or upon the occurrence
of specified or contingent events directly or indirectly related to the business of the Company or the market for shares of Common Stock
or (ii)&nbsp;enters into, or effects a transaction under, any agreement, including, but not limited to, an equity line of credit or an
&ldquo;at-the-market offering&rdquo;, whereby the Company may issue securities at a future determined price regardless of whether shares
pursuant to such agreement have actually been issued and regardless of whether such agreement is subsequently canceled. Any Purchaser
shall be entitled to obtain injunctive relief against the Company to preclude any such issuance, which remedy shall be in addition to
any right to collect damages.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><tr style="vertical-align: top">
<td style="width: 0.5in"></td><td style="width: 0.25in">(c)</td><td style="text-align: justify">Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Section&nbsp;4.10 shall not apply (1)&nbsp;in respect of an Exempt
Issuance, except that no Variable Rate Transaction shall be an Exempt Issuance (2)&nbsp;following the forty-five (45) day anniversary
of the Closing Date, to the filing of a prospectus supplement with respect to sales under the at-the-market offering in which the Placement
Agent is a sales agent, pursuant to the Amended and Restated At Market Issuance Sales Agreement, dated February&nbsp;9, 2021, between
the Company and the Placement Agent, as amended by Amendment No.&nbsp;1 thereto, dated May&nbsp;3, 2021, and Amendment No.&nbsp;2 thereto,
dated May&nbsp;2, 2024 (the &ldquo;Sales Agreement&rdquo;) and (3)&nbsp;following the seventy-five (75) day anniversary of the Closing
Date, to the sale and issuance of securities in an at-the-market offering pursuant to the Sales Agreement.</td></tr></table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.11 <u>Equal Treatment of Purchasers</u>. No
consideration (including any modification of the Transaction Documents) shall be offered or paid to any Person to amend or consent to
a waiver or modification of any provision of the Transaction Documents unless the same consideration is also offered to all of the parties
to the Transaction Documents. For clarification purposes, this provision constitutes a separate right granted to each Purchaser by the
Company and negotiated separately by each Purchaser, and is intended for the Company to treat the Purchasers as a class and shall not
in any way be construed as the Purchasers acting in concert or as a group with respect to the purchase, disposition or voting of the shares
of Common Stock or otherwise.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.12 <u>Certain Transactions and Confidentiality</u>.
Each Purchaser, severally and not jointly with the other Purchasers, covenants that neither it nor any Affiliate acting on its behalf
or pursuant to any understanding with it will execute any purchases or sales, including Short Sales of any of the Company&rsquo;s securities
during the period commencing with the execution of this Agreement and ending at such time that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement
are first publicly announced pursuant to the initial press release as described in Section&nbsp;4.4. Each Purchaser, severally and not
jointly with the other Purchasers, covenants that until such time as the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are publicly disclosed
by the Company pursuant to the initial press release as described in Section&nbsp;4.4, such Purchaser will maintain the confidentiality
of the existence and terms of this transaction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, and notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement
to the contrary, the Company expressly acknowledges and agrees that (i)&nbsp;no Purchaser makes any representation, warranty or covenant
hereby that it will not engage in effecting transactions in any securities of the Company after the time that the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement are first publicly announced pursuant to the initial press release as described in Section&nbsp;4.4, (ii)&nbsp;no Purchaser
shall be restricted or prohibited from effecting any transactions in any securities of the Company in accordance with applicable securities
laws from and after the time that the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are first publicly announced pursuant to the initial
press release as described in Section&nbsp;4.4 and (iii)&nbsp;no Purchaser shall have any duty of confidentiality or duty not to trade
in the securities of the Company to the Company or its Subsidiaries after the issuance of the initial press release as described in Section&nbsp;4.4.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the case of a Purchaser that is a multi-managed investment vehicle whereby separate portfolio managers
manage separate portions of such Purchaser&rsquo;s assets and the portfolio managers have no direct knowledge of the investment decisions
made by the portfolio managers managing other portions of such Purchaser&rsquo;s assets, the covenant set forth above shall only apply
with respect to the portion of assets managed by the portfolio manager that made the investment decision to purchase the Securities covered
by this Agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.13 <u>Exercise Procedures</u>. The form of Notice
of Exercise included in the Warrants set forth the totality of the procedures required of the Purchasers in order to exercise the Warrants.
