11675216 11675216 11675216 0001741534 false 2023 FY 0 0 0 11675216 11675216 11675216 0.10 0.18 0.19 P50Y P4Y P3Y P2Y P4Y P1Y 0001741534 us-gaap:MeasurementInputPriceVolatilityMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:MeasurementInputRiskFreeInterestRateMember 2019-01-04 0001741534 us-gaap:MeasurementInputQuotedPriceMember 2019-01-04 0001741534 2019-01-04 0001741534 mdjh:BeijingMingdajiaheTechnologyDevelopmentCoLtdMember mdjh:TianjinMingdajiaheRealEstateCoLtdMember mdjh:ExclusiveBusinessCooperationAgreementMember 2018-04-28 2018-04-28 0001741534 mdjh:Network1FinancialSecuritiesInc.Member us-gaap:IPOMember 2019-01-04 2019-01-04 0001741534 mdjh:Network1FinancialSecuritiesInc.Member us-gaap:IPOMember 2018-12-26 2018-12-26 0001741534 mdjh:Network1FinancialSecuritiesInc.Member us-gaap:IPOMember 2018-12-01 2018-12-26 0001741534 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:StatutoryReserveMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RetainedEarningsDeficitMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:StatutoryReserveMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RetainedEarningsDeficitMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:NoncontrollingInterestMember 2021-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2021-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:StatutoryReserveMember 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RetainedEarningsDeficitMember 2021-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:NoncontrollingInterestMember 2020-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2020-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2020-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:StatutoryReserveMember 2020-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RetainedEarningsDeficitMember 2020-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2021-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2020-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:Network1FinancialSecuritiesInc.Member mdjh:UnderwriterWarrantsMember us-gaap:IPOMember 2018-12-26 0001741534 mdjh:IpoSecondClosingMember 2019-01-04 0001741534 srt:MinimumMember us-gaap:VehiclesMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 srt:MinimumMember us-gaap:SoftwareDevelopmentMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 srt:MinimumMember us-gaap:OfficeEquipmentMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 srt:MinimumMember us-gaap:FurnitureAndFixturesMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 srt:MaximumMember us-gaap:VehiclesMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 srt:MaximumMember us-gaap:SoftwareDevelopmentMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 srt:MaximumMember us-gaap:OfficeEquipmentMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 srt:MaximumMember us-gaap:FurnitureAndFixturesMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:BuildingMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:OfficeEquipmentMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:LeaseholdImprovementsMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:LandBuildingsAndImprovementsMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:LandAndLandImprovementsMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:FurnitureAndFixturesMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:ConstructionInProgressMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:AutomobilesMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:SoftwareDevelopmentMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:OfficeEquipmentMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:LandBuildingsAndImprovementsMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:FurnitureAndFixturesMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:AutomobilesMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RetainedEarningsDeficitMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MingdaJiaheDevelopmentInvestmentCoLtdMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MdLokalGlobalGmbhMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 2023-08-29 2023-08-29 0001741534 2023-07-24 2023-07-24 0001741534 2023-06-14 2023-06-14 0001741534 mdjh:SecurityPurchaseAgreementMember 2020-08-20 2020-08-20 0001741534 us-gaap:IPOMember 2018-12-01 2018-12-26 0001741534 mdjh:LoanFromUnrelatedIndividualMember 2022-03-18 2022-06-30 0001741534 us-gaap:LineOfCreditMember 2022-02-14 2022-02-14 0001741534 mdjh:IpoSecondClosingMember 2019-01-04 2019-01-04 0001741534 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:NoncontrollingInterestMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RetainedEarningsDeficitMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:VariableInterestEntityPrimaryBeneficiaryMember mdjh:XisheXianglinTianjinBusinessOperationsManagementCoLtdMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:VariableInterestEntityPrimaryBeneficiaryMember mdjh:XiSheTianjinCultureAndMediaCoLtd.Member 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:VariableInterestEntityPrimaryBeneficiaryMember mdjh:XisheTianjinBusinessManagementCoLtdMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MingdaJiaheDevelopmentInvestmentCoLtdMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MdLokalGlobalGmbhMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MdLocalGlobalLimitedMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MdjmHongKongMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MansionsEstateMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:FernieCastileCultureLimitedMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:BeijingMingdaJiaheTechnologyDevelopmentCoLtdMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MdLocalGlobalLimitedMember 2020-10-28 0001741534 mdjh:MdjmHongKongMember 2018-03-09 0001741534 mdjh:MdjccLimitedMember 2018-02-09 0001741534 mdjh:XisheXianglinTianjinBusinessOperationsManagementCoLtdMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:XisheXianglinTianjinBusinessOperationsManagementCoLtdMember 2022-05-31 0001741534 mdjh:XisheXianglinTianjinBusinessOperationsManagementCoLtdMember 2022-05-20 0001741534 mdjh:XisheXianglinTianjinBusinessOperationsManagementCoLtdMember 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:XisheXianglinTianjinBusinessOperationsManagementCoLtdMember 2020-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:XisheXianglinTianjinBusinessOperationsManagementCoLtdMember 2019-12-31 0001741534 2023-09-10 2023-09-10 0001741534 srt:MinimumMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 srt:MaximumMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MansionsEstateAgentLtdMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:OceanTideWealthLimitedMember mdjh:MansionsEstateAgentLtdMember 2022-05-20 0001741534 mdjh:BeijingMingdajiaheTechnologyDevelopmentCoLtdMember mdjh:MansionsEstateAgentLtdMember 2022-05-20 0001741534 mdjh:OceanTideWealthLimitedMember mdjh:MansionsEstateAgentLtdMember 2021-06-15 0001741534 mdjh:MdjmUkMember mdjh:MansionsEstateAgentLtdMember 2021-06-15 0001741534 mdjh:BeijingMingdajiaheTechnologyDevelopmentCoLtdMember mdjh:MansionsEstateAgentLtdMember 2021-06-15 0001741534 us-gaap:HerMajestysRevenueAndCustomsHMRCMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 2023-04-01 2023-04-01 0001741534 2023-03-31 2023-03-31 0001741534 us-gaap:StateAdministrationOfTaxationChinaMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:StateAdministrationOfTaxationChinaMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:StateAdministrationOfTaxationChinaMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:DomesticCountryMember us-gaap:StateAdministrationOfTaxationChinaMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:DomesticCountryMember mdjh:IfIncomeTaxFromRmb1MillionTo3MillionMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:DomesticCountryMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:IfIncomeTaxFromRmb1MillionTo3MillionMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 country:HK 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 country:HK 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:StateAdministrationOfTaxationChinaMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:HerMajestysRevenueAndCustomsHMRCMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:IPOMember 2018-12-26 0001741534 mdjh:TianjinMingdajiaheRealEstateCorporationSuzhouBranchMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:LoanFromUnrelatedIndividualMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:LineOfCreditMember 2022-08-31 0001741534 us-gaap:LineOfCreditMember 2022-05-31 0001741534 us-gaap:LineOfCreditMember 2021-05-13 0001741534 mdjh:RevenueFromRealEstateAgentIncomeMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RentalManagementIncomeMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:PrcMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:GeographicConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:HotelIncomeMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:ConsultingServicesMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 country:GB us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:GeographicConcentrationRiskMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:TaidaShangQingChengMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RevenueFromRealEstateAgentIncomeMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RentalManagementIncomeMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:PrcMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:GeographicConcentrationRiskMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:HotelIncomeMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:GeDiaoPingYuanMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:GeDiaoLiuYuanMember us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:ConsultingServicesMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 country:GB us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:GeographicConcentrationRiskMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RevenueFromRealEstateAgentIncomeMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RentalManagementIncomeMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:PrcMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:GeographicConcentrationRiskMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:HotelIncomeMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:ConsultingServicesMember us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 country:GB us-gaap:RevenueFromContractWithCustomerMember us-gaap:GeographicConcentrationRiskMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MdjccLimitedMember 2018-01-26 0001741534 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember 2024-03-27 0001741534 mdjh:SecurityPurchaseAgreementMember 2020-08-20 0001741534 2020-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:PrcAndOthersMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:PrcAndOthersMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 country:GB 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:PrcAndOthersMember 2021-12-31 0001741534 country:GB 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:TaidaShangQingChengMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:GeDiaoPingYuanMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:GeDiaoLiuYuanMember us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:UnderwriterWarrantsMember 2019-01-04 0001741534 us-gaap:HerMajestysRevenueAndCustomsHMRCMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:DomesticCountryMember mdjh:IfIncomeTaxLessThanRmb1MillionMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 srt:MinimumMember mdjh:IfIncomeTaxFromRmb1MillionTo3MillionMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 srt:MaximumMember mdjh:IfIncomeTaxFromRmb1MillionTo3MillionMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 srt:MinimumMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 srt:MaximumMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:IfIncomeTaxLessThanRmb1MillionMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 2023-04-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:LeaseAgreementInRobinHillPropertyMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:LeaseAgreementInFernieCastlePropertyMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:PrcAndOthersMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:PrcAndOthersMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:PrcAndOthersMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RevenueFromRealEstateAgentIncomeMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RentalManagementIncomeMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:HotelIncomeMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RevenueFromRealEstateAgentIncomeMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RentalManagementIncomeMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 country:GB 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RevenueFromRealEstateAgentIncomeMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RentalManagementIncomeMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:IncomeFromOtherCategoriesMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 country:GB 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:PrcMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:PrcMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:PrcMember 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:Network1FinancialSecuritiesInc.Member mdjh:UnderwriterWarrantsMember us-gaap:IPOMember 2018-12-01 2018-12-26 0001741534 mdjh:PrcMember 2023-12-31 0001741534 country:GB 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:AccountsReceivableMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 2019-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:NoncontrollingInterestMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:RetainedEarningsDeficitMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 2019-12-31 0001741534 country:GB 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:CivilComplaintAllegingUnpaidServiceFeeAndBreachOfContractAgainstTianfangSuzhouRealEstateCoLtdMember 2022-02-17 0001741534 mdjh:CivilComplaintAllegingUnpaidServiceFeeAndBreachOfContractAgainstTianfangSuzhouRealEstateCoLtdMember 2021-12-31 0001741534 2023-09-08 2023-09-08 0001741534 mdjh:CivilComplaintAllegingBreachOfContractAndUnpaidServiceFeeAgainstChengduTedaNewCityMember 2023-01-09 2023-01-09 0001741534 mdjh:CivilComplaintAllegingBreachOfContractAndUnpaidServiceFeeAgainstChengduTedaNewCityMember 2022-03-18 2022-03-18 0001741534 us-gaap:HerMajestysRevenueAndCustomsHMRCMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:StateAndLocalJurisdictionMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 2021-01-01 2021-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:DomesticCountryMember us-gaap:StateAdministrationOfTaxationChinaMember 2021-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember us-gaap:CustomerConcentrationRiskMember 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 2022-01-01 2022-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:CivilComplaintAllegingBreachOfContractAndUnpaidServiceFeeAgainstChengduTedaNewCityMember 2023-09-01 2023-09-01 0001741534 2023-02-27 2023-02-27 0001741534 mdjh:BeijingMingdajiaheTechnologyDevelopmentCoLtdMember mdjh:TianjinMingdajiaheRealEstateCoLtdMember 2018-04-28 2018-04-28 0001741534 2018-04-28 2018-04-28 0001741534 mdjh:SubsidiariesAndConsolidatedVariableInterestEntitiesMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 2022-12-31 0001741534 2021-12-31 0001741534 2022-12-23 2022-12-23 0001741534 2023-07-17 0001741534 us-gaap:FinancingReceivables60To89DaysPastDueMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:FinancingReceivables30To59DaysPastDueMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:FinancialAssetNotPastDueMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:FinancialAssetGreaterThan365DaysPastDueMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:FinancialAsset90To179DaysPastDueMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:FinancialAsset180To365DaysPastDueMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:VariableInterestEntityPrimaryBeneficiaryMember mdjh:XisheXianglinTianjinBusinessOperationsManagementCoLtdMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:VariableInterestEntityPrimaryBeneficiaryMember mdjh:XiSheTianjinCultureAndMediaCoLtd.Member 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:VariableInterestEntityPrimaryBeneficiaryMember mdjh:XisheTianjinBusinessManagementCoLtdMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 us-gaap:VariableInterestEntityPrimaryBeneficiaryMember mdjh:TianjinMingdajiaheRealEstateCorporationYangzhouBranchMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:TianjinMingdajiaheRealEstateCorporationSuzhouBranchMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:TianjinMingdajiaheRealEstateCorporationLimitedChengduBranchMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:TianjinMingdajiaheRealEstateCoLtdMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MingdaJiaheDevelopmentInvestmentCoLtdMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MdLokalGlobalGmbhMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MdLocalGlobalLimitedMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MdjmHongKongMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:MansionsEstateMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:FernieCastileCultureLimitedMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 mdjh:BeijingMingdaJiaheTechnologyDevelopmentCoLtdMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 2023-12-31 0001741534 dei:BusinessContactMember 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 0001741534 2023-01-01 2023-12-31 iso4217:USD xbrli:shares mdjh:segment xbrli:shares xbrli:pure iso4217:CNY iso4217:USD iso4217:CNY iso4217:USD iso4217:GBP iso4217:USD iso4217:GBP mdjh:employee mdjh:customer

Table of Contents

​

​

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-38768

MDJM LTD

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

N/A

(Translation of Registrant’s Name into English)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

Fernie Castle, Letham

Cupar, Fife, KY15 7RU

United Kingdom

+ 44-01337 829 349

(Address of principal executive offices)

​

Siping Xu, Chief Executive Officer

Telephone: + 44-01337 829 349

Email: charlie.cai@mdjmjh.com

At the address of the Company set forth above

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares |  | MDJH |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market

​

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

An aggregate of 11,675,216 Ordinary Shares, par value $0.001 per share, as of December 31, 2023.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Yes ☐ No ☒

​

Table of Contents

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Emerging growth company | ☐

​

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

​

U.S. GAAP ☒ |  | International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐ |  | Other ☐

​

| * | If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

​

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

​

​

​

​

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

| ​ |
INTRODUCTION | 1
PART I | 3
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 1. | IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS | 3
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 2. | OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE | 3
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 3. | KEY INFORMATION | 3
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 4. | INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY | 46
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 4A. | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 76
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 5. | OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS | 76
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 6. | DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES | 99
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 7. | MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS | 104
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 8. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 105
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 9. | THE OFFER AND LISTING | 107
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 10. | ADDITIONAL INFORMATION | 107
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 11. | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 116
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 12. | DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES | 118
​ | ​
PART II | 119
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 13. | DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES | 119
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 14. | MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 119
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 15. | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 119
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 16. | [RESERVED] | 120
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 16A. | AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT | 120
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 16B. | CODE OF ETHICS | 120
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 16C. | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES | 120
ITEM 16D. | EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES | 121
ITEM 16E. | PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS | 121
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 16F. | CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT | 121
ITEM 16G. | CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 121
ITEM 16H. | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE | 121
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 16I. | DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS | 121
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 16J. | INSIDER TRADING POLICIES | 122
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 16K. | CYBERSECURITY | 122
​ | ​
PART III | 123
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 17. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 123
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 18. | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS | 123
​ | ​ | ​
ITEM 19. | EXHIBITS | 123

​

​

​

​

​

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

“We,” “us,” “our,” “our Company,” and the “Company” are to MDJM LTD (“MDJM”), a Cayman Islands company. Unless the context otherwise requires, in this annual report on Form 20-F references to:

| ● | “China” or the “PRC” are to the People’s Republic of China;

| ● | “Exchange Act” are to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934;

| ● | “Fernie Castle Culture” are to our wholly owned subsidiary, Fernie Castle Culture Limited, a United Kingdom company;

| ● | “fiscal year” are to the period from January 1 to December 31 of the year;

| ● | “Mansions” are to Mansions Catering and Hotel LTD, a United Kingdom company, in which MD UK (defined below) holds 100% of the equity interests;

| ● | “MD German” are to our wholly owned subsidiary, MD Lokal Global GmbH, a German company;

| ● | “MD Japan” are to our wholly owned subsidiary, Mingda Jiahe Development Investment Co., Ltd, a Japanese company;

| ● | “MDJH Hong Kong” are to our wholly owned subsidiary, MDJCC Limited, a Hong Kong corporation;

| ● | “MD UK” are to our wholly owned subsidiary, MD Local Global Limited, a United Kingdom company;

| ● | “Mingda Tianjin” or the “VIE” are to Mingdajiahe (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., a company organized under the laws of the PRC, the financial results of which we consolidated for accounting purposes, and Mingda Tianjin is controlled by Mr. Siping Xu, our chief executive officer and majority shareholder;

| ● | “Mingda Tianjin Shareholders” are to Siping Xu, Yang Li, Xia Ding, Qiang Ma, Liang Zhang, Meina Guo, Zhenyuan Huang, Mengnan Wang, Jie Zhang, and Lei Cai, collectively holding 100% of the equity interests in Mingda Tianjin;

| ● | “Ordinary Shares” are to the ordinary shares of MDJM, par value $0.001 per share;

| ● | “PRC operating entities” are to our PRC subsidiary and the VIE and its subsidiaries;

| ● | “primary real estate market” are to the market for newly constructed and completed residential and commercial real properties, “primary real estate agency services” are to agency services provided for the primary real estate market, “secondary real estate market” are to the market for all residential and commercial real properties other than those for sale in the primary real estate market, and “secondary real estate brokerage services” are to brokerage services provided for the secondary real estate market;

| ● | “RMB” or “Renminbi” are to the legal currency of China;

| ● | “Sarbanes-Oxley Act” are to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002;

| ● | “Securities Act” are to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended;

| ● | “Securities Exchange Commission,” “SEC,” “Commission,” or similar terms are to the U.S. Securities Exchange Commission;

| ● | “UK” are to the United Kingdom;

| ● | “US$,” “$,” “U.S. dollars,” or “dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States;

| ● | “U.S. GAAP” are to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States;

| ● | “VIE” are to variable interest entity;

1

Table of Contents

| ● | “WFOE” are to Beijing Mingda Jiahe Technology Development Co., Ltd., a limited liability company organized under the laws of the PRC, which is wholly owned by MDJH Hong Kong;

| ● | “Xishe” are to Xishe (Tianjin) Business Management Co., Ltd., a limited liability company organized under the laws of the PRC, which was wholly owned by Mingda Tianjin. Xishe was dissolved in September 2021;

| ● | “Xishe Media” are to Xishe (Tianjin) Culture and Media Co., Ltd., a limited liability company organized under the laws of the PRC, which was wholly owned by Xishe. Xishe Media was dissolved in August 2021; and

| ● | “Xishe Xianglin” are to Xishe Xianglin (Tianjin) Business Operations & Management Co., Ltd., a limited liability company organized under the laws of the PRC, which was controlled by Xishe, which held 51% equity ownership, and Zhongcai Nongchuang (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd., an unrelated third party to us, which held 49% equity interest. Xishe Xianglin was dissolved in August 2021.

This annual report on Form 20-F includes our audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. In this annual report, we refer to assets, obligations, commitments, and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements in United States dollars. These dollar references are based on the exchange rate of RMB to United States dollars and pound sterling (“GBP”) to United States dollars, determined as of a specific date or for a specific period. Changes in the exchange rate will affect the amount of our obligations and the value of our assets in terms of United States dollars which may result in an increase or decrease in the amount of our obligations and the value of our assets.

This annual report contains translations of certain Renminbi and GBP amounts into U.S. dollars at specified rates. Unless otherwise stated, the following exchange rates are used in this annual report:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
US$ Exchange Rate |  | December 31,
1 US$= RMB |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
At the end of the year - RMB |  | 7.0999 | ​ | 6.8987 | ​ | 6.3524
Average rate for the year - RMB |  | 7.0809 | ​ | 6.7347 | ​ | 6.4491
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
1 US$=GBP | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At the end of the year - GBP | ​ | 0.7847 | ​ | 0.8315 | ​ | 0.7419
Average rate for the year - GBP | ​ | 0.8039 | ​ | 0.8121 | ​ | 0.7327

​

​

​

2

Table of Contents

Part I

Item 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not Applicable.

​

Item 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not Applicable.

​

Item 3. KEY INFORMATION

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and not a Chinese operating company. As a holding company with no material operations of our own, we conduct our operations through our subsidiaries in the UK and the VIE and its subsidiaries in China. For accounting purposes, we control and receive the economic benefits of the VIE and its subsidiaries through certain contractual arrangements (the “VIE Agreements”), which enables us to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements under U.S. GAAP, and the structure involves unique risks to investors. Our securities are securities of MDJM, the offshore holding company in the Cayman Islands, instead of securities of the VIE or its subsidiaries in China. The VIE structure provides contractual exposure to foreign investment in China-based companies where Chinese law prohibits direct foreign investment in the operating companies. For a description of the VIE Agreements, see “— The VIE Agreements.” As a result of our use of the VIE structure, you may never hold equity interests in the VIE or its subsidiaries.

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of the date of this annual report:

(1) | Represents 10,200,000 Ordinary Shares held by our CEO and chairman of the board of directors, Mr. Siping Xu, through MDJH LTD, which is 100% owned by Mr. Xu;

(2) | Represents an aggregate of 180,309 Ordinary Shares held by 12 shareholders of MDJM, each one of which holds less than 5% of our equity interests, as of the date of this annual report; and

(3) | The Mingda Tianjin Shareholders collectively hold 100% of the equity interests in Mingda Tianjin.

3

Table of Contents

Investors are purchasing securities of the holding company, MDJM, instead of securities of our operating entities. Our operations are conducted through MD UK, Mansions, and Mingda Tianjin.

The VIE Agreements

Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership in the real estate sector, neither we nor our subsidiaries own any equity interest in Mingda Tianjin. Instead, for accounting purposes, we control and receive the economic benefits of Mingda Tianjin’s business operation through the VIE Agreements, which enables us to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements under U.S. GAAP. WFOE, Mingda Tianjin, and the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders entered into the VIE Agreements on April 28, 2018. The VIE Agreements are designed to provide WFOE with the power, rights, and obligations to Mingda Tianjin as set forth under the VIE Agreements. We have evaluated the guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification 810 and determined that we are regarded as the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes, as a result of our direct ownership in WFOE and the provisions of the VIE Agreements.

Each of the VIE Agreements is described in detail below:

Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement

Pursuant to the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Mingda Tianjin and WFOE, WFOE provides Mingda Tianjin with technical support, consulting services, intellectual services, and other management services relating to Mingda Tianjin’s day-to-day business operations and management, on an exclusive basis, utilizing its advantages in technology, human resources, and information. Additionally, Mingda Tianjin granted an irrevocable and exclusive option to WFOE to purchase from Mingda Tianjin, any or all of Mingda Tianjin’s assets at the lowest purchase price permitted under PRC laws. Should WFOE exercise such option, the parties will enter into a separate asset transfer or similar agreement. For services rendered to Mingda Tianjin by WFOE under this agreement, WFOE is entitled to collect a service fee approximately equal to the net income of Mingda Tianjin after the deduction of the required PRC statutory reserve.

The Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement will remain in effect for 10 years, unless it is terminated by WFOE with 30-day prior notice. Mingda Tianjin does not have the right to terminate that agreement unilaterally. WFOE may unilaterally extend the term of that agreement with prior written notice.

The Chief Executive Officer of WFOE, Mr. Siping Xu, is currently managing Mingda Tianjin pursuant to the terms of the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement. WFOE has absolute authority relating to the management of Mingda Tianjin, including decisions with regard to expenses, salary raises and bonuses, hiring, firing, and other operational functions. The Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement does not prohibit related party transactions. Our audit committee is required to review and approve in advance any related party transactions, including transactions involving WFOE or Mingda Tianjin.

Share Pledge Agreement

Under the Share Pledge Agreement among WFOE, and the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders, the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders pledged all of their equity interests in Mingda Tianjin to WFOE to guarantee the performance of Mingda Tianjin’s obligations under the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement. Under the terms of the Share Pledge Agreement, in the event that Mingda Tianjin or the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders breach their respective contractual obligations under the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, WFOE, as pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to collect dividends generated by the pledged equity interests. The Mingda Tianjin Shareholders also agreed that upon occurrence of any event of default, as set forth in the Share Pledge Agreement, WFOE is entitled to dispose of the pledged equity interest in accordance with applicable PRC laws. The Mingda Tianjin Shareholders further agreed not to dispose of the pledged equity interests or take any actions that would prejudice WFOE’s interest.

The Share Pledge Agreement is effective until all payments due under the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement have been paid by Mingda Tianjin. WFOE will cancel or terminate the Share Pledge Agreement upon Mingda Tianjin’s full payment of fees payable under the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement.

4

Table of Contents

The purposes of the Share Pledge Agreement are to (1) guarantee the performance of Mingda Tianjin’s obligations under the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, (2) make sure the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders do not transfer or assign the pledged equity interests, or create or allow any encumbrance that would prejudice WFOE’s interests without WFOE’s prior written consent, and (3) provide WFOE control over Mingda Tianjin. In the event Mingda Tianjin breaches its contractual obligations under the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, WFOE will be entitled to foreclose on the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders’ equity interests in Mingda Tianjin and may (1) exercise its option to purchase or designate third parties to purchase part or all of their equity interests in Mingda Tianjin and in this situation, WFOE may terminate the VIE Agreements after acquisition of all equity interests in Mingda Tianjin or form a new VIE structure with the third parties designated by WFOE; or (2) dispose the pledged equity interests and be paid in priority out of proceeds from the disposal in which case the VIE structure will be terminated.

Exclusive Option Agreement

Under the Exclusive Option Agreement, the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders irrevocably granted WFOE (or its designee) an exclusive option to purchase, to the extent permitted under PRC law, once or at multiple times, at any time, part or all of their equity interests in Mingda Tianjin. The option price is equal to the capital paid in by the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders subject to any appraisal or restrictions required by applicable PRC laws and regulations. As of December 31, 2023, if WFOE exercised such option, the total option price that would be paid to all of the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders would be approximately $1,586,834, which is the aggregate registered capital of Mingda Tianjin. The option purchase price will increase in case the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders make additional capital contributions to Mingda Tianjin.

Under the Exclusive Option Agreement, WFOE may at any time under any circumstances, purchase, or have its designated person purchase, at its discretion, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders’ equity interests in Mingda Tianjin. The Exclusive Option Agreement, together with the Share Pledge Agreement, Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, and the Power of Attorney, enables us to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements under U.S. GAAP. The agreement remains effective for a term of 10 years and may be renewed at WFOE’s election.

Powers of Attorney

Under each of the Powers of Attorney, the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders authorize WFOE to act on their behalf as their exclusive agent and attorney with respect to all rights as shareholders, including: (a) attending shareholders’ meetings; (b) exercising all the shareholder’s rights, including voting, that shareholders are entitled to under the laws of China and the articles of association of Mingda Tianjin, including the sale or transfer or pledge or disposition of shares in part or in whole; and (c) designating and appointing on behalf of shareholders the legal representative, the executive director, supervisor, the chief executive officer and other senior management members of Mingda Tianjin.

The term of each of the Powers of Attorney is the same as the term of the Exclusive Option Agreement. The Powers of Attorney are irrevocable and continuously valid from the date of execution of the Powers of Attorney, so long as the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders are shareholders of Mingda Tianjin.

Risks Associated with Our Corporate Structure and the VIE Agreements

Because we do not hold equity interests in the VIE and its subsidiaries, we are subject to risks and uncertainties of the interpretations and applications of PRC laws and regulations, including but not limited to, regulatory review of overseas listing of PRC companies through special purpose vehicles, and the validity and enforcement of the VIE Agreements. We are also subject to the risks and uncertainties about any future actions of the PRC government in this regard that could disallow the VIE structure, which would likely result in a material change in our operations, and the value of our securities may depreciate significantly or become worthless. The VIE Agreements have not been tested in a court of law in China as of the date of this annual report.

5

Table of Contents

The VIE Agreements may not be effective as direct ownership in providing operational control. For instance, Mingda Tianjin and the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders could breach their VIE Agreements with WFOE by, among other things, failing to conduct their operations in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. The Mingda Tianjin Shareholders may not act in the best interests of our Company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate certain portions of our business through the VIE Agreements with Mingda Tianjin. In the event that Mingda Tianjin or the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the VIE Agreements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. In addition, even if legal actions are taken to enforce such arrangements, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—Our VIE Agreements with Mingda Tianjin are governed by the laws of the PRC and we may have difficulty in enforcing any rights we may have under these VIE Agreements.”

Risks Associated with Being Based in the PRC

We are subject to certain legal and operational risks associated with having a substantial part of our operations in China, which could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. PRC laws and regulations governing our current business operations are sometimes vague and uncertain, and as a result these risks may result in material changes in the operations of the VIE and its subsidiaries, significant depreciation or a complete loss of the value of our securities, or a complete hindrance of our ability to offer, or continue to offer, our securities to investors. The PRC government has adopted a series of regulatory actions and issued statements to regulate business operations in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. As of the date of this annual report, we, our subsidiaries, and the VIE and its subsidiaries have not been involved in any investigations on cybersecurity review initiated by any PRC regulatory authority, nor has any of them received any inquiry, notice, or sanction. As confirmed by our PRC counsel, Beijing ANLI (Tianjin) Partners, we are not subject to cybersecurity review with the Cyberspace Administration of China, or the CAC, under the Cybersecurity Review Measures that became effective on February 15, 2022, since we currently do not have over one million users’ personal information and do not anticipate that we will be collecting over one million users’ personal information in the foreseeable future, which we understand might otherwise subject us to the Cybersecurity Review Measures; we are also not subject to network data security review by the CAC if the Draft Regulations on the Network Data Security Administration (Draft for Comments) (the “Security Administration Draft”) are enacted as proposed, since we currently do not have over one million users’ personal information and do not collect data that affects or may affect national security and we do not anticipate that we will be collecting over one million users’ personal information or data that affects or may affect national security in the foreseeable future, which we understand might otherwise subject us to the Security Administration Draft. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—Greater oversight by the CAC over data security, particularly for companies seeking to list on a foreign exchange, could adversely impact our business and our offering.”

On February 17, 2023, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”) promulgated the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, or the “Trial Measures,” and five supporting guidelines, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. As advised by our PRC counsel, Beijing ANLI (Tianjin) Partners, Mingda Tianjin falls under the category of existing enterprises that have completed their overseas listings before the effective date of the Trial Measures (namely, March 31, 2023). Therefore, we are not immediately required to file for compliance. However, in the event that we intend to undertake new offerings or fundraising activities in the future, we should ensure compliance with the relevant regulations and file for compliance accordingly. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—The Opinions, the Trial Measures, and the revised Provisions recently issued by PRC authorities may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future.” Other than the foregoing, as of the date of this report, according to our PRC counsel, Beijing ANLI (Tianjin) Partners, no relevant laws or regulations in the PRC explicitly require us to seek approval from the CSRC or any other PRC governmental authorities for our overseas listing. As of the date of this annual report, we, our subsidiaries, and the VIE and its subsidiaries have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, or sanctions regarding our overseas listing from the CSRC or any other PRC governmental authorities. Since these statements and regulatory actions are newly published, however, official guidance and related implementation rules have not been issued. It is highly uncertain what the potential impact such modified or new laws and regulations will have on the daily business operations of our subsidiaries and the VIE, our ability to accept foreign investments, and our listing on a U.S. exchange. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (the “SCNPC”) or PRC regulatory authorities may in the future promulgate laws, regulations, or implement rules that require us, our subsidiaries, or the VIE to obtain regulatory approval from Chinese authorities for listing in the U.S.

6

Table of Contents

In addition, our Ordinary Shares may be prohibited from trading on a national exchange or over-the-counter under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCA Act”), if the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (the “PCAOB”) is unable to inspect our auditor for two consecutive years beginning in 2021. Our auditor, RBSM LLP, is an independent registered public accounting firm with the PCAOB, and as an auditor of publicly traded companies in the U.S., is subject to laws in the U.S., pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. The PCAOB currently has access to inspect the working papers of our auditor and our auditor is not subject to the determinations announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021. If trading in our Ordinary Shares is prohibited under the HFCA Act in the future because the PCAOB determines that it cannot inspect or fully investigate our auditor at such future time, Nasdaq may determine to delist our Ordinary Shares and trading in our Ordinary Shares could be prohibited. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, and on December 29, 2022, legislation entitled “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023” (the “Consolidated Appropriations Act”) was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and amended the HFCA Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time period for triggering the prohibition on trading. On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC (the “MOF”), and the PCAOB signed a Statement of Protocol (the “Protocol”), governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, taking the first step toward opening access for the PCAOB to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the fact sheet with respect to the Protocol disclosed by the SEC, the PCAOB shall have independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and has the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—Joint statement by the SEC and the PCAOB, rule changes by Nasdaq, and the HFCA Act all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our continued listing or future offerings of our securities in the U.S.”

Permissions Required from PRC Authorities

The VIE is not operating in an industry that prohibits or limits foreign investment. As a result, as advised by our PRC counsel, Beijing ANLI (Tianjin) Partners, other than those requisite for a domestic company in China to engage in the businesses similar to those of the VIE, our Company, our subsidiaries, or the VIE is not required to obtain any permission from Chinese authorities, including the CSRC, the CAC, or any other governmental agency that is required to approve the operations of the VIE. However, if our Company, our subsidiaries, or the VIE does not receive or maintain the approvals, or we inadvertently conclude that such approvals are not required, or applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change such that we are required to obtain approval in the future, we may be subject to investigations by competent regulators, fines or penalties, ordered to suspend the VIE’s relevant operations and rectify any non-compliance, prohibited from engaging in relevant business or conducting any offering, and these risks could result in a material adverse change in the operations of the VIE, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause such securities to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

As of the date of this annual report, the VIE has received from PRC authorities all requisite licenses, permissions, or approvals needed to engage in the businesses currently conducted in China, and no permission or approval has been denied. Such licenses and permissions include the Business License and Registration Certificate of Tianjin Real Estate Brokerage Agency. The following table provides details on the licenses and permissions held by the VIE.

Company | License/Permission | Issuing Authority | Validity
Mingdajiahe (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. | Business License | Tianjin Market Supervision and Administration Commission | Long-term
| Registration Certificate of Tianjin Real Estate Brokerage Agency | Tianjin Heping District Housing and Construction Commission | Long-term

​

7

Table of Contents

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. Pursuant to the Trial Measures, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, shall complete filing procedures with the CSRC pursuant to the requirements of the Trial Measures within three working days following its submission of initial public offerings or listing applications. If a domestic company fails to complete required filing procedures or conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in its filing documents, such domestic company may be subject to administrative penalties, such as an order to rectify, warnings, and fines, and its controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines.

According to the Notice on the Administrative Arrangements for the Filing of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies from the CSRC, or “the CSRC Notice,” domestic companies that have already been listed overseas before the effective date of the Trial Measures (namely, March 31, 2023) shall be deemed as existing issuers (the “Existing Issuers”). Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filing procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC for any subsequent offerings. Further, according to the CSRC Notice, domestic companies that have obtained approval from overseas regulatory authorities or securities exchanges (for example, the effectiveness of a registration statement for offering and listing in the U.S. has been obtained) for their indirect overseas offering and listing prior to March 31, 2023 but have not yet completed their indirect overseas issuance and listing, are granted a six-month transition period from March 31, 2023 to September 30, 2023. Those that complete their indirect overseas offering and listing within such six-month period are deemed as Existing Issuers and are not required to file with the CSRC for their indirect overseas offerings and listings. Within such six-month transition period, however, if such domestic companies fail to complete their indirect overseas issuance and listing, they shall complete the filing procedures with the CSRC.

As advised by our PRC counsel, Beijing ANLI (Tianjin) Partners, Mingda Tianjin falls under the category of Existing Issuers. Therefore, we are not immediately required to file for compliance. However, in the event that we intend to undertake new offerings or fundraising activities in the future, we should ensure compliance with the relevant regulations and file for compliance accordingly.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, together with the MOF, the National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Archives Administration of China, revised the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing, which were issued by the CSRC and the National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Archives Administration of China in 2009, or the “Provisions.” The revised Provisions were issued under the title the “Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies,” and came into effect on March 31, 2023 together with the Trial Measures. One of the major revisions to the revised Provisions is expanding their application to cover indirect overseas offering and listing, as is consistent with the Trial Measures. The revised Provisions require that, among other things, (a) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or indirectly through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals or entities, including securities companies, securities service providers, and overseas regulators, any documents and materials that contain state secrets or working secrets of government agencies, shall first obtain approval from competent authorities according to law, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level; and (b) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or indirectly through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals and entities, including securities companies, securities service providers, and overseas regulators, any other documents and materials that, if leaked, will be detrimental to national security or public interest, shall strictly fulfill relevant procedures stipulated by applicable national regulations. Any failure or perceived failure by our Company, our subsidiaries, or the VIE to comply with the above confidentiality and archives administration requirements under the revised Provisions and other PRC laws and regulations may result in the relevant entities being held legally liable by competent authorities, and referred to the judicial organ to be investigated for criminal liability if suspected of committing a crime.

As there are still uncertainties regarding the interpretation and implementation of such regulatory guidance, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with new regulatory requirements relating to our future overseas capital-raising activities and we may become subject to more stringent requirements with respect to matters such as cross-border investigation, data privacy, and enforcement of legal claims. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—The Opinions, the Trial Measures, and the revised Provisions recently issued by PRC authorities may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future.”

8

Table of Contents

Except as described above, we are currently not required to obtain permission from any of the PRC authorities to operate and issue our securities to foreign investors. In addition, we, our subsidiaries, and Mingda Tianjin and its subsidiaries are not required to obtain permission or approval relating to our securities from the PRC authorities, including the CSRC or the CAC, for our subsidiaries or Mingda Tianjin’s operations, nor have we or our subsidiaries or Mingda Tianjin received any denial for our subsidiaries or Mingda Tianjin’s operations with respect to our offerings. However, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the “Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law,” or the “Opinions,” which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. Effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, will be taken to deal with the risks and incidents of China-concept overseas listed companies, cybersecurity, data privacy protection requirements, and similar matters. The Opinions and any related implementing rules to be enacted may subject us to compliance requirements in the future. Given the current regulatory environment in the PRC, we are still subject to the uncertainty of different interpretation and enforcement of the rules and regulations in the PRC adverse to us, which may take place quickly with little advance notice. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—The Opinions recently issued by the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council may subject us to additional compliance requirement in the future.”

Asset Transfers Between Our Company, Our Subsidiaries, and the VIE

As of the date of this annual report, our Company, our subsidiaries, and the VIE have not distributed any earnings or settled any amounts owed under the VIE Agreements. Our Company, our subsidiaries, and the VIE do not have any plan to distribute earnings or settle amounts owed under the VIE Agreements in the foreseeable future.

MDJM transferred $1,480,000 and $3,100,000 into the account of MD UK in 2022 and 2021, respectively, as an investment; in addition, MDJM paid a net amount of $103,794 and $14,757 on behalf of subsidiaries in 2022 and 2021, respectively, which consisted of attorney fees in connection with the establishment of new business, and other business - related expenses. There were no other assets transferred between MDJM, its subsidiaries, and the VIE during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Dividends or Distributions Made to Our Company and U.S. Investors and Tax Consequences

As of the date of this annual report, none of our subsidiaries nor the VIE have made any dividends or distributions to our Company and our Company has not made any dividends or distributions to our shareholders. We intend to keep any future earnings to finance the expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate that any cash dividends will be paid in the foreseeable future. Subject to the passive foreign investment company rules, the gross amount of distributions we make to investors with respect to our Ordinary Shares (including the amount of any taxes withheld therefrom) will be taxable as a dividend, to the extent that the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles.

Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend on its shares out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid out of the share premium account if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts due in the ordinary course of business.

If we determine to pay dividends on any of our Ordinary Shares in the future, as a holding company, we will be dependent on receipt of funds from our Hong Kong subsidiary, MDJH Hong Kong, and our UK subsidiary, MD UK. MDJH Hong Kong will rely on payments made from Mingda Tianjin to WFOE, pursuant to the VIE Agreements, and the distribution of such payments to MDJH Hong Kong; MD UK will rely on payments from its subsidiaries Mansions and Fernie Castle Culture. According to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, such payments from subsidiaries to parent companies in China are subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. In addition, if Mingda Tianjin or its branch office incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

9

Table of Contents

Current PRC regulations permit WFOE to pay dividends to MDJH Hong Kong only out of its accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our operating entities in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Each of such entity in China is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at the discretion of its board of directors. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation.

The PRC government also imposes controls on the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from our profits, if any. Furthermore, if our operating entities in the PRC incur debt on their own in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments. If we or our subsidiaries are unable to receive all of the revenue from our operations through the VIE Agreements, we may be unable to pay dividends on our Ordinary Shares.

Cash dividends, if any, on our Ordinary Shares will be paid in U.S. dollars. If we are considered a PRC tax resident enterprise for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders may be regarded as China-sourced income and as a result may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10.0%.

Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, or the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, the 10% withholding tax rate may be lowered to 5% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns no less than 25% of a PRC project. However, the 5% withholding tax rate does not automatically apply and certain requirements must be satisfied, including, without limitation, that (a) the Hong Kong resident enterprise must be the beneficial owner of the relevant dividends; and (b) the Hong Kong resident enterprise must directly hold no less than 25% share ownership in the PRC project during the 12 consecutive months preceding its receipt of the dividends. In current practice, a Hong Kong resident enterprise must obtain a tax resident certificate from the Hong Kong tax authority to apply for the 5% lower PRC withholding tax rate. As the Hong Kong tax authority will issue such a tax resident certificate on a case-by-case basis, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the tax resident certificate from the relevant Hong Kong tax authority and enjoy the preferential withholding tax rate of 5% under the Double Taxation Arrangement with respect to dividends to be paid by WFOE to its immediate holding company, MDJH Hong Kong. As of the date of this annual report, we have not applied for the tax resident certificate from the relevant Hong Kong tax authority. MDJH Hong Kong intends to apply for the tax resident certificate when WFOE plans to declare and pay dividends to MDJH Hong Kong. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—There are significant uncertainties under the EIT Law relating to the withholding tax liabilities of our PRC subsidiary, and dividends payable by our PRC subsidiary to our offshore subsidiaries may not qualify to enjoy certain treaty benefits.”

Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments, and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies, without prior approval of State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”), by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations in the PRC may be used to pay dividends to our Company. As of the date of this annual report, WFOE has conducted the foreign exchange registration related to our Company under the existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, which enables WFOE to legally distribute its earnings to our Company.

