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Loans and Borrowings

6 Months Ended

12 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2025

Dec. 31, 2024

Loans and Borrowings [Abstract]

Loans and Borrowings

14.

Loans and Borrowings

(a)

Bank loans:

The loans below have been granted to Holigen Ltd. and its subsidiaries in order to fund their capital and operational needs on site.

(i)

Short term loans

As at December 31, 2023, the balance of the loans from Caixa was $875,016 which consisted of loans for the purpose of building construction and purchase of equipment. The repayment date on these loans are February 22, 2026 and June 5, 2026 respectively. These loans are charged with interest at the rate of 3% and are secured by mortgage of building and equipment. As of December 31, 2024, pursuant to the sale of RPK, the Company derecognized short term loans with a net book value of $918,198 (note 5).

(ii)

Long term loans

As at December 31, 2023, the balance of the loans from Caixa was $2,497,155 which consisted of loans for the purpose of building construction and purchase of equipment. The repayment date on these loans are February 22, 2026 and June 5, 2026 respectively. These loans are charged with interest at the rate of 3% and are secured by mortgage of building and equipment. As at December 31, 2024, pursuant to the sale of RPK, the Company derecognized long term loans with a net book value of $2,455,890 (note 5).

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized interest expense of $124,205 from these loans which was recorded within discontinued operations.

(b)

Other loans:

(i)

In connection with the acquisition of Holigen, the Company assumed a total loan of €124,890 from an arm’s length parties. The loans are non-interest bearing, unsecured and have no specific terms of repayment. As at June 30, 2025, the loan balance of $146,647 (December 31, 2024 - $129,716) remains outstanding.

(ii)

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company received a loan of £25,000 ($30,224) from a former related party (note 16). The loan is unsecured and bears interest of £200 per week. The loan matured on January 31, 2023 and is due on demand. Any unpaid amount is charged with late fees of £200 for each week the payment is late.

On January 17, 2023, the Company received an additional loan of €45,000 ($48,666) from the same former related party. The loan is unsecured and bears interest of 0.75% per day, compounding daily. The loan matured on February 1, 2023 and is due on demand. Any unpaid amount is charged with late fees of 1% compounding interest for each day the payment is late. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the lender has willingly forgone any interest arising from this loan.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded interest expense of $9,210 and paid these loans in full, including late fees amounting to $15,591. As at December 31, 2024, the loans balance including accrued interest was $nil.

(iii)

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received loans of CAD$105,000 ($77,450) from an arm’s length parties. The loans bear interest of 18% per annum, unsecured and payable within 12 months. During the six months ended June 30, 2025, the Company recorded interest expense of $4,667 (2024 - $6,920) and paid these loans in full.

(iv)

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received loans of CAD$86,880 ($65,507) from an arm’s length parties. The loans bear interest of 7% per annum, unsecured and payable within 12 months.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company received additional loans of CAD$87,133 ($65,282) from an arm’s length parties. These loans bear the same interest of 7% per annum, unsecured and payable within 12 months.

The Company recorded interest expense of $3,422 (2024 - $4,315) from these loans and made a partial repayments of $102,585 during the six months ended June 30, 2025. As at June 30, 2025, the remaining loans balance including accrued interest was $37,638 (December 31, 2024 - $133,083).

14.

Loans and Borrowings

(a)

Bank loans:

The loans below have been granted to Holigen Ltd. and its subsidiaries in order to fund their capital and operational needs on site.

(i)

Short term loans

(ii)

Long term loans

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized interest expense of $124,205 from these loans which was recorded within discontinued operations.

(b)

Other loans:

(i)

In connection with the acquisition of Holigen, the Company assumed a total loan of €124,890 from an arm’s length parties. The loans are non-interest bearing, unsecured and have no specific terms of repayment. As at December 31, 2024, the loan balance of $129,716 (2023 - $137,834) remains outstanding.

(ii)

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded interest expense of $9,210 (2023 - $14,638) and paid these loans in full, including late fees amounting to $15,591 (2023 - $nil). As at December 31, 2024, the loans balance including accrued interest was $nil (2023 - $96,475).

(iii)

On April 26, 2023, the Company received loan of €500,000 ($551,399) from an arm’s length party. The loan is not interest-bearing, provided that if the loan is not repaid within 90 days from the date of the loan agreement (“Maturity Date”), the loan will be subject to an interest rate of 4% per annum, commencing from the Maturity Date. The loan was fully repaid on May 17, 2023.

(iv)

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company received loans of CAD$105,000 ($77,450) from an arm’s length parties. The loans bear interest of 18% per annum, unsecured and payable within 12 months. The Company recorded interest expense of $13,808 (2023 - $4,047) from these loans during the year ended December 31, 2024. As at December 31, 2024, the loans balance including accrued interest was $90,015 (2023 - $83,325).

(v)

The Company recorded interest expense of $8,854 (2023 - $138) from these loans during the year ended December 31, 2024. As at December 31, 2024, the loans balance including accrued interest was $133,083 (2023 - $65,820).