No additional legal opinion, other information or instructions shall be required of the Purchasers to exercise their Warrants. Without
limiting the preceding sentences, no ink-original Notice of Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type
of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise form be required in order to exercise the Warrants. The Company shall honor exercises
of the Warrants and shall deliver shares of Common Stock and/or Warrant Shares in accordance with the terms, conditions and time periods
set forth in the Transaction Documents.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.14 <u>Reservations of Shares</u>. As of the
date hereof, the Company has reserved and the Company shall continue to reserve and keep available at all times, free of preemptive rights,
a sufficient number of shares of Common Stock for the purpose of enabling the Company to issue shares of Common Stock pursuant to this
Agreement and Warrant Shares pursuant to any exercise of the Warrants.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">4.15 <u>Lock-Up Agreements</u>. The Company shall
not amend, modify, waive or terminate any provision of any of the Lock-Up Agreements without the prior written consent of the Placement
Agent, except to extend the term of the lock-up period, and shall enforce the provisions of each Lock-Up Agreement in accordance with
its terms. If any party to a Lock-Up Agreement breaches any provision of a Lock-Up Agreement, the Company shall promptly use its best
efforts to seek specific performance of the terms of such Lock-Up Agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Section&nbsp;5.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>MISCELLANEOUS</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.1 <u>Termination</u>. This Agreement may be
terminated by any Purchaser, as to such Purchaser&rsquo;s obligations hereunder only and without any effect whatsoever on the obligations
between the Company and the other Purchasers, by written notice to the other parties, if the Closing has not been consummated on or before
the fifth (5th) Trading Day following the date hereof; <u>provided</u>, <u>however</u>, that no such termination will affect the right
of any party to sue for any breach by any other party (or parties).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.2 <u>Fees and Expenses</u>. Except as expressly
set forth in the Transaction Documents to the contrary, each party shall pay the fees and expenses of its advisers, counsel, accountants
and other experts, if any, and all other expenses incurred by such party incident to the negotiation, preparation, execution, delivery
and performance of this Agreement. The Company shall pay all Depositary Fees (including, without limitation, any fees required for same-day
processing of any instruction letter delivered by the Company and any exercise notice delivered by a Purchaser), stamp taxes and other
taxes and duties levied in connection with the delivery of any Securities to the Purchasers.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.3 <u>Entire Agreement</u>. The Transaction Documents,
together with the exhibits and schedules thereto, the Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus, contain the entire understanding of the
parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof and supersede all prior agreements and understandings, oral or written,
with respect to such matters, which the parties acknowledge have been merged into such documents, exhibits and schedules.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.4 <u>Notices</u>. Any and all notices or other
communications or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective
on the earliest of: (a)&nbsp;the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number
or email attachment at the email address as set forth on the signature pages&nbsp;attached hereto at or prior to 5:30 p.m.&nbsp;(New York
City time) on a Trading Day, (b)&nbsp;the next Trading Day after the time of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered
via facsimile at the facsimile number or email attachment at the email address as set forth on the signature pages&nbsp;attached hereto
on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 5:30 p.m.&nbsp;(New York City time) on any Trading Day, (c)&nbsp;the second (2nd) Trading
Day following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight courier service or (d)&nbsp;upon actual receipt by
the party to whom such notice is required to be given. The address for such notices and communications shall be as set forth on the signature
pages&nbsp;attached hereto. To the extent that any notice provided pursuant to any Transaction Document constitutes, or contains, material,
non-public information regarding the Company or any Subsidiaries, the Company shall simultaneously file such notice with the Commission
pursuant to a Current Report on Form&nbsp;8-K.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.5 <u>Amendments; Waivers</u>. No provision of
this Agreement may be waived, modified, supplemented or amended except in a written instrument signed, in the case of an amendment, by
the Company and the Purchasers who execute this Agreement and who purchased at least 50.1% in interest of the sum of (i)&nbsp;the Shares
and (ii)&nbsp;the Pre-Funded Warrant Shares initially issuable upon exercise of the Pre-Funded Warrants based on the initial Subscription
Amounts hereunder (or prior to the Closing, the Company and each Purchaser), or, in the case of a waiver, by the party against whom enforcement
of any such waived provision is sought; provided, that if any amendment, modification or waiver disproportionately and adversely impacts
a Purchaser (or multiple Purchasers), the consent of such disproportionately impacted Purchaser (or at least 50.1% in interest of such
multiple Purchasers) shall also be required. No waiver of any default with respect to any provision, condition or requirement of this
Agreement shall be deemed to be a continuing waiver in the future or a waiver of any subsequent default or a waiver of any other provision,
condition or requirement hereof, nor shall any delay or omission of any party to exercise any right hereunder in any manner impair the
exercise of any such right. Any proposed amendment or waiver that disproportionately, materially and adversely affects the rights and
obligations of any Purchaser relative to the comparable rights and obligations of the other Purchasers shall require the prior written
consent of such adversely affected Purchaser. Any amendment effected in accordance with this Section&nbsp;5.5 shall be binding upon each
Purchaser and holder of Securities and the Company.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.6 <u>Headings</u>. The headings herein are for