Our Company’s ability to settle amounts owed under the VIE Agreements relies upon payments made from the VIE to WFOE in accordance with the VIE Agreements. For services rendered to the VIE by WFOE under the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, WFOE is entitled to collect a service fee from the VIE. Pursuant to the Exclusive Option Agreement, WFOE may at any time and under any circumstances purchase all or part of the equity interests in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC laws. For restrictions and limitations on our ability to settle amounts owed under the VIE Agreements, please see “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—The VIE Agreements may not be effective in providing control over Mingda Tianjin” and “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—If the PRC government determines that the VIE Agreements do not comply with PRC regulations, or if these regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we may be unable to assert our contractual rights over the assets of the VIE, and our Ordinary Shares may decline in value or become worthless.”

10

Table of Contents

A. [Reserved]

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D. Risk Factors

Risks Relating to our Business and Industry

The PRC operating entities’ business is susceptible to fluctuations in the real estate market of China.

The PRC operating entities conduct their real estate services business primarily in China. The PRC operating entities’ business depends substantially on the conditions of the PRC real estate market. Demand for private residential real estate in China has grown rapidly in the recent decade, but such growth is often coupled with volatility in market conditions and fluctuations in real estate prices. Fluctuations of supply and demand in China’s real estate market are caused by economic, social, political, and other factors, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Over the years, governments at both national and local levels have announced and implemented various policies and measures aimed to regulate the real estate markets, in some cases to stimulate further development and more purchase of residential real estate units and in other cases to restrict these activities from growing too rapidly. These measures can affect real estate buyers’ eligibility to purchase additional units, their down payment requirements and financing, as well as availability of land to developers and their ability to obtain financing. These measures have affected and may continue to affect the conditions of the China’s real estate market and cause fluctuations in real estate pricing and transaction volume. See “—The PRC operating entities’ business may be materially and adversely affected by government measures aimed at China’s real estate industry.” Furthermore, there may be situations in which China’s real estate industry is so active that real estate developers see a reduced need for marketing initiatives and reduce their spending on such initiatives, which could potentially adversely affect the PRC operating entities’ result of operations. To the extent fluctuations in the real estate market adversely affect real estate transaction volumes or prices, the PRC operating entities’ financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The PRC operating entities’ business may be materially and adversely affected by government measures aimed at China’s real estate industry.

The real estate industry in China is subject to government regulations, including measures that are intended to control real estate prices. Since January 2011, PRC governmental agencies have issued a number of restrictive rules on the real estate market, which include:

| ● | minimum down payments for the first self-use (non-rental) housing units under 90 square meters must be no less than 20% of the purchase price, and no less than 30% for units over 90 square meters;

| ● | minimum down payments for the second housing units must be no less than 40% of the purchase price, and the loan interest rate must be no less than 110% of benchmark lending interest rate;

| ● | all municipalities directly under the central government, all provincial capitals, and other cities where the local housing prices are deemed to be too high or to have risen too fast, are required to temporarily suspend the sale of housing units to families with registered local permanent residences that already own two or more housing units, families without registered local permanent residences that already own one or more housing units, and families without registered local permanent residences that cannot provide evidence of their local payment of taxes or social insurance premiums for a required period;

11

Table of Contents

| ● | value-added tax is imposed and calculated on the full sales revenue for the sale of all housing units held for less than two years, and for Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen, on the difference between the sales revenue and the amount paid for the housing unit for the sale of non-ordinary housing units which were purchased two or more years ago, and for regions outside of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Shenzhen, no value-added tax for the sales of non-ordinary housing units which were purchased two or more years ago;

| ● | real estate property tax pilot projects were launched in Shanghai and Chongqing. Local regulations require a real property tax to be imposed on certain local housing units purchased on or after January 28, 2011, at a current tax rate of 0.6% in Shanghai and at a tax rate ranging from 0.5% to 1.2% in Chongqing; and

| ● | governments of most major cities are required to set up and make public their target for controlling the price of local, newly built, residential housing units for the current year within the first season. Accordingly, many cities, including Shanghai, Beijing, Chongqing, and Shenzhen, have started such exercise to announce their respective price control targets for each year since 2011.

In late February and March 2013, the PRC government issued the “New Five Policies” for administration of the housing market and detailed implementation rules, which revealed the PRC government’s strong determination to curb the increase of housing prices by requiring more stringent implementation of housing price control measures. For example, in cities where housing unit sales have already been subject to restrictions, if the local housing supply is not sufficient so that the housing prices are rising too fast, local governments are required to take more stringent measures to restrict housing units from being sold to those families who own one or more housing units. Following the request of the central government, Beijing, Shanghai, and other major cities in China have announced detailed regulations for the New Five Policies in late March 2013, to further cool down local real estate markets.

Following the real estate boom in 2015 and 2016 when the PRC real estate market saw significant and steady property sale price increases, the PRC government urged local governments to adopt measures to stabilize the real estate market. In 2016 and 2017, the local governments of several cities in the PRC have implemented a series of measures designed to stabilize the growth of the property market on a more sustainable level. Such tightening measures have affected some of the cities where the PRC operating entities operate, including Zhengzhou, Jinan, Suzhou, Chengdu, Tianjin, Beijing, and Changsha. In 2018, 2020, and 2021, certain local governments in the PRC further implemented measures to steady property sale price increases and stabilize the real estate market, such as Hainan which limited local residents from purchasing more than one residential property. Various rules have been enacted in cities where the PRC operating entities operate, such as (1) in Chengdu, five years must pass before residents may transfer or sell newly purchased residential property; and (2) in Tianjin, the local government continue to emphasize the importance of stabilizing the local real estate market.

On January 21, 2021, the Shanghai Housing and Construction Commission issued the Opinions on Promoting the Stable and Healthy Development of the City’s Real Estate Market, specifying that the housing purchase restriction policy will be strictly enforced, and in case of a divorce, the number of housing units owned by either party will be calculated according to the total number of housing units owned by the family before the divorce if the couple purchases commercial housing within three years from the date of divorce. On August 4, 2021, the Beijing Municipal Housing and Construction Commission issued the Announcement on Further Improving the Purchase Restriction Policy for Commercial Housing, which clearly stated that in case of a divorce, and the number of housing units owned by the original family before the divorce does not meet the requirements of the city’s purchase restriction policy for commercial housing, either party shall not purchase commercial housing in the city within three years from the date of divorce.

12

Table of Contents

On March 22, 2021, the Chengdu Leading Group Office for Real Estate Market Steady Healthy Development issued the Notice on Further Promoting the Stable and Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market, which included foreclosed houses and commodity housing projects under construction acquired through judicial auctions and equity transfers in the management of restricted sales. On August 5, 2021, the Chengdu Leading Group Office issued the Notice on Matters Related to Strengthening the Management of Gifts and Optimizing the Review of Qualifications for Home Purchase in Consequential Position, which strictly identified gifts of housing to the purchase behavior restriction criteria. On December 17, 2021, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Regulations on Certain Issues Concerning the Qualification of Bidders for Judicial Auction of Real Estate by the People’s Courts, which, among other things, required that the People’s Courts not permit a bidder to participate in a judicial auction of property organized by the People’s Court, if the bidder is subject to the restrictive purchase policy of the location of the property. This provision has been implemented since January 1, 2022. On March 3, 2021, the Shanghai Housing Authority issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Management of the City’s Real Estate Market to enforce housing sales restrictions. On July 13, 2021, the Housing and Construction Commission and other eight departments issued the Notice on the Continuous Rectification and Standardization of the Real Estate Market Order to strength the real estate market order rectification efforts.

However, since 2022, China’s real estate industry has seen a gradual relaxation of government-imposed restrictions on property sale and home purchase eligibility. On September 16, 2022, the Tianjin Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban Rural Development and seven other departments issued a notice on further improving real estate regulation policies and promoting the healthy development of the real estate industry. The notice mentioned supporting the reasonable housing demand of new citizens, appropriately relaxing housing restrictions, and relaxing regulations for several possible housing needs of residential families. For example, residential families with members aged 60 and above or with two or more children can purchase an additional housing under the existing housing purchase restriction policy in this city with their household registration book.

On September 1, 2023, the Tianjin Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban Rural Development and four other departments issued a notice on further adjusting and optimizing real estate policies to better meet the rigid and upgraded housing needs of residents. It adjusted the housing purchase restriction area in this city to be limited to six districts within the city. Residents who purchase new commercial housing or second-hand housing within the housing purchase restriction area will still be subject to the city’s housing purchase restriction and qualification policies.

On September 26, 2023, the Office of the Leading Group for the Steady and Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market in Chengdu issued the Notice on Further Optimizing Policies and Measures to Promote the Steady and Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market, in which the housing purchase restriction measures were adjusted, and the areas where the purchase restriction was implemented were grouped into one large area. Within the purchase restriction area, those who purchase more than 144 square meters (excluding) of housing would no longer be screened based on purchase eligibility. Those who purchase less than 144 square meters (including) of housing would have to meet certain requirements, such as having the registered residence of the purchase restriction area and complying with the restrictions on the number of total housing units purchased. Those outside the purchase restriction area would not be screened for purchase eligibility regardless of the number of square meters of housing purchased.

During the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference held from March 4 to March 11, 2024, the Government Work Report, People’s Livelihood Theme Press Conference, and proposals from representative committee members all emphasized the real estate industry. The Government Work Report proposes to “meet the rigid housing needs and diversified and upgraded housing needs of residents” and “reduce restrictive measures and better meet the needs of the people to improve their lives.” The Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development also stated that “the autonomy of urban regulation has been fully granted, and urban governments should shoulder their responsibilities. Based on the population situation, supply and demand situation, and the needs of security, they should formulate and implement good housing development plans, implement policies tailored to the city, optimize real estate policies, and stabilize the real estate market.” At the same time, the finance department will further support tax reduction and burden reduction, and credit policies to continue to promote the development of housing transactions and stimulate the vitality of the real estate market.

13

Table of Contents

On March 22, 2024, the Executive Meeting of the State Council pointed out the need to further optimize real estate policies, systematically plan relevant support policies, and clearly propose “to further optimize real estate policies, continue to do a good job in ensuring the delivery of buildings, people’s livelihoods, and stability, further promote the implementation and effectiveness of urban real estate financing coordination mechanisms, systematically plan relevant support policies, effectively stimulate potential demand, increase the supply of high-quality housing, and promote the stable and healthy development of the real estate market, and to adapt to the trend of new urbanization and changes in the supply and demand relationship of the real estate market, accelerate the improvement of the ‘market+guarantee’ housing supply system, reform the basic systems related to commercial housing, and focus on building new models of real estate development.” It is expected that in the future, real estate industry policies will be further relaxed, or new real estate development models will be launched. In general, the PRC government holds a relatively positive attitude towards the real estate industry.

Overall, in recent years, the PRC government has gradually relaxed restrictions on home purchases, which is conducive to increasing residents’ willingness to buy houses and stimulating the upward trend of the real estate economy. However, the full effect and extent of these policies on the real estate industry and the PRC operating entities’ business will depend in large part on the implementation and interpretation of the circulars by governmental agencies, local governments, and banks involved in the real estate industry. We cannot be certain that the PRC government will not issue additional and more stringent regulations or measures or that agencies and banks will not adopt restrictive measures or practices in response to PRC governmental policies and regulations, which could substantially reduce pre-sales of the PRC operating entities’ properties and cash flow from operations and substantially increase their financing needs, which would in turn materially and adversely affect their business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows was adversely affected by the COVID - 19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused business disruptions beginning in January 2020, including the closure of the majority of businesses in mainland China. Although the PRC operating entities were able to resume their normal operation since April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic materially adversely affected their business operations and financial results for 2021, including material negative impacts on their revenue, slower collection of accounts receivables, and additional allowance for doubtful accounts. Between March and December 2022, many cities in China employed strict lock-down policies in response to resurgences of the COVID-19 pandemic and consumer demand declined in China, which, together with constant regulation of the real estate market by the central and local governments, negatively impacted both the supply and demand for real estate, causing the real estate market in China to decline in 2022. As a result, our revenue decreased by 90% during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared with the same period in 2021. The general impact of the pandemic on the Chinese economy implicates potential larger-scale effects on the PRC operating entities’ industry and business. To mitigate the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the decline in consumer demand in China, the PRC operating entities have been reducing their operations in China since 2021 and we have expanded into the European markets by establishing subsidiaries in the UK and Germany and acquiring Fernie Castle and the Robin Hill Property (defined below). See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Overview.” During the year ended December 31, 2023, the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a material impact on our business operations and financial results.

The PRC operating entities face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics, and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt the PRC operating entities’ operations.

The PRC operating entities’ business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters, health epidemics, or other public safety concerns affecting the PRC, and particularly Tianjin and Chengdu. Natural disasters may give rise to severe interruptions to construction business and adversely affect the PRC operating entities’ ability to provide services to clients. In recent years, there have been outbreaks of epidemics in China and globally, such as COVID-19, H1N1 flu, and avian flu. The PRC operating entities’ business operations could be disrupted by any of these epidemics. In addition, the results of operations of the PRC operating entities could be adversely affected to the extent that any health epidemic harms the Chinese economy in general. A prolonged outbreak of any of these illnesses or other adverse public health developments in China or elsewhere in the world could have a material adverse effect on the PRC operating entities’ business operations.

14

Table of Contents

Such outbreaks could significantly impact the real estate industry, which could severely disrupt the PRC operating entities’ operations and adversely affect their business, financial condition, and results of operations. The PRC operating entities’ headquarters is located in Tianjin, where the management and employees currently reside. Consequently, if any natural disasters, health epidemics, or other public safety concerns were to affect Tianjin or cause travel restriction in or out of Tianjin or its surrounding areas, the PRC operating entities’ operations may experience material disruptions, which may materially and adversely affect their, and consequentially our, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Failure to maintain or enhance the PRC operating entities’ brands or image could have a material and adverse effect on their business and results of operations.

We believe the “Mingda Jiahe” brand is associated with a well-recognized, integrated real estate services company in the local markets that it operates, with consistent high-quality services among real estate developers and other real estate market players, such as design institutes, transportation bureaus, and infrastructure bureaus in China. The brand is integral to the PRC operating entities’ sales and marketing efforts. The PRC operating entities’ continued success in maintaining and enhancing their brand and image depends to a large extent on their ability to satisfy customer needs by further developing and maintaining quality of services across their operations, as well as their ability to respond to competitive pressures. If the PRC operating entities are unable to satisfy customer needs or if their public image or reputation were otherwise diminished, the business transactions with their customers may decline, which could in turn adversely affect their results of operations.

There is no guarantee that the PRC operating entities will be able to maintain their sales performance as they did in 2023, 2022, and 2021. In the event that their sales performance declines due to factors outside of our control or due to the deterioration of their performance, our results of operations and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

The PRC operating entities generate revenue through commissions paid by their real estate developer clients. The commission payment plans depend on the total number of units for sale and the percentage of units the PRC operating entities are able to sell. Their commission rate may be a fixed rate where, regardless of how many units they sell, they are paid at the same rate, or a progressive rate, where their commission rate varies with the number of units they are able to sell in a stated period. In 2023, 2022, and 2021, the PRC operating entities were able to achieve an average commission rate of 0.47%, 0.5%, and 0.72%, in their sales performance, respectively. Moreover, their sales performance depends on various factors, some of which are outside of their or our control, such as the appetite of prospective buyers for the specific real estate projects they are promoting and selling, general economic environment, and PRC government’s restrictive policies on real estate. The PRC operating entities’ sales performance will also decline if they fail to execute their selling and marketing plans effectively, which may materially and adversely affect their, and consequentially our, results of operations and prospects.

The PRC operating entities have reduced their scale of operations and decreased their on-going programs, and their, and consequently our, results of operations and profitability have been adversely affected.

Our revenue generated through the PRC operating entities for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $41,954, a decrease of $392,417, or 90%, from $434,371 in the same period of 2022. The decrease of revenue for 2023 was primarily because sales in the new residential housing market in China decreased, and the Company turned its focus to the UK market.

Our revenue generated through the PRC operating entities for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $434,371, a decrease of $4,012,393, or 90%, from $4,446,764 in the same period of 2021. The decrease of revenue for 2022 was primarily due to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the real estate market-related policy adjustments by the PRC government, and our adjustment of strategies to downscale the PRC operating entities. In 2021, the Chinese real estate market shrunk because of the COVID-19 pandemic and real estate market-related policy adjustments by the PRC government. Expecting this trend to continue to unfold, our board of directors adjusted our growth strategies to reduce the scale of operations of the PRC operating entities and shift our focus onto developing the overseas operations that currently are propelled by our UK, Japanese, and German subsidiaries. The PRC operating entities reduced the existing real estate agency programs and decreased the size of their sales team on relevant projects in 2021, and further downscaled their operations in 2022.

Such adjustment of strategies, especially the PRC operating entities’ reduction of their scale of operations and decrease of their on-going programs, have had a material and adverse effect on their, and consequentially our, liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.

15

Table of Contents

If the PRC operating entities are unable to compete successfully, our financial condition and results of operations may be harmed.

The PRC operating entities encounter intense competition in each of their business segments on a national, regional, and local level. Competition in the industry is primarily based on quality of services, brand name recognition, geographic coverage, commission rates or service fees, and range of services. Compared to real estate development, providing real estate services does not require significant capital commitments. This low barrier to entry allows new competitors to enter their markets with relative ease. The new competitive landscape has placed additional demands on the PRC operating entities to increase the amount of resources they provide to the customers and increase the quality of their services in order to retain their customers. New and existing competitors may offer competitive rates, greater convenience, or superior services, which could attract customers away from them, resulting in lower revenue for their operations. Competition among real estate services companies may cause a decrease in commission rates or service fees they receive and higher costs to attract or retain talented employees.

While the PRC operating entities are one of the largest real estate agency companies in Tianjin, their relative competitive position varies significantly by service type and there is no guarantee that they are able to achieve or maintain a leading position. They may not be able to continue competing effectively, maintain their current fee arrangements or margin levels, or ensure that they will not encounter increased competition.

The PRC operating entities’ major competitors in the Tianjin market are Shenzhen World Union Real Estate Consultants Co., Ltd., eHouse (China) Holdings Ltd., and Centaline Property Agency Ltd.

Some of the PRC operating entities’ competitors may have a broader national presence than them and may have a more established brand name recognition than them in major markets, and also may have more financial or other resources than them. Others may have smaller aggregate businesses than them but may be more established and have greater market presence and brand name recognition on a local or regional basis. The PRC operating entities are also subject to competition from other large national and international firms such as World Union Real Estate Consultancy (China) Ltd., Jones Lang LaSalle, Centaline Group, and SouFun Holdings Limited. These firms may have more financial or other resources than the PRC operating entities. If the PRC operating entities fail to compete effectively, our business operations and financial condition will suffer.

Our results of operations and cash flows through the PRC operating entities may fluctuate due to seasonal variations in the real estate market and the non-recurring nature of their services provided to real estate developers.

Our operating income and earnings through the PRC operating entities have historically been lower during the first quarter than other quarters. This results from the relatively low level of real estate activities during the winter and the Chinese New Year holiday period, which falls within the first quarter each year.

Revenue from the PRC operating entities’ services to real estate developers is typically generated on a project-by-project basis. Each project may have several phases that in the aggregate, last for more than five years. Developers must first obtain sales permits and the timing of obtaining sales permits varies from project to project and is subject to uncertain and potentially lengthy delays as developers need to obtain a series of other permits and approvals related to the development before obtaining the sales permit. Additionally, whether future phases of a project will be constructed depend on a variety of factors such as the macroeconomic circumstances and the real estate market circumstances, as well as the sales performance of existing phases of a project. As such, there is no guarantee how much service revenue the PRC operating entities may generate from each of their developer clients.

It is therefore difficult to predict the interval between the time they sign the agency agreements and the time they launch the sale for the projects. The PRC operating entities recognize commission revenue from their primary real estate agency services upon achieving successful sale of an entire project or a phase of a project. “Successful sale,” as defined in individual contracts with their developer clients, depends on, among other things, the delivery of the down payment and some purchasers may not deliver the down payments on time. Certain projects may take longer to complete the sales and thus making it difficult for us to forecast revenue, which increases period-to-period fluctuations. For some of their consulting projects in relation to real estate design, sales, and marketing strategy, land acquisition, and property development, they may agree to a fixed fee arrangement conditional upon the delivery of a final product, such as providing a market study report or sales and marketing strategy report, or a monthly consulting fee payment. Because such consulting projects may take anywhere from a month to a year to perform, the timing of recognizing revenue from such projects may cause fluctuations in our quarterly revenue and even our annual revenue. Furthermore, difficulty in predicting when these projects will begin and how long it will take for the PRC operating entities to complete them makes it difficult for us to forecast revenue.

16

Table of Contents

In addition, the PRC operating entities have in the past entered into, and expect to continue to enter into, contracts from time to time with developers requiring them to pay deposits, which has from time to time resulted in their operating with negative cash flows or, if they fail to recover such deposits, could have a material and adverse effect on their, and consequentially our, liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.

The PRC operating entities’ sales, revenue, and operations will be affected if the prospective buyers are not able to secure mortgage financing on attractive terms, if at all.

A majority of the residential property purchasers of the projects the PRC operating entities serve rely on mortgages to fund their purchases. If the availability or attractiveness of mortgage financing is reduced or limited, many of their prospective buyers may not desire or be able to purchase their properties and, as a result, the sales progress of the property projects they serve will slow down and take longer to complete, and thus their business, liquidity, and results of operations could be adversely affected. Among other factors, the availability and cost of mortgage financing may be affected by changes in PRC regulations or policies or changes in interest rates.

The circulars issued by the PRC State Council and related measures taken by local governments and banks have restricted and may continue to restrict the ability of purchasers to qualify for or obtain mortgage financing. Since January 26, 2011, for a household purchasing a second residential household property with mortgage financing, the down payment must be at least 60% of the purchase price and the interest rate for the mortgage on such property must be at least 1.1 times the benchmark interest rate. The notice of the General Office of the PRC State Council promulgated on February 26, 2013, authorized local counterparts of the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”) to further increase down payment ratios and interest rates for loans to purchase second properties in accordance with the price control policies and targets of the corresponding local governments.

On September 29, 2014, the PBOC and the China Banking Regulatory Commission (the “CBRC”) issued the Circular of PBOC and CBRC on Further Improving Financial Services for Housing, among other incentive policies, which specifies that the minimum down payment is 30% of the purchase price for purchasers of a first residential property for their households, and the minimum loan interest rate is 70% of the benchmark rate, to be decided by banking financial institutions in light of risk conditions. For purchasers of a second residential property for their households who have paid off the loan that financed their first house and reapply for a loan to finance an ordinary commodity house for the purpose of improving their living conditions, the loan policies for a first house will apply.

In light of the weakening in the property market in China, on March 30, 2015, the PBOC, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (the “MOHURD”), and CBRC jointly issued the Circular on Issues concerning Individual Residential Mortgage Policies in an effort to stimulate the market. The circular reduces the minimum down payment ratios from 30% to 20% for first home buyers who use the housing provident fund for their purchase and from 60% to 40% for second home buyers with outstanding mortgages who apply for another mortgage.

In addition, the circular provides that home buyers who use the housing provident fund for their home purchase are only required to pay a minimum down payment of 30% for their purchase of a second house if all loans are settled on their first home. Further, on August 27, 2015, the MOHURD, the Ministry of Finance of the PRC (the “MOF”), and the PBOC jointly issued the Circular on Adjusting the Minimum Down Payment for the Purchase of Houses by Individuals on the Housing Provident Fund Loans, which provides that home buyers who use the housing provident fund for their home purchase are only required to pay a minimum down payment of 20% for their purchase of a second house if all loans are settled on their first home.

On February 1, 2016, the PBOC and the CBRC jointly issued a notice which provides that in cities where restrictions on purchases of residential property are not being implemented, the minimum down payment ratio for a personal housing commercial loan obtained by a household for purchasing its first ordinary residential property is, in principle, 25% of the property price, which can be adjusted down by 5% by local authorities. For existing residential property household owners who have not fully repaid previous loans and are further obtaining personal housing commercial loans to purchase an additional ordinary residential property for the purpose of improving living conditions, the minimum down payment ratio must be no less than 30% which is lower than the previous requirement of no less than 40%.

17

Table of Contents

For instance, in March 2017, Tianjin promulgated new rules regarding housing fund loans, which increased the minimum down payment to 60% of the purchase price for a household purchasing a second residential household property with housing fund loans, and commercial mortgage for personal residential properties at more than 25 years (not including 25 years) are temporarily suspended, capping such mortgage terms at 25 years.

In August 2018, Chengdu adjusted the minimum housing provident fund down payment ratio to 30% for first time home-owners; to 60% to 70% for first-home-owners, with mortgage terms capped at 25 years; and no provident fund mortgages will be provided to families that own at least two homes. In October 2016, Chengdu adjusted the commercial down payment ratio to 40% for first home-owners seeking to buy additional personal real estate properties.

After the State Council made the decisions and arrangements for the stable and healthy development of the real estate market, requiring the prevention of irregular flow of loans for business purposes into the real estate sector, the PBOC issued a notice on March 26, 2021, requiring real estate intermediaries not to provide advice and services for home buyers on financial products such as business loans. Shanghai also emphasized strict control of rental loan business. In addition to strictly restricting the use of loans, some provinces and cities have also restricted the application conditions and scope of application for housing provident fund loans. For example, the Tianjin Municipal Government has issued a policy stipulating that (i) if elevators are installed in an existing residence within the administrative area of Tianjin, the applicant can apply to use the housing provident fund; (ii) if the individual or its spouse has an outstanding individual housing provident fund loan in the city, the individual cannot use the housing provident fund; (iii) if the individual and its spouse rent two or more houses at the same time, they can only apply to use the housing provident fund for one of the houses; and (iv) starting from September 22, 2021, if an employee’s family purchases a second home in the city and applies for a personal housing provident fund loan, the loan interest rate will be 1.1 times the personal housing provident fund loan interest rate for the first home in the same period. In general, the application and use conditions of home loans and housing provident funds are strictly controlled across the country, and such policies have a certain negative impact on the real estate sales market.

We cannot predict how long these policies will continue or what other action, if any, the banks in cities in which the PRC operating entities operate may take.

In addition, from 2013, PRC banks have tightened the conditions on which mortgage loans are extended to home buyers by comparing the anticipated monthly repayment of the mortgage loan with the individual borrower’s monthly income and other measures. Therefore, mortgage loans for home buyers have been subject to longer processing periods or even denied by the banks. The PRC operating entities monitor their homebuyers’ outstanding mortgage loans on an ongoing basis via our management reporting procedures and have taken the position that contracts with underlying mortgage loans with processing periods exceeding one year cannot be recognized as revenue under the percentage of completion method. As a result, the PRC operating entities reversed contracted sales of the amounts related to apartments for which mortgage loans with processing periods exceeding one year when recognizing revenue under the percentage of completion method.

The PRC operating entities’ reliance on a concentrated number of real estate developers may materially and adversely affect us.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, revenue from the PRC operating entities’ one major customer represented 28% of their total revenue. Revenue derived from services the PRC operating entities rendered to major clients (i.e., a client generating 10% or more of their revenue) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, accounted for approximately 29%, 79%, and 67%, respectively, of their total revenue. The PRC operating entities do not have cooperation agreements or other partnership agreements with their top clients. In the future, they cannot guarantee that they will be able to win bids for primary agent sales services with real estate developers of similar calibers who would provide them with similar revenue, or require their services at the same level, or the real estate developers may experience financial or other difficulties that prevent them from making timely delivery of their properties under development. Should these real estate developers terminate or substantially reduce their agency services contract with the PRC operating entities and the PRC operating entities fail to find alternative real estate developers to provide them with revenue-generating business, or if any of the real estate developers fail to make timely delivery of their properties under development, the PRC operating entities’ financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

18

Table of Contents

We face long cycles to settle the PRC operating entities’ accounts receivable and customer deposits, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

As part of the industry practice, many of the PRC operating entities’ developer clients elect to settle their commission and other service fees only upon the completion of the entire project or a phase of a project. The PRC operating entities’ working capital levels are therefore affected by the time lag between the time they actually make sales, bill their clients, and collect the funds owed to them. This also results in large accounts receivable balances. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the PRC operating entities’ accounts receivable balances, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, were $164,170 and $967,819, respectively. Some of the PRC operating entities’ developer clients require them to pay an upfront and refundable deposit as demonstration of their financial strength and commitment to provide high-quality service and refund such deposits subject to certain pre-determined criteria at a date specified in the agency contracts. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, they had $0 of such deposit made to their clients.

We may be subject to liabilities in connection with the PRC operating entities’ real estate agency activities.

As a real estate sales agent, the PRC operating entities and their licensed employees are subject to statutory obligations not to sell properties that fail to meet the statutory sales conditions or provide false statements on the conditions of any property in any advertisement. The PRC operating entities must present clients with relevant title certificates or sales permits of the properties and the related letter of authorization. Failure to fulfill these obligations could subject them or their employees to litigation from parties who purchased, sold, or leased properties they brokered. They or their employees may become subject to claims by other participants in real estate transactions claiming that they or their employees did not fulfill our statutory obligations as brokers.

If we or the PRC operating entities’ fail to hire, train, and retain qualified managerial and other employees, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We place substantial reliance on the real estate industry experience and knowledge of our senior management team as well as their relationships with other industry participants. Mr. Siping Xu, our chairman and chief executive officer, is particularly important to our future success due to his substantial experience and reputation in the real estate industry. We or the PRC operating entities do not carry, and do not intend to procure, key person insurance on any of our senior management team. The loss of the services of one or more members of our senior management team due to their departure, or otherwise, could hinder our ability to effectively manage our business and implement our growth strategies. Finding suitable replacements for our current senior management could be difficult, and competition for such personnel of similar experience is intense. If we fail to retain our senior management, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The PRC operating entities’ real estate service professionals interact with their customers on a daily basis. They are critical to maintaining the quality and consistency of our services and our brand and reputation. It is important for the PRC operating entities to attract qualified managerial and other employees who have experience in real estate related services and are committed to their service approach. There may be a limited supply of qualified individuals in some of the cities in China where the PRC operating entities have operations. They must hire and train qualified managerial and other employees to maintain consistent quality of services across their operations in various geographic locations. They must also provide continuous training to their managerial and other employees so that they are equipped with up-to-date knowledge of various aspects of the PRC operating entities’ operations and can meet their demand for high-quality services. If the PRC operating entities fail to do so, the quality of services may decrease in one or more of the markets where they operate, which in turn, may cause a negative perception of their brand and adversely affect their business.

19

Table of Contents

The PRC operating entities’ business depends on their trademark “Mingda Jiahe.” Any failure to protect their trademark and other intellectual property rights could have a negative impact on their business.

We believe that market recognition of the PRC operating entities’ trademark “Mingda Jiahe” has contributed significantly to the success of their business. We also believe that maintaining and enhancing the “Mingda Jiahe” brand is critical to maintaining the PRC operating entities’ competitive advantage. Any unauthorized use of their trademark and other intellectual property rights could harm their competitive advantages and business. Historically, China has not protected intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States or the Cayman Islands, and infringement of intellectual property rights continues to pose a serious risk of doing business in China. Monitoring and preventing unauthorized use are difficult. The measures the PRC operating entities take to protect their intellectual property rights may not be adequate. Furthermore, the application of laws governing intellectual property rights in China and abroad is uncertain and evolving and could involve substantial risks to us. If the PRC operating entities are unable to adequately protect their brand, trademark, and other intellectual property rights, they may lose these rights and their business may suffer materially.

As internet domain name rights are not rigorously regulated or enforced in China, other companies have incorporated in their domain names elements similar in writing or pronunciation to the “Mingda Jiahe” trademark or their Chinese equivalents. This may result in confusion between those companies and the PRC operating entities and may lead to the dilution of their brand value, which could adversely affect their business.

If the PRC operating entities fail to obtain or keep licenses, permits, or approvals applicable to the various real estate services provided by them, they may incur significant financial penalties and other government sanctions.

Due to the broad geographic scope of the PRC operating entities’ operations and the wide variety of real estate services they provide, they are subject to numerous national, regional, and local laws and regulations specific to the services they perform. Pursuant to the applicable regulations regarding real estate agency and brokerage businesses, a real estate broker is required to conduct a filing with the real estate administrative authority within 30 days after issuance of its business license. Mingda Tianjin has completed such filing with the relevant local real estate administrative authorities. No such filing is required by the relevant real estate administrative authorities for Chengdu Branch Office.

If the PRC operating entities fail to properly file records or to obtain or maintain the licenses and permits for conducting their businesses, the relevant branch office or subsidiary may be ordered to cease conducting the relevant real estate services and be subject to warning, fines, and revocation of its licenses. Given the large size and scope of real estate sale transactions, both the difficulty of ensuring compliance with the multiple levels of licensing regimes and the possible loss resulting from non-compliance are significant.

Moreover, Mingda Tianjin and its Chengdu Branch Office are required to obtain and maintain applicable licenses or approvals from different regulatory authorities in order to provide their current services. Specifically, Mingda Tianjin and its Chengdu Branch Office, each engaged in providing primary real estate agency services, are either required to maintain applicable primary real estate brokerage licenses or submit for record filing with the relevant local regulatory authorities. These licenses are essential to the operation of the relevant business segments and are generally subject to review by the relevant governmental authorities. Mingda Tianjin and its Chengdu Branch Office may also be required to obtain additional licenses.

If the PRC operating entities fail to properly obtain or maintain the licenses and permits or complete the filing and registrations required to conduct their business, they may be warned, fined, have their licenses or permits revoked, or ordered to suspend or cease providing certain services, or subjected to other penalties, including confiscation of revenue, sanctions, or liabilities, which in turn could materially and adversely affect the PRC operating entities’ business, financial condition and results of operations.

Increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect the PRC operating entities’ business and their profitability.

China’s economy has experienced increases in labor costs in recent years. China’s overall economy and the average wage in China are expected to continue to grow. The average wage level for the PRC operating entities’ employees has also increased in recent years. We expect that the PRC operating entities’ labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will continue to increase. Unless the PRC operating entities are able to pass on these increased labor costs to the customers by increasing prices for their products or services, their, and consequentially our, profitability and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

20

Table of Contents

In addition, the PRC operating entities have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering into labor contracts with their employees and paying various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance, and childbearing insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of their employees. Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law, or the Labor Contract Law, that became effective in January 2008, its implementing rules that became effective in September 2008, and its amendments that became effective in July 2013, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employees’ probation, and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In the event that the PRC operating entities decide to terminate some of the PRC operating entities’ employees or otherwise change their employment or labor practices, the Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules may limit their ability to effect those changes in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect their business and results of operations. Besides, pursuant to the Labor Contract Law and its amendments, dispatched employees are intended to be a supplementary form of employment and the fundamental form should be direct employment by enterprises and organizations that require employees. Further, it is expressly stated in the Interim Provisions on Labor Dispatch that became effective on March 1, 2014, that the number of seconded employees an employer uses may not exceed 10% of its total labor force and the employer has a two-year transition period to comply with such requirement. Mingda Tianjin and its Chengdu Branch Office had used seconded employees for their principal business activities. The transition period ended on February 29, 2016, and the PRC operating entities have taken steps to decrease the number of seconded employees. If the PRC operating entities are deemed to have violated the limitation on the use of seconded employees under the relevant labor laws and regulations, they may be subject to fines and incur other costs to make required changes to their current employment practices.

The 14th Five-Year Plan for Employment Promotion issued by the State Council on August 27, 2021 emphasizes the necessity to improve the income level and rights protection for workers, to vigorously develop corporate and occupational pensions, and to standardize the development of third pillar (personal and commercial) pension insurance. It also promotes the extension of unemployment insurance and work injury insurance to cover all workers and the coordination of insurance fund management across provincial regions. Following the central government’s increasing attention to labor relations and employment, major cities like Beijing and Tianjin introduced the municipal versions of heightened labor protection and supervision regulations in 2021.

As the overall employment pressure in China is high and the workers’ rights and interests protection has become a hot topic, governments at all levels have emphasized the need to raise the level of workers’ income and worker’s rights and interests protection. Local governments have promulgated corresponding policies to regulate the labor contract system and strengthen the supervision of employers in detail. The central and local governments have also made it clear that they will strengthen employment supervision so as to protect the legitimate rights and interests of dispatched labors. It is expected that employers will continue to be under increasingly strict legal supervision.

As the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws and regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that the PRC operating entities’ employment practice does not and will not violate labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. If the PRC operating entities are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, they could be required to provide additional compensation to their employees and their, and consequentially our, business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

As our Japanese subsidiary MD Japan commences operations in Japan, it may incur losses if economic conditions in Japan worsen.

Instability in the Japanese stock market and foreign currency exchange rates may have an adverse impact on our Japanese subsidiary MD Japan’s asset and liability management as well as its results of operations. Various other factors, including the COVID-19 pandemic and measures being implemented in response to the pandemic such as restrictions on travel, store operations, and other economic activities, the decreasing and aging demographics in Japan, stagnation or deterioration of economic and market conditions in other countries, growing global competition and trade conflicts, may also have a material negative impact on the Japanese economy. Japan in-bound travel restrictions and declarations of state of emergencies within Japan leading to closings of facilities and other COVID-19-related factors are adversely impacting future operating revenue of MD Japan’s potential businesses.

Although MD Japan has not commenced its operations and has not generated any revenue as of the date of this report and is still in the process of developing its business plan, any of the aforementioned factors could have a material and adverse impact on its development, potential results of operations, future business, and consequently adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

21

Table of Contents

Our Japanese subsidiary MD Japan’s business operations are exposed to risks of natural disasters, terrorism, and other disruptions caused by external events.

As with other Japanese companies, MD Japan will be exposed to heightened risks of large-scale natural disasters, particularly earthquakes. MD Japan’s risk management policies and procedures may be insufficient to address the consequences of these external events, resulting in its inability to continue to operate a part or the whole of its business. In addition, its redundancy and backup measures may not be sufficient to avoid a material disruption in its operations, and its contingency and business continuity plans may not address all eventualities that may occur in the event of a material disruption caused by a large-scale natural disaster. Such external events may result in loss of facility and human and other resources, suspension or delay in all or part of MD Japan’s operations, inability to implement business strategic measures or respond to changes in the market or regulatory environment as planned, and other disruptions to its operations. In addition, MD Japan may be required to incur significant costs and expenses, including those incurred for preventive or remedial measures, to deal with the consequences of such external events. As a result, MD Japan’s future business, operating results, and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

Potential political shocks and uncertainties in the European Union (the “EU”), including the development of Brexit, could have unpredictable consequences for the real estate market and the wider economy, and our German subsidiary’s ability to protect itself against these risks is limited.

Since the global financial crisis and subsequent European sovereign debt crisis between 2009 and 2012, political uncertainty in Europe has been elevated. The withdrawal of the UK from the EU (“Brexit”) in particular, but also, the increasing attractiveness to voters of populist political movements in other member states has raised concerns about a potential unwinding of aspects of European integration that could have implication to the German and UK real estate markets our subsidiaries operate in. While the European economic architecture and crisis response capabilities were strengthened substantially over the past decade, since 2020, the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a massive deterioration of the fiscal situation for many EU and Economic and Monetary Union countries again. To support the economic recovery and modernization, the EU has launched the unprecedented, multi-year Next Generation EU program, comprising grants and loans of more than €800 billion (at current prices) and committing the member states to pursue ambitious national structural reform and investment plans to receive the funds. This has improved the prospects for growth-enhancing structural reforms and further integration among EU member states, both viewed as important tools to reduce the Eurozone’s vulnerabilities to future crises. However, given the political uncertainties, e.g., stemming from coming parliamentary and presidential elections in several countries, there remain downside risks to the future economic performance and political cohesion in Europe. More recently, the trade and financial sanctions imposed on Russia due to its invasion of Ukraine, have caused turbulence in the global markets, especially in the relevant European industries. Although our German subsidiary, MD German, has not commenced its operations and has not generated any revenue as of the date of this report, any of the aforementioned factors could materially and adversely affect its development and future business. If these risks materialize, they may ultimately result in material impediments in MD German’s potential business development as its business will be under the impact of decreased economic output and increased uncertainty, which would materially adversely affect its operating results and financial condition. An escalation of political risks could have consequences for the financial system, public debt sustainability, the value of the euro and the greater economy as a whole, potentially leading to impediments in business levels, acquisition of assets and losses across MD German’s businesses.

If, in an extreme tail risk scenario, one or more members of the Eurozone defaults on their debt obligations or decides to leave the common currency, this would result in the reintroduction of one or more national currencies. Should a Eurozone country conclude it must exit the common currency, the resulting need to reintroduce a national currency and restate existing contractual obligations could have unpredictable financial, legal, political, and social consequences, leading not only to significant losses on sovereign debt but also on private debt in that country. Our German subsidiary MD German’s ability to plan for such a contingency in a manner that would reduce its exposure to non-material levels is likely to be limited. If the overall economic climate deteriorates as a result of Brexit or further departures from the Eurozone, MD German’s future business could be adversely affected, and it could incur substantial losses.

22

Table of Contents

As our UK subsidiaries commence operations in the UK, we may incur losses due to uncertainties of the economy, policies, and general circumstances in the UK.

Brexit may have adverse effects on our business, results of operations, or strategic plans. The UK Government concluded a Trade Cooperation Agreement (TCA) with the EU, which became provisionally applicable on January 1, 2021 and went into force permanently on May 1, 2021, following formal approval by both the UK and the EU. Brexit has led to ongoing political and economic uncertainty and periods of increased volatility in both the UK and in wider European markets for some time. Brexit’s long-term effects are still yet to be determined at this time and will depend on the effects of the implementation and application of the TCA and any other relevant agreements between the UK and EU. It remains possible that there will be increased regulatory and legal complexities, including those relating to tax, trade and employees.

Further uncertainty remains globally as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, among other examples of wider circumstances of instability in the rest of the world, any of, which can affect government policies and decisions. Our UK subsidiaries are exposed to risks of the changing policies in residential property management, real estate agencies, and hospitality and butler service businesses. Any policy limiting traveling and movement as a measure to control the COVID-19 pandemic by the UK and the local governments may cause substantial and detrimental effects to the industries and markets the UK subsidiaries operate in. As a result, our UK subsidiaries’ business, operating results, and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

More recently, the trade and financial sanctions imposed on Russia due to its invasion of Ukraine, have caused turbulence in the global markets, which could also affect policies and economic conditions in the UK. Our UK subsidiaries will be subject to the general risks associated with these uncertainties in the UK real estate market.

Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC

Our current corporate structure and business operations may be affected by the Foreign Investment Law.