convenience only, do not constitute a part of this Agreement and shall not be deemed to limit or affect any of the provisions hereof.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.7 <u>Successors and Assigns</u>. This Agreement
shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their successors and permitted assigns. The Company may not assign this
Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of each Purchaser (other than by merger). Any Purchaser
may assign any or all of its rights under this Agreement to any Person to whom such Purchaser assigns or transfers any Securities, provided
that such transferee agrees in writing to be bound, with respect to the transferred Securities, by the provisions of the Transaction Documents
that apply to the &ldquo;Purchasers.&rdquo;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.8 <u>No Third-Party Beneficiaries</u>. The Placement
Agent shall be the third-party beneficiary of the representations and warranties of the Company in Section&nbsp;3.1 and the representations
and warranties of the Purchasers in Section&nbsp;3.2. This Agreement is intended for the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective
successors and permitted assigns and is not for the benefit of, nor may any provision hereof be enforced by, any other Person, except
as otherwise set forth in Section&nbsp;4.8 and this Section&nbsp;5.8.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.9 <u>Governing Law</u>. All questions concerning
the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of the Transaction Documents shall be governed by and construed and enforced
in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each party
agrees that all legal proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement
and any other Transaction Documents (whether brought against a party hereto or its respective affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders,
partners, members, employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal courts sitting in the state of New York.
Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the state of New York for
the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein (including
with respect to the enforcement of any of the Transaction Documents), and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit,
action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding
is improper or is an inconvenient venue for such proceeding. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents
to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight
delivery (with evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such
service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit
in any way any right to serve process in any other manner permitted by law. If either party shall commence an action, suit or proceeding
to enforce any provisions of the Transaction Documents, then, in addition to the obligations of the Company under Section&nbsp;4.8, the
prevailing party in such action, suit or proceeding shall be reimbursed by the other party for its reasonable attorneys&rsquo; fees and
other costs and expenses incurred with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such action or proceeding.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.10 <u>Survival</u>. The representations and
warranties contained herein shall survive the Closing and the delivery of the Securities for the applicable statute of limitations.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.11 <u>Execution</u>. This Agreement may be executed
in two or more counterparts, all of which when taken together shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective
when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to each other party, it being understood that the parties need not sign
the same counterpart. In the event that any signature is delivered by facsimile transmission or by e-mail delivery of a &ldquo;.pdf&rdquo;
format data file, such signature shall create a valid and binding obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature
is executed) with the same force and effect as if such facsimile or &ldquo;.pdf&rdquo; signature page&nbsp;was an original thereof.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.12 <u>Severability</u>. If any term, provision,
covenant or restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable,
the remainder of the terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall remain in full force and effect and shall in
no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the parties hereto shall use their commercially reasonable efforts to find and employ
an alternative means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated by such term, provision, covenant or restriction.
It is hereby stipulated and declared to be the intention of the parties that they would have executed the remaining terms, provisions,
covenants and restrictions without including any of such that may be hereafter declared invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.13 <u>Rescission and Withdrawal Right</u>. Notwithstanding
anything to the contrary contained in (and without limiting any similar provisions of) any of the other Transaction Documents, whenever
any Purchaser exercises a right, election, demand or option under a Transaction Document and the Company does not timely perform its related
obligations within the periods therein provided, then such Purchaser may rescind or withdraw, in its sole discretion from time to time
upon written notice to the Company, any relevant notice, demand or election in whole or in part without prejudice to its future actions
and rights; provided, however, that, in the case of a rescission of an exercise of a Warrant, the applicable Purchaser shall be required
to return any shares of Common Stock subject to any such rescinded exercise notice concurrently with the return to such Purchaser of the
aggregate exercise price paid to the Company for such shares and the restoration of such Purchaser&rsquo;s right to acquire such shares
pursuant to such Purchaser&rsquo;s Warrant (including, issuance of a replacement warrant certificate evidencing such restored right).</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.14 <u>Replacement of Securities</u>. If any
certificate or instrument evidencing any Securities is mutilated, lost, stolen or destroyed, the Company shall issue or cause to be issued
in exchange and substitution for and upon cancellation thereof (in the case of mutilation), or in lieu of and substitution therefor, a
new certificate or instrument, but only upon receipt of evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Company of such loss, theft or destruction.
The applicant for a new certificate or instrument under such circumstances shall also pay any reasonable third-party costs (including
customary indemnity) associated with the issuance of such replacement Securities.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.15 <u>Remedies</u>. In addition to being entitled
to exercise all rights provided herein or granted by law, including recovery of damages, each of the Purchasers and the Company will be
entitled to specific performance under the Transaction Documents. The parties agree that monetary damages may not be adequate compensation
for any loss incurred by reason of any breach of obligations contained in the Transaction Documents and hereby agree to waive and not
to assert in any action for specific performance of any such obligation the defense that a remedy at law would be adequate.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.16 <u>Payment Set Aside</u>. To the extent that
the Company makes a payment or payments to any Purchaser pursuant to any Transaction Document or a Purchaser enforces or exercises its
rights thereunder, and such payment or payments or the proceeds of such enforcement or exercise or any part thereof are subsequently invalidated,
declared to be fraudulent or preferential, set aside, recovered from, disgorged by or are required to be refunded, repaid or otherwise
restored to the Company, a trustee, receiver or any other Person under any law (including, without limitation, any bankruptcy law, state
or federal law, common law or equitable cause of action), then to the extent of any such restoration the obligation or part thereof originally
intended to be satisfied shall be revived and continued in full force and effect as if such payment had not been made or such enforcement
or setoff had not occurred.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</p></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.17 <u>Independent Nature of Purchasers&rsquo;
Obligations and Rights</u>. The obligations of each Purchaser under any Transaction Document are several and not joint with the obligations
of any other Purchaser, and no Purchaser shall be responsible in any way for the performance or non-performance of the obligations of
any other Purchaser under any Transaction Document. Nothing contained herein or in any other Transaction Document, and no action taken
by any Purchaser pursuant hereto or thereto, shall be deemed to constitute the Purchasers as a partnership, an association, a joint venture
or any other kind of entity, or create a presumption that the Purchasers are in any way acting in concert or as a group with respect to
such obligations or the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents. Each Purchaser shall be entitled to independently protect
and enforce its rights including, without limitation, the rights arising out of this Agreement or out of the other Transaction Documents,
and it shall not be necessary for any other Purchaser to be joined as an additional party in any proceeding for such purpose. Each Purchaser
has been represented by its own separate legal counsel in its review and negotiation of the Transaction Documents. For reasons of administrative
convenience only, each Purchaser and its respective counsel have chosen to communicate with the Company through the Placement Agent Counsel,
the legal counsel of the Placement Agent. Placement Agent Counsel does not represent any of the Purchasers and only represents the Placement
Agent. The Company has elected to provide all Purchasers with the same terms and Transaction Documents for the convenience of the Company
and not because it was required or requested to do so by any of the Purchasers. It is expressly understood and agreed that each provision
contained in this Agreement and in each other Transaction Document is between the Company and a Purchaser, solely, and not between the
Company and the Purchasers collectively and not between and among the Purchasers.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.18 <u>Saturdays, Sundays, Holidays,&nbsp;etc</u>.