The Ministry of Commerce of the PRC (“MOFCOM”) and the National Development and Reform Commission, or the “NDRC,” promulgated the Special Measures for Foreign Investment Access (2021 version), or the “Negative List,” on December 27, 2021, which became effective on January 1, 2022. Pursuant to the current and the updated Negative Lists, real estate service section, in which the PRC operating entities engage, falls within the permitted catalogue.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, or the “FIL,” which came into effect on January 1, 2020, repealing simultaneously the Law of the PRC on Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law of the PRC on Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises, and the Law of the PRC on Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law, foreign investment refers to any investment activity directly or indirectly carried out by foreign natural persons, enterprises, or other organizations, including investment in new construction project, establishment of foreign funded enterprise or increase of investment, merger and acquisition, and investment in any other way stipulated under laws, administrative regulations, or provisions of the State Council of the PRC (the “State Council”). The Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly stipulate the contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. On December 26, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementation Regulations on the Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020. However, the Implementation Regulations on the Foreign Investment Law still remain silent on whether contractual arrangements should be deemed as a form of foreign investment. Though these regulations do not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, there is still uncertainty regarding whether the VIE would be identified as a foreign-invested enterprise in the future. As a result, there is no assurance that foreign investment via contractual arrangements would not be interpreted as a type of indirect foreign investment activities under the definition in the future. The FIL embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations on Foreign Investment.”

23

Table of Contents

While FIL does not define VIE agreements as a form of foreign investment explicitly, we cannot assure you that future laws and regulations will not provide for VIE agreements as a form of foreign investment. Therefore, there can be no assurance that our control over the VIE through VIE agreements will not be deemed as foreign investment in the future. If we are deemed to have a non-PRC entity as a controlling shareholder, the provisions regarding control through contractual arrangements could apply to our VIE Agreements, and as a result the VIE Mingda Tianjin could become subject to restrictions on foreign investment, which may materially impact the viability of its current and future operations. Specifically, we may be required to modify our corporate structure, change the PRC operating entities’ current scope of operations, obtain approvals, or face penalties or other additional requirements, compared to entities which do have PRC controlling shareholders. Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance, and business operations.

It is uncertain whether we would be considered as ultimately controlled by Chinese parties. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, Mr. Siping Xu, beneficially owns approximately 87.4% of the aggregate voting power of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. It is uncertain, however, if these factors would be sufficient to give him control over us under the Foreign Investment Law. If future revisions or implementation rules of the Foreign Investment Law mandate further actions, such as the MOFCOM market entry clearance or certain restructuring of our corporate structure and operations, there may be substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete these actions in a timely manner, if at all, and our business and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

In the event that any possible implementing regulations of the FIL, any other future laws, administrative regulations or provisions deem VIE agreements as a way of foreign investment, or if any of our operations through VIE agreements is classified in the “restricted” or “prohibited” industry in the future “negative list” under the FIL, our VIE agreements may be deemed as invalid and illegal, and we may be required to unwind the variable interest entity VIE agreements and/or dispose of any affected business.

On November 8, 2023, the Ministry of Commerce issued and implemented the “Notice of the General Office of the Ministry of Commerce on Further Implementing the Tax Reduction and Exemption Policies for Imported Equipment of Foreign Investment Projects Encouraged by the State for Development by Foreign Investment Enterprises,” which stipulates that enterprises or their investors should accurately, truthfully, and completely fill in foreign investment information and timely fill in change reports if the information to be filled in changes, that the foreign investment information reporting system should be implemented, and that supervise and inspect the information of foreign investment projects encouraged by the government should be supervised and inspected. If future laws, administrative regulations, or provisions mandate further actions to be taken with respect to existing VIE agreements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Furthermore, under the FIL, foreign investors or the foreign investment enterprise should be imposed legal liabilities for failing to report investment information in accordance with the requirements.

In addition, the FIL provides that foreign invested enterprises established according to the existing laws regulating foreign investment may maintain their structure and corporate governance within a five-year transition period, which means that we may be required to adjust the structure and corporate governance of certain of the PRC operating entities in such transition period. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

Changes in China’s economic, political, social conditions, or government policies could have a material adverse effect on the PRC operating entities’ business and operations.

Most of the PRC operating entities’ assets and operations are currently located in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic, and social conditions in China through the PRC operating entities generally. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects. Although the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, including the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. The Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth by allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

24

Table of Contents

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over the past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in China, in the policies of the Chinese government, or in the laws and regulations in China could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China. Such developments could adversely affect the PRC operating entities’ business and operating results, reduce demand for their services and weaken their competitive position. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations through the PRC operating entities may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations. In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustments, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activities in China, which may adversely affect the PRC operating entities’ business and operating results.

Furthermore, our Company, the PRC operating entities, and our investors may face uncertainty about future actions by the government of China that could significantly affect the PRC operating entities’ financial performance and operations, including the enforceability of the VIE Agreements. As of the date of this annual report, neither our Company nor the VIE has received or was denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges. However, there is no guarantee that our Company or the VIE will receive or not be denied permission from Chinese authorities to list on U.S. exchanges in the future.

PRC laws and regulations governing the PRC operating entities’ current business operations are sometimes vague and uncertain and any changes in such laws and regulations may impair the PRC operating entities’ ability to operate profitable.

There are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations including, but not limited to, the laws and regulations governing the PRC operating entities’ business and the enforcement and performance of the PRC operating entities’ arrangements with customers in certain circumstances. The laws and regulations are sometimes vague and may be subject to future changes, and their official interpretation and enforcement may involve substantial uncertainty. The effectiveness and interpretation of newly enacted laws or regulations, including amendments to existing laws and regulations, may be delayed, and the PRC operating entities’ business may be affected if they rely on laws and regulations which are subsequently adopted or interpreted in a manner different from their understanding of these laws and regulations. New laws and regulations that affect existing and proposed future businesses may also be applied retroactively. We cannot predict what effect the interpretation of existing or new PRC laws or regulations may have on the PRC operating entities’ business.

Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws and regulations and changes in policies, rules, and regulations in China, which may be quick with little advance notice, could limit the legal protection available to you and us.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, it is a system in which legal cases have limited value as precedents. In the late 1970s, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The legislation over the past three decades has significantly increased the protection afforded to various forms of foreign or private-sector investment in China. The PRC operating entities are subject to various PRC laws and regulations generally applicable to companies in China. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, however, the interpretations of many laws, regulations, and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations, and rules involve uncertainties.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. Since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, however, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy in the PRC legal system than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies, internal rules, and regulations (some of which are not published in a timely manner or at all) that may have retroactive effect and may change quickly with little advance notice. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainties over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property), and procedural rights, and any failure to respond to changes in the regulatory environment in China could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

25

Table of Contents

Given the Chinese government’s significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, the Chinese government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities.

The Chinese government has significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene or influence our operations at any time as the government deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities.

The Chinese government has recently published new policies that significantly affected certain industries, such as the education and Internet industries, and we cannot rule out the possibility that it will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, if China adopts more stringent standards with respect to certain areas such as environmental protection or corporate social responsibilities, we may incur increased compliance costs or become subject to additional restrictions in our operations. Certain areas of the law, including intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in China may also not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. In addition, we cannot predict the effects of future developments in the PRC legal system on our business operations, including the promulgation of new laws, or changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof. These uncertainties could limit the legal protections available to us and our investors, including you.

Any actions by the Chinese government, including any decision to intervene or influence the operations of our PRC subsidiary or the VIE or to exert control over any offering of securities conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, may cause us to make material changes to the operations of our PRC subsidiary or the VIE, may limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

The Chinese government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial control over virtually every sector of the Chinese economy through regulation and state ownership. The ability of our subsidiaries and the VIE to operate in China may be impaired by changes in its laws and regulations, including those relating to taxation, environmental regulations, land use rights, foreign investment limitations, and other matters. The central or local governments of China may impose new, stricter regulations or interpretations of existing regulations that would require additional expenditures and efforts on our part to ensure our PRC subsidiary and the VIE’s compliance with such regulations or interpretations. As such, our PRC subsidiary and the VIE may be subject to various government and regulatory interference in the provinces in which they operate. They could be subject to regulation by various political and regulatory entities, including various local and municipal agencies and government sub-divisions. They may incur increased costs necessary to comply with existing and newly adopted laws and regulations or penalties for any failure to comply.

Furthermore, it is uncertain when and whether we will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to list on U.S. exchanges in the future, and even when such permission is obtained, whether it will be denied or rescinded. Although we believe our Company, our PRC subsidiary, and the VIE are currently not required to obtain permission from any Chinese authorities and have not received any notice of denial of permission to list on the U.S. exchange, our operations could be adversely affected, directly or indirectly, by existing or future laws and regulations relating to our business or industry, particularly in the event permission to list on U.S. exchanges may be later required, or withheld or rescinded once given.

Accordingly, government actions in the future, including any decision to intervene or influence the operations of our PRC subsidiary or the VIE at any time or to exert control over an offering of securities conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, may cause us to make material changes to the operations of our PRC subsidiary or the VIE, may limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, and/or may cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

26

Table of Contents

Greater oversight by the CAC over data security, particularly for companies seeking to list on a foreign exchange, could adversely impact our business and our offering.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC and other relevant PRC governmental authorities jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures, which took effect on February 15, 2022. The Cybersecurity Review Measures provide that, in addition to critical information infrastructure operators (“CIIOs”) that intend to purchase Internet products and services, net platform operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security must be subject to cybersecurity review by the Cybersecurity Review Office of the PRC. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, a cybersecurity review assesses potential national security risks that may be brought about by any procurement, data processing, or overseas listing. The Cybersecurity Review Measures require that an online platform operator which possesses the personal information of at least one million users must apply for a cybersecurity review by the CAC if it intends to be listed in foreign countries.

On November 14, 2021, the CAC published the Security Administration Draft, which provides that data processing operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security must be subject to network data security review by the relevant Cyberspace Administration of the PRC. According to the Security Administration Draft, data processing operators who possess personal data of at least one million users or collect data that affects or may affect national security must be subject to network data security review by the relevant Cyberspace Administration of the PRC. The deadline for public comments on the Security Administration Draft was December 13, 2021.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not received any notice from any authorities identifying our PRC subsidiary or the VIE as CIIOs or requiring us to go through cybersecurity review or network data security review by the CAC. As confirmed by our PRC counsel, Beijing ANLI (Tianjin) Partners, neither the operations of our PRC subsidiary, nor of the VIE, nor our listing are expected to be affected, and that we will not be subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC under the Cybersecurity Review Measures, nor will any such entity be subject to the Security Administration Draft, if it is enacted as proposed, given that our PRC subsidiary and the VIE possess personal data of fewer than one million individual clients and do not collect data that affects or may affect national security in their business operations as of the date of this annual report and do not anticipate that they will be collecting over one million users’ personal information or data that affects or may affect national security in the near future. There remains uncertainty, however, as to how the Cybersecurity Review Measures and the Security Administration Draft will be interpreted or implemented and whether the PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, may adopt new laws, regulations, rules, or detailed implementation and interpretation related to the Cybersecurity Review Measures and the Security Administration Draft. If any such new laws, regulations, rules, or implementation and interpretation come into effect, we will take all reasonable measures and actions to comply and to minimize the adverse effect of such laws on us. We cannot guarantee, however, that we will not be subject to cybersecurity review and network data security review in the future. During such reviews, we may be required to suspend our operation or experience other disruptions to our operations. Cybersecurity review and network data security review could also result in negative publicity with respect to our Company and diversion of our managerial and financial resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial conditions, and results of operations.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments, or bringing actions in China against us or our directors and officers that reside outside the United States based on foreign laws. It may also be difficult for you or overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China.

We are a company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and we conduct most of our operations in China through the PRC operating entities, and almost all of the assets of the PRC operating entities are located in China. In addition, five out of our six directors and officers, namely Siping Xu, Mengnan Wang, Liang Zhang, Zhenlei Hu, and Wei Guan, reside in the PRC; another director, Liding Sun, resides in the United States. All or a substantial portion of the assets of our directors and officers are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon these five directors and officers, or to enforce against them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process upon us or those persons inside mainland China. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us, or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the U.S. or any state.

27

Table of Contents

The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other forms of written arrangement with the U.S. that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, the PRC courts will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC laws or national sovereignty, security, or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the U.S.

It may also be difficult for you or overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for shareholder investigations or litigation outside China or otherwise with respect to foreign entities. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with its counterparts of another country or region to monitor and oversee cross-border securities activities, such regulatory cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the United States may not be efficient in the absence of a practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or “Article 177,” which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigations or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Article 177 further provides that Chinese entities and individuals are not allowed to provide documents or materials related to securities business activities to foreign agencies without prior consent from the securities regulatory authority of the PRC State Council and the competent departments of the PRC State Council. While detailed interpretation of or implementing rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests.

The Opinions, the Trial Measures, the revised Provisions, and the Data Provisions recently issued by the PRC authorities may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future.

The General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions, which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies. The Opinions proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, to deal with the risks and incidents facing China-based overseas-listed companies and the demand for cybersecurity and data privacy protection. The aforementioned policies and any related implementation rules to be enacted may subject us to additional compliance requirements in the future.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. Pursuant to the Trial Measures, domestic companies that seek to offer or list securities overseas, both directly and indirectly, shall complete filing procedures with the CSRC pursuant to the requirements of the Trial Measures within three working days following its submission of initial public offerings or listing application. If a domestic company fails to complete required filing procedures or conceals any material fact or falsifies any major content in its filing documents, such domestic company may be subject to administrative penalties, such as an order to rectify, warnings, fines, and its controlling shareholders, actual controllers, the person directly in charge and other directly liable persons may also be subject to administrative penalties, such as warnings and fines.

According to the CSRC Notice, the domestic companies that have already been listed overseas before the effective date of the Trial Measures (namely, March 31, 2023) shall be deemed as Existing Issuers. Existing Issuers are not required to complete the filing procedures immediately, and they shall be required to file with the CSRC for any subsequent offerings. Further, according to the CSRC Notice, domestic companies that have obtained approval from overseas regulatory authorities or securities exchanges (for example, the effectiveness of a registration statement for offering and listing in the U.S. has been obtained) for their indirect overseas offering and listing prior to March 31, 2023 but have not yet completed their indirect overseas issuance and listing, are granted a six-month transition period from March 31, 2023 to September 30, 2023. Those that complete their indirect overseas offering and listing within such six-month period are deemed as Existing Issuers and are not required to file with the CSRC for their indirect overseas offerings and listings. Within such six-month transition period, however, if such domestic companies fail to complete their indirect overseas issuance and listing, they shall complete the filing procedures with the CSRC.

28

Table of Contents

As advised by our PRC counsel, Beijing ANLI (Tianjin) Partners, Mingda Tianjin falls under the category of Existing Issuers. Therefore, the Company is not immediately required to file for compliance. However, in the event that the Company intends to undertake new offerings or fundraising activities in the future, it should ensure compliance with the relevant regulations and file for compliance accordingly.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, together with the MOF, the National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Archives Administration of China, revised the Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration for Overseas Securities Offering and Listing, which were issued by the CSRC and the National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Archives Administration of China in 2009, or the “Provisions.” The revised Provisions were issued under the title the “Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies,” and came into effect on March 31, 2023 together with the Trial Measures. One of the major revisions to the revised Provisions is expanding their application to cover indirect overseas offering and listing, as is consistent with the Trial Measures. The revised Provisions require that, among other things, (a) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or indirectly through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals or entities, including securities companies, securities service providers, and overseas regulators, any documents and materials that contain state secrets or working secrets of government agencies, shall first obtain approval from competent authorities according to law, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level; and (b) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or indirectly through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals and entities, including securities companies, securities service providers, and overseas regulators, any other documents and materials that, if leaked, will be detrimental to national security or public interest, shall strictly fulfill relevant procedures stipulated by applicable national regulations. Any failure or perceived failure by our Company, our subsidiaries, or the VIE to comply with the above confidentiality and archives administration requirements under the revised Provisions and other PRC laws and regulations may result in the relevant entities being held legally liable by competent authorities, and referred to the judicial organ to be investigated for criminal liability if suspected of committing a crime.

In addition, the State Internet Information Office’s Provisions on Promoting and Regulating the Cross-Border Flow of Data (the “Data Provisions”), issued on March 22, 2024, outlines data compliance requirements for overseas-listed enterprises. The provisions state that data processors, except for operators of critical information infrastructure, are exempt from the data exit security assessment if they have provided personal information of fewer than 100,000 people (excluding sensitive personal information) overseas cumulatively since January 1 of that year. Furthermore, data processors, unless they are operators of critical information infrastructure, who provide important data overseas or who have cumulatively provided personal information of more than 1 million people (excluding sensitive personal information) or more than 10,000 people overseas since January 1 of the same year, must apply for a data export security assessment. This application should be submitted to the national network information department via the provincial network information department where they are located. Data processors not considered operators of critical information infrastructure who provide personal information of more than 100,000 but fewer than 1 million people (excluding sensitive personal information), or less than 10,000 people overseas starting from January 1 of the same year, must either enter into a standard personal information export contract with the overseas recipient in accordance with the law or obtain personal information protection certification. The validity period of the data export security assessment results is three years, calculated from the date the assessment results are issued. As advised by our PRC legal counsel, Beijing ANLI (Tianjin) Partners, we are currently exempt from the data exit security assessment. However, there remains uncertainties as to how the Data Provisions will be interpreted or implemented, and whether they will affect us. If it is determined in the future that the data exit security assessment becomes applicable to us, we may be subject to review when conducting data processing activities, and may face challenges in addressing its requirements and make necessary changes to our internal policies and practices. We may incur substantial costs in complying with the Data Provisions, which could result in material adverse changes in our business operations and financial position.

Joint statement by the SEC and the PCAOB, rule changes by Nasdaq, and the HFCA Act all call for additional and more stringent criteria to be applied to emerging market companies upon assessing the qualification of their auditors, especially the non-U.S. auditors who are not inspected by the PCAOB. These developments could add uncertainties to our continued listing or future offerings of our securities in the U.S.

On April 21, 2020, the then SEC Chairman Jay Clayton and PCAOB Chairman William D. Duhnke III, along with other senior SEC staff, released a joint statement highlighting the risks associated with investing in companies based in or have substantial operations in emerging markets including China. The joint statement emphasized the risks associated with lack of access for the PCAOB to inspect auditors and audit work papers in China and higher risks of fraud in emerging markets.

29

Table of Contents

On May 18, 2020, Nasdaq filed three proposals with the SEC to (i) apply a minimum offering size requirement for companies primarily operating in a “Restrictive Market,” (ii) adopt a new requirement relating to the qualification of management or the board of directors for Restrictive Market companies, and (iii) apply additional and more stringent criteria to an applicant or listed company based on the qualifications of the company’s auditor. On October 4, 2021, the SEC approved Nasdaq’s revised proposal for the rule changes.

On May 20, 2020, the U.S. Senate passed the HFCA Act requiring a foreign company to certify it is not owned or controlled by a foreign government if the PCAOB is unable to audit specified reports because the company uses a foreign auditor not subject to PCAOB inspection. If the PCAOB is unable to inspect the company’s auditors for three consecutive years, the issuer’s securities are prohibited to trade on a national exchange. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives approved the HFCA Act. On December 18, 2020, the HFCA Act was signed into law.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCA Act.

On September 22, 2021, the PCAOB adopted a final rule implementing the HFCA Act, which provides a framework for the PCAOB to use when determining, as contemplated under the HFCA Act, whether the board of directors of a company is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms located in a foreign jurisdiction because of a position taken by one or more authorities in that jurisdiction.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC adopted amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCA Act.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report on its determinations that it is unable to inspect or investigate completely PCAOB-registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and in Hong Kong because of positions taken by PRC and Hong Kong authorities in those jurisdictions.

Our auditor, RBSM LLP, is an independent registered public accounting firm with the PCAOB, and as an auditor of publicly traded companies in the U.S., is subject to laws in the U.S., pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with the applicable professional standards. The PCAOB currently has access to inspect the working papers of our auditor and our auditor is not subject to the determinations announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021. However, the recent developments would add uncertainties to our offerings and we cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or regulatory authorities would apply additional and more stringent criteria to us since a substantial portion of our operations are conducted in China. Furthermore, if the PCAOB is unable to inspect our accounting firm in the future, the HFCA Act, as amended, which requires that the PCAOB be permitted to inspect an issuer’s public accounting firm within two years, will prohibit trading in our securities, and, as a result, an exchange may determine to delist our securities and trading in our securities could be prohibited. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, and on December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act was signed into law by President Biden, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act and amended the HFCA Act by requiring the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchanges if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three, thus reducing the time period for triggering the prohibition on trading. In addition, delisting may cause a significant decrease in or a total loss of the value of our securities. Although a shareholder’s ownership of our Company may not decrease directly from delisting, the ownership may become worth much less, or, in some cases, lose its entire value.

On August 26, 2022, the CSRC, the MOF, and the PCAOB signed the Protocol, governing inspections and investigations of audit firms based in mainland China and Hong Kong, taking the first step toward opening access for the PCAOB to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. Pursuant to the fact sheet with respect to the Protocol disclosed by the SEC, the PCAOB shall have independent discretion to select any issuer audits for inspection or investigation and has the unfettered ability to transfer information to the SEC. On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB Board determined that the PCAOB was able to secure complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong and voted to vacate its previous determinations to the contrary. However, should PRC authorities obstruct or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access in the future, the PCAOB Board will consider the need to issue a new determination.

30

Table of Contents

Regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our ability to acquire PRC companies or inject capital into the PRC subsidiary and could adversely affect our business. PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to increase its registered capital or distribute profits to us, or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident shareholders to liabilities or penalties.

In July 2014, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (the “SAFE”) promulgated the Circular on Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration Over the Overseas Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment by Domestic Residents Via Special Purpose Vehicles, or “Circular 37,” which replaced Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Corporate Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles, or “Circular 75.” Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of the SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, referred to in Circular 37 as a “special purpose vehicle” for the purpose of holding domestic or offshore assets or interests. Circular 37 further requires amendment to a PRC resident’s registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as an increase or decrease in the capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division, or other material event. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future. In February 2015, SAFE promulgated a Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or “SAFE Circular 13,” effective in June 2015. Under SAFE Circular 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of SAFE. Under these regulations, PRC residents’ failure to comply with specified registration procedures may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant PRC entity, including the payment of dividends and other distributions to its offshore parent, as well as restrictions on capital inflows from the offshore entity to the PRC entity, including restrictions on its ability to contribute additional capital to its PRC subsidiaries. Further, failure to comply with the SAFE registration requirements could result in penalties under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange regulations.

In addition to SAFE Circular 37 and SAFE Circular 13, our ability to conduct foreign exchange activities in China may be subject to the interpretation and enforcement of the Implementation Rules of the Administrative Measures for Individual Foreign Exchange promulgated by SAFE in January 2007 (as amended and supplemented, the “Individual Foreign Exchange Rules”). Under the Individual Foreign Exchange Rules, any PRC individual seeking to make a direct investment overseas or engage in the issuance or trading of negotiable securities or derivatives overseas must make the appropriate registrations in accordance with SAFE provisions, the failure of which may subject such PRC individual to warnings, fines, or other liabilities.

Mr. Siping Xu, Yang Li, Xia Ding, Qiang Ma, Liang Zhang, Zhengyuan Huang, Meina Guo, Mengnan Wang, Jie Zhang, and Lei Cai (each, a “Beneficial Owner,” and together, the “Beneficial Owners”), who are our beneficial owners and are PRC residents, have completed the initial foreign exchange registrations. We may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our company, however, and we have no control over any of our future beneficial owners. We cannot assure you that our ultimate shareholders who are PRC residents will in the future provide sufficient supporting documents required by the SAFE or complete the required registration with the SAFE in a timely manner, or at all. Such failure or inability of our PRC residents beneficial owners to comply with these SAFE regulations may subject us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to fines and legal sanctions, restrict our cross-border investment activities, or limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to distribute dividends to or obtain foreign-exchange-dominated loans from us, or prevent us from being able to make distributions or pay dividends, as a result of which our business operations and our ability to distribute profits to you could be materially and adversely affected.

31

Table of Contents

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using proceeds from our future financing activities to make loans or additional capital contributions to the PRC operating entities, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Any funds we transfer to the PRC subsidiary, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital through our Hong Kong subsidiary, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises, or “FIEs,” in China, capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which is an FIE, are subject to the approval of or filing with MOFCOM or its local counterparts and registration with a local bank authorized by SAFE. There is, in effect, no statutory limit on the amount of capital contribution that we can make to our PRC subsidiary. The reason is that there is no statutory limit on the amount of registered capital for our PRC subsidiary, and we are allowed to make capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary by subscribing for their initial registered capital and increased registered capital, provided that the PRC subsidiary complete the relevant filing and registration procedures.

On the other hand, any foreign loan provided by us to our PRC subsidiary is required to be registered with SAFE or its local branches or filed with SAFE in its information system, and our PRC subsidiary may not procure foreign loans which exceed the difference between its total investment amount and registered capital (the “Current Foreign Debt Mechanism”) or, as an alternative, only procure loans subject to the calculation approach and limitations as provided in the PBOC’s Circular on Matters concerning the Macro-Prudential Management of Full-Covered Cross-Border Financing, or “PBOC Notice No. 9” (the “PBOC Notice No. 9 Mechanism”), which shall not exceed 200% of the net asset of the relevant PRC subsidiary. According to PBOC Notice No. 9, after a transition period of one year since its promulgation, PBOC and SAFE will determine the cross-border financing administration mechanism for the FIEs after evaluating the overall implementation of PBOC Notice No. 9. As of the date hereof, neither PBOC nor SAFE has promulgated and made public any further rules, regulations, notices, or circulars in this regard. It is uncertain which mechanism will be adopted by PBOC and SAFE in the future and what statutory limits will be imposed on us when providing loans to our PRC subsidiary. Currently, our PRC subsidiary has the flexibility to choose between the Current Foreign Debt Mechanism and the PBOC Notice No. 9 Mechanism. However, if a more stringent foreign debt mechanism becomes mandatory, our ability to provide loans to our PRC subsidiary may be significantly limited, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we seek to make capital contribution into our PRC subsidiary or provide any loan to our PRC subsidiary in the future, we may not be able to obtain the required government approvals or complete the required registrations on a timely basis, if at all. If we fail to receive such approvals or complete such registrations, our ability to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

In February 2015, SAT issued a Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises, or “SAT Circular 7.” SAT Circular 7 provides comprehensive guidelines relating to indirect transfers of PRC taxable assets (including equity interests and real properties of a PRC resident enterprise) by a non-resident enterprise. In addition, in October 2017, SAT issued an Announcement on Issues Relating to Withholding at Source of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises, or “SAT Circular 37,” effective in December 2017, which, among others, amended certain provisions in SAT Circular 7 and further clarify the tax payable declaration obligation by non-resident enterprise. Indirect transfer of equity interest and/or real properties in a PRC resident enterprise by their non-PRC holding companies are subject to SAT Circular 7 and SAT Circular 37.

32

Table of Contents

SAT Circular 7 provides clear criteria for an assessment of reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. As stipulated in SAT Circular 7, indirect transfers of PRC taxable assets are considered as reasonable commercial purposes if the shareholding structure of both transaction parties falls within the following situations: i) the transferor directly or indirectly owns 80% or above equity interest of the transferee, or vice versa; ii) the transferor and the transferee are both 80% or above directly or indirectly owned by the same party; iii) the percentages in bullet points i) and ii) shall be 100% if over 50% the share value of a foreign enterprise is directly or indirectly derived from PRC real properties. Furthermore, SAT Circular 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise transfers PRC taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an indirect transfer, the non-resident enterprise as either transferor or transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such indirect transfer to the relevant tax authority and the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding, or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes.

According to SAT Circular 37, where the non-resident enterprise fails to declare the tax payable pursuant to Article 39 of the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law (the “EIT Law”), the tax authority may order it to pay the tax due within required time limits, and the non-resident enterprise shall declare and pay the tax payable within such time limits specified by the tax authority. If the non-resident enterprise, however, voluntarily declares and pays the tax payable before the tax authority orders it to do so within required time limits, it shall be deemed that such enterprise has paid the tax in time.

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and assessment of reasonable commercial purposes and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries, and investments. In the event of being assessed as having no reasonable commercial purposes in an indirect transfer transaction, we may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if we are a transferor in such transactions and may be subject to withholding obligations (to be specific, a 10% withholding tax for the transfer of equity interests) if we are a transferee in such transactions, under SAT Circular 7 and SAT Circular 37. For transfer of shares by investors who are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiary may be requested to assist in the filing under the SAT circulars. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with the SAT circulars or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that we should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Because the PRC operating entities conduct their business in RMB and the price of our Ordinary Shares is quoted in U.S. dollars, changes in currency conversion rates may affect the value of your investments.

The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and by China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the RMB to the U.S. dollar, and the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the RMB has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future.

The PRC operating entities conduct their business and maintain their books and records in RMB, and the financial statements that we file with the SEC and provide to our shareholders are presented in U.S. dollars. Changes in the exchange rate between the RMB and U.S. dollar affect the value of our assets and the results of our operations in U.S. dollars. The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in the PRC’s political and economic conditions and perceived changes in the economy of the PRC and the United States. Any significant revaluation of the RMB may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenue, and financial condition.

33

Table of Contents

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into more hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert RMB into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

Under the EIT Law, we may be classified as a “resident enterprise” of China, which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.

Under the EIT Law that became effective in January 2008, an enterprise established outside the PRC with “de facto management bodies” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes and is generally subject to a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate on its worldwide income. Under the implementation rules to the EIT Law, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has material and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel and human resources, finances, and properties of an enterprise. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or the “SAT,” issued the Circular on Issues Concerning the Identification of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Registered Enterprises as Resident Enterprises in Accordance with the Actual Standards of Organizational Management, or “SAT Circular 82,” which was amended in December 2017. SAT Circular 82 specifies that certain offshore incorporated enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups will be classified as PRC resident enterprises if the following are located or resident in the PRC: senior management personnel and departments that are responsible for daily production, operation and management; financial and personnel decision making bodies; key properties, accounting books, company seal, and minutes of board meetings and shareholders’ meetings; and half or more of the senior management or directors having voting rights. Further to SAT Circular 82, the SAT issued the Measures for the Administration of Enterprise Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Registered Enterprises as Resident Enterprises (for Trial Implementation), or “SAT Bulletin 45,” which took effect in September 2011 and was amended in April 2015, to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82 and clarify the reporting and filing obligations of such “Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated resident enterprises.” SAT Bulletin 45 provides procedures and administrative details for the determination of resident status and administration on post-determination matters. Although both SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 only apply to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreign individuals, the determining criteria set forth in SAT Circular 82 and SAT Bulletin 45 may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises, PRC enterprise groups, or by PRC or foreign individuals.

If we are deemed to be a PRC “resident enterprise,” we will be subject to the EIT on our worldwide income at a uniform tax rate of 25%, although dividends distributed to us from the existing PRC subsidiary and any other PRC subsidiaries which we may establish from time to time could be exempt from the PRC dividend withholding tax due to our PRC “resident recipient” status. This could have a material and adverse effect on our overall effective tax rate, our income tax expenses, and our net income. Furthermore, dividends, if any, paid to our shareholders may be decreased as a result of the decrease in distributable profits. In addition, if we were considered a PRC “resident enterprise,” any dividends we pay to our non-PRC investors, and the gains realized from the transfer of our Ordinary Shares may be considered income derived from sources within the PRC and be subject to PRC tax, at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals (in each case, subject to the provisions of any applicable tax treaty). It is unclear whether holders of our Ordinary Shares would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. This could have a material and adverse effect on the value of your investment in us and the price of our Ordinary Shares. Although up to the date of this report, we have not been notified or informed by the PRC tax authorities that we have been deemed to be a resident enterprise for the purpose of the EIT Law, we cannot assure you that we will not be deemed to be a resident enterprise in the future.

34

Table of Contents

The PRC operating entities are subject to restrictions on paying dividends or making other payments to our offshore subsidiaries, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We may need dividends and other distributions on equity from the PRC operating entities through our offshore subsidiaries to satisfy our liquidity requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt we may incur. If the PRC entities incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to our offshore subsidiaries. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may require the PRC operating entities to adjust their taxable income under the contractual agreements. See “—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—The VIE Agreements may result in adverse tax consequences.”

Current PRC regulations permit the PRC operating entities to pay dividends to our offshore subsidiaries only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, the PRC operating entities are required to set aside at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until the total amount set aside reaches 50% of their respective registered capital. The PRC operating entities may also allocate a portion of their respective after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to employee welfare and bonus funds at its discretion. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. These limitation on the ability of the PRC operating entities to pay dividends or make other distributions to our offshore subsidiaries, and consequently could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments, or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

There are significant uncertainties under the EIT Law relating to the withholding tax liabilities of the PRC operating entities, and dividends payable by the PRC operating entities to our offshore subsidiaries may not qualify to enjoy certain treaty benefits.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, the profits of a foreign invested enterprise generated through operations, which are distributed to its immediate holding company outside the PRC, will be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%. Pursuant to the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, a withholding tax rate of 10% may be lowered to 5% if the PRC enterprise is at least 25% held by a Hong Kong enterprise for at least 12 consecutive months prior to distribution of the dividends and is determined by the relevant PRC tax authority to have satisfied other conditions and requirements under the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement and other applicable PRC laws. However, based on the Circular on Certain Issues with Respect to the Enforcement of Dividend Provisions in Tax Treaties, or the “SAT Circular 81,” which became effective on February 20, 2009, if the relevant PRC tax authorities determine, in their discretion, that a company benefits from such reduced income tax rate due to a structure or arrangement that is primarily tax-driven, such PRC tax authorities may adjust the preferential tax treatment. According to Circular on Several Issues regarding the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties, which became effective as of April 1, 2018, when determining an applicant’s status as the “beneficial owner” regarding tax treatments in connection with dividends, interests, or royalties in the tax treaties, several factors will be taken into account. Such factors include whether the business operated by the applicant constitutes actual business activities, and whether the counterparty country or region to the tax treaties does not levy any tax, grant tax exemption on relevant incomes, or levy tax at an extremely low rate. This circular further requires any applicant who intends to be proved of being the “beneficial owner” to file relevant documents with the relevant tax authorities.

Further, the SAT promulgated the Notice on How to Understand and Recognize the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties on October 27, 2009, which limits the “beneficial owner” to individuals, projects, or other organizations normally engaged in substantive operations, and sets forth certain detailed factors in determining the “beneficial owner” status. In current practice, a Hong Kong enterprise must obtain a tax resident certificate from the relevant Hong Kong tax authority to apply for the 5% lower PRC withholding tax rate. The PRC operating entities is wholly-owned by our Hong Kong subsidiary. As the Hong Kong tax authority will issue such a tax resident certificate on a case-by-case basis, we cannot assure you that our Hong Kong subsidiary will be able to obtain the tax resident certificate from the relevant Hong Kong tax authority. As of the date of this annual report, we have not commenced the application process for a Hong Kong tax resident certificate from the relevant Hong Kong tax authority, and there is no assurance that our Hong Kong subsidiary will be granted such a Hong Kong tax resident certificate.

Even after our Hong Kong subsidiary obtains the Hong Kong tax resident certificate, it is required by applicable tax laws and regulations to file required forms and materials with relevant PRC tax authorities to prove that it can enjoy the 5% lower PRC withholding tax rate. MDJH Hong Kong intends to obtain the required materials and file with the relevant tax authorities when it plans to declare and pay dividends, but there is no assurance that the PRC tax authorities will approve the 5% withholding tax rate on dividends received from MDJH Hong Kong.

35

Table of Contents

The disclosures in our reports and other filings with the SEC and our other public pronouncements are not subject to the scrutiny of any regulatory bodies in the PRC.

We are regulated by the SEC and our reports and other filings with the SEC are subject to SEC review in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the SEC under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Our SEC reports and other disclosure and public pronouncements are not subject to the review or scrutiny of any PRC regulatory authority. For example, the disclosure in our SEC reports and other filings are not subject to the review by the CSRC, a PRC regulator that is responsible for oversight of the capital markets in China. Accordingly, you should review our SEC reports, filings, and our other public pronouncements with the understanding that no local regulator has done any review of us, our SEC reports, other filings, or any of our other public pronouncements.

The failure to comply with PRC regulations relating to mergers and acquisitions of domestic projects by offshore special purpose vehicles may subject us to severe fines or penalties and create other regulatory uncertainties regarding our corporate structure.

On August 8, 2006, MOFCOM, joined by the CSRC, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council, the SAT, the SAIC, and the SAFE, jointly promulgated regulations entitled the Provisions Regarding Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Projects by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”), which became effective as of September 8, 2006, and were amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules, among other things, have certain provisions that require offshore special purpose vehicles formed for the purpose of acquiring PRC domestic companies and controlled directly or indirectly by PRC individuals and companies, to obtain the approval of MOFCOM prior to engaging in such acquisitions and to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to publicly listing their securities on an overseas stock market. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published on its official website a notice specifying the documents and materials that are required to be submitted for obtaining CSRC approval.

Our PRC legal counsel has advised us, based on their understanding of the current PRC law, rules, and regulations, that the CSRC’s approval is not required for the listing and trading of our Ordinary Shares on the Nasdaq Capital Market, given that:

| ● | we established our PRC subsidiary by means of direct investment rather than by merger with or acquisition of PRC domestic companies as defined in the M&A Rules; and

| ● | no explicit provision in the M&A Rules classifies the VIE Agreements as a type of acquisition transaction subject to the M&A Rules.

Our PRC legal counsel, however, has further advised us that there remains some uncertainty as to how the M&A Rules will be interpreted or implemented in the context of an overseas offering and its opinions summarized above are subject to any new laws, rules and regulations or detailed implementations and interpretations in any form relating to the M&A Rules. We cannot assure you that relevant PRC governmental agencies, including the CSRC, would reach the same conclusion as we do. Thus, it is possible that the appropriate PRC government agencies, including MOFCOM, would deem that the M&A Rules required us or our entities in China to obtain approval from MOFCOM or other PRC regulatory agencies in connection with WFOE’s control of Mingda Tianjin through VIE agreements. If the CSRC, MOFCOM, or another PRC regulatory agency determines that government approval was required for the VIE Agreements, or if prior CSRC approval for overseas financings is required and not obtained, we may face severe regulatory actions or other sanctions from MOFCOM, the CSRC, or other PRC regulatory agencies. In such event, these regulatory agencies may impose fines or other penalties on our operations in the PRC, limit our operating privileges in the PRC, delay or restrict the repatriation of the proceeds from overseas financings into the PRC, restrict or prohibit payment or remittance of dividends to us, or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, reputation, and prospects, as well as the trading price of our Ordinary Shares. The CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies may also take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to delay or cancel overseas financings, to restructure our current corporate structure, or to seek regulatory approvals that may be difficult or costly to obtain.

Article 224 of the current Securities Law stipulates that domestic enterprises that directly or indirectly issue securities abroad or list their securities for trading abroad shall comply with the relevant regulations of the State Council. Therefore, approval by the CSRC is not currently required.

36

Table of Contents

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines, which came into effect on March 31, 2023. On the same day, the CSRC issued the CSRC Notice. Based on the aforementioned regulations, the CSRC has implemented a centralized filing management system to oversee the direct and indirect overseas listing activities of domestic enterprises. As such, companies operating under this system are not required to obtain prior approval from the CSRC.

The M&A Rules, along with certain foreign exchange regulations discussed below, will be interpreted or implemented by the relevant government authorities in connection with our future offshore financings or acquisitions, and we cannot predict how they will affect our acquisition strategy. For example, Mingda Tianjin’s ability to remit its profits to us or to engage in foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, may be conditioned upon compliance with the SAFE registration requirements by Mr. Siping Xu, principal shareholder of us and the VIE, over whom we may have no control.

The M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for certain acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The M&A Rules and recently adopted PRC regulations and rules concerning mergers and acquisitions established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time consuming and complex. For example, the M&A Rules require that MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, if (i) any important industry is concerned, (ii) such transaction involves factors that have or may have impact on the national economic security, or (iii) such transaction will lead to a change in control of a domestic enterprise which holds a famous trademark or PRC time-honored brand. Mergers or acquisitions that allow one market player to take control of or to exert decisive impact on another market player must also be notified in advance to MOFCOM when the threshold under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings, or the “Prior Notification Rules,” issued by the State Council in August 2008 is triggered. In addition, the Provisions of the Ministry of Commerce on the Implementation of the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (the “Security Review Rules”) issued by MOFCOM that became effective in September 2011 specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by MOFCOM, and the Security Review Rules prohibit any activities attempting to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement. In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the above-mentioned regulations and other relevant rules to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from MOFCOM or its local counterparts may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions. It is clear that our business would not be deemed to be in an industry that raises “national defense and security” or “national security” concerns. MOFCOM or other government agencies, however, may publish explanations in the future determining that our business is in an industry subject to the security review, in which case our future acquisitions in the PRC, including those by way of entering into contractual control arrangements with target entities, may be closely scrutinized or prohibited. Our ability to expand our business or maintain or expand our market share through future acquisitions would as such be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure

Our corporate structure, in particular the VIE Agreements, are subject to significant risks, as set forth in the following risk factors.

The VIE Agreements may not be effective in providing control over Mingda Tianjin.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. As a holding company with no material operations of our own, most of our current revenue and net income are derived from our UK subsidiaries, and a small proportion of our current revenue and net income are derived from Mingda Tianjin and its Chengdu branch office. We do not have an equity ownership interest in Mingda Tianjin but rely on the VIE Agreements entered into on April 28, 2018, with Mingda Tianjin to control and operate its business and the business of its branch office. However, these VIE Agreements may not be effective in providing us with the necessary control over Mingda Tianjin and its operations. Any deficiency in these VIE Agreements may result in our loss of control over the management and operations of Mingda Tianjin, which will result in a significant loss in the value of an investment in our Company. Our Ordinary Shares are shares of our offshore holding company instead of shares of the PRC operating entities.

37

Table of Contents

We rely on contractual rights through our VIE structure to effect control over and management of Mingda Tianjin and its branch office. The VIE Agreements, however, may not be as effective in providing us with the necessary control over Mingda Tianjin and its operations, which exposes us to the risk of potential breach of contract by the shareholders of Mingda Tianjin. For instance, Mingda Tianjin and the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with WFOE by, among other things, failing to conduct their operations in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests. If we had direct ownership of Mingda Tianjin, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of Mingda Tianjin, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. Under the current VIE Agreements, however, we rely on the performance by Mingda Tianjin and the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders of their respective obligations under the contracts to exercise control over Mingda Tianjin. The Mingda Tianjin Shareholders may not act in the best interests of our Company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate certain portions of our business through the VIE Agreements with Mingda Tianjin. In the event that Mingda Tianjin or the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the VIE Agreements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. Even if legal actions are taken to enforce such arrangements, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state. In addition, as our chief executive officer Mr. Siping Xu owns 98.27% of Mingda Tianjin’s outstanding equity, it may be difficult for us to change our corporate structure if such shareholder refuses to cooperate with us.