If the last or appointed day for the taking of any action or the expiration of any right required or granted herein shall not be a Business
Day, then such action may be taken or such right may be exercised on the next succeeding Business Day.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.19 <u>Liquidated Damages</u>. The Company&rsquo;s
obligations to pay any partial liquidated damages or other amounts owing under the Transaction Documents is a continuing obligation of
the Company and shall not terminate until all unpaid partial liquidated damages and other amounts have been paid notwithstanding the fact
that the instrument or security pursuant to which such partial liquidated damages or other amounts are due and payable shall have been
canceled.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">5.20 <u>Construction</u>. The parties agree that
each of them and/or their respective counsel have reviewed and had an opportunity to revise the Transaction Documents and, therefore,
the normal rule&nbsp;of construction to the effect that any ambiguities are to be resolved against the drafting party shall not be employed
in the interpretation of the Transaction Documents or any amendments thereto. In addition, each and every reference to share prices and
shares of Common Stock in any Transaction Document shall be subject to adjustment for reverse and forward stock splits, stock dividends,
stock combinations and other similar transactions relating to shares of Common Stock that occur after the date of this Agreement.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><b>5.21 WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL. IN ANY ACTION, SUIT,
OR PROCEEDING IN ANY JURISDICTION BROUGHT BY ANY PARTY AGAINST ANY OTHER PARTY, THE PARTIES EACH KNOWINGLY AND INTENTIONALLY, TO THE GREATEST
EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, HEREBY ABSOLUTELY, UNCONDITIONALLY,&nbsp;IRREVOCABLY AND EXPRESSLY WAIVES FOREVER TRIAL BY JURY.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[<i>Signature Pages&nbsp;Follow</i>]</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</p></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties
hereto have caused this Securities Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first
indicated above.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%">
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td colspan="2"><b>THERIVA BIOLOGICS,&nbsp;INC.</b></td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt"><u>Address for Notice</u>:</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="width: 5%">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 44%">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 1%">&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="width: 50%">&nbsp;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt">By:</td>
    <td style="border-bottom: black 1pt solid">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>Name:</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt">Email:</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>Title:</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td style="font-size: 10pt">Fax:</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td colspan="2">With a copy to (which shall not constitute notice):</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td colspan="2">[ &#8239;&#8239;&#8239;] </td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td colspan="2">Attn: </td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
  <tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td colspan="2">Email:</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td>
    <td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
  </table>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[<i>REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK.</i></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>SIGNATURE
PAGES FOR PURCHASERS FOLLOW.</i></font>]</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</p></div>
    <!-- Field: /Page -->

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[<i>PURCHASER SIGNATURE PAGES TO SECURITIES PURCHASE
AGREEMENT</i>]</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned
have caused this Securities Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized signatories as of the date first indicated
above.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Name of Purchaser:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><i>Signature
of Authorized Signatory of Purchaser</i></font>:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Name of Authorized Signatory:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Title of Authorized Signatory:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Email Address of Authorized Signatory:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Facsimile Number of Authorized Signatory:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Address for Notice to Purchaser:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Address for Delivery of Warrant Shares to the
Purchaser (if not same address for notice):</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">DWAC for Common Stock:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Subscription Amount: $___________________</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Shares of Common Stock: ___________________</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Shares of Common Stock underlying the Pre-Funded
Warrants: ________</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Warrant Shares underlying the Common Warrants:
________</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">EIN Number: ___________________</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><font style="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</font>
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Agreement to the contrary, by checking this box (i)&nbsp;the obligations of the
above-signed to purchase the securities set forth in this Agreement to be purchased from the Company by the above-signed, and the
obligations of the Company to sell such securities to the above-signed, shall be unconditional and all conditions to Closing shall
be disregarded, (ii)&nbsp;the Closing shall occur on the second (2nd) Trading Day following the date of this Agreement and
(iii)&nbsp;any condition to Closing contemplated by this Agreement (but prior to being disregarded by clause (i)&nbsp;above) that
required delivery by the Company or the above-signed of any agreement, instrument, certificate or the like or purchase price (as
applicable) shall no longer be a condition and shall instead be an unconditional obligation of the Company or the above-signed (as
applicable) to deliver such agreement, instrument, certificate or the like or purchase price (as applicable) to such other party on
the Closing Date.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">[<i>SIGNATURE PAGES CONTINUE</i>]</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Exhibit&nbsp;A</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Form&nbsp;of Common Warrant</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(See Attached)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Exhibit&nbsp;B</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Form&nbsp;of Pre-Funded Warrant</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(See Attached)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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    <div style="break-before: page; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><p style="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</p></div>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Exhibit&nbsp;C</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Form&nbsp;of Lock-Up Agreement</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(See Attached)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center; border-right-width: 0in; border-right-color: Black; border-left-width: 0in; border-left-color: Black">29</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</p>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.1
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>tm2514447d1_ex99-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 99.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 99.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Theriva Biologics Announces Pricing of $7.5
Million Public Offering</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">ROCKVILLE, Md., May&nbsp;7, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE)
-- Theriva Biologics (NYSE American: TOVX), (&ldquo;Theriva&rdquo; or the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;), a diversified clinical-stage company
developing therapeutics designed to treat cancer and related diseases in areas of high unmet need, today announced the pricing of its
&ldquo;reasonable best efforts&rdquo; public offering for the purchase and sale of up to 6,818,180 shares of common stock (or pre-funded
warrants in lieu thereof) and warrants to purchase up to 6,818,180 shares of common stock at a combined offering price of $1.10 per share
and accompanying warrant (the &ldquo;Offering&rdquo;). The Company expects to receive aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $7.5 million,
before deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses, and assuming no exercise of the warrants. The warrants will have an
exercise price of $1.10 per share, will be exercisable immediately and will expire five years from the issuance date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The closing of the Offering is expected to occur
on or about May&nbsp;8, 2025, subject to the satisfaction of customary closing conditions. The Company intends to use the net proceeds
from this Offering primarily for working capital and general corporate purposes, including for research and development and manufacturing
scale-up. The Company may also use a portion of the net proceeds to invest in or acquire other products, businesses or technologies, although
it currently has no commitments or agreements with respect to any such investments or acquisitions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners is acting as the
sole placement agent for the Offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">The
securities described above are being offered pursuant to a registration statement on Form&nbsp;S-1 (File No.&nbsp;333-283722), previously
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;) on December&nbsp;10, 2024, as amended, which was declared effective
by the SEC on May&nbsp;7, 2025. The Offering is being made only by means of a prospectus forming part of the effective registration statement
relating to the Offering. A preliminary prospectus relating to the Offering has been filed with the SEC. Electronic copies of the final
prospectus, when available, may be obtained on the SEC&rsquo;s website at http://www.sec.gov and may also be obtained, when available,
by contacting A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners at 590 Madison Avenue, 28th Floor, New York, NY 10022, by phone at (212) 624-2060 or e-mail
at </FONT><U>prospectus@allianceg.com</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This press release shall not constitute an offer
to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy nor shall there be any sale of these securities in any state or jurisdiction in which such
offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state or jurisdiction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>About Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Theriva&trade;
Biologics (NYSE American: TOVX), is a diversified clinical-stage company developing therapeutics designed to treat cancer and related
diseases in areas of high unmet need. The Company&rsquo;s subsidiary Theriva Biologics, S.L. , has been developing a new oncolytic adenovirus
platform designed for intravenous (IV), intravitreal and antitumoral delivery to trigger tumor cell death, improve access of co-administered
cancer therapies to the tumor, and promote a robust and sustained anti-tumor response by the patient&rsquo;s immune system. The Company&rsquo;s
lead clinical-stage candidates are: (1)&nbsp;VCN-01 (zabilugene almadenorepvec), an oncolytic adenovirus designed to replicate selectively
and aggressively within tumor cells, and to degrade the tumor stroma barrier that serves as a significant physical and immunosuppressive
barrier to cancer treatment; (2)&nbsp;SYN-004 (ribaxamase) which is designed to degrade certain commonly used IV beta-lactam antibiotics
within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to prevent microbiome damage, thereby limiting overgrowth of pathogenic organisms such as VRE
(vancomycin resistant Enterococci) and reducing the incidence and severity of acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD) in allogeneic hematopoietic
cell transplant (HCT) recipients); and (3)&nbsp;SYN-020, a recombinant oral formulation of the enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase
(IAP) produced under cGMP conditions and intended to treat both local GI and systemic diseases. For more information, please visit Theriva
Biologics&rsquo; website at </FONT><U>www.therivabio.com</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Forward-Looking Statement</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif">This
release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases
forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as &ldquo;may,&rdquo; &ldquo;should,&rdquo; &ldquo;potential,&rdquo;
&ldquo;continue,&rdquo; &ldquo;expects,&rdquo; &ldquo;anticipates,&rdquo; &ldquo;intends,&rdquo; &ldquo;plans,&rdquo; &ldquo;believes,&rdquo;
&ldquo;estimates,&rdquo; and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements are based on management&rsquo;s expectations and assumptions
as of the date of this press release and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict that
could cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations and assumptions from those set forth or implied by any forward-looking
statements. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the completion of the Offering, the
satisfaction of customary closing conditions related to the Offering and the intended use of proceeds from the Offering. The Company undertakes
no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except
as required under applicable law. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking
statements are set forth in the preliminary prospectus related to the Offering filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, under
the caption &ldquo;Risk Factors.&rdquo;</FONT> You should also carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described in the &ldquo;Risk
Factors&rdquo; section of the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, which
was filed by the Company with the SEC on March&nbsp;6, 2025 and other documents filed by the Company from time to time with the SEC, including
the Company&rsquo;s Forms 10-Q filed with the SEC that are incorporated by reference therein. The Company does not undertake or accept
any obligation to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect any change in its expectations
or any change in events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such statement is based.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Investor Relations:</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Kevin Gardner</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">LifeSci Advisors, LLC</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">kgardner@lifesciadvisors.com</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">617-283-2856</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.2
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>tm2514447d1_ex99-2.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 99.2
<TEXT>
<HTML>
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<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: right; margin: 0"><B>Exhibit 99.2</B></P>

<P STYLE="margin: 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Theriva Biologics Announces Closing of $7.5
Million Public Offering</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">ROCKVILLE, Md., May&nbsp;8, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE)
-- Theriva Biologics (NYSE American: TOVX), (&ldquo;Theriva&rdquo; or the &ldquo;Company&rdquo;), a diversified clinical-stage company
developing therapeutics designed to treat cancer and related diseases in areas of high unmet need, today announced the closing of its
previously announced &ldquo;reasonable best efforts&rdquo; public offering of 6,818,180 shares of common stock (or pre-funded warrants
in lieu thereof) and warrants to purchase up to 6,818,180 shares of common stock at a combined offering price of $1.10 per share and accompanying
warrant (the &ldquo;Offering&rdquo;). The Company received aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $7.5 million, before deducting placement
agent fees and other offering expenses, and assuming no exercise of the warrants. The warrants have an exercise price of $1.10 per share,
became exercisable immediately upon issuance and expire five years from the issuance date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The Company intends to use the net proceeds from
this Offering primarily for working capital and general corporate purposes, including for research and development and manufacturing scale-up.