Because we conduct a substantial part of our business through Mingda Tianjin, a VIE, if we fail to comply with applicable law, we could be subject to severe penalties and our business could be adversely affected.

We operate a substantial part of our business through Mingda Tianjin, a VIE, the equity of which is principally owned by Mr. Siping Xu, our chief executive officer and principal shareholder, through the VIE Agreements, as a result of which, under U.S. GAAP, the assets and liabilities of Mingda Tianjin are treated as our assets and liabilities and the results of operations of Mingda Tianjin are treated in all respects as if they were the results of our operations for accounting purposes. Because we do not directly hold equity interests in the VIE and its subsidiaries, we are subject to risks and uncertainties of the interpretations and applications of PRC laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, regulatory review of overseas listing of PRC companies through special purpose vehicles, and the validity and enforcement of the VIE Agreements among WFOE, Mingda Tianjin, and the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders. We are also subject to the risks and uncertainties about any future actions of the PRC government in this regard that could disallow the VIE structure, which would likely result in a material change in our operations, and the value of our ordinary shares may depreciate significantly or become worthless. The VIE Agreements have not been tested in a court of law in China as of the date of this annual report.

We are subject to certain legal and operational risks associated with having a substantial part of our operations in China. PRC laws and regulations governing our current business operations are sometimes vague and uncertain, and as a result these risks may result in material changes in the operations of the VIE and its subsidiaries, significant depreciation or a complete loss of the value of our Ordinary Shares, or a complete hindrance of our ability to offer, or continue to offer, our securities to investors.

If the PRC government determines that the VIE Agreements do not comply with PRC regulations, or if these regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we may be unable to assert our contractual rights over the assets of the VIE, and our Ordinary Shares may decline in value or become worthless.

Recently, the PRC government adopted a series of regulatory actions and issued statements to regulate business operations in China, including those related to VIEs. There are currently no relevant laws or regulations in the PRC that prohibit companies whose entity interests are within the PRC from listing on overseas stock exchanges. The VIE Agreements have not been tested in a court of law in China as of the date of this annual report. Although we believe that our corporate structure and VIE Agreements comply with current applicable PRC laws and regulations, in the event that PRC government determines that the VIE Agreements do not comply with PRC regulations, or if these regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we may be unable to assert our contractual rights over the assets of the VIE, and our Ordinary Shares may decline in value or become worthless.

38

Table of Contents

Our VIE Agreements with Mingda Tianjin are governed by the laws of the PRC and we may have difficulty in enforcing any rights we may have under these VIE Agreements.

As our VIE Agreements with Mingda Tianjin are governed by the PRC laws and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in the PRC, they would be interpreted in accordance with PRC law and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. Disputes arising from these VIE Agreements between us and Mingda Tianjin will be resolved through arbitration in China, although these disputes do not include claims arising under the United States federal securities law and thus do not prevent you from pursuing claims under the United States federal securities law. The legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could further limit our ability to enforce these VIE Agreements, through arbitration, litigation, and other legal proceedings remain in China, which could limit our ability to enforce these VIE Agreements and to consolidate the financial results of Mingda Tianjin. Furthermore, these contracts may not be enforceable in China if PRC government authorities or courts take a view that such contracts contravene PRC laws and regulations or are otherwise not enforceable for public policy reasons. In the event we are unable to enforce these VIE Agreements, we may not be able to consolidate the financial results of Mingda Tianjin, and our ability to conduct our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to consolidate the financial results of Mingda Tianjin or such consolidation could materially and adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

A substantial part of our business is conducted through Mingda Tianjin, which currently is considered for accounting purposes as a VIE, and we are considered the primary beneficiary, enabling us to consolidate the financial results of Mingda Tianjin in our consolidated financial statements. In the event that in the future Mingda Tianjin would no longer meet the definition of a VIE, or we are deemed not to be the primary beneficiary, we would not be able to consolidate line by line its financial results in our consolidated financial statements for PRC purposes. Also, if in the future an affiliate company becomes a VIE and we become the primary beneficiary, we would be required to consolidate that entity’s financial results in our consolidated financial statements for PRC purposes. If such entity’s financial results were negative, this could have a corresponding negative impact on our operating results for PRC purposes. However, any material variations in the accounting principles, practices, and methods used in preparing financial statements for PRC purposes from the principles, practices, and methods generally accepted in the United States and in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) accounting regulations must be discussed, quantified, and reconciled in financial statements for the United States and SEC purposes.

The VIE Agreements may result in adverse tax consequences.

PRC laws and regulations emphasize the requirement of an arm’s length basis for transfer pricing arrangements between related parties. The laws and regulations also require enterprises with related party transactions to prepare transfer pricing documentation to demonstrate the basis for determining pricing, the computation methodology, and detailed explanations. Related party arrangements and transactions may be subject to challenge or tax inspection by the PRC tax authorizes.

Under a tax inspection, if our transfer pricing arrangements between WFOE and Mingda Tianjin are judged as tax avoidance, or related documentation does not meet the requirements, WFOE and Mingda Tianjin may be subject to material adverse tax consequences, such as transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could result in a reduction, for PRC tax purpose, of adjustments recorded by WFOE, which could adversely affect us by (i) increasing Mingda Tianjin’s tax liabilities without reducing WFOE’s tax liabilities, which could further result in interest being levied to us for unpaid taxes; or (ii) imposing late payment fees and other penalties on Mingda Tianjin for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations. In addition, if WFOE requests the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders to transfer their shares in Mingda Tianjin at nominal or no value pursuant to the VIE Agreements, such transfer may be viewed as a gift and subject WFOE to PRC income tax. As a result, our financial position could be materially and adversely affected if Mingda Tianjin’s tax liabilities increase or if it is required to pay late payment fees and other penalties.

39

Table of Contents

The Mingda Tianjin Shareholders have potential conflicts of interest with our Company, which may adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The Mingda Tianjin Shareholders may have potential conflicts of interest with us. These shareholders may not act in the best interest of our Company or may breach, or cause Mingda Tianjin to breach the existing contractual arrangements we have with them and Mingda Tianjin, which would have a material and adverse effect on our ability to effectively control Mingda Tianjin and receive economic benefits from it. For example, the shareholders may be able to cause our agreements with Mingda Tianjin to be performed in a manner adverse to us by, among other things, failing to remit payments due under the contractual arrangements to us on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our Company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and our Company, except that we could exercise our purchase option under the Equity Option Agreement with these shareholders to request them to transfer all of their equity interests in Mingda Tianjin to a PRC entity or individual designated by us, to the extent permitted by PRC law. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and those shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which may materially disrupt our business. There is also substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceeding.

We rely on the approvals, certificates, and business licenses held by Mingda Tianjin and any deterioration of the relationship between WFOE and Mingda Tianjin could materially and adversely affect our overall business operations.

Pursuant to the VIE Agreements, our business in the PRC will be undertaken on the basis of the approvals, certificates, business licenses, and other requisite licenses held by Mingda Tianjin. There is no assurance that Mingda Tianjin will be able to renew its licenses or certificates when their terms expire with substantially similar terms as the ones they currently hold.

Further, our relationship with Mingda Tianjin is governed by the VIE Agreements, which are intended to provide us, through our indirect ownership of WFOE, with the ability to, for accounting purposes, control and receive the economic benefits of Mingda Tianjin’s business operation through the VIE Agreements, which enables us to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements under U.S. GAAP. The VIE Agreements, however, may not be effective in providing control over the applications for and maintenance of the licenses required for our business operations. Mingda Tianjin could violate the VIE Agreements, go bankrupt, suffer from difficulties in its business, or otherwise become unable to perform its obligations under the VIE Agreements and, as a result, our operations, reputation, business, and stock price could be severely harmed.

The exercise of our option to purchase part or all of the shares in Mingda Tianjin under the Equity Option Agreement might be subject to certain limitations and substantial costs.

Our Equity Option Agreement with Mingda Tianjin and the Mingda Tianjin Shareholders provides WFOE with the option to purchase up to 100% of the shares in Mingda Tianjin. Such transfer of shares may be subject to approvals from, filings with, or reporting to competent PRC authorities, such as MOFCOM, the State Administration for Market Regulation, and/or their local competent branches. In addition, the shares transfer price may be subject to review and tax adjustment by the relevant tax authorities. The shares transfer price to be received by Mingda Tianjin under the VIE Agreements may also be subject to enterprise income tax, and these amounts could be substantial.

40

Table of Contents

Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares and the Trading Market

Because we are a Cayman Islands company and all of our business is conducted in the PRC through the PRC operating entities and in the UK through our UK subsidiaries, you may be unable to bring an action against us or our officers and directors or to enforce any judgment you may obtain.

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands and conduct our operations in China through the PRC operating entities and in the UK through our UK subsidiaries. All of our assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, five out of our six directors and officers, namely Siping Xu, Mengnan Wang, Liang Zhang, Zhenlei Hu, and Wei Guan, reside in the PRC; another director, Liding Sun, resides in the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these five directors and officers in the United States in the event that you believe we have violated your rights, either under United States federal or state securities laws or otherwise, or if you have a claim against us. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may not permit you to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers.

Since our chief executive officer owns 87.4% of our Ordinary Shares, he has the ability to elect directors and approve matters requiring shareholder approval by way of ordinary resolution or special resolution.

Mr. Siping Xu, our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, is currently the beneficial owner of 10,200,000 shares, or 87.4% of our outstanding Ordinary Shares, which are directly held by MDJH LTD, an entity 100% owned by Mr. Xu. As result, Mr. Xu is able to exert significant voting influence over fundamental and significant corporate matters and transactions. He has the power to elect all directors and approve all matters requiring shareholder approval without the votes of any other shareholder. He has significant influence over a decision to enter into any corporate transaction and has the ability to prevent any transaction that requires the approval of shareholders, regardless of whether or not our other shareholders believe that such transaction is in our best interests. Such concentration of voting power could have the effect of delaying, deterring, or preventing a change of control or other business combination, which could, in turn, have an adverse effect on the market price of our Ordinary Shares or prevent our shareholders from realizing a premium over the then-prevailing market price for their Ordinary Shares.

Since we are deemed to be a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq listing rules, we are allowed to follow certain exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that could adversely affect our public shareholders.

Our largest shareholder, Mr. Siping Xu, owns more than a majority of the voting power of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. Under the Nasdaq Listing Rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by an individual, group, or another company is a “controlled company” and is permitted to phase in its compliance with the independent committee requirements. Although we do not intend to rely on the “controlled company” exemptions under the Nasdaq Listing Rules even though we are deemed to be a “controlled company,” we are allowed elect to rely on these exemptions in the future. If we were to elect to rely on the “controlled company” exemptions, a majority of the members of our board of directors might not be independent directors and our nominating and corporate governance and compensation committees might not consist entirely of independent directors. Accordingly, if we rely on the exemptions, during the period we remain a controlled company and during any transition period following a time when we are no longer a controlled company, you would not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not expect to declare or pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. As a result, you may only receive a return on your investment in our Ordinary Shares if the market price of our Ordinary Shares increases.

41

Table of Contents

If we fail to establish and maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately and timely disclose information about our financial results or prevent fraud. Any inability to accurately and timely disclose financial results could harm our business and reputation and cause the market price of our Ordinary Shares to decline.

A system of financial controls and procedures is necessary to ensure that information about our financial results is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported in an accurate and timely fashion. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. If we cannot disclose required information or provide reliable financial reports, we may not be able to manage our business as effectively as we would if an effective control environment existed, and our business and reputation may be harmed. Prior to our initial public offering, management and our independent registered public accounting firm identified that we had a material weakness because we lacked sufficient personnel with an appropriate level of knowledge of U.S. GAAP and financial reporting. Although we have taken certain steps to address this deficiency, including (i) hiring more qualified accounting personnel with relevant U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting experience and qualifications to strengthen the financial reporting function, (ii) engaging an external consulting firm to assist us with assessment of Sarbanes-Oxley compliance requirements and improvement of overall internal control, and (iii) appointing independent directors, establishing an audit committee, and strengthening corporate governance, and it is no longer a material weakness based on the assessment of management, it is possible that we may have a material weakness identified in the future if the controls and procedures we have implemented are inadequate.

If we become directly subject to the scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed Chinese companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and resolve the matter which could harm our business operations, stock price, and reputation.

U.S. public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity by investors, financial, commentators and regulatory agencies, such as the SEC. Much of the scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity has centered on financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, a lack of effective internal controls over financial accounting, inadequate corporate governance policies, or a lack of adherence thereto and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of the scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity, the publicly traded stock of many U.S.-listed Chinese companies sharply decreased in value and, in some cases, has become virtually worthless. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and SEC enforcement actions and are conducting internal and external investigations into the allegations. It is not clear what effect this sector-wide scrutiny, criticism, and negative publicity will have on us, our business, and our stock price. If we become the subject of any unfavorable allegations, whether such allegations are proven to be true or untrue, we will have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend our company. This situation will be costly and time consuming and distract our management from developing our growth. If such allegations are not proven to be groundless, we and our business operations will be severely affected and you could sustain a significant decline in the value of our stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they publish a negative report regarding our Ordinary Shares, the price of our Ordinary Shares and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our Ordinary Shares may depend in part on the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade us, the price of our Ordinary Shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price of our Ordinary Shares and the trading volume to decline.

The market price of our Ordinary Shares may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance.

The market price of our Ordinary Shares may fluctuate significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

| ● | actual or anticipated fluctuations in our revenue and other operating results;

| ● | the financial projections we may provide to the public, any changes in these projections or our failure to meet these projections;

42

Table of Contents

| ● | actions of securities analysts who initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow our company, or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

| ● | announcements by us or our competitors of significant products or features, technical innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, or capital commitments;

| ● | price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of trends in the economy as a whole;

| ● | lawsuits threatened or filed against us; and

| ● | other events or factors, including those resulting from war or incidents of terrorism, or responses to these events.

In addition, the stock markets have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. Stock prices of many companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, stockholders have filed securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were to become involved in securities litigation, it could subject us to substantial costs, divert resources and the attention of management from our business, and adversely affect our business.

If we cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply fully with the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, and we would incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we would not incur as a foreign private issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States domestic issuers, and we are not required to disclose in our periodic reports all of the information that United States domestic issuers are required to disclose. While we currently expect to continue qualifying as a foreign private issuer, we may cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer in the future.

Because we are a foreign private issuer and are exempt from certain Nasdaq corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. issuers, you will have less protection than you would have if we were a domestic issuer.

Nasdaq Listing Rules require listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of its board members be independent. As a foreign private issuer, however, we are permitted to, and we may, follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements, or we may choose to comply with the Nasdaq requirement within one year of listing. The corporate governance practice in our home country, the Cayman Islands, does not require a majority of our board to consist of independent directors. Currently, a majority of our board of directors are independent directors. In addition, the Nasdaq Listing Rules also require U.S. domestic issuers to have a compensation committee, a nominating/corporate governance committee composed entirely of independent directors, and an audit committee with a minimum of three members. We, as a foreign private issuer, are not subject to these requirements.

Furthermore, Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635 provides that shareholder approval is required of U.S. domestic companies listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market prior to (i) issuances in connection with the acquisition of the stock or assets of another company if upon issuance the issued shares will equal to 20% or more of the number of shares or voting power outstanding prior to the issuance, or if certain specified persons have a 5% or greater interest in the assets or company to be acquired (Rule 5635(a)); (ii) issuances or potential issuances that will result in a change of control (Rule 5635(b)); (iii) issuances in connection with equity compensation arrangements (Rule 5635(c)); and (iv) 20% or greater issuances in transactions other than public offerings, as defined in the Nasdaq rules (Rule 5635(d)). Notwithstanding this general requirement, Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615(a)(3)(A) permits foreign private issuers to follow their home country practice rather than these shareholder approval requirements. The Cayman Islands do not require shareholder approval prior to any of the foregoing types of issuances. The Company, therefore, is not required to obtain such shareholder approval prior to entering into a transaction with the potential to issue securities as described above. The Board of Directors of the Company has elected to follow the Company’s home country rules as to such issuances and will not be required to seek shareholder approval prior to entering into such a transaction. Therefore, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would have under corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. For more information regarding our corporate governance, please see “Item 16.G. Corporate Governance.”

43

Table of Contents

Other than those described above, there are no significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those followed by U.S. domestic companies under Nasdaq Capital Market corporate governance listing standards. However, in the future, we may consider following home country practice in lieu of the requirements under Nasdaq listing rules with respect to certain other corporate governance standards which may afford less protection to investors.

Anti-takeover provisions in our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control.

Some provisions of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, may discourage, delay, or prevent a change in control of our company or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including, among other things, the following:

| ● | provisions that authorize our board of directors to issue shares with preferred, deferred or other special rights or restrictions without any further vote or action by our shareholders; and

| ● | provisions that restrict the ability of our shareholders to call meetings and to propose special matters for consideration at shareholder meetings.

If we cannot satisfy, or continue to satisfy, the continued listing requirements and other rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, our securities may be delisted, which could negatively impact the price of our securities and your ability to sell them.

Our securities are listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. In order to maintain our listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we are required to comply with certain rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, including those regarding minimum stockholders’ equity, minimum share price, minimum market value of publicly held shares, and various additional requirements. Even if we currently meet the listing requirements and other applicable rules of the Nasdaq Capital Market, we may not be able to continue to satisfy these requirements and applicable rules. If we are unable to satisfy the Nasdaq Capital Market criteria for maintaining our listing, our securities could be subject to delisting.

If the Nasdaq Capital Market subsequently delists our securities from trading, we could face significant consequences, including:

| ● | a limited availability for market quotations for our securities;

| ● | reduced liquidity with respect to our securities;

| ● | a determination that our Ordinary Share is a “penny stock,” which will require brokers trading in our Ordinary Share to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our Ordinary Share;

| ● | limited amount of news and analyst coverage; and

| ● | a decreased ability to issue additional securities or obtain additional financing in the future.

Our board of directors may decline to register transfers of Ordinary Shares in certain circumstances.

Our board of directors may, in its sole discretion, decline to register any transfer of any Ordinary Shares which is not fully paid up or on which we have a lien. Our directors may also decline to register any transfer of any share unless (i) the instrument of transfer is lodged with us, accompanied by the certificate for the shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer; (ii) the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of shares; (iii) the instrument of transfer is properly stamped, if required; (iv) in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom the share is to be transferred does not exceed four; (v) the shares conceded are free of any lien in favor of us; or (vi) a fee of such maximum sum as Nasdaq Capital Market may determine to be payable, or such lesser sum as our board of directors may from time to time require, is paid to us in respect thereof.

44

Table of Contents

If our directors refuse to register a transfer they shall, within one month after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal. The registration of transfers may, on 14 days’ notice being given by advertisement in one or more newspapers or by electronic means, be suspended and the register closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register closed for more than 30 days in any year.

This, however, is unlikely to affect market transactions of the Ordinary Shares held by our public shareholders. Since our Ordinary Shares are listed, the legal title to such Ordinary Shares and the registration details of those Ordinary Shares in the Company’s register of members remain with the Depository Trust Company. All market transactions with respect to those Ordinary Shares are carried out without the need for any kind of registration by the directors, as the market transactions are all conducted through the Depository Trust Company systems.

The laws of the Cayman Islands may not provide our shareholders with benefits comparable to those provided to shareholders of corporations incorporated in the United States.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, by the Companies Act (Revised) of the Cayman Islands and by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law in the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands and from English common law. Decisions of the Privy Council (which is the final Court of Appeal for British Overseas Territories such as the Cayman Islands) are binding on a court in the Cayman Islands. Decisions of the English courts, and particularly the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal are generally of persuasive authority but are not binding in the courts of the Cayman Islands. Decisions of courts in other Commonwealth jurisdictions are similarly of persuasive but not binding authority. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws relative to the United States. Therefore, our public shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests in the face of actions by our management, directors or controlling shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

You may be unable to present proposals before annual general meetings or extraordinary general meetings not called by shareholders.

Cayman Islands law provides shareholders with only limited rights to requisition a general meeting and does not provide shareholders with any right to put any proposal before a general meeting. However, these rights may be provided in a company’s amended and restated articles of association. Our amended and restated articles of association allow our shareholders holding shares representing in aggregate not less than 10% of our voting share capital in issue, to requisition a general meeting of our shareholders, in which case our directors are obliged to call such meeting. Advance notice of at least 21 clear days is required for the convening of our annual general shareholders’ meeting and at least 14 clear-day notice any other general meeting of our shareholders. A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of at least one shareholder present or by proxy, representing not less than one-third in nominal value of our total issued voting shares.

If we are classified as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”), United States taxpayers who own our Ordinary Shares may have adverse United States federal income tax consequences.

A non-U.S. corporation such as ourselves will be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year if, for such year, either

| ● | At least 75% of our gross income for the year is passive income; or

| ● | The average percentage of our assets (determined at the end of each quarter) during the taxable year which produce passive income or which are held for the production of passive income is at least 50%.

Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, and royalties (other than rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets.

45

Table of Contents

If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. taxpayer who holds our Ordinary Shares, the U.S. taxpayer may be subject to increased U.S. federal income tax liability and may be subject to additional reporting requirements.

Based on our operations and the composition of our assets we do not expect to be treated as a PFIC under the current PFIC rules. It is possible that, however, for our 2024 taxable year or for any subsequent year, more than 50% of our assets may be assets which produce passive income. We will make this determination following the end of any particular tax year. The VIE Agreements are designed to provide WFOE with the power, rights, and obligations to Mingda Tianjin as set forth under the VIE Agreements. We have evaluated the guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification 810 and determined that we are regarded as the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes, as a result of our direct ownership in WFOE and the provisions of the VIE Agreements. As a result, we are treating Mingda Tianjin as our wholly-owned subsidiary for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For purposes of the PFIC analysis, in general, a non-U.S. corporation is deemed to own its pro rata share of the gross income and assets of any entity in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the equity by value. Therefore, the income and assets of Mingda Tianjin should be included in the determination of whether or not we are a PFIC in any taxable year. However, if we are not treated as owning Mingda Tianjin for United States federal income tax purposes, we would likely be treated as a PFIC.

​

Item 4.INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A. | History and Development of the Company

On October 28, 2020, MD UK was formed pursuant to English laws. MDJM holds 100% of the equity interest in MD UK. MD UK commenced its operations in 2021, focusing on developing and launching real estate development projects and hospitality programs, including hotel operations.

On June 15, 2021, Mansions was formed as a limited company under English laws, engaging in the asset management business and expects to provide comprehensive UK real estate-related services, including property leasing, property sales, furnishings, routine property maintenance and management, and hospitality and butler services to overseas real estate owners. Mansions commenced operations in 2021. 51% of the equity interest in Mansions was held by MD UK, 41% of the equity interest was held by Ocean Tide Wealth Limited, a specialist mortgage broker in the United Kingdom, and the remaining 8% was held by Mingzhe Zhang. On May 20, 2022, MD UK acquired 41% of the equity interests in Mansions from Ocean Tide Wealth Limited with a consideration of one British pound sterling and 8% of the equity interests in Mansions from Mingzhe Zhang with a consideration of one British pound sterling. After the acquisitions, MD UK holds 100% of the equity interests in Mansions.

On January 14, 2022, MD Japan was formed pursuant to Japanese laws. MDJM holds 100% of the equity interest in MD Japan. As of the date of this report, MD Japan has not been operative or generated any revenue.

On February 16, 2022, MD German was formed pursuant to German laws. MDJM holds 100% of the equity interest in MD German. As of the date of this report, MD German has not been operative or generated any revenue.

On December 16, 2022, Mansions changed its name from “Mansions Estate Agent Ltd” to “Mansions Catering and Hotel Ltd.” MD UK and Mansions submitted requests and information required to expand their business to hotel operations to the Companies House of UK in December 2022.

On August 22, 2023, we incorporated Fernie Castle Culture in the UK. Fernie Castle Culture expects to engage in the management of the brand name of “Fernie” and developing “Fernie” brand name related products and services.

Mingda Tianjin started offering primary real estate agency services in 2002. Mr. Siping Xu, our chief executive officer, controls 98.27% of Mingda Tianjin. For accounting purposes, we control and receive the economic benefits of the VIE and its subsidiaries through the VIE Agreements, which enables us to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements under U.S. GAAP, and the structure involves unique risks to investors. The VIE Agreements are described under “—B. Business Overview—The VIE Agreements.” MDJM is a holding company with no business operation other than holding the shares in MDJH Hong Kong, also a pass-through entity with no business operation. WFOE is exclusively engaged in the business of managing the operations of Mingda Tianjin.

46

Table of Contents

Our principal executive offices are located at Fernie Castle, Letham, Cupar, Fife, KY15 7RU, United Kingdom, and our phone number is +44-01337 810 381. Our registered office in Cayman Islands is located at Harneys Fiduciary (Cayman) Limited, 4th Floor, Harbour Place, 103 South Church Street, P.O. Box 10240, Grand Cayman, KY1-1002, and the phone number of our registered office is+1 345 949 8599. We maintain a corporate website at ir.mdjmjh.com. The information contained in, or accessible from, our website or any other website does not constitute a part of this annual report. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Cogency Global Inc., 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10168.

The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy, and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC using its EDGAR system.

For information regarding our principal capital expenditures, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources—Capital Expenditure.”

B. | Business Overview

Overview

We operate our business through MD UK, Mansions, and Mingda Tianjin, which is a VIE in the PRC.

Mansions engages in the asset management business and expects to provide comprehensive UK real estate-related services, including property leasing, property sales, furnishings, routine property maintenance and management, and hospitality and butler services to overseas real estate owners. Mansions implements customized management plans holistically curtailed to the needs of its real estate owner clients. It facilitates a variety of ancillary services, including its real estate marketing and planning services, real estate agency services, advertisement planning services, 24-7 multilingual customer service meeting the demand of an international market, and professional onsite butler team. We believe that the establishment of Mansions is a significant step for our global expansion strategy. Mansions commenced operations in 2021 and generated $102,909 (GBP 82,729), $16,263 (GBP13,207), and $19,469 (GBP14,150) of revenue during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

MD UK commenced its operations in 2021. MD UK focuses on developing and launching real estate development projects and hospitality programs, including hotel operations. See “—Our Services—The UK Operations.”

Mingda Tianjin primarily provides primary real estate agency services to its real estate developer clients, and provides, on an as-needed basis, real estate consulting services. Currently, Mingda Tianjin’s main market is in the Tianjin Autonomous Municipality, one of the richest cities in the PRC, ranking fifth in the PRC based upon GDP per capita in 2022, according to the China Statistical Yearbook. Since 2014, Mingda Tianjin has expanded its market presence to other first and second tier cities in China, including Chengdu of Sichuan province.

The PRC operating entities’ primary real estate agency services offerings include providing primary agency sales services to residential real estate developers at any stage of the development and sale of a residential real estate project. Since their inception in 2002, they have been engaged in the sale of 74 unique residential real estate projects, with 68 projects reaching 100% sales completion status as of December 31, 2023. The PRC operating entities typically serve large and mid-sized real estate developers, such as Ping An Real Estate Co., Ltd., China Vanke Co., Ltd., China Merchants Property Development Co., Ltd., Tianjin Metro Resources Investment Co., Ltd., Jingrui Real Estate (Group) Co., Ltd., Tianjin Real Estate Development (Group) Co., Ltd., Tianjin Teda Development Co., Ltd., and Tianjin City Investment Binhai Real Estate Management Co., Ltd., or promising emerging local developers in the markets in which they operate. The PRC operating entities primarily generate revenue through sales commissions which are either fixed or progressive. They generated 29.0%, 96.4%, and 98.7% of their total revenue through their primary agency sales services in fiscal 2023, fiscal 2022, and fiscal 2021, respectively. The PRC operating entities have traditionally provided exclusive primary agency sales services where they are the exclusive sales agent. While we expect the exclusive sales agent arrangements to continue to be the main part of their business, since 2016 they have strategically bid on and won real estate projects as co-sale agents, where they collaborate with other primary agency sales service providers to act as co-agents in a sale. In fiscal years 2023, 2022, and 2021, 1%, 5.06%, and 32.87%, respectively, of the PRC operating entities’ revenue was derived from sales in real estate projects through the PRC operating entities where they acted as co-agents providing primary agency sales services to their developer clients. We believe that co-sale opportunities allow the PRC operating entities to tap into developer clients they have not previously collaborated, or who utilized their traditional primary sales agents.

47

Table of Contents

The PRC operating entities commenced their operations in 2002. Their revenue was $41,954, $434,371, and $4,446,764 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Their net (loss) was $(662,821), $(1,847,047), and $(2,078,678) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Competitive Strengths

We believe that the following strengths enabled the PRC operating entities to capture opportunities in the real estate industry in China and differentiate them from their competitors, and will serve as transferrable experience to aid in the international subsidiaries’ growth:

| ● | Systematic and Effective Training. We believe a sales staff who can provide high-quality professional services consistently and an effective management team are critical to the PRC operating entities’ successful expansions into new markets and the enhancement of their brand name. The PRC operating entities have leveraged their in-house, experienced real estate experts to design and implement systematic training programs for new and existing sales staff to ensure they are equipped with knowledge of the standard protocols and best practices of various aspects of the PRC operating entities’ business, as well as their demand for high-quality services. Once a sales team is assigned to a new project, each member of the team continues to receive on-the-job training specific to the project and the local real estate market. The PRC operating entities perform periodic review of the performance of their sales staff and promote capable staff to management positions. In order to develop a management talent pool to manage and support their growth, the PRC operating entities have also designed systematic training programs for their managerial employees at different levels on how to manage sales process and their sales staff. The PRC operating entities’ managerial employees are also encouraged to attend the real estate seminars and workshops organized by the PRC operating entities to enhance their knowledge of the real estate industry in China. We believe that the PRC operating entities’ systematic and effective training distinguishes them from their competitors and has contributed to their growth. Through systematic training across the PRC operating entities’ organization, we hope to have a continuous supply of highly qualified real estate managerial and sales professionals to manage and support their anticipated expansion into new markets and strengthen their competitive position in existing markets.

| ● | Integrated Provider of a Full Range of Services. The PRC operating entities’ full range of services enable them to engage developer clients at early stages of their property development process. From providing feasibility studies prior to submissions of bids for development projects, consulting and strategizing at the inception of a proposed development project to marketing and sale of completed properties, the PRC operating entities are capable of providing comprehensive one-stop services to their developer clients at various stages of the real estate development and sales process. Their sales force in the secondary real estate brokerage services market also promotes residual unsold units from the primary real estate agency services market, thereby enhancing their services to their developer clients in the primary real estate market and increasing transaction volume in the secondary real estate market. Furthermore, the PRC operating entities’ in-house research capability, through their market research and development center, enhance their real estate consulting and information services and create a significant competitive advantage for them. They also allow the PRC operating entities to attract developer clients at an early stage of the project and build an on-going relationship with the clients. As a result of the PRC operating entities’ ability to provide a full range of real estate services, they increase their value and attractiveness to their clients at various stages of the real estate development, marketing, and sales process.

| ● | Experienced and Stable Management Team. We have an experienced and stable management team with strong operational experience, execution capability, and real estate industry expertise. Most of our senior management team members have participated in China’s real estate industry since its inception and have worked together as a team since our inception in 2002. In particular, our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Siping Xu, is a well-recognized expert in real estate services with over 20 years of experience in the real estate industry. Our success is also attributed to a stable team of mid-level management, whom we have been able to attract and retain through a combination of performance-linked compensation, career-oriented training, and career advancement opportunities. We believe our experienced and stable management team has contributed significantly to our past success and will continue to contribute to our further growth.

48

Table of Contents

Growth Strategies

Our board of directors has adjusted the growth strategies to reduce the scale of operations of the PRC operating entities and shift our focus onto developing the overseas operations that are currently propelled by our UK, Japanese, and German subsidiaries. Starting in 2021, the PRC operating entities have reduced the existing real estate agency programs and decreased the size of their sales team on relevant projects, further downscaled their operations in 2023, and plan to continue the downscaling in 2024. The services provided by the PRC operating entities, including real estate marketing and planning services, real estate agency services, and advertisement planning services, have translated into experiences that will help our other subsidiaries in the UK, Germany, Japan, and other prospective markets to gain competitive advantages. Currently, the UK subsidiaries are the focus of future growth and market expansion, with the following strategies:

| ● | Acquire Properties with Rich Historical Value. The UK subsidiaries started to acquire real properties with rich historical value in the UK in 2022. MD UK completed the acquisition of Fernie Castle in August 2022 and the acquisition of the Robin Hill Hotel and the Villa in December 2022. See “—Our Services—The UK Operations.” We plan to continue searching for potential acquisition targets, from medieval castles to buildings from a particular historical period, in the UK and other European countries. Our five-year vision is to continue exploring and developing high-quality historical and cultural properties by combining modern digital technology with our historical properties to create unique assets that have both historical and contemporary practical value.

| ● | Expand Service Offerings and Increase Cross-selling Opportunities. The UK subsidiaries offer a wide range of services across the primary real estate market and the real estate rental market, and ancillary real estate-related services. As the real estate industry, especially the rental market, continues to grow and mature in the UK, we believe there are significant growth opportunities for new and innovative types of real estate services. The UK subsidiaries plan to continuously evaluate new growth areas and expand their service offerings to capture opportunities in these areas as they arise and the UK subsidiaries commenced their operations with the plan to diversify their revenue streams. For example, besides the UK subsidiaries’ real estate marketing and planning services and their real estate agency services, they also offer advertisement planning services, tenant screening services, 24-7 multilingual customer service meeting the demand of an international market, and professional onsite hospitality and butler services. The UK subsidiaries strive to become an integrated platform for comprehensive property management capabilities that cover real estate-related service needs from all aspects for investors and real estate owners.

| ● | Expand Geographic Reach and Enhance Brand Recognition. The UK subsidiaries plan to provide real estate services and strategically expand their operations to additional cities, covering cities that attract overseas investors, and are undergoing real estate development growth. The UK subsidiaries’ entrance into new geographic markets will be carried out systematically in response to their real estate developer clients’ needs and market opportunities. They intend to invest in the promotion of their brand when they enter a new market and to leverage their brand to capture growth opportunities. The UK subsidiaries intend to hire and train local employees and sales associates who are socially connected to the local markets. By expanding into new markets, they aim to lay the foundation for a nationwide real estate service network in the UK and branches into the greater European markets that can provide seamless quality services to their local and overseas investor and real estate owner clients alike.

49

Table of Contents

Our Services

PRC operations

The PRC operating entities generate their revenue primarily through providing primary real estate agency services to their real estate developer clients. Primary real estate agency services refer to agency services provided for the primary real estate market, newly constructed and completed residential and commercial real properties. Currently, the PRC operating entities’ primary real estate agency services are for residential and business projects. In addition to the traditional agency services provided for the primary real estate market, the PRC operating entities provide integrated agency services that incorporate any stage(s) in the residential real estate project value chain, which range from planning and design to marketing and sales, and delivery and after-sale services, where they serve both their real estate developer clients, the prospective property buyers, and the property buyers. The PRC operating entities’ deep expertise and research and development capabilities in the real estate market with respect to each of the markets that they operate in, as well as their ability to establish, operate, monitor, improve, and execute each step of the aforementioned process, have allowed them to achieve significant results in meeting the sales targets of primary real estate residential properties. In conjunction with their primary real estate agency services, for each aspect of the aforementioned process, they also provide real estate consulting services with respect to primary agent sales services.

The PRC operating entities’ principal business has traditionally been, and we expect will continue in the foreseeable future to be, providing primary real estate agency services. The PRC operating entities derive substantially all of their primary real estate agency service revenue from gross commission income received serving as a broker or sales agent at the closing of real estate transactions. The PRC operating entities provide primary real estate agency services to real estate developers of mainly residential properties. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the PRC operating entities’ average residential property broker commission rate was 0.47%, 0.5%, and 0.72%, respectively, which represented the average/standard commission rate earned by primary sales agents in a home sale transaction.

Through Mingda Tianjin and its three branch offices in Chengdu, Suzhou (deconsolidated in 2022), and Yangzhou (deconsolidated in 2021), the PRC operating entities own and operate a primary real estate agency service business in the following local markets, Tianjin, Chengdu, Yangzhou, and Suzhou, which represented 100%, 0%, 0%, and 0% of their agency revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, represented 95%, 5%, 0%, and 0% of their agency revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, and represented 75%, 23%, 0%, and 2% of their agency revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021, respectively. Their Chengdu Branch Office commenced generating revenue in 2019. As of December 31, 2023, they had 0 employees.

From the PRC operating entities’ inception in 2002 to December 31, 2023, they were retained on 74 real estate projects from 60 real estate developers and completed the sale of 68 projects as of December 31, 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, they completed the sale of 6 units, 82 units, and 861 units, respectively.

The following table sets forth the total gross floor area (“GFA”) and value of properties sold for the periods indicated:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Total GFA of new properties under contract (thousands of square meters) |  | 1.24 | ​ | 13.98 | ​ | 117.17
Total value of contracts (millions of $) |  | 8.97 | ​ | 83.12 | ​ | 545.41

​

50

Table of Contents

Service Engagements

For both of the PRC operating entities’ primary agency sales service and their consulting service offerings, the PRC operating entities are typically considered by their developer clients and consulting service clients for engagement through a bidding process, where each of the potential bidders submit a detailed service plan and an estimated cost and service fee. The real estate industry has moved away from developer clients working exclusively with a few primary agency sales service providers, which has created opportunities for the PRC operating entities to expand their market share and penetrate into new markets with their integrated service offerings and execution of sales and marketing strategies. Additionally, while the majority of our current revenue comes from the PRC operating entities’ real estate projects where they act as the exclusive primary agency sales service provider, they began in 2016 to gradually increase their bidding for real estate projects that have more than one primary agency sales service provider. We believe that participating as co-agency sales service provider allows the PRC operating entities to work with a wider group of real estate developer clients and enables them to showcase and demonstrate their tailored sales and marketing strategic plans and their high-quality team execution.

The PRC operating entities typically enter into the bidding processes of real estate projects in the following two manners. First, they are invited to participate in the bidding process by real estate developer clients with whom they have previously collaborated, or where developer clients have included the PRC operating entities in their shortlist based upon their reputation. Second, the PRC operating entities reach out to real estate projects in the bidding stage based upon the market intelligence they collect.

Primary Agency Sales Services

The following summarizes the specialized technical process the PRC operating entities have established to provide integrated, end-to-end primary agency sales services to their real estate developer clients on a project basis. Their full-service offerings cover the entire life cycle of a real estate development project from pre-construction planning to closing of the sales of residential units. Some of their competitors specialize in certain stages of a project, such as sales and marketing. The PRC operating entities have grown rapidly and expanded their expertise and service offering to every stage of a residential real estate project, as we believe that covering the entire life cycle provides synergy to the real estate projects. For example, in addition to formulating and executing sales and marketing strategies that are tailored to each real estate project, the PRC operating entities’ team in sales and marketing collects buyer intelligence during their service to the potential buyers, which allows the PRC operating entities to stay informed about the nuanced demands of potential buyers in each market that they operate. As such, they provide valuable insight to their developer clients in such planning and design aspects, from the design of the configuration of the residential units, to the market positioning and brand positioning of each project.

The PRC operating entities’ have “obtained the ISO9001:2015 Quality Service System Certification, which align with world service standards, for their primary agency sales service. The ISO9000:2015 standard system is a series of quality management and quality assurance that was issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987. These standards are used to demonstrate an organization’s ability to provide products that meet customer requirements and applicable regulatory requirements to increase customer satisfaction. The PRC operating entities use ISO9001:2015 as the service standard to improve internal management and external customer service level with scientific management and quality assurance methods and means.

In the year ended on December 31, 2021, the PRC operating entities performed and terminated, without renewal, their primary real estate agency service contracts with Wanhe Huasheng Real Estate Co., Ltd., Wan An Jianchuang Real Estate Co., Ltd., Wanshun Jinan Real Estate Co., Ltd., Tianfang (Suzhou) Real Estate Co., Ltd., and Tianjin Jinbin Times Real Estate Investment Co., Ltd. In addition, the PRC operating entities entered into primary real estate agency services contracts with Tianjin Taijin Real Estate Co., Ltd., Tianjin Tianwan Real Estate Brokerage Co., Ltd., Tianjin Wanan Caizhi Real Estate Co., Ltd., Tianjin TEDA Construction Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin Yuanqing Investment Co., Ltd., Tianjin Meiyin Real Estate Development Co., Ltd., and Tianjin Tianxiao Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. The PRC operating entities did not renew or perform such services in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

51

Table of Contents

The PRC operating entities’ integrated, end-to-end primary agency sales services include the following services:

Consulting Services

The PRC operating entities offer a variety of services to developers who have obtained land development rights. They provide project feasibility studies that include general information on market conditions and trends and information concerning the demographics and the existing and projected amenities in the area where the project will be located. They also provide, if needed, a comprehensive analysis of the real estate transaction history of nearby development projects, including average selling price and sale activities, marketing and advertising campaigns employed, amenities and services offered, and demographics targeted by these projects. They then work with developers to define the targeted demographic and determine the floor plan, optimal unit size, price schedule, interior and landscaping design criteria, and services and amenities for each development phase.

Planning and Design Services

The PRC operating entities provide project planning and design services, which includes concept and architectural design, budgeting, financial analysis, and projections. We believe careful planning is essential to control costs, quality, and timing of the PRC operating entities’ projects.

The PRC operating entities’ in-house design and advertising team work to ensure that their designs comply with PRC laws and regulations, and meet their design and other project objectives as a part of their design management process.

Marketing and Sales

As part of the primary real estate agency services provided to the PRC operating entities’ developer clients, they devise customized marketing and sales strategies, establish standardized policies and procedures for the operation and sales team to execute such strategies, and implement and/or supervise the marketing and sales plans to seek to complete the sales targets. As such, they typically analyze the characteristics of the development project and the target market and advise their developer clients on both the overall marketing and advertising strategy, and specific marketing and advertising plans for various phases of the development. The PRC operating entities maintain an internal marketing team for their development projects and maintain an internal sales force and operating as well as hire and train sales associates on a project basis. If needed, they may also select and engage third-party agencies to execute parts of their plans. We believe the PRC operating entities have been able to significantly differentiate each project from similar projects in their respective local markets.