The Company may also use a portion of the net proceeds to invest in or acquire other products, businesses or technologies, although it
currently has no commitments or agreements with respect to any such investments or acquisitions.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners acted as the sole
placement agent for the Offering.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">The securities described above were offered pursuant
to a registration statement on Form&nbsp;S-1 (File No.&nbsp;333-283722), previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(the &ldquo;SEC&rdquo;) on December&nbsp;10, 2024, as amended, which was declared effective by the SEC on May&nbsp;7, 2025. The Offering
was made only by means of a prospectus forming part of the effective registration statement relating to the Offering. The final prospectus
relating to the Offering has been filed with the SEC. Electronic copies of the final prospectus may be obtained on the SEC&rsquo;s website
at http://www.sec.gov and may also be obtained by contacting A.G.P./Alliance Global Partners at 590 Madison Avenue, 28th Floor, New York,
NY 10022, by phone at (212) 624-2060 or e-mail at <U>prospectus@allianceg.com</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This press release shall not constitute an offer
to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy nor shall there be any sale of these securities in any state or jurisdiction in which such
offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state or jurisdiction.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>About Theriva Biologics,&nbsp;Inc.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Theriva&trade; Biologics (NYSE American: TOVX),
is a diversified clinical-stage company developing therapeutics designed to treat cancer and related diseases in areas of high unmet
need. The Company&rsquo;s subsidiary Theriva Biologics, S.L. , has been developing a new oncolytic adenovirus platform designed for intravenous
(IV), intravitreal and antitumoral delivery to trigger tumor cell death, improve access of co-administered cancer therapies to the tumor,
and promote a robust and sustained anti-tumor response by the patient&rsquo;s immune system. The Company&rsquo;s lead clinical-stage
candidates are: (1)&nbsp;VCN-01 (zabilugene almadenorepvec), an oncolytic adenovirus designed to replicate selectively and aggressively
within tumor cells, and to degrade the tumor stroma barrier that serves as a significant physical and immunosuppressive barrier to cancer
treatment; (2)&nbsp;SYN-004 (ribaxamase) which is designed to degrade certain commonly used IV beta-lactam antibiotics within the gastrointestinal
(GI) tract to prevent microbiome damage, thereby limiting overgrowth of pathogenic organisms such as VRE (vancomycin resistant Enterococci)
and reducing the incidence and severity of acute graft-versus-host-disease (aGVHD) in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT)
recipients); and (3)&nbsp;SYN-020, a recombinant oral formulation of the enzyme intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) produced under
cGMP conditions and intended to treat both local GI and systemic diseases. For more information, please visit Theriva Biologics&rsquo;
website at <U>www.therivabio.com</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<!-- Field: Page; Sequence: 1 -->
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>Forward-Looking Statement</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">This release contains forward-looking statements
within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases forward-looking statements can be identified
by terminology such as &ldquo;may,&rdquo; &ldquo;should,&rdquo; &ldquo;potential,&rdquo; &ldquo;continue,&rdquo; &ldquo;expects,&rdquo;
&ldquo;anticipates,&rdquo; &ldquo;intends,&rdquo; &ldquo;plans,&rdquo; &ldquo;believes,&rdquo; &ldquo;estimates,&rdquo; and similar expressions.