The PRC operating entities’ sales and operating team are also responsible for designing sales offices and sample show rooms tailored to the target buyers and target markets. Their team works with third-party service providers to prepare the advertising, promotion, and selling plans for each project. The sales force and sales associates hired and trained by them at each project will be responsible for following through on the entire sales and leasing process, including setting monthly sales or leasing targets, controlling prices, implementing special promotions, monitoring external agency performance, and processing customer feedback.

The PRC operating entities have a track record of rolling out attractive and differentiated projects that specifically cater to target buyers in each of the markets in which they operate. In 2021, the PRC operating entities successfully completed five projects in Tianjin and worked on 17 other projects. In 2022, the PRC operating entities successfully completed seven projects in Tianjin and worked on nine other projects. In 2023, the PRC operating entities successfully completed three projects in Tianjin. They were working on six other projects as of December 31, 2023.

Delivery and After-Sale Services

The PRC operating entities assist buyers in arranging for and providing information relating to financing. They also assist their customers in various title registration procedures relating to the clients’ properties, complementing the title registration services provided by the real estate developers. The PRC operating entities offer various communication channels to customers to provide feedback about their products or services. They also seek feedback from buyers regarding after-sale services.

52

Table of Contents

The PRC operating entities endeavor to deliver the units to their customers on a timely basis. They closely monitor the progress of construction of their property projects and conduct pre-delivery property inspections to ensure timely delivery. Once a property development has been completed, has passed the requisite government inspections, and is ready for delivery, they notify the customers and hand over keys and possession of the properties.

The PRC operating entities sold an aggregate of approximately 15.83 million square feet of primary properties with transaction value totaling approximately RMB27.58 billion ($3.88 billion) from 2014 to December 31, 2023, for real estate development projects in four cities in China, primarily in Tianjin.

Comprehensive Solution

If needed, the PRC operating entities can help their developer clients develop comprehensive plans tailored to their development projects, ranging from overall development strategies and plans to architectural design, marketing and advertising strategies to operating ad profit models. They typically work closely with designated client staff to prepare detailed advice on the entire development and if needed, detailed frameworks for high quality execution of their plans. They also provide solutions to the post-completion and after-sales operation process.

Advertising Services

The PRC operating entities also offer real estate advertising design services to their real estate developer clients through their in-house advertising design team. We believe this service also differentiates the PRC operating entities from their competitors since a well-designed advertising plan coherently aligned with sales and marketing strategies and overall development strategies leads to significant project synergy.

Real Estate Consulting Services

For clients who are not engaging them as their primary sales service providers, the PRC operating entities are also able to offer the stand-alone real estate consulting services mentioned above. The PRC operating entities’ real estate consulting services are tailored to meet the needs of their clients at various stages of real estate project development and sales process, and with particular requests and needs. For their real estate developer clients, the PRC operating entities services are designed to then formulate solutions to meet their specific needs, from research of the specific markets and prospective buyers to services designed to facility large-scale development project sales transactions. Major types of the PRC operating entities’ consulting services include (1) project consulting where they offer a variety of services to developers who have obtained land development rights, including project feasibility studies, analysis of the real estate transaction history of nearby development projects, marketing and advertising consulting, and development of comprehensive plans for their projects; (2) detailed operating and sales frameworks tailored to each real estate project that ensure high-quality execution of sales and marketing efforts, and the operation of the real estate sales office and post-closing services. The PRC operating entities’ clients include real estate developers, real estate design institutes and agencies, urban planning bureaus of various levels of governments, urban rail transportation companies, and urban infrastructure development companies. The PRC operating entities leverage their deep expertise in each step of the process involved in the planning and sale of a real estate project, to provide insights and a detailed plan of execution for their clients. The PRC operating entities also provide research analysis and reports such as feasibility analysis to their clients who have such needs. The PRC operating entities typically charge a monthly fee for each project, as well as a project completion fee if needed. Revenue from consulting services was $0, $0, and $38,746, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

The UK operations

Two of the UK subsidiaries, MD UK and Mansions, commenced operations in August 2021. Fernie Castle Culture Limited does not currently have any operation.

53

Table of Contents

Mansions engages in the asset management business and expects to provide comprehensive UK real estate-related services, including property leasing, property sales, furnishings, routine property maintenance and management, and hospitality and butler services to overseas real estate owners. Mansions implements customized management plans holistically tailored to the needs of its real estate owner clients. It facilitates a variety of ancillary services, including its real estate marketing and planning services, real estate agency services, advertisement planning services, 24-7 multilingual customer services meeting the demands of an international market, and professional onsite butler team. Mansions also manages the operations of the two hotels that MD UK recently purchased, as described below. We believe that the establishment of Mansions is a significant step for our global expansion strategy. Mansions commenced operations in 2021 and generated $102,909 (GBP 82,729), $16,263 (GBP13,207) and $19,469 (GBP14,150) revenue during the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

MD UK focuses on developing and launching real estate development projects and hospitality programs, including hotel operations, which are managed through Mansions.

On August 3, 2022, MD UK entered into an Offer to Sell (the “Agreement”) with Braveheart Hotels Limited, a United Kingdom company (“Braveheart”). Pursuant to the Agreement, MD UK agreed to purchase Fernie Castle, Letham, Cupar, Fife, KY15 7RU, United Kingdom (the “Property”) from Braveheart for a price of GBP1,580,000 and Braveheart agreed to sell such Property and to deliver entry with vacant possession of the Property to MD UK on August 5, 2022, or such other date as MD UK and Braveheart may agree in writing. The parties closed this deal on August 5, 2022. MD UK plans to transform the property into a multi-functional cultural venue, encompassing a fine dining restaurant, a hotel, and spaces for parties and weddings. The Company will remodel the property with support from available funding sources. The Company may obtain financial support from its major shareholder, secure a loan using its property as collateral, or raise funds through a private placement. However, these sources of funding are not guaranteed. As of the date of the annual report, the remodeling is not yet complete.

On December 6, 2022, MD UK entered into a Contract for the Sale of Freehold Land (the “Robin Hill Agreement”) with Pioneer Hotels Limited, a United Kingdom company (“Pioneer”). Pursuant to the Robin Hill Agreement, MD UK agreed to purchase the Robin Hill Hotel and the Villa, Braddons Hill Road, Torquay TQ1 1HF (the “Robin Hill Property”) from Pioneer for a price of GBP850,000 and Pioneer agreed to sell such Robin Hill Property and to deliver the completed transfer deed, in original and counterpart, of the Robin Hill Property to MD UK on December 6, 2022, or within 10 working days after December 6, 2022. The parties closed this deal on December 6, 2022. MD UK has finished the renovation of the Robin Hill Property and it was open to the public in March 2023.

Major Customers

The PRC operating entities’ customers are primarily real estate developers. They also serve real estate design institutes and agencies, urban planning bureaus of various levels of governments, urban rail transportation companies, and urban infrastructure development companies. The PRC operating entities rely on their developer customers for revenue generated from their services primarily as primary real estate sales provider.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the PRC operating entities’ top customer represented approximately 28% of their total revenue. The accounts receivable from this customer (project) were $0 as of December 31, 2023.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the PRC operating entities’ top customer represented approximately 79% of their total revenue. The accounts receivable from this customer (project) were $80,159 as of December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the PRC operating entities’ top three customers, Ge Diao Ping Yuan, Taida Shang Qing Cheng, and Ge Diao Liu Yuan, represented approximately 34%, 23%, and 10%, respectively, of their total revenue. The accounts receivable from these three customers (projects) were $737,476, $1,116,552, and $10,643, respectively, as of December 31, 2021.

The PRC operating entities enter into primary sales service agreements with their real estate developer clients that are long term in nature, with a non-fixed term of the length of the projects, on a project-to-project basis. The terms are typically for multiple years, but vary depending on whether all planned phases of each project are materialized. The PRC operating entities depend on their existing real estate developer clients for their revenue and we believe that they have maintained good client relationship.

54

Table of Contents

While the PRC operating entities have not encountered circumstances where their real estate developer clients terminate their service agreements, they have encountered circumstances where the PRC operating entities’ real estate developer clients refused to pay the related service commissions. See “—Legal Proceedings” for detailed information.

Mansions’ customers are primarily overseas investors and real estate owners in the UK, including high net worth individuals and some individuals with rigid needs, such as parents of children who study or work abroad. In December 2022, Mansions expanded its business into hotel operations, and its primary customers have since then further included customers of its hotels.

Marketing and Brand Promotion

The PRC Market

The PRC operating entities employ a variety of marketing and brand promotion methods to enhance their brand recognition and attract property buyers, including the following:

Advertisements. They have advertising arrangements with various consumer media outlets in the markets that they operate, including television stations, newspapers, and industry publications. They also advertise and distribute informational brochures, posters, and flyers at various real estate conferences, exhibitions, and trade shows.

Prospective Buyers Database. Since 2002, the PRC operating entities have established and maintained a database of all prospective buyers who have visited the sales offices of projects for which they acted as primary sales agent. The PRC operating entities have developed standardized data collection procedures to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of entry of data into their systems. They have collected real estate related information from such prospective buyers. As such, they regularly follow up with the prospective buyers who meet the target buyer profile of new real estate projects where their well-trained sales staff makes cold calls to prospective buyers. The PRC operating entities’ collection and use of client information and transaction-related information are subject to Section 111 of General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, effective as of 2017. We believe that, as of the date of this annual report, the PRC operating entities are compliant with the rules and regulations of Section 111 of General Provisions of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, effective as of 2017.

Brand Center. The PRC operating entities have established a brand center to carry out long-term maintenance and positioning of their brand image, clarify their brand image, and create, cultivate, and enhance their corporate value. We have also formed other centers, including an overseas development division, an overseas assets management division, a comprehensive management center, a financial operation center, and a market research and development center, and each center promotes one another.

Additionally, the PRC operating entities promote their real estate projects to other real estate agents who are their third-party referral service providers. The PRC operating entities’ third-party referral providers informally bring prospective buyers to their attention, or invite prospective buyers to visit the sales offices of real estate projects that they are engaged. They do not rely on third-party referrals and this constitute a small part of their operation. Third-party referral service providers are paid a commission if prospective buyers referred by them successfully closes a real estate purchase from projects the PRC operating entities service.

The UK Market

The main marketing promotion methods of Mansions are currently divided into online and offline channels. Offline marketing efforts happen mainly in the form of in-person visits and exhibitions. Mansions’ introduction and business-related information are made into a complete set of publicity materials, which are delivered and distributed in-person by business personnel and customers. Mansions uses its official website and WeChat official account for online marketing efforts and has created electronic brochures for promotion purposes. These electronic brochures are also distributed via WeChat or e-mail during business negotiations with customers. Mansions also plans to launch promotional campaigns on the websites of its hotels, social media platforms, such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, and search engines, such as Google, TripAdvisor, Booking.com, and Airbnb.

55

Table of Contents

Competition

The PRC Market

The real estate services industry in China is rapidly evolving, highly fragmented, and competitive. Contrary to real estate development, real estate services require a smaller commitment of capital resources. This relatively lower barrier of entry permits new competitors to enter the PRC operating entities’ markets quickly and compete with them. While the PRC operating entities face competition in each geographic market in which they operate, in the primary real estate agency services market, we believe their comprehensive service offerings, carefully tailored sales strategy and effective execution of sales tactics, together with their general project running, have contributed to their success and allowed them to stay ahead of the curve. The PRC operating entities’ competitive position in Tianjin is stronger than their position in other local markets.

In the primary real estate agency services market, the PRC operating entities’ main competitors include World Union Real Estate Consultancy (China) Ltd., Hopefluent Group Holdings Limited, and B.A. Consulting Company, all of which operate in multiple cities in China. In addition, they compete with local primary real estate agency services providers in each geographic market where they have a presence. Their major competitors in the Tianjin market are Shenzhen World Union Real Estate Consultants Co., Ltd., eHouse (China) Holdings Ltd., and Centaline Property Agency Ltd.

In the real estate consulting service market, the PRC operating entities compete with other leading international and domestic real estate services companies which provide real estate consulting services, including DTZ International, Jones Lang LaSalle, CB Richard Ellis, and First Pacific Savills.

In the independent third-party training service market, we believe that the PRC operating entities currently do not have any credible competitors as the market for these innovative operations started developing recently.

Competition in the real estate services industry is primarily based on brand recognition, quality and breadth of services, and overall client experience, and specifically in primary brokerage service, sales performance. We believe that the PRC operating entities’ reputable “Mingda Jiahe” brand, the breadth and quality of their services, and their extensive experience, particularly in the primary real estate agency services market, give them competitive advantages over their competitors, especially primary real estate agency services provider who focus exclusively on sales and marketing without the additional value-added services we provide. While many of their competitors may have more financial and other resources than they do, we believe the PRC operating entities’ research capability, knowledge and experience, as well as execution capability distinguish them from their competitors and allow them to respond more promptly to market changes.

The UK Market

Mansions competes both with the five major global real estate companies with accumulated experiences and qualifications, such as Jones Lang LaSalle and Savills, and with agents with longer operation history and lower fees, such as Crown Home Buying & Letting and Hanland Global. The UK real estate market is competitive as the number of market participants is relatively limited. Mansions intends to improve its competitive position by providing customized services and humanized experiences at a competitive fee rate.

UK subsidiaries’ principal competitors in hotel operations are traditional hotel and resort operators, internet-based alternative lodging sites operators, and package holidays and tour operators. UK subsidiaries face intense competition for individual guests and group reservations from major hospitality chains with well-established and recognized brands, as well as from other smaller hotel chains, independent and local hotel owners and operators, and alternative lodging sites. UK subsidiaries compete for customers primarily based on location, room rates, quality of the accommodations, customer satisfaction, and amenities. Our competitors may have similar or greater commercial and financial resources which allow them to improve their properties in ways that affect our ability to compete for guests effectively and adversely affect our revenue and profitability and limit or slow our future growth.

Employees

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—D. Employees.”

56

Table of Contents

Seasonality

The PRC operating entities’ operating income and earnings have historically been lower during the first quarter than other quarters. This results from the relatively low level of real estate activities during the winter and the Chinese New Year holiday period, which falls within the first quarter each year.

Legal Proceedings

Other than the following, we and the PRC operating entities are not currently a party to any litigation the outcome of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows, or financial condition.

On March 18, 2022, the Chengdu Branch Office of Mingda Tianjin filed a civil complaint in the People’s Court of Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province, alleging breach of contract and unpaid service fee against Chengdu TEDA New City Construction Development Co., Ltd (“Chengdu TEDA”). The total claimed amount is approximately $757,861 (RMB5,380,734). On July 15, 2022, the Court made a favorable judgment that Chengdu TEDA need to pay the full amount claimed within five days. On July 29, 2022, Chengdu TEDA filed an appeal. On December 23, 2022, the Intermediate People’s Court of Chengdu City, Sichuan Province made a final judgment, and demanded that Chengdu TEDA pay RMB5,157,182 plus liquidated damages and interest to the Company in five days. The Company received the payment of $838,625 (RMB5,954,151) on February 27, 2023.

On January 9, 2023, the Chengdu Branch Office of Mingda Tianjin filed a civil complaint in the People’s Court of Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province, alleging breach of contract and an unpaid service fee against Chengdu TEDA. Total claimed amount is approximately $263,725 (RMB1,872,419).

On January 5, 2023, Mingda Tianjin and Chengdu Branch Office of Mingda filed a lawsuit against Chengdu TEDA, demanding payment of RMB1,872,419.34 in outstanding sales agency fees and overdue payment penalties. On March 28, 2023, the court made a first-instance judgment, which ruled that: (i) Chengdu TEDA shall pay Mingda RMB1,872,419.34 in outstanding sales agency fees within 10 days of the effective date of the judgment; and (ii) Chengdu TEDA shall pay Mingda the overdue payment penalties within 10 days of the effective date of the judgment. The penalty is based on the amount of RMB1,872,419.34, and is calculated at four times the same period loan market quoted interest rate (LPR) from July 1, 2022 until the payment of the amount is made.

Because Chengdu TEDA did not fulfill the obligations of the above judgment, Mingda Tianjin applied to the court for compulsory execution, and on May 5, 2023, the Dujiangyan Municipal People’s Court of Sichuan Province filed a case for the application of Mingda Tianjin. After the enforcement by the court, Mingda Tianjin received part of the enforcement refund of $127,842 (RMB907,662) on September 1, 2023, and since Chengdu TEDA had no other property for enforcement, the court issued the Civil Ruling on November 2, 2023, which terminated the enforcement procedure. After the termination of the execution procedure, Mingda Tianjin still enjoys the right to request Chengdu TEDA to continue to fulfill its obligation to pay the remaining amount, and if Mingda Tianjin discovers that Chengdu TEDA has any property available for execution, it may apply to the court for resumption of execution at any time. As of yet, Chengdu TEDA has not been found to have any other property available for execution, and the case status remains “execution terminated.”

On July 17, 2023, Mingda Tianjin filed a civil lawsuit with the Tianjin Heping District People’s Court against Yuan Zhang and Shuming Wang, the defendants, for the payment of $101,692 (RMB722,000) in arrears to Mingda Tianjin, as well as the payment of interest accrued for late payment. The case was mediated by the court, and Mingda Tianjin reached a settlement with the defendants, and the court issued a Civil Mediation, stating that the defendants would jointly pay $63,381 (RMB450,000) to Mingda Tianjin in one lump sum by September 11, 2023, and pay case acceptance fee of $796 (RMB5,649.5) and litigation preservation fee of $601 (RMB4,269). On September 10, 2023, the defendants jointly paid $64,778 to Mingda Tianjin in one lump sum, and also paid the case acceptance fee and litigation preservation fee in their entirety. As a result, on September 10, 2023, the case was closed.

57

Table of Contents

Foreign Private Issuer Status

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange. As such, we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to United States domestic public companies. For example:

| ● | we are not required to provide as many Exchange Act reports, or as frequently, as a domestic public company;

| ● | for interim reporting, we are permitted to comply solely with our home country requirements, which are less rigorous than the rules that apply to domestic public companies;

| ● | we are not required to provide the same level of disclosure on certain issues, such as executive compensation;

| ● | we are exempt from provisions of Regulation FD aimed at preventing issuers from making selective disclosures of material information;

| ● | we are not required to comply with the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; and

| ● | we are not required to comply with Section 16 of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and establishing insider liability for profits realized from any “short-swing” trading transaction.

Regulations

As a company with global operations, our operating entities are subject to the laws and regulations of the PRC and the multiple foreign jurisdictions in which we operate as well as the rules, reporting obligations and interpretations of all such requirements and obligations by various governing bodies, which may differ among jurisdictions. In addition, changes to such laws, regulations, rules, reporting obligations and related compliance obligations could result in significant costs but are not expected to have a material effect on our capital expenditures, results of operations and competitive position as compared to prior periods.

PRC Regulations

The PRC operating entities operate their business in China under a legal regime consisting of the National People’s Congress, which is the country’s highest legislative body, the State Council, which is the highest authority of the executive branch of the PRC central government, and several ministries and agencies under its authority, including the SAIC, and their respective local offices, and Ministry of Housing & Urban-Rural Development (the “MHURD”) and their respective local offices. This section summarizes the principal PRC regulations applicable to the PRC operating entities’ business.

Regulations on Real Estate Service-Related Activities

The principal regulations governing the real estate service industry in China are (i) the Law on Administration of the Urban Real Estate issued by the Standing Committee of National People’s Congress (“NPCSC”) in July 1994, last amended in 2019 pursuant to Chairman’s Order No. 72, and (ii) the Administrative Measures for Real Estate Brokerage jointly issued by the MHURD, the NDRC and the Ministry of Human Resources & Social Security (“MOHRSS”) in 2010, and further amended on March 1, 2016 and effective as of April 1, 2016.

On May 28, 2020, the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress voted and passed the “Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China” (“Civil Code”), which became effective on January 1, 2021. The property law, contract law, inheritance law, and tort liability law were compiled and updated in the Civil Code, which now serves as the legal basis for civil entities carrying out production and business activities.

58

Table of Contents

On August 5, 2021, the Tianjin Municipal Housing and Construction Commission issued the Tianjin Real Estate Development Enterprise Credit Management Measures, using “credits” to evaluate real estate brokerage behavior based on honest operation and fair competition. The new measures require dynamic evaluation of the credit of Tianjin real estate development enterprises and the implementation of differentiated supervision and credit restraint for real estate development enterprises within the jurisdiction based on their credit status. For example, enterprises with good credit enjoy priority in approval procedures, acceptance of the withdrawal of regulatory funds applications, recommendation to participate in the evaluation of excellence, and exemption from dynamic verification of qualifications and other aspects of incentives, and enterprises with poor credit will be subject to intensified regular supervision and random checks, interviews with its principal, strict administrative approval, strict supervision of commodity house pre-sale funds, would not be recommended for merit appraisals and evaluations, and the personal credit record of the legal representative or the principal person in charge of the enterprise and the actual controller will be affected as well as the possibility of those persons being subject to other disciplinary measures.

On February 8, 2022, the PBOC and China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (the “CBIRC”) jointly issued the “Notice on Excluding Loans for Affordable Rental Housing from the Management of Real Estate Loan Concentration.” According to the notice, loans issued by financial institutions to affordable rental housing projects with a certification of qualification will not be included in the management of real estate loan concentration.

On February 16, 2022, the CBIRC and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development jointly issued the “Guiding Opinions on Supporting the Development of Rental Housing for Low-Income Families by Banking and Insurance Institutions.” The opinions adhere to the positioning that “houses are for living, not for speculation,” and aim to establish a multi-level, widely covered, risk-controllable, and sustainable financial service system for rental housing. The opinions also increase support for the construction and operation of rental housing for low-income families.

On March 2, 2022, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued a decision to amend the “Regulations on the Qualification Management of Real Estate Development Enterprises.” Real estate development enterprises are divided into two qualification levels, level one and level two, based on their enterprise conditions. Level one real estate development enterprises are not subject to any limitations on the construction scale of real estate projects they undertake, while those level two real estate development enterprises can only undertake development and construction projects with a building area of 250,000 square meters or less.

On May 24, 2022, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the MOF, and the PBOC issued the “Notice on Implementing Stage-Specific Support Policies for Housing Provident Fund.” Enterprises affected by the COVID-19 pandemic may apply for deferred payment of housing provident fund according to regulations, and make up for the payment after the expiration. During this period, employees can normally withdraw and apply for housing provident fund loans, which will not be affected by the deferment. For depositors affected by the COVID-19 pandemic who cannot repay housing provident fund loans normally, overdue treatment will not be imposed, and no overdue records will be reported to credit reporting agencies. Local governments can increase the limit of housing provident fund withdrawals for renting according to local rent levels and reasonable living areas, supporting depositors to withdraw as needed and better meet their actual needs for paying rent.

On November 23, 2022, the PBOC and the CBIRC issued the Notice on Doing a Good Job in Financial Support for the Stable and Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market. The notice adheres to the position that houses are for living, not for speculation, and maintains a reasonable and moderate level of real estate financing. It treats all types of real estate enterprises, including state-owned and private enterprises, equally. The notice encourages financial institutions to focus on supporting well-governed, focused on their main business, and with good qualifications to achieve stable development of real estate enterprises.

59

Table of Contents

On January 10, 2023, the PBOC’s Tianjin Branch, the CBIRC’s Tianjin Bureau, and the Tianjin Financial Work Bureau issued the Notice on Effectively Carrying out Current Financial Support for the Stable and Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market, which mainly focus on calling for strengthening housing financial services. The notice proposed that financial institutions should increase the implementation of differentiated housing credit policies, making good use of the policy of lowering the first-home loan interest rate before the end of the year, actively supporting rigid and improved housing credit demand, and encouraging the development of separate housing financial service plans for new urban residents. For eligible resident families who apply for commercial personal housing loans, financial institutions should give reasonable minimum down payment ratios and interest rates based on customer qualifications on the basis of the national and Tianjin housing credit policy lower limits, and should not add any extra fees or bundle the sale of other products in internal rules or actual operations. Financial institutions should further optimize business processing procedures, compress the time required for various links such as application, approval, signing, mortgage, and loan, encourage the use of pre-approval mode to carry out business, and improve efficiency. Financial institutions should also announce and improve online service channels, continue to provide housing financial services during the epidemic, and help both buyers and sellers complete transactions and achieve loan disbursements without leaving their homes. Financial institutions should actively implement the financial collaboration requirements of “Internet + Real Estate Registration,” accelerate the transformation of internal systems and operation processes, carry out the “deposit and transfer registration” business, reduce the transaction costs of second-hand housing market transfers, and explore the development of relevant cross-bank businesses on the basis of achieving “deposit and transfer registration” within their own systems.

On March 3, 2023, the Ministry of Natural Resources and the CBIRC issued the Notice on Coordinating Efforts to Provide Convenient and Efficient “with Pledge Transfer” Services for Real Estate Registration and Finance. The notice aims to deepen cooperation between real estate registration and finance services. Real estate registration institutions will continue to extend registration services to banking and financial institutions, and integrate registration services for pre-registration, transfer, and mortgage, support joint application and processing of transfer and mortgage pre-registration, and joint application and processing of “double pre-registration” to transfer registration. The notice encourages the use of electronic real estate registration certificates through system interconnection or the “Internet + Real Estate Registration” to support online and efficient “with pledge transfer” services.

On January 15, 2023, the General Office of the Chengdu Municipal People’s Government issued a notice regarding the Interim Measures for the Operation and Management of Affordable Rental Housing in Chengdu. The notice states that affordable rental housing should include properties developed and constructed by state-owned enterprises, public institutions, research institutes, colleges, universities, and other market entities. These properties must obtain project recognition certificates, land ownership documents, surveying, and mapping reports, among other requirements. Chengdu will establish a database for affordable rental housing to be managed through the Chengdu Affordable Rental Housing Management Service Platform. This platform will oversee the supervision of state-owned enterprises in Chengdu. The notice also specifies that the annual rent increase for affordable rental housing cannot exceed 5%. Property owners of such housing will be eligible for tax benefits, financial, and other support policies according to the regulations. Moreover, it is essential to ensure that the housing provided meets the requirements for affordable rental housing and is not illegally listed for sale, sold in disguise, operated under the guise of affordable rental housing, or used to deceive in order to obtain preferential policies. Real estate brokerage firms and their employees are prohibited from providing subletting services for guaranteed rental housing, illegally collecting, providing, or disclosing others’ information. Additionally, except for the property owner or operating entity, no rental information for guaranteed rental housing can be published on the websites, rental transaction platforms, apps, or mini-programs of real estate brokerage institutions without the consent of the industry regulatory department.

On July 10, 2023, the State Administration for Financial Supervision and Administration of the People’s Bank of China issued a notice on extending the period of policies related to financial support for the stable and healthy development of the real estate market. If the relevant policies of the Notice of the People’s Bank of China and the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission on Doing a Good Job in the Current Work of Financial Support for the Stable and Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market have an applicable period, the applicable period will be uniformly extended to December 31, 2024.

60

Table of Contents

On August 30, 2023, the General Office of the Tianjin Municipal People’s Government issued a notice on the issuance of a new round of measures to optimize the business environment in Tianjin. The notice proposes improving the level of intelligent real estate registration, simplifying the process of paying real estate registration taxes and fees, and launching the “Real Estate Transaction Tax Calculator” on the “Jinxindeng” app. It also promotes the “One Stop Real Estate Registration” throughout the city, moves the application scenario for real estate registration to the sales office, and opens the online processing function for construction in progress mortgage on the bank end. For projects that obtain land through public transfer, enterprises can simultaneously apply for the acquisition of electronic real estate registration certificates or physical real estate property rights certificates when obtaining the Land Delivery Confirmation. Additionally, the notice details plans to reconstruct the real estate registration information platform, build a real estate registration data sharing platform, and establish a security guarantee system. The notice also emphasizes fully promoting online transfers of personal stock housing transactions with collateral and continuously expanding the scope of real estate registration and gas heat linkage transfer.

On September 1, 2023, the Tianjin Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Tianjin Municipal Bureau of Planning and Natural Resources, Tianjin Branch of the People’s Bank of China, and Tianjin Supervision Bureau of the State Financial Supervision and Administration issued the Notice on Further Adjusting and Optimizing Real Estate Policies to Better Meet the Rigid and Improved Housing Needs of Residents. The notice proposes several measures to support the rigid housing demand, including continuing to implement a package of policies and measures to promote the virtuous cycle and healthy development of the real estate industry, promoting the accurate connection between housing supply and demand, and supporting the reasonable housing purchase demands of college graduates. If college graduates who are not registered residents of this city and do not own houses in the housing purchase restricted areas can purchase one set of housing with labor contracts, enterprise registration certificates, and graduation certificates. The notice also outlines adjustments to regional purchase restriction measures by adjusting the housing purchase restriction areas to six districts within the city. Residents who purchase new commercial housing or second-hand housing within these areas will still be subject to the city’s housing purchase restriction and qualification policies. Improvements to housing credit policies include the following: In non-housing purchase restricted areas of the city, residential households purchasing houses and applying for commercial personal housing loans should follow the differentiated housing credit policies of cities that do not implement purchase restriction measures and extend the maximum term of commercial personal housing loans in the city. Additionally, the notice encourages the distribution of housing subsidies by urging the people’s governments of each district to provide certain subsidies to homebuyers who purchase newly built commercial housing in their respective areas, to reduce the burden of housing purchases. The specific subsidy standards, operating procedures, and implementation times shall be determined and organized by the people’s governments of each district. Creating a good public opinion environment is also a focus. This involves strengthening positive publicity and public opinion guidance in the real estate market, timely releasing information on the operation and policies of the real estate market, and stabilizing housing consumption expectations. The notice also emphasizes continuously strengthening the rectification of negative public opinion in the real estate sector, resolutely cracking down on various institutions and individuals who create and disseminate false information and creating a favorable public opinion environment in the real estate market.

On November 27, 2023, several key Chinese regulatory bodies, including the People’s Bank of China, the State Administration for Financial Supervision, the CSRC, the SAFE, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Finance, and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce issued a notice on strengthening financial support measures to aid the development and growth of the private economy. The notice proposes actively providing continuity services in funding and encourages the host and leading banks of syndicated loans to actively assume leadership and coordination roles. For private enterprises facing temporary difficulties, yet possessing a market for their products, prospects for project development, and competitive market technology, the notice advises connecting with their financing needs in advance based on market-oriented principles, and cautions against abruptly stopping, pressuring, withdrawing, or cutting off loans. It emphasizes implementing policies, such as the Notice on Doing a Good Job in Financial Support for the Stable and Healthy Development of the Real Estate Market, maintaining stability in key financing channels like credit and bonds, and reasonably meeting the financial needs of private real estate enterprises.

On January 5, 2024, the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration for Financial Supervision and Administration issued the “Opinions on Financial Support for the Development of the Housing Rental Market.” The document proposes policies to support the supply-side structural reform of the housing rental sector, with a focus on supporting the professionalization and large-scale development of housing rental enterprises that own their properties. It also aims to establish and improve the financial support system for housing rental, strengthen the innovation of housing rental credit products and service models, expand diversified investment and financing channels in the housing rental market, and enhance the management of housing rental finance.

61

Table of Contents

On January 5, 2024, the Financial Supervision Administration of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued a notice on establishing a coordination mechanism for urban real estate financing. The aim is to leverage the leading and coordinating role of urban people’s governments, utilize policy toolboxes effectively for urban implementation, more accurately support the reasonable financing needs of real estate projects, and promote the stable and healthy development of the real estate market. The Financial Supervision Administration proposed establishing a coordination mechanism for urban real estate financing, screening and determining support objects, meeting reasonable financing needs, and ensuring effective financing management.

On February 21, 2024, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued a notice on effective housing development planning and annual planning. The notice states that it will establish a linkage mechanism incorporating the elements of “people, housing, land, and money.” Cities are required to accurately analyze housing demand based on local conditions, improve the “guarantee+market” housing supply system, and scientifically formulate annual housing development plans. The annual housing development plan should specify the scale, structure, and location of various types of housing and land supply, and calculate the reasonable financing needs of real estate projects. It is necessary to further clarify the supply of affordable housing units and the structure of unit types. Additionally, the stable and healthy development of the real estate market, as well as the waiting time for housing security, should be incorporated into target management.

Regulation on the Establishment of Real Estate Services Companies

Under applicable regulations, real estate services include real estate consulting services, real estate appraisal services, and real estate brokerage services. Real estate brokerage services include real estate agency sales services that we provide, and as such, we are subject to regulations related to real estate services companies and real estate brokerage companies. Under PRC laws, a company is required to obtain a business license from the SAIC before it can commence business. To qualify as a real estate services company, a company must register with the local offices of the SAIC in each locality where it operates. Thus, pursuant to the Administrative Measures for Real Estate Brokerage, we are required to file with the real estate regulatory authorities at the county level or above within 30 days after effecting the SAIC registration. To continue its real estate service operation, a real estate service company or branch offices of a real estate service company must meet certain organizational, financial, and operational criteria, such as possessing sufficient funding and employing qualified personnel, keep proper records, and comply with prescribed procedures in delivering its services. While real estate service companies and their branch offices are not required to obtain approval from local real estate regulatory authorities or other local government bodies prior to commencement of operations, local governments may impose different regulations with respect to operation eligibility and deadlines for primary real estate agency service providers and/or their branch offices to meet such eligibility requirements. Typically, local governments may impose eligibility standards including but not limited to registered capital, minimum number of qualified real estate brokers and/or sales associates, and/or minimum size of the operating premises. For local governments requesting service providers to comply with eligibility requirements, there may be a deadline imposed, and service providers’ inability to comply may result in fines, penalties, and/or the suspension of operation.

Currently, the PRC operating entities’ primary market is the Tianjin Autonomous Municipality, and they also operate in Chengdu of Sichuan province.

The Tianjin government requires a real estate brokerage company to employ at least two licensed real estate brokers.

The Chengdu government requires the branch office of a real estate brokerage company to employ at least two real estate brokers.

The PRC operating entities made the record filings submission with respect to their Suzhou Branch Office as of September 12, 2018, and Yangzhou Branch Office as of August 9, 2018, respectively. No such record filing is currently required for their Chengdu Branch Office.

62

Table of Contents

On April 27, 2023, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the State Administration for Market Regulation jointly issued the “Opinions on Standardizing Real Estate Brokerage Services.” The document requires the strict implementation of the real estate brokerage agency filing system and the enhancement of management of brokerage practitioners in accordance with the “Real Estate Economic Management Measures.” It calls for effective measures to be taken to protect customer personal information and to strengthen the supervision of funds in stock housing transactions. Unless specified by the parties involved in the transaction, the purchase price should be included in the fund supervision account. Each regulatory department will intensify efforts to rectify illegal and irregular behaviors and include relevant illegal and irregular information of real estate brokerage institutions in the national enterprise credit information disclosure system, as regulated.

The “Opinions on Standardizing Real Estate Brokerage Services” clarify 10 regulatory measures: strengthening the management of practitioners by strictly implementing the filing system for brokerage institutions and comprehensively promoting the real name registration of brokerage practitioners; clarifying the content of brokerage services, which are divided into basic and extended services - basic services being essential for facilitating housing transactions and extended services being optional and offered separately; determining brokerage service fees reasonably, allowing negotiation based on the service content, quality, and market conditions, with encouragement for brokerage agencies to reduce fees for housing sales and rental brokerage services and guidance for both parties to jointly bear the costs; implementing clear pricing by ensuring that brokerage institutions do not mix or bundle fees and providing a fee list to the trading parties before charging, which specifies the standards and amounts to be signed and confirmed by the involved parties; prohibiting the manipulation of brokerage service fees by preventing brokerage institutions from abusing their dominant market position to charge unfair or excessively high fees and ensuring that real estate internet platforms do not interfere with the charging standards set by the brokerage institutions; standardizing the signing of transaction contracts by requiring brokerage agencies facilitating housing transactions to manage the online signing and filing of sales and lease contracts through the designated housing online signing and filing system; strengthening personal information protection by preventing brokerage agencies and practitioners from illegally collecting, using, processing, transmitting, buying, selling, providing, or disclosing others’ personal information; enhancing management services by establishing and improving a housing transaction management service platform and strengthening the management of trading properties, brokerage institutions, and practitioners; intensifying efforts to rectify illegal and irregular behaviors by including the standardization of real estate brokerage services as a critical part of the rectification of the real estate market order and exposing typical cases; and strengthening industry self-discipline management, with industry organizations imposing self-discipline penalties on brokerage firms and practitioners who engage in non-standard fees or infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of customers’ personal information.

On December 1, 2023, the Chengdu Housing and Urban Rural Development Bureau, the Office of the Cybersecurity and Information Technology Committee of the Chengdu Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the Chengdu Market Supervision Administration jointly issued a notice on further regulating the behavior of real estate brokerage services. The notice requires that real estate brokerage institutions which have not applied for filing or have submitted incomplete and inaccurate information when applying for a business license must apply to the housing and construction administrative department at their registered location to correct or complete the filing procedures and obtain online signing authority within 30 days from the date of receiving their business license. The housing and construction administrative department is instructed to intensify its inspection efforts and to conduct regular or irregular supervision and inspections of the practice behavior of real estate brokerage institutions within its jurisdiction. It is also specified that if real estate brokers are involved with a real estate internet information platform or APP client, they must ensure thorough house source reviews and releases, maintain transparency and openness of information, actively verify house sources, protect customer privacy, and ensure the protection of personal information when using related functions.

Regulation of Real Estate Agency Companies, Brokers, and Agents

Pursuant to the Regulatory Measures on the Sale of Commercial Houses promulgated by the Ministry of Construction (“MOC”), effective June 1, 2001, a real estate developer may entrust a real estate service organization as a broker to pre-sell or sell primary residential housing. The regulatory measures provide that the real estate broker must not make any false statements regarding a property to clients and must present clients with relevant title certificates or sale permits of the properties and the related letter of authorization. Thus, according to these regulatory measures, we are not permitted to act as agents to sell primary residential housing for which requisite certificates, permits, or authorization letters have not been obtained. The PRC operating entities’ real estate developer clients typically obtain the requisite certificates, permits, or authorization letters needed for the pre-sale sale of primary residential housing.

63

Table of Contents

On December 29, 2006, the MOC and the PBOC promulgated the Circular Concerning Strengthening the Management of Real Estate Services and Regulating the Trade Settlement Capital Account, which provided a number of specific directives to regulate the real estate services industry. Under the Circular, the PRC operating entities are not permitted to receive cash purchase payments on behalf of their clients in secondary real estate transactions and they are required to establish separate security deposit accounts for their clients in these transactions.

On July 29, 2016, the MHURD, the NDRC, the PBOC, the SAIC, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (“MIIT”), the SAT, and the China Banking Regulatory Commission (“CBRC”) promulgated and issued the Opinion on Strengthening the Management of Real Estate Services and Promoting the Growth of the Industry (the “MHURD Opinion”), effective immediately. Residential real estate buyers typically require mortgage loans, and therefore many real estate brokerage firms have partnered with financial institutions. As such, the MHURD Opinion specifically prohibits real estate brokerage companies from limiting the mortgage loan options of residential real estate buyers, bundling financial services with real estate services, providing down payment loans in violation of PRC laws, or obtaining commissions or kickbacks for directing mortgage loans to specific financial institutions. Moreover, the MHURD Opinion requires filing records with local governments by real estate brokerage and service companies and providing relevant information on all employees engaged in real estate brokerage services.

Violation of the aforementioned regulations may result in fines for a real estate brokerage company, a requirement to remedy non-compliance within a specified period of time, a record entered into the database for non-compliant activities or the real estate company being restricted from entering into online contracts or barred from operating in the real estate market.

With respect to the regulation of real estate agents, pursuant to the Interim Regulation on Professional Qualification for Real Estate Brokers and the Implementing Measures on the Examinations of Professional Qualification for Real Estate Brokers issued by the Ministry of Personnel and MOC in December 2001, to practice as a qualified real estate broker an individual must first obtain a qualification certificate for real estate brokers, and then obtain a real estate broker license. An individual broker who fails to obtain the required qualification certificate or license will not be permitted to engage in real estate agency services on the PRC operating entities’ behalf.

However, in August 2014, the MOHRSS promulgated and issued the Notice on Effective Follow-up of the Cancellation of Professional Qualification for Certain Professionals, pursuant to which a real estate broker is no longer required to obtain the relevant qualification certificate before entering the industry. As such, an individual is permitted to engage in real estate agency services on the PRC operating entities’ behalf without the real estate broker license.

In June 2015, the MOHRSS and the MHURD issued the Notice on Issuing “Regulations on the Professional Qualification for Real Estate Brokers” and “Conducting Qualification Examination for Real Estate Professionals,” effective as of July 2015. Regulations on the Professional Qualification for Real Estate Brokers provides that real estate broker associates and real estate brokers are subject to certain examinations in order to qualify to engage in real estate brokerage services. To qualify for the real estate broker associate examinations, an applicant must have obtained a high school diploma or equivalent. To qualify for the real estate broker examinations, an applicant must have either (1) obtained an associate degree and worked in the real estate industry for a specified period of time, or (2) worked in the real estate industry for at least six years after obtaining the Certificate of Real Estate Broker Associate. Real estate brokerage professionals are required to register their certificates at the China Institute for Real Estate Appraisers and Agents. Conducting Qualification Examination for Real Estate Professionals provides that to pass the real estate broker associate examinations, individuals must pass both of the two required tests within two consecutive years, and that to pass the real estate broker examinations, individuals must pass all of the four required tests within four consecutive years.

On April 7, 2021, the State Council issued the Opinions on Serving the “Six Stability” and “Six Guarantees” to Further Improve Work Related to the “Reform of Decentralization, Management, and Service,” which proposed to lower the access threshold of intermediary services, to break down industry barriers, to break local protection tendency, to introduce competition mechanism, to promote the quality of intermediary services, and to establish a reasonable pricing mechanism. It further proposes to strengthen the supervision of intermediaries, to promote intermediaries’ disclosure of their service conditions, processes, time limits and fees, and to resolutely investigate and punish arbitrary charges, disguised price increases, and other unhealthy competition behaviors.

64

Table of Contents

On July 13, 2021, the Notice of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and Other Eight Departments on Continued Rectification and Regulation of the Real Estate Market Order requires special rectification activities to be carried out for behaviors that disrupt the market order and violate consumers’ rights and interests, such as falsification, bundled sales, disguised price increases, and failure to submit opening reports, in the sale and purchase of houses as well as housing leases. Real estate agents and agents need to make extra effort to remain in compliance.