These forward-looking statements are based on management&rsquo;s expectations and assumptions as of the date of this press release and
are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict that could cause actual results to differ materially
from current expectations and assumptions from those set forth or implied by any forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements
include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the intended use of proceeds from the Offering. The Company undertakes no obligation
to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required
under applicable law. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements
are set forth in the prospectus related to the Offering filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, under the caption &ldquo;Risk
Factors.&rdquo; You should also carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described in the &ldquo;Risk Factors&rdquo; section of
the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form&nbsp;10-K for the fiscal year ended December&nbsp;31, 2024, which was filed by the Company with
the SEC on March&nbsp;6, 2025 and other documents filed by the Company from time to time with the SEC, including the Company&rsquo;s Forms
10-Q filed with the SEC that are incorporated by reference therein. The Company does not undertake or accept any obligation to release
publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect any change in its expectations or any change in events,
conditions, or circumstances on which any such statement is based.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"><B>Investor Relations:</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Kevin Gardner</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">LifeSci Advisors, LLC</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">kgardner@lifesciadvisors.com</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">617-283-2856</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.SCH
<SEQUENCE>8
<FILENAME>syn-20250507.xsd
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" ?>
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Generator; Value: GoFiler Complete; Version: 6.0b -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: VendorURI; Value: https://www.novaworks.com -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x00000000 -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Misc; Value: +aA5w7xRiXgen8uLa3ZcWa+IKbOdzZR+CYkxtmB4bQkKTy4huoGXfS66MP5WQc8D -->
<schema xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xmlns:xbrldi="http://xbrl.org/2006/xbrldi" xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023" xmlns:us-gaap="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2023" xmlns:srt="http://fasb.org/srt/2023" xmlns:srt-types="http://fasb.org/srt-types/2023" xmlns:syn="http://syntheticbiologics.com/20250507" elementFormDefault="qualified" targetNamespace="http://syntheticbiologics.com/20250507">
    <annotation>
      <appinfo>
        <link:roleType roleURI="http://syntheticbiologics.com/role/Cover" id="Cover">
          <link:definition>00000001 - Document - Cover</link:definition>
          <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
          <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
        </link:roleType>
        <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="syn-20250507_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:title="Presentation Links" />
        <link:linkbaseRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="syn-20250507_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:title="Label Links" />
      </appinfo>
    </annotation>
    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-gaap/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2023/elts/us-gaap-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/us-types/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/us-gaap/2023/elts/us-types-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2022-03-31" schemaLocation="https://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/2022-03-31/types.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/country/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/country/2023/country-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2023/elts/srt-2023.xsd" />
    <import namespace="http://fasb.org/srt-types/2023" schemaLocation="https://xbrl.fasb.org/srt/2023/elts/srt-types-2023.xsd" />
</schema>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>9
<FILENAME>syn-20250507_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Generator; Value: GoFiler Complete; Version: 6.0b -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: VendorURI; Value: https://www.novaworks.com -->
    <!-- Field: Doc-Info; Name: Status; Value: 0x00000000 -->
<link:linkbase xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodEndLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodEndLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedPeriodStartLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedPeriodStartLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTotalLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTotalLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedNetLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedNetLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/negated-2009-12-16.xsd#negatedTerseLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/negatedTerseLabel" />
    <link:roleRef xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="http://www.xbrl.org/lrr/role/net-2009-12-16.xsd#netLabel" roleURI="http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/netLabel" />
    <link:labelLink xlink:type="extended" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link">
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Type</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_AmendmentDescription" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentDescription" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentDescription" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentDescription_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentDescription_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Description</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" xlink:label="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement" xlink:to="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentRegistrationStatement_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Registration Statement</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentAnnualReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAnnualReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentAnnualReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAnnualReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Annual Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentQuarterlyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Quarterly Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentTransitionReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentTransitionReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Transition Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport" xlink:to="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyReport_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Report</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentShellCompanyEventDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Shell Company Event Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodStartDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period Start Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Period End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalPeriodFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Period Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus" xlink:to="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentFiscalYearFocus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Fiscal Year Focus</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate" xlink:to="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CurrentFiscalYearEndDate_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Current Fiscal Year End Date</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity File Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Primary SIC Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2023/dei-2023.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Country</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
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      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>10
<FILENAME>syn-20250507_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
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<span style="display: none;">v3.25.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>May 07, 2025</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">May  07,  2025<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-12584<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">THERIVA BIOLOGICS, INC.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000894158<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">13-3808303<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">NV<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">9605 Medical Center Drive<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Suite 270<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Rockville<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">MD<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">20850<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">301<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">417-4364<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common stock, par value $0.001 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">TOVX<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSEAMER<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period.  The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
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<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
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<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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