12 cities (Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Dongguan, Chengdu, Xi’an, Ningbo, Wuxi, Hefei, Sanya, Shaoxing, Quzhou, and Jinhua) have successively introduced the second-hand housing guiding price mechanism. The initiative requires that, firstly, real estate brokerage agencies and real estate listing platforms reasonably publish the prices of properties and not publish properties with inflated prices; and, secondly, relevant institutions involved in second-hand housing transactions take the guiding pricing set by the authority into consideration while conducting business and as an important reference in relevant business development. Although the policy does not explicitly command the second-hand housing loans to be completely based on the guiding price of second-hand housing, the relevant institutions involved in second-hand housing transactions are required to take this as a reference basis. Observing the trend set by these cities, it is possible that other cities will be the next to follow the practice of referencing guiding pricing in the approval of second-hand housing loans, which would have a considerable cooling effect on the market.

On December 30, 2022, the Chengdu Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau issued the Management Measures for Credit Information of Real Estate Brokerage Agencies and Practitioners in Chengdu, which further strengthened the management of the real estate brokerage industry and regulated real estate brokerage behavior. The housing administrative department evaluates credit information, and the evaluation results include credit scores, credit ratings, and regulatory status. On February 28, 2023, the Tianjin Municipal Housing and Urban-Rural Development Commission revised the Tianjin Real Estate Brokerage Industry Credit Management Measures to further strengthen the management of the real estate brokerage industry and regulate real estate brokerage behavior. The housing and urban development administrative department evaluates credit information, and the evaluation results include credit scores, credit ratings, and regulatory status. Real estate brokerage firms with good credit can reduce the frequency and scope of regular supervision and inspection, and be given priority in applying for bidding, administrative licenses, and market access, with simplified procedures and other convenient service measures in accordance with the law. In the approval, public service, and other government affairs, the “credit commitment system” is applicable. For untrustworthy enterprises, the responsible persons will be interviewed, and they will be included in the key regulatory agencies, with an increase in the frequency and scope of regular supervision and inspection.

On February 28, 2023, the Tianjin Municipal Commission of Housing and Construction issued the “Tianjin Real Estate Brokerage Industry Credit Management Measures,” aimed at further regulating the behavior of real estate brokerage institutions and personnel in Tianjin. This initiative includes strengthening credit information collection, establishing credit evaluation indicators, and categorizing the credit rating of real estate brokerage institutions into five levels: A to E. The credit evaluation period is set for one year, during which the credit scores of real estate brokerage firms are subject to dynamic management.

On January 17, 2024, the Office of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued a notice regarding typical cases of infringement of citizens’ personal information by the real estate intermediary industry. The notice aimed to further strengthen the protection of personal information within the real estate intermediary sector and to serve as a deterrent through educational warnings. It reported five typical cases where citizens’ personal information was infringed upon by the industry.

Regulation of Real Estate Consulting Business

For real estate consulting services, as long as the service provider complies with the applicable regulations and rules in the aforementioned Regulation on the Establishment of Real Estate Services Companies and Regulation of Real Estate Agency Companies, Brokers, and Agents, there are no further regulations.

Regulation of Real Estate Intermediary Service Charges

With respect to real estate brokerage services (including primary agency sales services), the Administrative Measures for Real Estate Brokerage require real estate brokerage companies to expressly state their service charges. With respect to real estate consulting services, the PRC government issues pricing guidelines. However, specific charges are decided through negotiations between clients and consulting service providers.

65

Table of Contents

Pursuant to the Notice on Relaxing Restrictions issued by the NDRC and the MOHURD, real estate intermediary service fees are no longer subject to fee restrictions. The government may issue suggested fee guidance. Local governments retain the power to impose fee restrictions as they see fit. In the markets where we currently operate, the relevant local governments have not imposed fee restrictions.

Regulations on Housing Prices and Real Estate Tax

On January 7, 2010, the general office of the PRC State Council issued a circular to all ministries and provincial-level local governments to control the rapid increase in housing prices in order to attempt to cool down the real estate market in China. The circular reiterated that the purchasers of a second residential property for their households must make down payments of not less than 40% of the purchase price and the real estate developers must commence the sale within the mandated period as set forth in the pre-sale approvals and at the publicly announced prices.

On March 16, 2011, the NDRC issued the Provisions on Selling Real Estate at Expressly Marked Prices, which were implemented on May 1, 2011, to regulate price manipulation and arbitrary price increases by, among other things, requiring developers to re-register with the appropriate government department before increasing real estate prices.

Local government authorities of several municipalities and cities such as Beijing, Zhengzhou, Jinan, Chengdu, and Hefei have successively promulgated more detailed regulations to restrict residents who have not resided in the local area for a certain period of time (ranging from one year to five years, evidenced by their individual income tax payment track records) from purchasing residential property in those areas.

On February 15, 2012, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued the Circular on Issues Relevant to the Regulation and Control of the Real Property Market, which provides that governments must strictly maintain the current range of restrictions on the real estate market.

On April 17, 2014, the General office of the PRC State Council issued a notice that, among other things, specifically emphasizes the importance of adopting real estate tax.

In April 2018, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress has included promulgating real estate tax laws in its preliminary programs. Such real estate tax laws are in the promulgation process.

On October 23, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress authorized the State Council to carry out pilot real estate tax reform in some areas for a period of five years, with the pilot implementation start time and pilot cities determined by the State Council.

On March 16, 2022, a representative of the MOF stated in an interview that the pilot real estate tax reform was in progress according to the authorization of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. The representative further stated that although some cities had already carried out surveys and preliminary studies, the conditions for expanding the real estate tax reform pilot to include more cities were not feasible this year, based on a variety of comprehensive factors. Therefore, Shanghai and Chongqing are the only two localities in China to have implemented the pilot real estate tax.

On September 30, 2022, the MOF and the SAT released the Notice on Supporting Residents in Purchasing New Homes regarding Personal Income Tax Policies. From October 1, 2022 to December 31, 2023, taxpayers who sell their own homes and repurchase a new home within one year will be eligible for a tax refund for the personal income tax already paid on the sale of their current home. If the purchase price of the new home is equal to or greater than the sale price of the current home, the entire amount of personal income tax paid will be refunded. If the purchase price of the new home is less than the sale price of the current home, the refund will be based on the proportion of the purchase price to the sale price. On the same day, the SAT issued the Announcement on Matters Related to the Collection and Administration of the Individual Income Tax Policy for Supporting Residents in Purchasing Housing to support to clarify the policy content, policy operational requirements, and service measures.

66

Table of Contents

On May 31, 2023, the Sichuan Provincial Taxation Bureau of the State Administration of Taxation issued a notice on the pre-collection and approved collection rates for land value-added tax. Taxpayers engaged in real estate development, referred to here as taxpayers, who transfer different types of real estate are subject to varying pre-collection rates of land value-added tax. Notably, affordable housing is exempt from pre-collection. The rates are set at 1% for ordinary residential properties, 2% for non-ordinary residential properties, and 2.5% for other types of real estate. In instances where a taxpayer transfers real estate at a significantly lower price without justifiable reasons or submits a false declaration, the tax authority will determine the income from the transfer based on the evaluated price of the real estate. Approved collection rates are defined as follows: 5% for ordinary residential properties, 7% for non-ordinary residential properties, and 8% for other types of real estate in Chengdu; in other cities and states, the rates are 5% for ordinary residential properties, 6% for non-ordinary residential properties, and 7% for other types of real estate.

On September 21, 2023, the Office of the People’s Government of Baodi District, Tianjin, announced a subsidy program for the purchase of new commercial residential properties in the district. The subsidy is applicable from September 21, 2023, through December 31, 2023. Eligible buyers who complete the purchase deed tax payment and obtain the tax payment certificate by the end of the specified period can apply for a subsidy. The subsidy amounts to 1% of the total purchase price as stated in the commercial housing sales contract, with the maximum subsidy capped at $7,042 (RMB50,000). The subsidy will be calculated in yuan and rounded to the nearest whole number.

On January 1, 2024, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation, and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development issued a notice reaffirming their commitment to support housing purchases through beneficial personal income tax policies. These policies will be effective from January 1, 2024, to December 31, 2025. Under these policies, taxpayers who sell their residence and buy another within one year are eligible for a refund on the personal income tax paid on the sale of their previous residence. The refund amount is contingent upon the price of the newly purchased property. If the price of the new residence is equal to or exceeds the sale price of the previous one, the full personal income tax amount paid will be refunded. If the new residence is less costly, the refund will be proportional to the price difference.

Regulations on Real Estate Related Advertisement

On December 29, 2006, the MHURD and the PBOC jointly promulgated and issued a circular to further strengthen the regulation of the PRC real estate services industry (the “Joint Circular”). According to the Joint Circular, a real estate brokerage company is prohibited from displaying information on properties until entering into a brokerage contract with the relevant clients, and from displaying any false, misrepresented, or unverified information. The real estate brokerage company and its brokers shall not conceal transaction price and other transaction information from the parties to such transactions.

Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China, as amended in 2015 and 2018, and Interim Regulation of Real Estate Advertising, as published in 2015, set forth the regulations for real estate advertisements. Both state that real estate advertisements shall make truthful representations, with the total area of the apartment listed being specified as either building area or built-in building area. Furthermore, the advertisements shall not include any of the following: (1) making the promise that the property will appreciate in value or otherwise provide return on the investment; (2) indicating the location of the property using the traveling time to another specified property as a reference; (3) violating regulations concerning pricing; and (4) making misrepresentations on infrastructures, commercial centers, cultural and educational facilities that are still under planning or under construction.

Although China amended the Advertising Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Provisions on Real Estate Advertising in 2021, there were no major adjustments in relation to real estate advertisements.

67

Table of Contents

Regulations on Foreign Investment

Guidance Catalogue of Industries for Foreign Investment

Investment activities in the PRC by foreign investors are principally governed by the Guidance Catalogue of Industries for Foreign Investment, or the Guidance Catalog, which was promulgated and is amended from time to time by MOFCOM and the NDRC. The Guidance Catalog lays out the basic framework for foreign investment in China, classifying businesses into three categories with regard to foreign investment: “encourage,” “restricted,” and “prohibited.” Industries not listed in the catalog are generally deemed as falling into a fourth category “permitted” unless specifically restricted by other PRC laws. In addition, in June 2018 the MOFCOM and the NDRC promulgated the Negative List, which became effective on July 28, 2018, and was further updated on June 30, 2019, June 23, 2020, and December 27, 2021 (effective January 1, 2022). Pursuant to the current and the updated Negative List, real estate service section falls within the permitted catalogue. None of the PRC operating entities is engaged in any business related to the industries listed in the Catalogue (as amended by the Negative List).

On March 12, 2022, the NDRC and MOFCOM issued the “Market Access Negative List (2022 Edition),” establishing a system for collecting and reporting cases that violate the market access negative list, conducting market access efficiency evaluations, improving response mechanisms, and regularly reporting. Relevant information will be publicly available on the NDRC portal website and the “Credit China” website.

Foreign Investment Law

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, or the Foreign Investment Law, which came into effect on January 1, 2020 and replaced the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law of the PRC and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law of the PRC, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The organization form, organization and activities of foreign-invested enterprises shall be governed, among others, by the PRC Company Law and the PRC Partnership Enterprise Law. Foreign-invested enterprises established before the implementation of the Foreign Investment Law may retain the original business organization and so on within five years after the implementation of this Law.

The Foreign Investment Law is formulated to further expand opening-up, vigorously promote foreign investment and protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors. According to the Foreign Investment Law, foreign investments are entitled to pre-entry national treatment and are subject to negative list management system. The pre-entry national treatment means that the treatment given to foreign investors and their investments at the stage of investment access shall not be less favorable than that of domestic investors and their investments. The negative list management system means that the state implements special administrative measures for access of foreign investment in specific fields. The Foreign Investment Law does not mention the relevant concept and regulatory regime of VIE structures. However, since it is relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation.

From January 1, 2021, the Supreme People’s Court’s Provisions on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Dispute Cases of Foreign Invested Enterprises (I), as amended in 2020, came into effect. The full text of the 24 articles provides for the validity of contracts pertaining to the establishment and change of foreign-invested enterprises, the settlement of disputes between cooperating parties, and the validity of agreements on behalf of shareholding in the field of foreign investment.

On January 27, 2021, the Catalogue of Sectors Encouraging Foreign Investment, published in 2020, was officially implemented, further expanding the scope of encouraged foreign investment. The main focus of this catalogue was to further the active role of foreign investment in the supply chain and industrial chain, and to encourage foreign investment in producer service industries and in central and western regions. On October 26, 2022, the NDRC and the MOFCOM released the Catalogue of Encouraged Industries for Foreign Investment (2022 edition), which has been implemented from January 1, 2023. This revision mainly includes the following three changes: (i) continue to encourage foreign investment in advanced manufacturing; (ii) continue to guide foreign investment in modern services; and (iii)continue to guide foreign investment in advantageous industries in central and western regions and the northeast. The scope of encouraging foreign investment is further expanded to lead and support foreign investment in areas such as high-end manufacturing, research and development, modern services, and the central and western regions and the northeast. The comprehensive strengthening of foreign investment promotion and services will promote the high-quality development of the use of foreign investment, further stabilize the expectations of foreign-invested enterprises, and strengthen the confidence of foreign investors.

68

Table of Contents

According to the Negative List, if a domestic enterprise engaged in business in the area of investment prohibited by the Negative List issues shares abroad and lists them for trading, then: (i) it shall be approved by the relevant competent state authorities; (ii) the foreign investor shall not participate in the operation and management of the enterprise; and (iii) the shareholding ratio of the foreign investor shall be implemented with reference to the relevant provisions on the management of domestic securities investment by foreign investors. The PRC operating entities’ main business, real estate development, does not fall under the content of the special management measures stipulated in the Negative List and is not affected by the provisions of the list.

Foreign investors’ investment, earnings and other legitimate rights and interests within the territory of China shall be protected in accordance with the law, and all national policies on supporting the development of enterprises shall equally apply to foreign-invested enterprises. Among others, the state guarantees that foreign-invested enterprises participate in the formulation of standards in an equal manner and that foreign-invested enterprises participate in government procurement activities through fair competition in accordance with the law. Further, the state shall not expropriate any foreign investment except under special circumstances. In special circumstances, the state may levy or expropriate the investment of foreign investors in accordance with the law for the needs of the public interest. The expropriation and requisition shall be conducted in accordance with legal procedures and timely and reasonable compensation shall be given. In carrying out business activities, foreign-invested enterprises shall comply with relevant provisions on labor protection.

Regulations on Intellectual Property Rights

The State Council and the National Copyright Administration of the PRC have promulgated various rules and regulations and rules relating to protection of software in China. Under these rules and regulations, software owners, licensees, and transferees may register their rights in software with Copy Protection Center of China or its local branches and obtain software copyright registration certificates. Although such registration is not mandatory under PRC law, software owners, licensees, and transferees are encouraged to go through the registration process and registered software rights may be entitled to better protections.

The PRC Trademark Law, adopted in 1982 and last amended in 2019, with its implementation rules adopted in 2002 and revised in 2014, protects registered trademarks. The Trademark Office of the SAIC handles trademark registrations and grants a protection term of 10 years to registered trademarks.

On March 3, 2021, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Interpretation on the Application of Punitive Damages in Civil Cases of Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights, clarifying the criteria for severity determination and base amount punitive damages calculation and rendering the punitive damage provisions stipulated in the relevant laws implementable.

On March 23, 2023, the China National Intellectual Property Administration released the Annual Work Guidelines for Promoting the High - Quality Development of Intellectual Property Rights (2023). These guidelines focus on strengthening the legal protection of intellectual property rights through collaboration with the Ministry of Justice. Key updates include revising the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Patent Law, the Guidelines for Patent Examination, and the Measures for the Registration and Management of Collective Trademarks and Certification Trademarks, alongside enhancing intellectual property rights supervision.

Subsequently, on June 25, 2023, the State Administration for Market Regulation announced the implementation of the “Regulations on Prohibiting the Abuse of Intellectual Property to Exclude and Restrict Competition,” effective from August 1, 2023. These regulations intensify the monitoring of intellectual property abuse that could hinder competition, reinforcing anti-monopoly policies within the realm of intellectual property.

Furthering these developments, on November 29, 2023, the National Certification and Accreditation Administration, in conjunction with the China National Intellectual Property Administration, declared the implementation of the revised national standard for enterprise intellectual property compliance management, GB/T 29490-2023, replacing the previous standard GB/T 29490-2013, starting January 1, 2024. The transition period, lasting two years, allows organizations with existing certifications under the old standard to undergo version change review either during annual supervision or re-certification review, or to independently initiate such review according to the new standards. Certifications that pass such review will be issued under the new standard, maintaining the original certificate’s validity period or establishing a new three-year validity if re-certification is conducted. During 2024, certifications can still be processed under the old standard, but from January 1, 2025, all new applications must adhere to the updated standards. After December 31, 2025, certificates that have not transitioned to the new standard will be subject to suspension or revocation.

69

Table of Contents

See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.—Intellectual Property.”

Regulations on Foreign Currency Exchange

Pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Administration Rules, as amended from time to time up until the date of this annual report, and various regulations issued by the SAFE and other relevant PRC government authorities, Renminbi is freely convertible to the extent of current account items, such as trade and service-related receipts and payments, interest, and dividends. Capital account items, such as direct equity investments, loans, and repatriation of investment, unless expressly exempted by laws and regulations, still require prior approval from the SAFE or its provincial branch for conversion of Renminbi into a foreign currency, such as U.S. dollars, and remittance of the foreign currency outside of China. Payments for transactions that take place within China shall be made in Renminbi. Foreign currency revenue received by PRC companies may be repatriated into China or retained outside of China in accordance with requirements and terms specified by the SAFE.

Under the Foreign Exchange Administration Rules, foreign-invested enterprises in China may, without the approval of the SAFE, make a payment from their foreign exchange accounts at designated foreign exchange banks for paying dividends with certain evidencing documents (e.g., board resolutions and tax certificates), or for trade and services-related foreign exchange transactions by providing commercial documents evidencing such transactions. They are also allowed to retain foreign currency (subject to a cap approved by SAFE) to satisfy foreign exchange liabilities. In addition, foreign exchange transactions involving overseas direct investment or investment and trading in securities and derivative products abroad are subject to registration with the SAFE or its local counterparts and approval from or filling with other relevant PRC government authorities, if necessary.

SAFE Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or “SAFE Circular 37,” issued by the SAFE and becoming effective on July 4, 2014, regulates foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, by PRC residents or entities to seek offshore investment and financing and conduct round trip investment in China. Under SAFE Circular 37, an SPV refers to an offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by PRC residents or entities for the purpose of seeking offshore financing or making offshore investment, using legitimate domestic or offshore assets or interests, while “round trip investment” refers to the direct investment in China by PRC residents or entities through SPVs, namely, establishing foreign-invested enterprises within the PRC through a new entity, merger or acquisition and other ways to obtain the ownership, control rights and management rights. SAFE Circular 37 requires that, before making contribution to an SPV, PRC residents or entities are required to complete foreign exchange registration with the SAFE or its local branch. In the event of any change in the basic information such as the domestic individual shareholder, name, operation term, etc. in connection with such SPV, or if there is a capital increase, decrease, equity transfer or swap, merge, spinoff or other material changes in connection with such SPV, the PRC residents or entities shall complete foreign exchange alteration registration formality for offshore investment. SAFE Circular 37 further provides that option or share-based incentive tool holders of a non-listed SPV can exercise the options or share incentive tools to become a shareholder of such non-listed SPV, subject to registration with the SAFE or its local branch. In addition, according to the procedural guidelines as attached to SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents or entities are only required to register the SPV directly established or controlled (first level).

On February 13, 2015, the SAFE further promulgated the Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment (“SAFE Circular 13”), which took effect on June 1, 2015. SAFE Circular 13 has amended SAFE Circular 37 by requiring PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks rather than the SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing.

Mr. Siping Xu, Yang Li, Xia Ding, Qiang Ma, Liang Zhang, Zhengyuan Huang, Meina Guo, Mengnan Wang, Jie Zhang, and Lei Cai, who are our beneficial owners and are PRC residents, have completed the initial foreign exchange registrations.

On January 7, 2021, the PBOC and the SAFE decided to lower the macro-prudential adjustment parameter for cross-border financing for enterprises from 1.25 to 1. This adjustment lowered the upper limit for cross-border financing for enterprises and financial institutions, which in turn reduced cross-border capital inflows.

70

Table of Contents

On November 5, 2021, the SAFE issued the Measures for Discretionary Administrative Fines in Foreign Exchange Management to regulate the discretionary power of administrative fines in foreign exchange management. Previously, the macro-prudential adjustment parameter for cross-border financing for enterprises was adjusted upward in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and to encourage cross-border financing, and in early 2021, China adjusted the parameter downward to prevent and control foreign debt risks. In addition, SAFE has issued corresponding regulations to standardize foreign exchange transactions, personal regular foreign exchange business, and administrative fines for foreign exchange management, indicating a trend of increasing standardization in China’s foreign exchange management.

On May 11, 2022, the SAFE issued the Administrative Punishment Measures of the SAFE, which came into effect on June 1, 2022. The revised content focuses on: (i) refining the jurisdiction and filing standards, regulating electronic evidence collection activities, clarifying the handling period, and further enhancing law enforcement transparency; (ii) fully implementing the administrative law enforcement publicity system, the legal review system for law enforcement decisions, and the entire process record system for law enforcement, strengthening law enforcement supervision; and (iii) improving the statement defense and hearing procedures, refining hearing standards, and fully protecting the legitimate rights and interests of administrative counterparties. The Administrative Punishment Measures of the SAFE standardizes the administrative punishment behavior of the SAFE and its branches, and ensures and supervises the foreign exchange bureau to perform its duties in accordance with the law, and protects the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, and other organizations.

Later on, the SAFE issued the Notice on Further Promoting Measures to Serve the Real Economy in the Foreign Exchange Market. The notice enriches the foreign exchange market products for customers and supports the China Foreign Exchange Trading System and Shanghai Clearing House to improve the level of foreign exchange market services and further promote the development of the foreign exchange market.

On May 30, 2022, the SAFE issued a document issued a document stating that within the pilot areas determined by the SAFE, qualified high-tech enterprises and “specialized and new technologies” enterprises can participate in the cross-border financing facilitation pilot business in accordance with these guidelines, independently borrow foreign debt within a certain amount.

On May 27, 2022, the PBOC, the CSRC, and the SAFE jointly issued the notice on Further Facilitating Matters Related to Overseas Institutional Investors Investing in the Chinese Bond Market. The notice supports overseas institutional investors to invest in the Chinese bond market directly or through the mutual market access program, enabling them to independently choose trading venues and facilitating cross-border fund management.

On July 26, 2022, the SAFE issued the Implementation Rules for International Payments and Receipts Statistics Reporting Business through Banks. The rules adjusted the scope of exemption from reporting, further clarified the content of basic information elements, increased the threshold for exemption from reporting, added requirements for the deadline of “not reporting, not paying,” and deleted the requirement for “filing with the SAFE.”

On November 10, 2022, the PBOC and the SAFE jointly issued the Regulations on the Management of Funds of Overseas Institutional Investors Investing in the Chinese Bond Market, which has been implemented from January 1, 2023. The regulations aim to improve and clarify the requirements for the management of funds invested by overseas institutional investors in the Chinese bond market. The main contents of the regulations include: (i) the unified regulation of the management rules for the funds involved in the investment, account, and payment and settlement, as well as the monitoring of statistics for overseas institutional investors investing in the Chinese bond market; (ii) the improvement of spot foreign exchange management, allowing overseas institutional investors to conduct transactions through third-party financial institutions other than settlement agents; (iii) the optimization of foreign exchange risk management policies, further expanding the foreign exchange hedging channels for overseas institutional investors, and cancelling the counterparty limit for over-the-counter transactions; (iv) the optimization of the currency matching management of inflows and outflows, improving the convenience of capital outflows for overseas institutional investors, and encouraging long-term investment in the Chinese bond market; and (v) clarifying the foreign exchange management requirements for sovereign institutions. Sovereign institutional investors who invest through custodians or settlement agents, such as commercial banks, should register with the bank.

On November 23, 2022, the PBOC issued the Notice on Matters Related to Fund Management of Overseas Institutions’ Onshore Bond Issuance, which unified the management rules for fund registration, account opening, fund remittance and usage, statistical monitoring, etc., for panda bonds issued in the interbank and exchange markets.

71

Table of Contents

On June 20, 2022, the Tianjin Branch of the SAFE announced that qualified domestic banks can participate in the pilot program for foreign exchange facilitation for goods and services trade, by registering with the Tianjin Branch of SAFE and recommending eligible enterprises.

On August 26, 2022, the Tianjin Branch of the SAFE issued a notice clarifying the management measures for special handling of “no reporting, no payment” for reporting entities of banks within its jurisdiction and institutions conducting foreign-related income transactions through these banks.

Overall, the government has promulgated a series of foreign exchange policies. These foreign exchange policies are conducive to further facilitating foreign institutional investors to invest in China’s bond market, enhancing the attractiveness of China’s bond market to foreign institutional investors, and providing convenience for foreign institutional investors to invest in China’s bond market in accordance with laws and regulations. The series of foreign exchange policies shows Chinese government’s determination to expand and open the financial market.

On December 4, 2023, the SAFE issued a notice aimed at deepening reforms to enhance the facilitation of cross-border trade and investment. This initiative seeks to expand foreign exchange management reforms nationally, extending pilot policies that facilitate cross-border financing. One significant change is the relaxation of restrictions on the scale of initial expenses for overseas direct investments (ODI). Previously, the cumulative amount of remittance for preliminary expenses by domestic enterprises for overseas direct investment was capped at the equivalent of $3 million or 15% of the total investment proposed by the Chinese side. This cap has now been removed, allowing for greater flexibility in funding overseas ventures. Additionally, the notice permits the domestic equity transferor, including both institutions and individuals, to directly remit equity transfer consideration funds in foreign currency paid by domestic entities. It also allows for the foreign exchange funds raised by domestic enterprises during overseas public offerings to be transferred to the capital account settlement account. Funds in these accounts are now eligible for independent foreign exchange settlement. Furthermore, the domestic equity transferor can transfer equity transfer consideration funds received from foreign-invested enterprises—these funds can be in RMB obtained through direct foreign exchange settlement or RMB funds in accounts awaiting payment—directly to the domestic equity transferor’s RMB account. This reform aims to streamline financial transactions related to foreign investments and enhance the operational efficiency of cross-border investments by Chinese enterprises.

On March 11, 2024, the SAFE announced the release of the “Guidelines for Statistical Services of Foreign Financial Assets, Liabilities, and Transactions (2024 Edition).” These guidelines are designed to enhance the collection and analysis of data concerning foreign financial assets and liabilities along with international balance of payments transaction flows. The primary entities required to report under these guidelines include domestic non-financial enterprises listed overseas, designated entities holding overseas equity (encompassing both individuals and institutions), and key domestic non-financial enterprises. These guidelines specify the exact information that needs to be reported, the methods of reporting, and the standards that must be adhered to in the reporting process.

Following this, on April 3, 2024, the SAFE issued a notice to further optimize the management of trade foreign exchange business, effective June 1, 2024. This new policy eliminates the need for enterprises to handle the “List of Trade Foreign Exchange Income and Expenditure Enterprises” at various SAFE branches, instead allowing registration directly with domestic banks. Enterprises are required to update their directory information at a domestic bank within 30 days following any changes in the enterprise’s name, unified social credit code, legal representative, contact information, or registered address. The bank is tasked with verifying the authenticity of the updated information and maintaining records for five years. This notice represents a significant move towards streamlining foreign exchange processes and reducing administrative burdens for businesses engaged in international trade.

72

Table of Contents

Regulations on Loans to and Direct Investment in PRC Entities by Offshore Holding Companies

According to the Provisional Regulations on Statistics and Supervision of Foreign Debt promulgated by the SAFE on September 24, 1997, last amended on November 29, 2020, and the Interim Provisions on the Management of Foreign Debts promulgated by the SAFE, the National Development and Reform Commission, and the MOF and effective from March 1, 2003, loans by foreign companies to their subsidiaries in China, which accordingly are foreign-invested enterprises, are considered foreign debt, and such loans must be registered with the local branches of the SAFE. Under the provisions, these foreign-invested enterprises must register with the local branches of the SAFE within 15 days from the date on which the loan agreements for the foreign debt are executed. In addition, the total amount of the accumulated foreign debt borrowed by a foreign-invested enterprise is not allowed to exceed the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the foreign-invested enterprise. In addition, the total amount of accumulated foreign debt borrowed by a foreign-invested enterprise is limited to the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of the foreign-invested enterprise. Total investment of a foreign-invested enterprise is the total amount of capital that can be used for the operation of the foreign-invested enterprise, as approved by MOFCOM or its local counterpart, and may be increased or decreased upon approval by MOFCOM or its local counterpart. Registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise is the total amount of capital contributions made to the foreign-invested enterprise by its foreign holding company or owners, as approved by MOFCOM or its local counterpart and registered at the SAIC or its local counterpart.

According to applicable PRC regulations on foreign-invested enterprises, capital contributions from a foreign holding company to its PRC subsidiaries, which are considered foreign-invested enterprises, may only be made when the approval by MOFCOM or its local counterpart is obtained. In approving such capital contributions, MOFCOM or its local counterpart examines the business scope of each foreign-invested enterprise under review to ensure it complies with the Catalogue (as amended by the Negative List) lists the industries and economic activities in which foreign investment in the PRC is encouraged, restricted or prohibited. Any industry not listed in the Catalogue is a permitted industry. Pursuant to the Catalogue (as amended by the Negative List), real estate service section falls within the permitted catalogue. None of the PRC operating entities is engaged in any businesses related to the industries listed in the Catalogue (as amended by the Negative List).

The PRC operating entities, such as Mingda Tianjin and the Chengdu Branch Office, are foreign-invested enterprises subject to the regulations discussed above.

On January 26, 2021, the MOF issued the Notice on Improving the Market Constraint Mechanism and Strictly Preventing Foreign Debt Risks and Local Debt Risks, demanding that enterprises intending to borrow medium- and long-term foreign debts to establish a sound corporate governance structure, management decision-making mechanism, and financial management system, to standardize information disclosure, to pay close attention to exchange rate movements, and to effectively prevent and control foreign debt risks.

On January 5, 2023, the NDRC issued the Management Measures for the Review and Registration of Medium- and Long-Term Foreign Debts of Enterprises. It includes six chapters and 37 articles, covering general principles, foreign debt scale and usage, foreign debt review and registration, foreign debt risk management and supervision, legal responsibilities, and supplementary provisions. The new measures include the indirect borrowing of foreign debt by domestic enterprises from overseas being included in the management scope, and a requirement for the actual use of funds raised by foreign debt to be consistent with the registered content, with no misappropriation allowed. At the same time, other regulatory measures have been strengthened.

According to the press conference on the Management Measures for the Review and Registration of Medium- and Long-Term Foreign Debts of Enterprises held by the NDRC, the NDRC stated that the formulation of this measures aims to further improve the management of enterprise medium and long-term foreign debt, enhance standardization, institutionalization, transparency, and convenience, effectively prevent foreign debt risks, and promote healthy and orderly development of overseas financing by enterprises.

Based on the recent policies and regulations issued by the Chinese government, it is evident that the government has strengthened its oversight of indirect borrowing of external debt by domestic enterprises. In the future, VIE structured enterprises may be affected to some extent in their ability to raise funds abroad due to the increased scrutiny and approval requirements set forth by the NDRC.

73

Table of Contents

On December 4, 2023, the SAFE issued a notice on further deepening reforms to promote the facilitation of cross-border trade and investment. This notice cancels the requirement for approval to open foreign debt accounts in other regions and allows non-financial enterprises with reasonable needs to open such accounts in banks outside the foreign exchange branch of their registered location.

R egulations on Employee Share Options

Under the Implementation Rules of the Administrative Measures for Individual Foreign Exchange, or the Individual Foreign Exchange Rules, issued on January 5, 2007 by the SAFE, PRC citizens who are granted shares or share options by an overseas listed company according to its employee share option or share incentive plan are required, through the PRC subsidiary of such overseas listed company or any other qualified PRC agent, to register with the SAFE and complete certain other procedures related to the share option or other share incentive plan. Foreign exchange income received from the sale of shares or dividends distributed by the overseas listed company may be remitted into a foreign currency account of such PRC citizen or be exchanged into Renminbi. Our and the PRC operating entities’ PRC citizen employees who have been granted share options, or PRC option holders, have been subject to the Individual Foreign Exchange Rules since the listing of our Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq. If we or our PRC citizen employees fail to comply with these regulations, we or our PRC option holders may be subject to fines and legal sanctions.

On June 28, 2021, CSRC issued the Guidelines on the Content and Format of Information Disclosure by Companies Issuing Public Securities No. 2 - Content and Format of Annual Reports, stipulating that the company shall disclose the specific implementation of the stock incentive plan, employee stock ownership plan, or other employee incentives in the reporting period. The stock incentives granted to directors and senior management shall be separately presented by the company according to the unlocked shares, unlocked shares, exercisable shares, exercised shares, exercise price, and market price at the end of the reporting period. Companies are encouraged to disclose in detail the appraisal mechanism for senior management, and the establishment and implementation of the incentive mechanism during the reporting period.

On October 12, 2021, the SAT issued a notice of Several Measures for Further Deepening the ‘Streamlining Administration and Delegating Power, Improving Services’ Reform in the Taxation Field to Cultivate and Stimulate Market Entities’ Vitality. The notice includes 15 new measures, one of which is to strengthen the management of individual income tax on equity incentive plans. According to China’s current tax law, although dividends and income from overseas enterprises received by Chinese employees are considered as income from outside China, they are still subject to individual income tax in China. In addition, when a domestic resident enterprise acts as the filing obligor, it needs to choose the option of “direct control” or “indirect agreement control” in the relationship with the foreign enterprise when filing. This indicates that the notice expands the scope of filing from listed companies to non-listed companies, and from domestic resident enterprises to offshore company structures, including agreement control or VIE structures, established by domestic target enterprises overseas, and clarifies the time limit and requirements.

On August 18, 2023, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation issued a notice to continue implementing personal income tax policies related to equity incentives for listed companies. Individuals receiving equity incentives such as stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stocks, and equity rewards, which comply with relevant laws and regulations of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation, will not include these in their comprehensive income for the current year. Instead, these will be taxed separately at the full amount using the comprehensive income tax rate table. The calculation formula is as follows: taxable amount is equal to equity incentive income times applicable tax rate minus quick calculation deduction amount. If a resident receives two or more equity incentives within a tax year, the taxes will be calculated and paid according to the provisions of the announcement.

Regulations on Dividend Distribution

The principal regulations governing the distribution of dividends paid by wholly foreign owned enterprises include the Company Law of the PRC. Under the Company Law of the PRC, wholly foreign owned enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, as determined in accordance with the PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign owned enterprise in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards each year to its general reserves until its cumulative total reserve funds reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserve funds, however, may not be distributed as cash dividends. For each of the PRC operating entities that has achieved profit under the PRC accounting standards, it has set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits to meet the statutory reserve requirements.

74

Table of Contents

A wholly foreign-owned enterprise may, at its discretion, allocate a portion of its after-tax profits calculated based on the PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserve funds and staff welfare and bonus funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation and cannot be used for working capital purposes. None of the PRC operating entities has set aside its after-tax profits, if any, to fund these discretionary staff welfare and bonus funds. We have not implemented any policy or plan for the PRC operating entities to maintain discretionary staff welfare and bonus funds.

On January 5, 2022, the CSRC released the Guidelines for the Supervision of Listed Companies No. 3 - Cash Dividends of Listed Companies, to supervise listed companies in improving the internal decision-making procedures and mechanisms for profit distribution, supporting listed companies to adopt differentiated and diversified ways to return value to investors, improving dividend supervision regulations, strengthening supervision and inspection efforts, and further modifying, supplementing, and improving the work of cash dividends for listed companies. On December 15, 2023, the revised version, ‘Guidelines for the Supervision of Listed Companies No. 3- Cash Dividends of Listed Companies (Revised in 2023),’ was officially implemented by the CSRC, abolishing the earlier version. This revision encourages listed companies to increase the frequency of cash dividends, provided they meet the conditions for profit distribution, and aims to stabilize investor dividend expectations. It also strengthens disclosure requirements and other institutional constraints on listed companies that fail to issue cash dividends, in order to supervise dividend distribution and promote the further optimization of dividend methods and pacing. The guidelines emphasize monitoring listed companies with high financial investments but low dividend levels, urging them to improve their dividend practices, enhance asset utilization efficiency, and better focus on their core business to provide returns to investors. Special attention should be paid to companies with high debt-to-asset ratios and poor cash flows from operating activities, as well as those with a large proportion of cash dividends. Corresponding regulatory measures should be taken to prevent adverse effects on the companies’ production, operations, and debt repayment capabilities.

Regulations in the European Economic Area

The EU pursues common standards of laws and regulations to create consistency across the internal market and reduce compliance and regulatory burdens for businesses operating on a cross-border basis. The Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) extends this objective to Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. Members of the EEA have agreed to enact legislation similar to that passed in the EU in many areas. To the extent that activities are carried out within a Member State’s jurisdiction, the authorities of that host Member State supervise the conduct of such activities. The UK ceased to be a Member State of the EU as from 11 pm on January 31, 2020, and entered into a “Transition Period” pursuant to UK/EU Withdrawal Act 2020 during which EU law continued to be applicable in the UK. On December 31, 2020, the Transition Period terminated, and EU law was no longer applicable within the UK. As from the end of the Transition Period, new UK requirements must be complied with when conducting regulated activity in the UK.

The UK subsidiaries, MD UK, Mansions, and Fernie Castle Culture, operate their business in the UK; the German subsidiary, MD German, operates its business in Germany. The operations of our UK and German subsidiaries are subject to the laws and regulations of the relevant jurisdictions as well as the rules, reporting obligations and interpretations of all such requirements and obligations by various governing bodies, which may involve the EU laws and agencies, or the states of the UK and Germany. In addition, changes to such laws, regulations, rules, reporting obligations and related compliance obligations could result in significant costs but are not expected to have a material effect on our capital expenditures, results of operations and competitive position as compared to prior periods.

C. | Organizational Structure

See “Item 3. Key Information.”

D. | Property, Plants and Equipment

Our principal office is located at Fernie Castle, Letham, Cupar, Fife, KY15 7RU, United Kingdom, which we purchased and have owned since August 5, 2022, pursuant to the Agreement with Braveheart on August 3, 2022. See “—B. Business Overview—Overview.”

As of December 31, 2023, the PRC operating entities did not maintain local offices in China, as the Company’s focus has shifted to operations in the UK.

​

75

Table of Contents

Item 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

​

Item 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

We operate our business through MD UK, Mansions, Mingda Tianjin, which is a VIE in the PRC, and Mingda Tianjin’s subsidiaries. The following condensed consolidating statements summarize the nature of assets held by, and operations of, “Parent,” “MDJH Hong Kong,” “WFOE,” “VIE and its subsidiaries,” and “Other Subsidiaries.” “Parent” refers to MDJM LTD, a Cayman Islands exempted company listed on Nasdaq. “MDJH Hong Kong” refers to MDJCC Limited, a Hong Kong corporation, which is wholly owned by MDJM LTD. “WFOE” refers to Beijing Mingda Jiahe Technology Development Co., Ltd, which is a wholly-owned Chinese subsidiary of MDJM LTD. “VIE and its subsidiaries” refer to Mingda Tianjin and its subsidiaries, in which we have no equity interests. “Other Subsidiaries” refer to MD Local Global Limited, a UK company, which is wholly owned by MDJM LTD, and Mansions Catering and Hotel Ltd, a UK company, which is 100% owned by MD Local Global Limited as of December 31, 2023 (Mansion Catering and Hotel Ltd was 51% owned by MD Local Global Limited as of December 31, 2021, and was 100% owned by MD Local Global Limited as of December 31, 2022).

​

MDJM LTD

SELECTED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING BALANCE SHEETS

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31, 2023
​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | MDJH | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | VIE and its | ​ | Other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Parent | ​ | Hong Kong | ​ | WFOE | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Eliminating | ​ | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (Cayman Islands) |  | (Hong Kong) |  | (PRC) |  | (PRC) | ​ | (UK) |  | Adjustments |  | Totals
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | $ | 3,687 |  | $ | 99 |  | $ | 6 |  | $ | 59 | ​ | $ | 499,654 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 503,505
Accounts receivable, net of allowance |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 164,170 | ​ | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 164,170
VIE’s profit receivable |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 737,798 |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  | ​ | (737,798) |  | ​ | —
Due from VIE, WFOE, Parent, and Other Subsidiaries (4) |  | ​ | 565,600 |  | ​ | 1,022,528 |  | ​ | 918,847 |  | ​ | 2,689,559 | ​ | ​ | (65,320) |  | ​ | (5,131,214) |  | ​ | —
Inter-group investments |  | ​ | 4,580,000 |  | ​ | 500,000 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  | ​ | (5,080,000) |  | ​ | —
Other assets |  | ​ | 1,520 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 6,765 | ​ | ​ | 3,323,282 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 3,331,567
Total Assets |  | $ | 5,150,807 |  | $ | 1,522,627 |  | $ | 1,656,651 |  | $ | 2,860,553 | ​ | $ | 3,757,616 |  | $ | (10,949,012) |  | $ | 3,999,242
​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Liabilities |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities, value-added tax, and other taxes payable | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 94,532 | ​ | $ | 431,791 | ​ | $ | (424,354) | ​ | $ | 101,969
VIE’s profit payable | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 737,798 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (737,798) | ​ | ​ | —
Due to VIE, WFOE, Parent, and Other Subsidiaries (4) | ​ | ​ | 1,348,528 | ​ | ​ | 1,532,188 | ​ | ​ | 452,363 | ​ | ​ | 2,237,196 | ​ | ​ | (751,045) | ​ | ​ | (4,819,230) | ​ | ​ | —
Other liabilities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 17,294 | ​ | ​ | 2,774 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 20,068
Total Liabilities | ​ | ​ | 1,348,528 | ​ | ​ | 1,532,188 | ​ | ​ | 452,363 | ​ | ​ | 3,086,820 | ​ | ​ | (316,480) | ​ | ​ | (5,981,382) | ​ | ​ | 122,037
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Inter-group investments | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 478,880 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,499,263 | ​ | ​ | (4,978,143) | ​ | ​ | —
Common stocks | ​ | ​ | 1,295 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10,380 | ​ | ​ | 11,675
Capital and additional paid-in capital | ​ | ​ | 4,283,337 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,572,437 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (10,380) | ​ | ​ | 6,845,394
Statutory reserve | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 327,140 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 327,140
Retained earning (deficit) | ​ | ​ | (482,353) | ​ | ​ | (9,561) | ​ | ​ | (13,004) | ​ | ​ | (2,217,734) | ​ | ​ | (640,782) | ​ | ​ | (2) | ​ | ​ | (3,363,436)
Accumulated VIE’s profit contributions (2) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 737,798 | ​ | ​ | (737,798) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 614 | ​ | ​ | (170,313) | ​ | ​ | 215,615 | ​ | ​ | 10,516 | ​ | ​ | 56,432
Total MDJM Ltd shareholders’ equity | ​ | ​ | 3,802,279 | ​ | ​ | (9,561) | ​ | ​ | 1,204,288 | ​ | ​ | (226,268) | ​ | ​ | 4,074,096 | ​ | ​ | (4,967,629) | ​ | ​ | 3,877,205
Non-controlling interest | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Total Liabilities and Equities | ​ | $ | 5,150,807 | ​ | $ | 1,522,627 | ​ | $ | 1,656,651 | ​ | $ | 2,860,552 | ​ | $ | 3,757,616 | ​ | $ | (10,949,011) | ​ | $ | 3,999,242

​

76

Table of Contents

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | MDJH | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | VIE and its | ​ | Other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Parent | ​ | Hong Kong | ​ | WFOE | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Eliminating | ​ | Consolidated
​ |  | (Cayman Islands) |  | (Hong Kong) |  | (PRC) |  | (PRC) | ​ | (UK) |  | Adjustments |  | Totals
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | $ | 77,702 | ​ | $ | 28 | ​ | $ | 70,167 | ​ | $ | 4,154 | ​ | $ | 1,281,107 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,433,158
Accounts receivable, net of allowance | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 961,793 | ​ |  | 6,026 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 967,819
VIE's profit receivable (1) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 737,798 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (737,798) | ​ |  | —
Due from Parent, MDJH Hong Kong, WOFE, VIE, and Other Subsidiaries (2) | ​ |  | 565,500 | ​ |  | 1,287,313 | ​ |  | 1,212,424 | ​ |  | 798,593 | ​ |  | 129,930 | ​ |  | (3,993,760) | ​ |  | —
Inter-group investments | ​ |  | 4,580,000 | ​ |  | 500,000 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (5,080,000) | ​ |  | —
Other assets | ​ | ​ | 728 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 85,426 | ​ | ​ | 3,145,595 | ​ | ​ | 2,349 | ​ | ​ | 3,234,098
Total Assets | ​ | $ | 5,223,930 | ​ | $ | 1,787,341 | ​ | $ | 2,020,389 | ​ | $ | 1,849,966 | ​ | $ | 4,562,658 | ​ | $ | (9,809,209) | ​ | $ | 5,635,075
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities, value-added tax, and other taxes payable | ​ | $ | 831 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 252,711 | ​ | $ | 57,195 | ​ | $ | 2,349 | ​ | $ | 313,086
Short-term loans payable | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 372,679 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 372,679
VIE's profit payable | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 737,798 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (737,798) | ​ |  | —
Due to Parent, MDJH Hong Kong, WOFE, VIE, and Other Subsidiaries (3) | ​ | ​ | 1,287,313 | ​ | ​ | 1,795,493 | ​ | ​ | 798,593 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 200,328 | ​ | ​ | (4,081,727) | ​ | ​ | —
Other liabilities | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 17,799 | ​ |  | 2,380 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 20,179
Total Liabilities | ​ |  | 1,288,144 | ​ |  | 1,795,493 | ​ |  | 798,593 | ​ |  | 1,380,987 | ​ |  | 259,903 | ​ |  | (4,817,176) | ​ |  | 705,944
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Equities | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Inter-group investments | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 492,846 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 4,579,980 | ​ |  | (5,072,826) | ​ |  | —
Common stocks | ​ |  | 1,295 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 10,380 | ​ |  | 11,675
Capital and additional paid-in capital | ​ |  | 4,283,337 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 2,572,437 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (10,380) | ​ |  | 6,845,394
Statutory reserve | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 327,140 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 327,140
Retained earning (deficit) | ​ |  | (348,846) | ​ |  | (8,152) | ​ |  | (9,203) | ​ |  | (1,554,913) | ​ |  | (281,876) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2,202,990)
Accumulated VIE's profit contributions (3) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 737,798 | ​ | ​ | (737,798) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 355 | ​ | ​ | (137,887) | ​ | ​ | 4,651 | ​ | ​ | 80,793 | ​ | ​ | (52,088)
Total MDJM Ltd shareholders’ equity | ​ | ​ | 3,935,786 | ​ | ​ | (8,152) | ​ | ​ | 1,221,796 | ​ | ​ | 468,979 | ​ | ​ | 4,302,755 | ​ | ​ | (4,992,033) | ​ | ​ | 4,929,131
Total Liabilities and Equities | ​ | $ | 5,223,930 | ​ | $ | 1,787,341 | ​ | $ | 2,020,389 | ​ | $ | 1,849,966 | ​ | $ | 4,562,658 | ​ | $ | (9,809,209) | ​ | $ | 5,635,075

(1) | VIEs incurred loss in 2022, so no shared profit was added in 2022.

(2) | This line item refers to balances due from or due to Parent, MDJH Hong Kong, WFOE, VIE (Mingda Tianjin and its operational subsidiaries in China), and other subsidiaries owned by MDJM (the “Group”). The balances resulted from monetary transactions among the Group, such as advancing cash to establish a new operation, and paying expenses on behalf of other entities within the Group. There is no sales or purchase activity involved. The balances of due from or due to Parent, MDJH Hong Kong, WFOE, VIE, and Other Subsidiaries are elimination items in our consolidating financial statements. Each entity in the Group is a legal entity. The unpaid balances will be settled by cash payment or by taking a loss, if any. The Company has no immediate plan to settle the intercompany amounts and such amounts will remain outstanding for the foreseeable future.

(3) | VIE’s loss was not included.

​

77

Table of Contents

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31, 2021
​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | MDJH | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | VIE and its | ​ | Other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Parent | ​ | Hong Kong | ​ | WFOE | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Eliminating | ​ | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (Cayman Islands) |  | (Hong Kong) |  | (PRC) |  | (PRC) | ​ | (UK) |  | Adjustments | ​ | Totals
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 1,743,412 |  | $ | 22 |  | $ | 500,725 |  | $ | 447,054 | ​ | $ | 3,052,865 |  | $ | — | ​ | $ | 5,744,078
Accounts receivable, net of allowance |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 2,125,712 | ​ | ​ | 11,999 |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,137,711
VIE’s profit receivable (1) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 737,798 |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  | ​ | (737,798) | ​ | ​ | —
Receivable from related parties (3) |  | ​ | 71,035 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 71,035
Due from Parent, MDJH Hong Kong, WOFE, VIE, and other subsidiaries (4) |  | ​ | 500,130 |  | ​ | 1,386,645 |  | ​ | 1,425,457 |  | ​ | 1,436,871 | ​ | ​ | 48,955 |  | ​ | (4,798,058) | ​ | ​ | —
Inter-group investments |  | ​ | 3,100,000 |  | ​ | 500,000 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  | ​ | (3,600,000) | ​ | ​ | —
Other assets |  | ​ | 3,881 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 398,844 | ​ | ​ | 10,590 |  | ​ | 2,831 | ​ | ​ | 416,146
Total Assets |  | $ | 5,418,458 | ​ | $ | 1,886,667 |  | $ | 2,663,980 |  | $ | 4,408,481 | ​ | $ | 3,124,409 |  | $ | (9,133,025) | ​ | $ | 8,368,970
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities, value-added tax, and other taxes payable | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,151,129 | ​ | $ | 10,376 | ​ | $ | 2,831 | ​ | $ | 1,164,336
VIE’s profit payable | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 737,798 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | $ | (737,798) | ​ | ​ | —
Due to Parent, MDJH Hong Kong, WFOE, VIE, and other subsidiaries (4) | ​ | ​ | 1,386,645 | ​ | ​ | 1,893,375 | ​ | ​ | 1,436,871 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 48,039 | ​ | ​ | (4,764,930) | ​ | ​ | —
Other liabilities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 243,455 | ​ | ​ | 3,763 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 247,218
Total Liabilities | ​ | ​ | 1,386,645 | ​ | ​ | 1,893,375 | ​ | ​ | 1,436,871 | ​ | ​ | 2,132,382 | ​ | ​ | 62,178 | ​ | ​ | (5,499,897) | ​ | ​ | 1,411,554
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Equities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Inter-group investments | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 535,231 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,100,000 | ​ | ​ | (3,635,231) | ​ | ​ | —
Common stocks | ​ | ​ | 1,295 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10,380 | ​ | ​ | 11,675
Capital and additional paid-in capital | ​ | ​ | 4,283,337 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 2,572,437 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (10,380) | ​ | ​ | 6,845,394
Statutory reserve | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 327,140 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 327,140
Retained earning (deficit) | ​ | ​ | (252,819) | ​ | ​ | (6,708) | ​ | ​ | (43,452) | ​ | ​ | 51,201 | ​ | ​ | (31,013) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (282,791)
Accumulated VIE’s profit contributions (2) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 737,798 | ​ | ​ | (737,798) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,468) | ​ | ​ | 63,119 | ​ | ​ | 149 | ​ | ​ | 2,103 | ​ | ​ | 62,903
Total MDJM Ltd shareholders’ equity | ​ | ​ | 4,031,813 | ​ | ​ | (6,708) | ​ | ​ | 1,227,109 | ​ | ​ | 2,276,099 | ​ | ​ | 3,069,136 | ​ | ​ | (3,633,128) | ​ | ​ | 6,964,321
Non-controlling interest | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (6,905) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (6,905)
Total Liabilities and Equities | ​ | $ | 5,418,458 | ​ | $ | 1,886,667 | ​ | $ | 2,663,980 | ​ | $ | 4,408,481 | ​ | $ | 3,124,409 | ​ | $ | (9,133,025) | ​ | $ | 8,368,970

(1) | VIE incurred a loss in 2021, so no shared profit was added in 2021.

(2) | VIE’s loss was not included.

(3) | Represented the fund advanced for the establishment of new subsidiaries that had not been completed as of December 31, 2021. The formation of these new subsidiaries was completed in January and February 2022, and these new subsidiaries are included in the consolidated group in the reporting period in 2022.

(4) | This line item refers to balances due from or due to Parent, MDJH Hong Kong, WFOE, VIE (Mingda Tianjin and its operational subsidiaries in China), and other subsidiaries owned by MDJM. The balances resulted from monetary transactions among the Group, such as advancing cash to establish a new operation, and paying expenses on behalf of other entities within the Group. There is no sales or purchase activity involved. The balances of due from or due to Parent, MDJH Hong Kong, WFOE, VIE, and Other Subsidiaries are elimination items in our consolidating financial statements. Each entity in the Group is a legal entity. The unpaid balances will be settled by cash payment or by taking a loss, if any. The Company has no immediate plan to settle the intercompany amounts and such amounts will remain outstanding for the foreseeable future.

​

78

Table of Contents

MDJM LTD

SELECTED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHESIVE INCOME (LOSS)

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | MDJH |  | ​ | ​ |  | VIE and its |  | Other |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Parent | ​ | Hong Kong | ​ | WFOE | ​ | subsidiaries | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Eliminating | ​ | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (Cayman Islands) | ​ | (Hong Kong) | ​ | (PRC) | ​ | (PRC) | ​ | (UK) | ​ | Adjustments | ​ | Totals
Revenue | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 41,954 | ​ | $ | 517,761 | ​ | $ | (414,852) | ​ | $ | 144,863
Service fee income from VIE and its subsidiaries* | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Payroll and payroll taxes | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (486,954) | ​ |  | (85,286) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (572,240)
Professional fees | ​ |  | (6,045) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (439,237) | ​ |  | (80,343) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (525,625)
Other G&A expenses | ​ |  | (127,462) | ​ |  | (1,410) | ​ |  | (2,578) | ​ |  | 90,239 | ​ |  | (744,796) | ​ |  | 414,852 | ​ |  | (371,155)
Loss from operations | ​ |  | (133,507) | ​ |  | (1,410) | ​ |  | (2,578) | ​ |  | (793,998) | ​ |  | (392,664) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1,324,157)
Other income (expenses) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1,223) | ​ |  | 142,012 | ​ |  | 33,757 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 174,546
Income tax | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (10,835) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (10,835)
Net income (loss) | ​ |  | (133,507) | ​ |  | (1,410) | ​ |  | (3,801) | ​ |  | (662,821) | ​ |  | (358,907) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1,160,446)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Net income (loss) attributable to MDJM Ltd ordinary shareholders | ​ | $ | (133,507) | ​ | $ | (1,410) | ​ | $ | (3,801) | ​ | $ | (662,821) | ​ | $ | (358,907) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (1,160,446)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income (loss) | ​ | $ | (133,507) | ​ | $ | (1,410) | ​ | $ | (3,801) | ​ | $ | (662,821) | ​ | $ | (358,907) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (1,160,446)
Change in foreign currency translation adjustments | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 259 | ​ |  | (32,425) | ​ |  | 210,964 | ​ |  | (70,278) | ​ |  | 108,520
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MDJM Ltd ordinary shareholders | ​ | $ | (133,507) | ​ | $ | (1,410) | ​ | $ | (3,542) | ​ | $ | (695,246) | ​ | $ | (147,943) | ​ | $ | (70,278) | ​ | $ | (1,051,926)

*According to the “Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement,” WFOE is entitled to receive 100% of VIE and its subsidiaries’ net income after deduction of required PRC statutory reserve as a service fee.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | MDJH | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | VIE and its | ​ | Other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Parent | ​ | Hong Kong | ​ | WFOE | ​ | subsidiaries | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Eliminating | ​ | Consolidated
​ |  | (Cayman Islands) |  | (Hong Kong) |  | (PRC) |  | (PRC) | ​ | (UK) |  | Adjustments |  | Totals
Revenue | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 434,371 | ​ | $ | 16,263 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 450,634
Service fee income from VIE and its subsidiaries* |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | —
Payroll and payroll taxes |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (1,331,838) | ​ | ​ | (39,134) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (1,370,972)
Professional fees |  | ​ | (11,694) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (408,883) | ​ | ​ | (135,080) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (555,657)
Other G&A expenses |  | ​ | (84,332) |  | ​ | (1,444) |  | ​ | (3,610) |  | ​ | (295,480) | ​ | ​ | (88,670) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (473,536)
Loss from operations |  | ​ | (96,026) |  | ​ | (1,444) |  | ​ | (3,610) |  | ​ | (1,601,830) | ​ | ​ | (246,621) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (1,949,531)
Other income (expenses) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | 37,859 |  | ​ | (245,217) | ​ | ​ | 5,825 |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (201,533)
Income tax |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,020) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (3,020)
Net income (loss) |  | ​ | (96,026) |  | ​ | (1,444) |  | ​ | 34,249 |  | ​ | (1,847,047) | ​ | ​ | (243,816) |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | (2,154,084)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Net income (loss) attributable to MDJM Ltd ordinary shareholders | ​ | $ | (96,026) | ​ | $ | (1,444) | ​ | $ | 34,249 | ​ | $ | (1,847,047) | ​ | $ | (243,816) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (2,154,084)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net Income (loss) | ​ | $ | (96,026) | ​ | $ | (1,444) | ​ | $ | 34,249 | ​ | $ | (1,847,047) | ​ | $ | (243,816) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (2,154,084)
Change in foreign currency translation adjustments | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 75,539 | ​ |  | (187,072) | ​ |  | 10,333 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (101,200)
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to MDJM Ltd ordinary shareholders | ​ | $ | (96,026) | ​ | $ | (1,444) | ​ | $ | 109,788 | ​ | $ | (2,034,119) | ​ | $ | (233,483) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (2,255,284)

* | VIE and its subsidiaries incurred loss in 2022 and WFOE is not entitled to any service fee income or share of VIE and its subsidiaries’ profit.

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the Years Ended December 31, 2021
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | MDJH | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | VIE and its | ​ | Other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Parent | ​ | Hong Kong | ​ | WFOE | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Eliminating | ​ | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (Cayman Islands) | ​ | (Hong Kong) | ​ | (PRC) | ​ | (PRC) | ​ | (UK) | ​ | Adjustments | ​ | Totals
Revenue | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 4,446,764 | ​ | $ | 19,469 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 4,466,233
Service fee income from VIE and its subsidiaries* | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Payroll and payroll taxes | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (5,540,125) | ​ |  | (14,061) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (5,554,186)
Professional fees | ​ |  | (5,225) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (439,585) | ​ |  | (15,464) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (460,274)
Other G&A expenses | ​ |  | (118,347) | ​ |  | (1,434) | ​ |  | (3,743) | ​ |  | (566,353) | ​ |  | (31,381) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (721,258)
Loss from operations | ​ |  | (123,572) | ​ |  | (1,434) | ​ |  | (3,743) | ​ |  | (2,099,299) | ​ |  | (41,437) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2,269,485)
Other income (expenses) | ​ |  | 6,852 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (14,130) | ​ |  | 30,584 | ​ |  | 3,376 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 26,682
Income tax | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (9,963) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (9,963)
Net loss | ​ |  | (116,720) | ​ |  | (1,434) | ​ |  | (17,873) | ​ |  | (2,078,678) | ​ |  | (38,061) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2,252,766)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,048 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 7,048
Net income (loss) attributable to MDJM Ltd ordinary shareholders | ​ | $ | (116,720) | ​ | $ | (1,434) | ​ | $ | (17,873) | ​ | $ | (2,071,630) | ​ | $ | (38,061) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (2,245,718)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net (loss) | ​ | $ | (116,720) | ​ | $ | (1,434) | ​ | $ | (17,873) | ​ | $ | (2,078,678) | ​ | $ | (38,061) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (2,252,766)
Change in foreign currency translation adjustments | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1,060) | ​ |  | 95,462 | ​ |  | 292 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 94,694
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (143) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (143)
Comprehensive loss attributable to MDJM Ltd ordinary shareholders | ​ | $ | (116,720) | ​ | $ | (1,434) | ​ | $ | (18,933) | ​ | $ | (1,983,216) | ​ | $ | (37,912) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (2,158,215)

* | VIE and its subsidiaries incurred loss in 2021 and WFOE is not entitled to any service fee income or share of VIE and its subsidiaries’ profit.

​

79

Table of Contents

MDJM LTD

SELECTED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATING STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Year Ended December 31, 2023
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | MDJH |  | ​ | ​ |  | VIE and its |  | Other |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Parent | ​ | Hong Kong | ​ | WFOE | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Eliminating | ​ | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (Cayman Islands) | ​ | (Hong Kong) | ​ | (PRC) | ​ | (PRC) | ​ | (UK) | ​ | Adjustments | ​ | Totals
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Foreign | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income (loss) | ​ | $ | (133,507) | ​ | $ | (1,410) | ​ | $ | (3,801) | ​ | $ | (662,821) | ​ | $ | (358,907) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (1,160,446)
Non cash service fee | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (151,853) | ​ |  | (6,739) | ​ |  | (18,499) | ​ |  | (177,091)
Other adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities | ​ |  | (1,623) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 781,548 | ​ |  | (41,753) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 738,172
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities | ​ |  | (135,130) | ​ |  | (1,410) | ​ |  | (3,801) | ​ |  | (33,126) | ​ |  | (407,399) | ​ |  | (18,499) | ​ |  | (599,365)
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Advanced (to) / from related parties | ​ | ​ | 61,115 | ​ | ​ | 1,480 | ​ | ​ | (64,554) | ​ | ​ | 324,468 | ​ | ​ | (323,507) | ​ | ​ | 998 | ​ | ​ | —
Other investing activities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 67,760 | ​ | ​ | (106,544) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (38,784)
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities | ​ | ​ | 61,115 | ​ | ​ | 1,480 | ​ | ​ | (64,554) | ​ | ​ | 392,228 | ​ | ​ | (430,051) | ​ | ​ | 998 | ​ | ​ | (38,784)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net proceeds from initial public offering | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Repayment of short-term loans | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (363,089) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (363,089)
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (363,089) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (363,089)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1 | ​ | ​ | (1,806) | ​ | ​ | (108) | ​ | ​ | 55,997 | ​ | ​ | 17,501 | ​ | ​ | 71,585
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | ​ | (74,015) | ​ | ​ | 71 | ​ | ​ | (70,161) | ​ | ​ | (4,095) | ​ | ​ | (781,453) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (929,653)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash - beginning of the period | ​ | ​ | 77,702 | ​ | ​ | 28 | ​ | ​ | 70,167 | ​ | ​ | 4,154 | ​ | ​ | 1,281,107 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,433,158
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash - end of the period | ​ | $ | 3,687 | ​ | $ | 99 | ​ | $ | 6 | ​ | $ | 59 | ​ | $ | 499,654 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 503,505

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Year Ended December 31, 2022
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | MDJH |  | ​ | ​ |  | VIE and its |  | Other | ​ | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | Parent | ​ | Hong Kong | ​ | WFOE | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Eliminating | ​ | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (Cayman Islands) | ​ | (Hong Kong) | ​ | (PRC) | ​ | (PRC) | ​ | (UK) | ​ | Adjustments | ​ | Totals
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income (loss) | ​ | $ | (96,026) | ​ | $ | (1,444) | ​ | $ | 34,249 | ​ | $ | (1,847,047) | ​ | $ | (243,816) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (2,154,084)
Non cash service fee | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Other adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities | ​ |  | 14,110 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (37,646) | ​ |  | 479,631 | ​ |  | 110,872 | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 566,967
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities | ​ |  | (81,916) | ​ |  | (1,444) | ​ |  | (3,397) | ​ |  | (1,367,416) | ​ |  | (132,944) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (1,587,117)
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Advanced to/from related parties | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other investing activities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 31,349 | ​ | ​ | (3,140,798) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,109,449)
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 31,349 | ​ | ​ | (3,140,798) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,109,449)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Proceeds from short-term loans | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 381,754 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 381,754
Intercompany investment (1) | ​ | ​ | (1,480,000) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 1,480,000 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Intercompany financing activities (2) | ​ | ​ | (103,794) | ​ | ​ | 1,450 | ​ | ​ | (439,335) | ​ | ​ | 537,267 | ​ | ​ | 4,412 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities | ​ | ​ | (1,583,794) | ​ | ​ | 1,450 | ​ | ​ | (439,335) | ​ | ​ | 919,021 | ​ | ​ | 1,484,412 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 381,754
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 12,175 | ​ | ​ | (25,459) | ​ | ​ | 17,572 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 4,288
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | ​ | (1,665,710) | ​ | ​ | 6 | ​ | ​ | (430,557) | ​ | ​ | (442,505) | ​ | ​ | (1,771,758) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (4,310,524)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash - beginning of the period | ​ | ​ | 1,743,412 | ​ | ​ | 22 | ​ | ​ | 500,725 | ​ | ​ | 446,658 | ​ | ​ | 3,052,865 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 5,743,682
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash - end of the period | ​ | $ | 77,702 | ​ | $ | 28 | ​ | $ | 70,168 | ​ | $ | 4,153 | ​ | $ | 1,281,107 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 1,433,158

(1) | Represented the amount invested into MD UK.

(2) | Represented the changes in the balances of “due to/due from related parties.” The nature of intercompany transactions is temporary internal financing. The balance of due to/from balance will be settled within the sub-group, such as, among Parent and its subsidiaries and among the VIE and subsidiaries of the VIE when funds are available.

​

80

Table of Contents

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | MDJH |  | ​ | ​ |  | VIE and its |  | Other |  | Effect | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Parent | ​ | Hong Kong | ​ | WFOE | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Subsidiaries | ​ | Foreign | ​ | Consolidated
​ | ​ | (Cayman Islands) | ​ | (Hong Kong) | ​ | (PRC) | ​ | (PRC) | ​ | (UK) | ​ | Exchange | ​ | Totals
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net income (loss) | ​ | $ | (116,720) | ​ | $ | (1,434) | ​ | $ | (17,873) | ​ | $ | (2,078,678) | ​ | $ | (38,061) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | (2,252,766)
Non cash service fee | ​ |  | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Other adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities | ​ |  | (1,622) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 1,913,775 | ​ |  | (8,070) | ​ |  | 14,402 | ​ |  | 1,918,485
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities | ​ |  | (118,342) | ​ |  | (1,434) | ​ |  | (17,873) | ​ |  | (164,903) | ​ |  | (46,131) | ​ |  | 14,402 | ​ |  | (334,281)
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Advanced to related parties (1) | ​ | ​ | (71,035) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (71,035)
Other investing activities | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 17,680 | ​ | ​ | (556) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 17,124
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities | ​ | ​ | (71,035) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 17,680 | ​ | ​ | (556) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (53,911)
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | —
Intercompany investment (2) | ​ | ​ | (3,100,000) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 3,100,000 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | —
Intercompany financing activities (4) | ​ | ​ | 56,278 | ​ | ​ | 1,440 | ​ | ​ | 3,729 | ​ | ​ | (54,167) | ​ | ​ | 82 | ​ | ​ | (7,362) | ​ | ​ | —
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities | ​ | ​ | (3,043,722) | ​ | ​ | 1,440 | ​ | ​ | 3,729 | ​ | ​ | (54,167) | ​ | ​ | 3,100,082 | ​ | ​ | (7,362) | ​ | ​ | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 14,392 | ​ | ​ | 15,402 | ​ | ​ | (530) | ​ | ​ | (7,040) | ​ | ​ | 22,224
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | ​ | (3,233,099) | ​ | ​ | 6 | ​ | ​ | 248 | ​ | ​ | (185,988) | ​ | ​ | 3,052,865 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (365,968)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash - beginning of the period (5) | ​ | ​ | 4,976,511 | ​ | ​ | 16 | ​ | ​ | 500,477 | ​ | ​ | 633,042 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 6,110,046
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash - end of the period | ​ | $ | 1,743,412 | ​ | $ | 22 | ​ | $ | 500,725 | ​ | $ | 447,054 | ​ | $ | 3,052,865 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 5,744,078

(1) | Represented the fund advanced for the establishment of new subsidiaries that had not been completed as of December 31, 2021. The formation of these new subsidiaries was completed in 2022, and they are included in the consolidated group in the reporting period in 2022.

(2) | Represented the amount invested into MD UK.

(3) | Represented the amount invested into WFOE, Beijing Mingda.

(4) | Represented the changes in the balances of “due to/due from related parties.” The nature of intercompany transactions is temporary internal financing. The balance of due to/from balance will be settled within the sub-group, such as, among Parent and its subsidiaries and among the VIE and subsidiaries of the VIE when funds are available.

(5) | $647 was removed from the opening balance in 2021 due to deconsolidation.

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and their related notes included in this annual report. This report contains forward-looking statements. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—G. Safe Harbor.” In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the information provided under the caption “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” in this annual report. We caution you that our businesses and financial performance are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties.

A. | Operating Results

Comparison of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Revenue

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change in $ |  | Change in % |
Revenue | ​ | $ | 144,863 | ​ | $ | 450,634 | ​ | $ | (305,771) |  | (68) | %

​

81

Table of Contents

The revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $144,863, a decrease of $305,771, or 68%, from $450,634 in 2022. The decrease of the revenue for 2023 was primarily attributed to the shrinking of sales in new residential housing market in the PRC; the real estate agent income in 2023 was $41,954, a decrease of $392,417, or 90%, compared to $434,371 in 2022. The Company is shifting its focus to United Kingdom and other non-PRC markets. As a result, the PRC operating entities acquired no new projects in 2023 and have not acquired any new projects in 2024, as of the date of this report. The Company acquired two new properties in the UK, which started generating income in 2023. Revenue from the UK hotel and related businesses totaled $102,909, marking an increase of $86,646, or 533%, compared to $16,263 in 2022. This significant growth is attributable to the newly acquired properties in the UK.The Company is optimistic about its UK operations and is transforming itself into a hub for artisan exchanges, art shows, and sales. Currently, the Robin Hill Hotel is being redeveloped into an art-focused hotel that will feature a diverse range of artworks and regularly host art exhibitions. These pieces of arts will be available for purchase both in-person and online, thereby enhancing the hotel’s appeal and contributing to increased room rates and additional revenue streams. The art industry represents a new avenue for the Company’s external growth.

Recently, the Company has partnered with a Tianjin-based artist who is skilled in dough sculpture and a recognized inheritor of intangible cultural heritage. His first batch of artworks is on its way to the UK. Additionally, the Company is in negotiations with another artist, a national representative inheritor of Suzhou embroidery. This partnership is expected to soon bring Suzhou embroidery artists into the Company’s fold.

To achieve these goals, the Company may need time to build public awareness and secure additional funding. However, there are uncertainties associated with these new ventures, including no guaranteed profitability in the short to medium term and challenges in maintaining sustainable financial sources for long-term support. Furthermore, increasing energy costs, a labor shortage in the UK, and the ongoing conflict in Ukraine could negatively impact the Company’s operations in the region.

Operating Expenses

The following table summarized the PRC operating entities’ operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change in US$ |  | % Change |
Operating Expenses | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  |
Selling expenses | ​ | $ | 63 | ​ | $ | 10,219 | ​ | $ | (10,156) | ​ | (99) | %
Payroll, payroll taxes and others | ​ |  | 572,240 | ​ |  | 1,370,972 | ​ | ​ | (798,732) | ​ | (58) | %
Professional fees | ​ |  | 525,625 | ​ |  | 555,657 | ​ | ​ | (30,032) | ​ | (5) | %
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 76,246 | ​ |  | 36,243 | ​ | ​ | 40,003 | ​ | 110 | %
(Recovery) allowance for current expected credit losses (“CECL”) – trade receivable, net | ​ |  | (159,509) | ​ |  | 165,464 | ​ | ​ | (324,973) | ​ | (196) | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other general and administrative | ​ |  | 454,355 | ​ |  | 261,610 | ​ | ​ | 192,745 | ​ | 74 | %
Total operating expenses | ​ | $ | 1,469,020 | ​ | $ | 2,400,165 | ​ | $ | (931,145) | ​ | (39) | %

​

The operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 were $1,469,020, a decrease of $931,145, or 39%, from $2,400,165 in 2022. The decline in operating expenses was a direct reflection of the decline in revenue.

Selling expenses were $63 in 2023, a decrease of $10,156, or 99%, from $10,219 in 2022, the PRC operating entities continued to reduce their selling activities in 2023, due to the depressed Chinese real estate market.

Payroll, payroll taxes, and others were $572,240 in 2023, a decrease of $798,732, or 58%, compared to $1,370,972 in 2022. In response to a shrinking market, the PRC operating entities have reduced sales and other staff. On December 31, 2023, the Company had 11 employees, unchanged from 11 on December 31, 2022. Accordingly, the payroll, payroll taxes, and other related employment expenses decreased.

Professional fees consist of legal, US GAAP audit, consulting, investors relationship and other U.S. SEC filing related fees. Professional fees were $525,625 in 2023, a decrease of $30,032, or 5%, compared to $555,657 in 2022. The decrease in the Company’s professional fees reflected the Company’s efforts to control the costs.

82

Table of Contents

Depreciation and amortization expenses totaled $76,246 for the year ended December 31, 2023. This represents an increase of $40,003, or 110%, from $36,243 in 2022. The substantial rise in depreciation expenses was primarily due to the depreciation of real estate properties in the UK. As of December 31, 2023, the net assets remaining in China were approximately $2,000. Currently, the Company does not have any plans to acquire new assets in China. In 2023, the allowance for CECL on trade receivables, net, recorded a recovery of $159,509, compared to an allowance of $165,464 in 2022. This recovery was primarily due to the successful collection of accounts receivable that had previously been written off based on management’s judgment. It is important to note that this recovery is not an accounting adjustment resulting from the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”).

The Group implemented this standard at the start of the fiscal year on January 1, 2023. In accordance with ASU 2016-13, the Group assesses the risk of accounts receivable in all ages and makes reservation for the risk of accounts receivable in all ages. Following CECL rates were used to calculate current expected credit losses:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Age of acconts receivable |  | Current |  | 31-60 days |  | 61-90 days |  | 91-180 days |  | 181-365 days |  | Over 365 days |
Historical loss rate |  | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 5.00 | % | 20.00 | %
Adjustment |  | 0.38 | % | 0.76 | % | 1.14 | % | 1.26 | % | 2.53 | % | 4.55 | %
CECL rate |  | 0.38 | % | 0.76 | % | 1.14 | % | 1.26 | % | 7.53 | % | 24.55 | %

​

Other general and administrative expenses totaled $454,355 for the year ended December 31, 2023, representing an increase of $192,745, or 74%, from $261,610 in 2022. Expenses related to UK operations were $255,533, representing a significant increase of $147,031, or 136%, from $108,502 in 2022, which reflected the Company’s efforts to strengthen its operations in the UK.

Net Income

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change in US$ |  | Change in % | ​
Revenue | ​ | $ | 144,863 | ​ | $ | 450,634 | ​ | $ | (305,771) |  | (68) | %
Operating expenses | ​ |  | 1,469,020 | ​ |  | 2,400,165 | ​ |  | (931,145) |  | (39) | %
(Loss) income from operations | ​ |  | (1,324,157) | ​ |  | (1,949,531) | ​ |  | 625,374 |  | (32) | %
Interest and other income (expense), net | ​ |  | 155,796 | ​ |  | (15,604) | ​ |  | 171,400 |  | (1,098) | %
Gain (loss) on sale of asset | ​ |  | (12) | ​ |  | 10,954 | ​ |  | (10,966) |  | (100) | %
Loss on deconsolidation | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (240,431) | ​ |  | 240,431 | ​ | (100) | %
Gain (loss) on foreign currency transactions | ​ |  | 18,762 | ​ |  | 43,548 | ​ |  | (24,786) |  | (57) | %
Total other income and expenses | ​ |  | 174,546 | ​ |  | (201,533) | ​ |  | 376,079 |  | (187) | %
Income before income tax | ​ |  | (1,149,611) | ​ |  | (2,151,064) | ​ |  | 1,001,453 |  | (47) | %
Provision for income tax | ​ |  | (10,835) | ​ |  | (3,020) | ​ |  | (7,815) |  | 259 | %
Net income | ​ | $ | (1,160,446) | ​ | $ | (2,154,084) | ​ | $ | 993,638 |  | (46) | %

​

Our net loss was $1,160,446 in 2023, a decrease of $993,638, or 46%, compared to a net loss of $2,154, 084 in 2022. The decrease in our net loss in 2023 mainly resulted from a 68% decrease in revenue and a $931,145, or 39%, decrease in operating expenses discussed above.

Mingda Tianjin closed its branch office located in Suzhou in 2022. This entity was deconsolidated from the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company recognized a loss of $0 and $240,431 in its consolidated financial statements dated December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Comparison of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Revenue

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change in $ |  | Change in % |
Revenue | ​ | $ | 450,634 | ​ | $ | 4,466,233 | ​ | $ | (4,015,599) |  | (90) | %

​

83

Table of Contents

The revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, was $450,634, a decrease of $4,015,599, or -90%, from $4,466,233 in 2021. The decrease of the revenue for 2022 was primarily attributed to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the tightening policy by the Chinese government. In response to the shrinking of sales in new residential housing market in the PRC, the Company is shifting its focus to United Kingdom and other non-PRC markets. As a result, the PRC operating entities acquired no new projects in 2022 and have not acquired any new projects in 2023, as of the date of this report.

In August 2022, the Company purchased “Fernie Castle,” a real property located in Scotland. The Company plans to remodel this property into a multi-functional cultural venue with functions of fine dining restaurant, hotel, wedding events, and gardening. In December 2022, the Company purchased a second real estate property located at Torquay, England. The Company plans to remodel this property and operate as a hotel with restaurant facilities. To achieve this goal, the Company needs to find experts, skilled workers in the UK local market and to obtain long-term financial support. There is no guarantee that these new businesses will be profitable in the short to medium term or that the Company will have sustainable financial sources to support such operations in the long term. In addition, the continuous increase in energy costs, the labor shortage in the UK, and the war in Ukraine will all have negative impacts on Company’s operation in the UK.

Operating Expenses

The following table summarized the PRC operating entities’ operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change in US$ |  | % Change |
Operating Expenses |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  |  | ​
Selling expenses | ​ | $ | 10,219 | ​ | $ | 47,480 | ​ | $ | (37,261) |  | (78) | %
Payroll, payroll taxes and others | ​ |  | 1,370,972 | ​ |  | 5,554,186 | ​ |  | (4,183,214) |  | (75) | %
Professional fees | ​ |  | 555,657 | ​ |  | 460,274 | ​ |  | 95,383 |  | 21 | %
Operating lease expense | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 117,686 | ​ | ​ | (117,686) | ​ | (100) | %
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 36,243 | ​ |  | 24,910 | ​ |  | 11,333 |  | 45 | %
Provision (reduction) for doubtful accounts, net | ​ |  | 165,464 | ​ |  | 59,625 | ​ |  | 105,839 |  | 178 | %
Other general and administrative | ​ |  | 261,610 | ​ |  | 471,557 | ​ |  | (209,947) |  | (45) | %
Total operating expenses | ​ | $ | 2,400,165 | ​ | $ | 6,735,718 | ​ | $ | (4,335,553) |  | (64) | %

​

The operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022 were $2,400,165, a decrease of $4,335,553, or -64%, from $6,735,718 in 2021. The decline in operating expenses was a direct reflection of the decline in revenue.

Selling expenses were $10,219 in 2022, a decrease of $37,261, or -78%, from $47,480 in 2021, the PRC operating entities started reducing their selling activities in 2021, due to the depressed Chinese real estate market.

Payroll, payroll taxes, and others were $1,370,972 in 2022, a decrease of $4,183,214, or -75%, compared to $5,554,186 in 2021. In response to a shrinking market, the PRC operating entities have reduced sales and other staff. On December 31, 2022, the Company had 11 employees, a reduction of 60, or 84.5%, compared to 71 on December 31, 2021. Accordingly, the payroll, payroll taxes and other related employment expense reduced.

Professional fees consist of legal, US GAAP audit, consulting, investors relationship and other U.S. SEC filing related fees. Professional fees were $555,657 in 2022, an increase of $95,383, or 21%, compared to $460,274 in 2021. The increase in the Company’s professional fees reflected the Company’s efforts to develop the new business out of PRC. Such expenses amounted to $135,080 in 2022, an increase of $119,616, compared to $15,464 in 2021. The increase of foreign attorney fees was offset by the decrease of other domestic professional fees in PRC in 2022.

The PRC operating entities’ operating lease expenses were $0, compared to $117,686 in 2021. To adapt to the market changes, the Company downsized its operations in PRC and terminated its lease agreement with the landlord on May 31, 2022. There was no penalty related to the termination of the lease. For other leases with lease terms of 12 months or less, the PRC operating entities made an election not to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities.

84

Table of Contents

Depreciation and amortization expenses were $36,243 for the year ended December 31, 2022, an increase of $11,333, or 45%, from $24,910 in the year of 2021. The depreciation in Company’s UK assets increased by $19,706, resulting from new purchases of real properties in 2022. The increase of depreciation expenses in the UK was offset by the decrease in depreciation expenses in the PRC. The Company disposed certain assets located in PRC and with a gain of $10,953 in 2022.

Provision for doubtful accounts expenses were $165,464 in 2022, an increase of $105,839, or 178%, compared to $59,625 in 2021. The Group will reserve 5% of allowance for accounts receivable ages from seven months to 12 months and reserve 20% of allowance for accounts receivable ages over 365 days. As of December 31, 2022, the Group reserved $231,937 of allowance for doubtful accounts. As of December 31, 2021, the Group reserved $76,462 of allowance for doubtful accounts. The increase in allowance in 2022 was resulted from one client. The Group had adopted legal action to collect balance of receivable from this customer.

Other general and administrative expenses were $261,610 in the year ended December 31, 2022, a decrease of $209,947, or -45%, from $471,557 in 2021. The other general and administrative expenses of the Group’s VIE and its subsidiaries (operations in the PRC) were $111,123, a decrease of $211,419, or -66%, compared to the 322,542 in 2021, which resulted from the Group’s shrinking in the PRC.

Net Income

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change in US$ |  | Change in % |
Revenue | ​ | $ | 450,634 | ​ | $ | 4,466,233 | ​ | $ | (4,015,599) | ​ | -90 | %
Operating expenses |  | ​ | 2,400,165 |  | ​ | 6,735,718 | ​ | ​ | (4,335,553) | ​ | -64 | %
(Loss) income from operations |  | ​ | (1,949,531) |  | ​ | (2,269,485) | ​ | ​ | 319,954 | ​ | -14 | %
Interest and other income (expense), net |  | ​ | (15,604) |  | ​ | 49,434 | ​ | ​ | (65,038) | ​ | -132 | %
Gain on sale of asset |  | ​ | 10,954 |  | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 10,954 | ​ | — | ​
Loss on deconsolidation |  | ​ | (240,431) |  | ​ | (8,350) | ​ | ​ | (232,081) | ​ | 2,779 | %
Gain (loss) on foreign currency transactions |  | ​ | 43,548 |  | ​ | (14,402) | ​ | ​ | 57,950 | ​ | -402 | %
Total other income and expenses |  | ​ | (201,533) |  | ​ | 26,682 | ​ | ​ | (228,215) | ​ | -855 | %
Income before income tax | ​ | ​ | (2,151,064) | ​ | ​ | (2,242,803) | ​ | ​ | 91,739 | ​ | -4 | %
Provision for income tax | ​ | ​ | (3,020) | ​ | ​ | (9,963) | ​ | ​ | 6,943 | ​ | -70 | %
Net income | ​ | $ | (2,154,084) | ​ | $ | (2,252,766) | ​ | $ | 98,682 | ​ | -4 | %

​

Our net loss was $2,154,084 in 2022, a decrease of $98,682, or -4%, compared to a net loss of $2,252,766 in 2021. The decrease in our net loss in 2022 mainly resulted from their 90% decrease in revenue and a 64% decrease in operating expenses discussed above.

Mingda Tianjin closed its branch office located in Suzhou in 2022 and its branch office in Yangzhou and its subsidiaries, Xishe, Xishe Media, and Xishe Xianglin, in 2021. These entities were deconsolidated from the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company recognized a loss of $240,431 and $8,350 in its consolidated financial statements dated December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Taxation

We are not required to file United States Income Tax returns since we have no United States operations.

MDJM was incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, MDJM is not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, upon payments of dividends by MDJM to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

MDJH Hong Kong was incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong and is subject to the uniform tax rate of 16.5%. Under Hong Kong tax law, it is exempted from the Hong Kong income tax on its foreign-derived income and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on the remittance of dividends. MDJH Hong Kong did not have significant activities in Hong Kong in 2023, 2022, and 2021.

MD UK, Mansions, and Fernie Castle Culture were incorporated in the UK. The Group’s operation in UK is governed by the income tax laws of the UK. The normal rate of corporation tax is 19% for the financial year beginning April 1, 2022 and have increased to 25% for the financial year beginning April 1, 2023. The UK tax year ends on April 5.

85

Table of Contents

A substantial part of the Group’s current revenue is generated through the VIE and subsidiaries of the VIE, and they are subject to PRC income taxes. The Group’s subsidiary and VIE in the PRC are subject to a standard tax rate of 25%. At the beginning of 2019, China State Administration of Taxation issued a new income tax abatement policy to small business with income tax less than RMB3 million, number of employees less than 300, and total assets less than RMB50 million for the tax periods from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021. According to the new tax abatement policy, the income tax rate is reduced to 5% for small business with income tax less than RMB1 million, the income tax rate is reduced to 10% for small business with income tax from RMB1 million to RMB3 million. From January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024, the PRC tax authority will keep the same tax abatement police for small businesses. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the Group was qualified to receive above tax abatement.

On July 24, 2023, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China emphasized at its meeting the need to continue implementing proactive fiscal policies, optimize, and enhance tax and fee reduction policies to strongly support technological innovation, the development of the real economy, and small and micro enterprises. According to the official Chinese government website, a summary guide on tax reduction and preferential policies has been released. As part of these improvements, the expiring tax and fee preferential policies for small and micro enterprises and individual businesses will be uniformly extended until the end of 2027. Furthermore, the value - added tax reduction and exemption policies for small - scale taxpayers will continue until December 31, 2027. From January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2027, personal income tax will be halved for individual industrial and commercial households with an annual taxable income of up to 2 million yuan. Resource tax (excluding the resource tax on oil and natural gas), urban maintenance and construction tax, property tax, urban land use tax, stamp tax (excluding securities transaction stamp tax), farmland occupation tax, education surcharge, and local education surcharge will be reduced by half for small - scale value - added tax taxpayers, small and micro profit enterprises, and individual industrial and commercial households. Additionally, the policy of reducing the taxable income of small and micro profit enterprises by 25% and applying a corporate income tax rate of 20% will also continue until December 31, 2027.

On the afternoon of March 20, 2024, the State Council Information Office held a routine policy briefing on the Action Plan for Solidly Promoting High - Level Opening to the Outside World and Strengthening the Attraction and Utilization of Foreign Investment. Officials from the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce, the People’s Bank of China, and the National Immigration Administration briefed on the efforts to promote high - level openness and enhance the attraction and utilization of foreign investment. During the meeting, it was announced that foreign - invested enterprises in western regions and encouraged industries in Hainan Province that meet specific conditions will benefit from a 15% reduction in corporate income tax. Additionally, encouraged foreign - invested industrial projects that require intensive land use will be given priority in land supply. When determining the land transfer price for these projects, it can be set at a rate not lower than 70% of the minimum national industrial land transfer standard corresponding to the land grade in the area.

The provision for income tax for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 were summarized as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
Deferred tax adjustment |  | ​ | 10,835 | ​ | ​ | 3,020 | ​ | ​ | 9,963
Total income tax | ​ | $ | 10,835 | ​ | $ | 3,020 | ​ | $ | 9,963

​

86

Table of Contents

Reconciliation of the statutory income tax rate and the Company’s effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, are as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
China |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Hong Kong statutory income tax rate |  | 16.50 | % | 16.50 | %
Valuation allowance recognized with respect to the loss in Hong Kong Company |  | (16.50) | % | (16.50) | %
PRC statutory income tax rate |  | 25.00 | % | 25.00 | %
Effect of income tax exemptions and reliefs in the PRC companies |  | (25.00) | % | (25.00) | %
Effect of valuation and deferred tax adjustments |  | (1.65) | % | 0.00 | %
Effective rate |  | (1.65) | % | 0.00 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
United Kingdom | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
UK statutory income tax rate | ​ | 19.00 | % | 19.00 | %
Valuation allowance recognized with respect to the loss in UK | ​ | (19.00) | % | (19.00) | %
Effect of valuation and deferred tax adjustments |  | 0.00 | % | (1.65) | %
Effective rate |  | 0.00 | % | (1.65) | %

​

Impact of Inflation

We do not believe the impact of inflation on our company is material.

Impact of Foreign Currency Fluctuations

The subsidiaries and the VIE maintain their books and records in RMB. Our reporting currency is USD. In general, for consolidation purposes, we translate assets and liabilities into USD using the applicable exchange rates prevailing at the balance sheet date, and the statement of income is translated at average exchange rates during the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation of their financial statements are recorded as accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The foreign currency translation from RMB to USD could materially affect our financial condition and results of operations due to the fluctuation of exchange rate. The exchange rates in effect are shown below:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31,
US Dollar Exchange Rate | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2019
At end of the period - RMB |  | 7.0999 | ​ | 6.8987 | ​ | 6.3524 | ​ | 6.5378 | ​ | 6.9668
Average rate for the period ended - RMB |  | 7.0809 | ​ | 6.7347 | ​ | 6.4491 | ​ | 6.9003 | ​ | 6.9072

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
2023 China Revenue in RMB | ​ | 297,070 | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Exchange Effect -
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Compared to
Translated into US$ with various exchange rates |  | ​ |  | US$ |  | 2023 Rate
2023 average rate | ​ | 7.0809 | ​ | 41,954 | ​ | —
2022 average rate | ​ | 6.7347 | ​ | 44,110 | ​ | 2,156
2021 average rate | ​ | 6.4491 | ​ | 46,064 | ​ | 4,110
2020 average rate |  | 6.9003 | ​ | 43,052 | ​ | 1,098
2019 average rate |  | 6.9072 | ​ | 43,009 | ​ | 1,055

​

We did not have any foreign currency investments hedged by currency borrowings or other hedging instruments for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

B. | Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of cash were revenue from the PRC operating entities’ agency sales and revenue from hotel and rental management in the UK. Most of our cash resources were used to fund our revenue related expenses, such as salaries and commissions paid to the PRC and the UK operating entities’ sales force, daily administrative expenses, and the maintenance of regional offices.

87

Table of Contents

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $503,505, among cash and cash equivalents, $3,851 was restricted foreign currency, which may be used within the PRC. We had other working capital of $56,967. The working capital totaled $560,472. Management believes that current cash plus other working capital will support our operations and meet our obligations on a timely basis for the next 12 months from the issuance date of this annual report by successfully implementing our business plans.

Under applicable PRC regulations, foreign-invested enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a foreign invested enterprise in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to its general reserves until the cumulative amount of such reserves reach 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. As of December 31, 2023, our statutory reserve amounted $327,140, which was approximately to 13% of Mingda Tianjin’s registered capital.

In addition, part of our businesses and assets are denominated in RMB, which is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions take place either through the PBOC or other banks authorized to buy and sell foreign currencies at the exchange rates quoted by the PBOC. Approval of foreign currency payments by the PBOC or other regulatory institutions requires submitting a payment application form together with suppliers’ invoices, shipping documents and signed contracts. These currency exchange control procedures imposed by the PRC government authorities may restrict the ability of the PRC operating entities to transfer net assets to the Parent Company through loans, advances or cash dividends.

The EIT Law and its implementing rules generally provide that a 10% withholding tax applies to China-sourced income derived by non-resident enterprises for PRC enterprise income tax purposes unless the jurisdiction of incorporation of such enterprises’ shareholder has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement.

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in our working capital for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Working Capital |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Change in $ |  | Change in % |
Total current assets |  | ​ | 682,509 |  | ​ | 2,491,721 |  | ​ | (1,809,212) |  | (73) | %
Total current liabilities |  | ​ | 122,037 |  | ​ | 705,944 |  | ​ | (583,907) |  | (83) | %
Working Capital | ​ | $ | 560,472 | ​ | $ | 1,785,777 | ​ | $ | (1,225,305) |  | (69) | %

​

Working capital was $560,472 as of December 31, 2023, a decrease of $1,225,305, or 69%, compared to $1,785,777 as of December 31, 2022. The decrease in current assets was primarily due to the decrease in accounts receivable of $803,649, and spending of $106,544 on renovation of property in the UK.

Cash Flows for the Year ended December 31, 2023, Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2022

Because the exchange rate conversion is different for the consolidated balance sheets and the consolidated statements of cash flows, the changes in assets and liabilities reflected on the consolidated statements of cash flows are not necessarily identical with the comparable changes reflected on the consolidated balance sheets.

Comparison of cash flows results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 are summarized as follows:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Changes
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | (decreased) / increased
Net cash (used in) operating activities | ​ | $ | (599,365) | ​ | $ | (1,587,117) | ​ | $ | 987,752
Net cash (used in) investing activities | ​ |  | (38,784) | ​ |  | (3,109,449) | ​ |  | 3,070,665
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | ​ |  | (363,089) | ​ |  | 381,754 | ​ |  | (744,843)
Effect of changes of foreign exchange rate | ​ |  | 71,585 | ​ |  | 4,288 | ​ |  | 67,297
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | (929,653) | ​ | $ | (4,310,524) | ​ | $ | 3,380,871

​

88

Table of Contents

Operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $(599,365), consisting of a net loss of $1,160,446, noncash negative adjustments of $177,091, and a net positive adjustment in our operating assets and liabilities of $738,172. The positive adjustments included: a decrease in accounts receivable of $935,537, resulting from the collection of past due of accounts receivable and reduced sales in 2023, a $15,726 decrease in prepaid expenses, and an increase in deferred income of 1,847. The negative adjustments included: a $2,051 increase in other receivable, a $207,250 decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, majorly payroll and bonus payable, and a $5,637 decrease in VAT and other tax payable.

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $1,587,117, consisting of a net loss of $2,154,084, noncash positive adjustments of $411,897, and a net positive adjustment in our operating assets and liabilities of $155,070. The positive adjustments included: a decrease in accounts receivable of $815,839, resulting from the collection of past due of accounts receivable and reduced sales in 2022, and a $5,914 decrease in prepaid expenses. The negative adjustments included: a $2,788 increase in other receivable, a $537,442 decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, majorly payroll and bonus payable, a $125,453 decrease in VAT and other tax payable, and a $1,000 decrease in deferred income.

Investing activities

The purchase of property and equipment, including vehicle, office equipment, and software, was $106,544 and $3,140,798 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Group received $1,384 and $30,607 proceeds from the disposal of partial assets located in the PRC in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Group received repayment of $66,376 and $742 from a loan receivable for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Financing activities

Mingda Tianjin borrowed a $148,485 (RMB1,000,000 at the 2022 average exchange rate) short-term loan from the China Construction Bank and $233,269 (RMB1,571,000 at the 2022 average exchange rate) from an unrelated individual as working capital in 2022. The Company repaid short-term loans in full in 2023.

Cash Flows for the Year ended December 31, 2022, Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2021

Comparison of cash flows results for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | Changes
​ | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2021 | ​ | (used) / provided
Net cash (used in) operating activities | ​ | $ | (1,587,117) | ​ | $ | (334,281) | ​ | $ | (1,252,836)
Net cash (used in) investing activities |  | ​ | (3,109,449) | ​ | ​ | (53,911) | ​ | ​ | (3,055,538)
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | ​ | 381,754 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 381,754
Effect of changes of foreign exchange rate |  | ​ | 4,288 | ​ | ​ | 22,224 | ​ | ​ | (17,936)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | (4,310,524) | ​ | $ | (365,968) | ​ | $ | (3,944,556)

​

Operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $1,587,117, consisting of a net loss of $2,154,084, noncash positive adjustments of $411,897, and a net positive adjustment in our operating assets and liabilities of $155,070. The positive adjustments included: a decrease in accounts receivable of $815,839, resulting from the collection of past due of accounts receivable and reduced sales in 2022, and a $5,914 decrease in prepaid expenses. The negative adjustments included: a $2,788 increase in other receivable, a $537,442 decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses, majorly payroll and bonus payable, a $125,453 decrease in VAT and other tax payable, and a $1,000 decrease in deferred income.

89

Table of Contents

Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, was $334,281, consisting of net loss of $(2,252,766), noncash adjustments of $226,036 and a net positive adjustment in our operating assets and liabilities of $1,692,449. The positive adjustments included: a decrease in accounts receivable of $1,969,361, resulting from the collection of past due of accounts receivable and reduced sales in 2021; a $16,190 decrease in other receivable, resulting from the collection; and an increase in deferred income. The negative adjustments included: increase in prepaid expense of $2,664, decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $162,279, decrease in income, VAT and other tax payable of $85,526 and decrease in operating lease liability of $46,474.

Investing activities

The purchase of property and equipment, including vehicle, office equipment, and software, was $3,140,798 and $6,600 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The Group received $30,607 proceeds from the disposal of partial assets located in the PRC in 2022.

The Group received repayment of $742 and $23,724 from a loan receivable for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Financing activities

Mingda Tianjin borrowed a $148,485 (RMB1,000,000 at 2022 average exchange rate) short-term loan from the China Construction Bank and $233,269 (RMB1,571,000 at average rate) from an unrelated individual as working capital in 2022.

Capital Expenditures

We incurred capital expenditures of $106,544, $3,140,798, and $6,600 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The capital expenditures in 2023 were primarily related to the building fixtures, facilities, landscaping, and improvement. The 2022 expenditures were primarily related to real properties purchased in the UK. The 2021 expenditures were primarily related to the office equipment and computer software.

Contractual Obligations

We did not have contractual obligations as of December 31, 2023.

Lease Commitments

The PRC operating entities had one long-term lease, which became effective on January 1, 2019, and which expired on December 31, 2023. The Group adopted new accounting standard ASC 842 effective January 1, 2019. The Group used 4.35%, the Chinese bank long-term lending annual rate for a typical five-year lease as an incremental borrowing rate, in determining the present value of future lease payments. The same rate was used as the discount rate to measure the lease liability on January 1, 2019, the date of adoption. At initial measurement, the Group recorded a non-cash ROU asset of $479,744 (RMB3,342,278 translated on December 31, 2019 exchange rate, and a noncash lease liability of $479,744 (RMB3,342,278 translated on December 31, 2019). On May 31, 2022, the Group terminated the lease agreement with landlord. There was no penalty related to the termination of the lease.

C. | Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

Research and Development

The PRC operating entities’ market research and development team is capable of providing tailored real estate consulting services to assist clients in real estate product development and marketing and sales, on an as needed basis. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the PRC operating entities did not spend funds on research and development.

90

Table of Contents

Intellectual Property

The PRC operating entities have registered the trademark “Mingda Jiahe” in China. The “Mingda Jiahe” brand, associated with a well-recognized, integrated real estate services company in the local markets that it operates, and other intellectual property rights contribute to the PRC operating entities’ competitive advantage in the real estate services industry in the PRC.

The PRC operating entities have registered the domain name, mdjhchina.com, with the China Internet Network Information Center. Neither we nor the PRC operating entities hold any copyright registration in China. The PRC operating entities have obtained a software copyright certificate covering their office OA system, which provides enhanced intellectual property protection under PRC laws.

While we cannot assure you that the PRC operating entities’ efforts will deter others from misappropriating their intellectual property rights, they will continue to create and protect their intellectual property rights in order to maintain their competitive position.

D.Trend Information

Starting in 2021, the tightening up of regulation policies on Chinese real estate market had direct negative impact on the PRC operating entities’ operations. The PRC operating entities have been gradually shrinking their business activities in the Chinese real estate market. Real estate agent income declined by 89.85% in 2023 compared to 2022, by 89.71% in 2022 compared to 2021, and by 28.55% in 2021 compared to 2020. Instead, the Group will focus on the opportunity globally in the future. Our UK subsidiaries commenced their business in 2021. Revenue from UK was $102,909 in 2023, an increase of $86,646, or 533%, compared to $16,263 in 2022.

Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our operating results through the PRC operating entities are subject to general conditions typically affecting the real estate services industry, including changes in governmental policies and laws affecting real estate and real estate financing, uneven economic growth and development across different regions of China, supply of and demand for housing and other types of property in local markets, entry barriers and competition from other real estate services companies, and increases in operating costs and expenses due to inflation and other factors. Unfavorable changes in any of these general conditions could negatively affect the PRC operating entities; transaction volume and the transaction value of the properties whose sale they facilitate and otherwise adversely affect their results of operations. Our operating results are more directly affected by company-specific factors, including the PRC operating entities revenue growth and ability to effectively manage their operating costs and expenses.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

The spread of COVID-19 caused business disruptions beginning in January 2020, including the closure of the majority of businesses in mainland China. Although the PRC operating entities were able to resume their normal operations as of April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic materially and adversely affected their business operations and financial results for 2021, including a decrease of 24% in our revenue in 2021. Between March and December 2022, many cities in China employed strict lock-down policies in response to resurgences of the COVID-19 pandemic and consumer demand declined in China, which, together with constant regulation of the real estate market by the central and local governments, negatively impacted both the supply and demand for real estate, causing the real estate market in China to decline in 2022. As a result, our revenue decreased by 90% during the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared with the same period in 2021. The general impact of the pandemic on the Chinese economy implicates potential larger-scale effects on the PRC operating entities’ industry and business. To mitigate the adverse impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the decline in consumer demand in China, the PRC operating entities have been reducing their operations in China since 2021 and we have expanded into the European markets by establishing subsidiaries in the UK and Germany and acquiring Fernie Castle and the Robin Hill Property. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Overview.” During the year ended December 31, 2023, due to the lifting of China’s lock-down policies and the PRC operating entities’ continuous down-scaling of their operations in China, the COVID-19 pandemic did not have a material impact on our business operations and financial results.

91

Table of Contents

Economic and Political Risks

A substantial part of our current operations is conducted through the PRC operating entities in the PRC. Accordingly, our business, financial conditions, and results are influenced by political, economic, and legal environment of the PRC.

Our results may be affected by changes in the political and social conditions in the PRC, and by changes in governmental policies with respect to laws and regulations, industry production regulations and guidance, anti-inflationary measures, currency conversions, remittances abroad, and rates and methods of taxation, among other things.

E.Critical Accounting Estimates

Basis of Consolidation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and the subsidiaries and branch offices of the VIE. All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated on consolidation.

The Group evaluates each of its interests in private companies to determine whether or not the investee is a VIE and, if so, whether the Group is the primary beneficiary of such VIE. In determining whether the Group is the primary beneficiary, the Group considers if the Group (i) has power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of the VIE, and (ii) receives the economic benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. If deemed the primary beneficiary, the Group consolidates the VIE.

Mingda Tianjin has the following branch offices and/or subsidiaries, which have been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  |  |  | Percentage
​ | ​ | Date of | ​ | Place of | ​ | of
Name of the Subsidiaries Owned by VIEs | ​ | Incorporation | ​ | Incorporation | ​ | Ownership
Mingdajiahe (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Suzhou Branch | ​ | October 13, 2017 |  | Suzhou, China |  | N/A
Mingdajiahe (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Chengdu Branch | ​ | June 24, 2019 |  | Chengdu, China |  | N/A

​

Mingdajiahe (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Suzhou Branch was dissolved in October 2022. Consequently, a $240,431 loss on deconsolidation was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2022.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Date of |  | Place of |  | Percentage of
Name of the Deconsolidated Subsidiaries Owned by VIEs |  | Formation |  | Formation |  | Ownership
Mingdajiahe (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Yangzhou Branch | ​ | October 18, 2017 |  | Yangzhou, China |  | N/A
Xishe (Tianjin) Business Management Co., Ltd. | ​ | October 20, 2017 |  | Tianjin, China |  | 100%
Xishe (Tianjin) Culture and Media Co., Ltd. | ​ | July 25, 2018 |  | Tianjin, China |  | 100%
Xishe Xianglin (Tianjin) Business Operation & Management Co., Ltd. | ​ | March 9, 2018 |  | Tianjin, China |  | 51%

​

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from such estimates. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Group’s financial statements include useful lives and valuation of long-lived assets, allowance for doubtful accounts, assumptions related to the consolidation of entities in which the Group holds variable interests, and valuation allowance on deferred tax.

92

Table of Contents

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company follows the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”). It clarifies the definition of fair value, prescribes methods for measuring fair value, and establishes a fair value hierarchy to classify the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 - Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities available at the measurement date;

Level 2 - Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data; and

Level 3 - Inputs are unobservable inputs which reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions on what assumptions the market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best available information.

The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other receivables, prepaid expenses, prepaid income tax, deferred tax assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, income tax payable, and other taxes payable approximate their fair value based on the short-term maturity of these instruments.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less.

The Group maintains cash and cash equivalents with various commercial banks within the PRC. The Company has not experienced any losses in the bank accounts and believes it is not exposed to any risks on its cash held in PRC banks.

Cash in PRC denominated in RMB may not be freely transferable to out of the PRC because of exchange control regulations or other reasons. Such restricted cash amounted $65 and $74,320 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Costs include any incremental costs that are directly attributable to the construction or acquisition of the item of property and equipment. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred, while major maintenance and remodeling costs are capitalized if they extend the useful life of the asset. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives.

When property and equipment are sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in the results of operations.

​

​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Estimated Useful
Classification |  | Life
Buildings | ​ | 50 years
Building fixtures and furniture |  | 4 to 10 years
Office Equipment and Fixtures |  | 3 to 5 years
Software |  | 2 or 10 years
Vehicles |  | 4 or 5 years

​

Revenue Recognition

The Group adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”) effective January 1, 2018 by using the modified retrospective transition method. The adoption had no material impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements and there was no adjustment to the beginning retained earnings on January 1, 2018.

93

Table of Contents

The Group determines revenue recognition through the following five steps: (1), identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer, (2), identification of the performance obligations in the contract, (3), determination of the transaction price, (4), allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5), recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation.

The operating entities’ service contracts typically include the terms of parties, services to be provided, service covered period, details of service fee calculation, and terms or conditions when services are to be paid. The performance obligation of the operating entities is clearly defined as to sale of real properties specified in the contracts. The performance obligation is satisfied when at the point of closing of the sales contract with each property buyer is completed and, when the developer received the proceeds from the sales (cash and/or bank loans). The commission fee is determined based on the total value of property sold multiplied by the commission rate agreed upon in the contracts. The commission rates vary among developers. The payment terms also vary with certain developers dividing the contracts into several phases and making payment when a phase has been completed. These variable considerations will not change the calculation of commission fee. The transaction price is determined based on the commission rate and properties sold.

The Group’s major revenue is generated by commission fees from selling real estate properties by the operating entities. Commission revenue from property brokerage is recognized when: (i) the operating entities completed their performance obligation to sell properties per contract, (ii) the property developer and the buyer completed a property sales transaction and the developer received full or partial amount of proceeds from the buyer or full payment from the banker if mortgaged, and (iii) the property developer granted confirmation to the operating entities to issue an invoice per contract. The Group recognizes revenue net of value added taxes (“VAT”).

The Group did not handle any monetary transactions nor act as an escrow intermediary between the developers and the buyers.

Certain sales contracts allow developers to withhold certain percentage of the total commission for a certain period as a risk fund to cover potential damages caused by sales activities of the operating entities. In these circumstances, the operating entities will not determine that its performance obligations have been fulfilled until the withholding period has passed. Since the amount being withheld is the risk of loss from the sales transaction, the Group records the amount withheld by developers as deferred income and will recognize the income when the withholding period has passed, and the amount withheld is confirmed by the developers.

The Group engages in the business of managing rental property via its UK subsidiary Mansions commenced in August 2021. Mansions receives a one-time referral fee from tenants, based on a certain percentage of total leased value of lease agreement. The Group recognizes the revenue, when: a) the lease agreement is effective and b) the tenant made its first payment. Mansions also provides management services to tenants and collects service fees. Management service fees are recognized on a monthly basis. The prepayment of monthly service fee is recorded as deferred income.

Additionally, the operating entities provide consulting services to its clients, such as training, design and marketing. Revenue recognized from consulting is net of VAT.

Segment Information

The Group uses “the management approach” in determining reportable operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Group’s chief operating decision maker for making operating decisions and assessing performance as the source for determining the Group’s reportable segments. All of the Group’s operations are considered by the chief operating decision maker to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, revenue from real estate agent income was 29%, 96%, and 99%, respectively; revenue from consulting services was 0%, 0%, and 1%, respectively; and revenue from rental management service was 47%, 4%, and 0%, respectively. Revenue from hotel business was 24%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Geographically, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, revenue generated from the PRC market was 29%, 96%, and 100%, respectively; revenue generated from the UK market was 71%, 4%, and 0%, respectively.

Lease

ASC 842 requires the Group to determine whether a contract is a lease or contains a lease at the inception of the contract, considering all relevant facts and circumstances. A contract is a lease or contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

94

Table of Contents

A lease is classified as a finance lease when the lease meets any of the following criteria: (i) the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term, (ii) the lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise, (iii) the lease term is for the major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset, (iv) the present value of the sum of the lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that is not already reflected in the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all (90% or more) of the fair value of the underlying asset, or (v) the underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. A lease not classified as a finance lease is classified as an operating lease.

A lessee should recognize in the balance sheet a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. When measuring assets and liabilities arising from a lease, a lessee should include payments to be made in optional periods only if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise its option to extend the lease or not exercise an option to terminate the lease. Similarly, optional payments to purchase the underlying asset should be included in the measurement of lease assets and lease liabilities only if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that purchase option.

The Group elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with terms of 12 months or less. The Group typically only includes the initial lease term in its assessment of a lease arrangement. Options to extend a lease are not included in the Group’s assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Group will renew.

Business Tax and Value Added Tax (“VAT”)

The PRC government implemented a VAT reform pilot program, which replaced the business tax with VAT. Since May 2016, the changes from business tax to VAT have been expanded to all other service sectors which used to be subject to business tax. The VAT rate applicable to subsidiaries and consolidated VIE of the Company is 6%. The Company accrues VAT payable when revenue is recognized.

The UK government charges VAT on business services and commission. The standard VAT rate is 20%. All income of Mansion Estate in UK will be subject to VAT. The Company accrues VAT payable when revenue is recognized.

Deferred Offering Costs

Deferred offering costs consist principally of all direct offering costs incurred by the Company, such as underwriting, legal, accounting, consulting, printing, and other registration related costs in connection with the initial public offering (“IPO”) of the Company’s ordinary shares. Such costs are deferred until the closing of the offering, at which time the deferred costs are offset against the offering proceeds. In the event the offering is unsuccessful or aborted, the costs will be expensed.

Marketing and Advertising Expenses

Marketing and advertising expenses consist primarily of marketing planning fees and advertisements expenses used for targeted property sales. The Group expenses all marketing and advertising costs as incurred and records these costs within “Selling expenses” on the consolidated statements of operations when incurred. The Group incurred zero such expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Income Taxes

The PRC operating entities’ operation in China is governed by the income tax laws of the PRC. The Chinese Corporate Income Tax applies to all companies in China, foreign owned and Chinese owned. It is levied on company profits at a rate of 25%.

The UK subsidiaries’ operation in UK is governed by the income tax laws of the UK. The normal rate of corporation tax is 19% for the financial year beginning April 1, 2021 and will be maintained at this rate for the financial year beginning April 1, 2022. From 1 April 2023, the main rate of corporation tax increased from 19% to 25%, and a new 19% small profits rate of corporation tax was introduced for companies whose profits do not exceed 50,000 pounds sterling (GBP).

95

Table of Contents

Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities, and their reported amounts in the financial statements, net operating loss carry forwards and credits by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years when the reported amounts of the asset or liability are expected to be recovered or settled, respectively. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.

The Group only recognizes tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions when such positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon examination. For such positions, the Group recognizes the largest amount of tax liabilities that is more than fifty percent likely of being sustained upon the ultimate settlement of such uncertain position. There were no such tax liabilities recognized in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The Group records interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense. There were no such interest and penalties for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Non-Controlling Interest

Noncontrolling interest is classified as a separate line item in the equity section and disclosures in the Company’s consolidated financial statements have distinguished the interest of the Company from the interest of the noncontrolling interest holder. Xishe Xianglin was 49% owned by an unrelated third party as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Xishe Xianglin was dissolved in 2021 and deconsolidated from the consolidated financial statements ended December 31, 2021. Mansions was 49% owned by two unrelated parties as of December 31, 2021. On May 20, 2022, the Company acquired the 49% equity interests owned by the two unrelated parties.

Per Share Amounts

The Company computes per share amounts in accordance with ASC Topic 260 “Earnings per Share” (EPS), which requires presentation of basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is computed by dividing the net income (loss) available to holders of ordinary shares by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue ordinary shares were exercised or converted into ordinary shares or resulted in the issuance of ordinary shares that then shared in the earnings of the Company, if any. This is computed by dividing net earnings by the combination of dilutive ordinary share equivalents.

​

The Group has total of 126,082 underwriter’s warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The underwriter’s warrants are exercisable at a price $6.25. As of December 31, 2022, the Group’s closing stock price was $1.51, which had no dilutive impact. The underwriter’s warrants are to expire on November 13, 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred net loss, all potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the computation of diluted shares outstanding as they would have had an anti-dilutive impact.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Numerator for earnings per share: |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Net income (loss) attributable to the Company’s ordinary shareholders | ​ | $ | (1,160,446) | ​ | $ | (2,154,084) | ​ | $ | (2,245,718)
Denominator for basic and diluted earnings per share: | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Basic and weighted average ordinary shares | ​ |  | 11,675,216 | ​ |  | 11,675,216 | ​ |  | 11,675,216
Per share amount | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Per share - basic and diluted | ​ | $ | (0.10) | ​ | $ | (0.18) | ​ | $ | (0.19)

​

Comprehensive Income

The Company follows ASC 220-10, “Reporting Comprehensive Income,” which requires the reporting of comprehensive income in addition to net income. Comprehensive income is a more inclusive financial reporting methodology that includes disclosure of information that historically has not been recognized in the calculation of net income. Comprehensive income generally represents all changes in shareholders’ equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to shareholders.

96

Table of Contents

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company follows ASC 220-10, “Reporting Comprehensive Income,” which requires the reporting of comprehensive income in addition to net income. Comprehensive income is a more inclusive financial reporting methodology that includes disclosure of information that historically has not been recognized in the calculation of net income. Comprehensive income generally represents all changes in shareholders’ equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to shareholders.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | December 31, |  | December 31, |  | December 31,
1 US$ = RMB |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
At end of the period - RMB |  | 7.0999 |  | 6.8987 |  | 6.3524
Average rate for the period ended - RMB |  | 7.0809 |  | 6.7347 |  | 6.4491
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
1 US$ = GBP | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
At end of the period - GBP |  | 0.7847 |  | 0.8315 |  | 0.7419
Average rate for the period ended - GBP |  | 0.8039 |  | 0.8121 |  | 0.7327

​

The financial records of certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and the VIE are maintained in local currencies other than the U.S. dollar, such as RMB in the PRC and GBP in the UK, which are their functional currencies. Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing when the transactions occur. Transaction gains and losses are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). There were $18,762, $43,548, and ($14,402) transaction gain and (loss) recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Concentration Risk

The Company’s PRC operations are carried out by the PRC operating entities in the PRC. Accordingly, the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations may be influenced by the political, economic, and legal environment in the PRC, and by the general state of the economy of the PRC. The Company’s operations in the PRC are subject to specific considerations and significant risks not typically associated with companies in North America. The Company’s results may be adversely affected by changes in governmental policies with respect to laws and regulations, anti-inflationary measures, currency conversion and remittance abroad, and rates and methods of taxation, among other things. Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and trade accounts receivable. All of the Company’s cash is maintained with state-owned banks within the PRC. Per PRC regulations, the maximum insured bank deposit amount is approximately $70,424(RMB500,000) for each depositor. The Company’s total unprotected cash in bank amounted to approximately $0 and $5,000, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any risks on its cash in bank accounts.

The Company’s subsidiary has bank accounts in the United Kingdom. Customer deposits held by banks, building societies, and credit unions (including in Northern Ireland) in UK establishments that are authorized by the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) are protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS) up to GBP85,000, which was approximately $108,322. The Company’s total unprotected cash in bank amounted to approximately $367,949 and $1,135,013, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any risks on its cash in bank accounts.

Deconsolidation

In accordance with ASC 810-40, deconsolidation of a subsidiary occurs when: (a) some or all of the ownership interests of the subsidiary are sold resulting in the loss of a controlling financial interest; (b) a contractual agreement granting control of the subsidiary expires; (c) the subsidiary issues its shares to outsiders reducing the parent’s ownership interest resulting in the loss of a controlling financial interest; or (d) the subsidiary becomes subject to the control of a government, court, administrator or regulator.

The parent should recognize a gain or loss measured as the difference between: (a) the aggregate of: (i) the fair value of any consideration received, (ii) the fair value of any retained non-controlling interest, and (iii) the carrying amount of any non-controlling interest at the date the subsidiary is deconsolidated; and (b) the carrying amount of the subsidiary’s assets and liabilities.

97

Table of Contents

A subsidiary should be deconsolidated from the date a controlling financial interest is lost and should also consider the equity components included in the non-controlling interest and the amounts previously recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), i.e., the foreign currency translation adjustment.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

On February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” This update requires an entity to recognize lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and to disclose key information about the entity’s leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods therein, beginning after December 15, 2018, with early application permitted. The Group adopted this new accounting standard effective January 1, 2019. The adoption of this authoritative guidance resulted in the recognition of operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities. The adoption of this authoritative guidance had no impact on the Group’s consolidated operating results, beginning retained earnings, and cash flows since the lease commenced on January 1, 2019.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220). This update provides companies with the option to reclassify stranded tax effects caused by the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the 2017 Tax Act, from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. This standard is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard had no material impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. The objective of ASU 2018-13 is to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements by removing, modifying, and adding certain fair value disclosure requirements to facilitate clear communication of the information required by generally accepted accounting principles. The amendments are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 with early adoption permitted upon issuance of this ASU. The adoption of this standard had no material impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2019-12-Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. This ASU summarizes the FASB’s recently issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2019-12, simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The ASU enhances and simplifies various aspects of the income tax accounting guidance in ASC 740. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. The adoption of this ASU had no material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology, which will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2019, excluding entities eligible to be smaller reporting company. For all other entities, the requirements are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. ASU 2016-13 has been amended by ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, and ASU 2019-11. For entities that have not yet adopted ASU No. 2016-13, the effective dates and transition methodology for ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, and ASU 2019-11 are the same as the effective dates and transition methodology in ASU 2016-13. The Group adopted this standard for the year beginning January 1, 2023. There has no material impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Group considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs. The ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Group’s consolidated financial position and/or results of operations.

Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by FASB that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements upon adoption. The Group does not discuss recent pronouncements that are not anticipated to have an impact on or are unrelated to its consolidated financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.

98

Table of Contents

Item 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. | D irectors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report. The business address of all of our directors and executive officers is Fernie Castle, Letham, Cupar, Fife, KY15 7RU, United Kingdom.

Name |  | Age |  | Position(s)
Siping Xu | ​ | 46 | ​ | Chief Executive Officer, Chairman, and Director
Mengnan Wang | ​ | 44 | ​ | Chief Financial Officer
Liang Zhang | ​ | 45 | ​ | Director
Zhenlei Hu | ​ | 52 | ​ | Independent Director
Liding Sun | ​ | 52 | ​ | Independent Director
Wei Guan | ​ | 54 | ​ | Independent Director

​

The following is a brief biography of each of our executive officers and directors:

Mr. Siping Xu has been our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board since January 26, 2018. Mr. Xu has served as Mingda Tianjin’s Chairman of the Board since September 2015, as the general manager of Mingda Tianjin from September 2002 to August 2015, as a director of MD UK since October 2020, as a director of MD Japan since January 2022, and a director of MD German since February 2022. From May 1998 to December 2000, Mr. Xu worked in the Finance Department of Tianjin Tenglong Real Estate Co., Ltd. From January 2001 to August 2002, Mr. Xu served as the development manager for Tianjin Jiezuo Real Estate Co., Ltd. Mr. Xu holds a bachelor’s degree in accounting and computer management from Tianjin University, and a Master of Business Administration degree in International Business Management from IPAG Business School.

Mr. Mengnan Wang has been our Chief Financial Officer since January 26, 2018, and the Chief Financial Officer and Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Mingda Tianjin since September 2015. Mr. Wang also served as a director of MD UK since October 2020, a director of MD Japan since January 2022, and a director of MD German since February 2022. From September 2002 to September 2015, Mr. Wang served as the Manager of Finance for Mingda Tianjin. In 2016, Mr. Wang obtained the certificate of ICMA. Mr. Wang is an experienced professional who has been working in the area of finance for 17 years. Mr. Wang holds a Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science from Tianjin University of Commerce Boustead College, and a Master of Business Administration degree in International Business Management from IPAG Business School.

Mr. Yang Li has served as our director since January 26, 2018. He has also served as the general manager and director of Mingda Tianjin since September 2015, a director of MD UK since October 2020, a director of Mansions since June 2021, and a director of MD German since February 2022. From May 2011 to September 2015, Mr. Li served as the deputy general manager of marketing for Mingda Tianjin. From January 2008 to April 2011, Mr. Li was the department director of eHouse China Tianjin Company. From June 2005 to August 2007, Mr. Li served as a department manager for Tianjin Yuxuan Consultant Co., Ltd. Mr. Li holds a bachelor’s degree in engineering from Tianjin University of Science and Technology, and a Master of Business Administration degree in International Business Management from IPAG Business School.

Mr. Zhenlei Hu has served as our independent director since January 2020. Mr. Hu has served as an audit partner at ShineWing Certified Public Accountants Co., Ltd. Tianjin Branch since December 2019. From September 2014 to November 2019, Mr. Hu served as an audit partner at Ruihua Certified Public Accountants Tianjin Branch. From May 2008 to August 2014, Mr. Hu served as an audit partner at Zhongrui Yuehua Certified Public Accountants Tianjin Branch (now part of Ruihua Certified Public Accountants). Mr. Hu received his bachelor’s degree in Audit from Tianjin University of Finance and Economics in 1995.

Mr. Liding Sun has served as our independent director since May 18, 2018. Mr. Sun has been the director of software development at CoreIp Solutions, a technology solution consulting firm offering technology solutions across multiple industries since January 2011. Mr. Sun holds a Master’s degree and a Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, both from UCLA.

99

Table of Contents

Mr. Wei Guan has served as our independent director since May 18, 2018. Mr. Guan co-founded Beijing Jingguanxuan Marketing Development Co., Ltd. as one of its shareholders and has served as its deputy managing director since October 2015. From March 1997 to October 2015, Mr. Guan worked for the Boutique Shopping Guide newspaper and its World magazine as an engineer. Mr. Guan received his bachelor’s degree from Capital University of Economics and Business in 1993. Mr. Guan received his postgraduate degree in Regional Economics from the Renmin University of China in 2001. Mr. Guan received his master’s degree in Business Administration from Foreign Economic and Trade University in 2006.

Board Diversity

The table below provides certain information regarding the diversity of our board of directors as of the date of this annual report.

|  |  | ​ ​ |
Board Diversity Matrix
Country of Principal Executive Offices: | UK
Foreign Private Issuer | Yes
Disclosure Prohibited under Home Country Law | No
Total Number of Directors | 5
| Female | Male | Non- Binary | Did Not Disclose Gender
Part I: Gender Identity |
Directors | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0
Part II: Demographic Background |
Underrepresented Individual in Home Country Jurisdiction | 5
LGBTQ+ | 0
Did Not Disclose Demographic Background | 0

​

Family Relationships

None of the directors or executive officers has a family relationship as defined in Item 401 of Regulation S-K.

B. | C ompensation of Directors and Executive Officers

The PRC operating entities are required by PRC laws and regulations to make contributions equal to certain percentages of each employee’s salary for his or her retirement benefit, medical insurance benefits, housing funds, unemployment, and other statutory benefits. The PRC operating entities paid retirement and similar benefits for their officers and directors in the year ended December 31, 2023.

Employment Agreements

On May 28, 2018, we entered into employment agreements with our executive officers. Pursuant to employment agreements, the form of which is filed as Exhibit 10.3 to our F-1 registration statement filed with the SEC on August 13, 2018, we agreed to employ each of our executive officers for three years, which will be automatically renewed unless either party gives the other party a three-month written notice to terminate the agreement prior to the end of the current employment term or the agreement is earlier terminated. We may terminate the employment for cause, at any time, without notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the executive officer, including but not limited to the commitments of any serious or persistent breach or non-observance of the terms and conditions of the employment, conviction of a criminal offense, willful disobedience of a lawful and reasonable order, fraud or dishonesty, receipt of bribery, or severe neglect of his or her duties. An executive officer may terminate his or her employment at any time with a one-month prior written notice. Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the employment agreement expires, in strict confidence and not to use or disclose to any person, corporation or other entity without written consent, any confidential information.

100

Table of Contents

Our employment agreement with Mr. Siping Xu, our Chief Executive Officer, was automatically renewed for another term of three years on May 28, 2021, and provides for an annual salary of $44,386.79.

Our employment agreement with Mengnan Wang, our Chief Financial Officer, was automatically renewed for another term of three years on May 28, 2021, and provides for an annual salary of $22,193.39.

C. | B oard Practices

Pursuant to our amended and restated articles of association, the minimum number of directors shall consist of no less than one person unless otherwise determined by the shareholders in a general meeting. Unless removed or re-appointed, each director shall be appointed for a term expiring at the next-following annual general meeting, if any is held. At any annual general meeting held, our directors will be elected by a majority vote of shareholders eligible to vote at that meeting. At each annual general meeting, each director so elected shall hold office for a one-year term and until the election of their respective successors in office or removed.

Controlled Company

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, Mr. Siping Xu, beneficially owns approximately 87.4% of the aggregate voting power of our outstanding Ordinary Shares. As a result, we are deemed a “controlled company” for the purpose of the Nasdaq Listing Rules and are permitted to elect to rely on certain exemptions from the obligations to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including:

| ● | the requirement that our director nominees be selected or recommended solely by independent directors; and

| ● | the requirement that we have a nominating and corporate governance committee and a compensation committee that are composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the purposes and responsibilities of the committees.

Although we do not intend to rely on the controlled company exemptions under the Nasdaq Listing Rules even though we are deemed a controlled company, we could elect to rely on these exemptions in the future, and if so, you would not have the same protection afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of Nasdaq.

Board of Directors

Our board of directors consist of five directors as of the date of this annual report.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, all of our directors owe three types of duties to us: (i) statutory duties, (ii) fiduciary duties, and (iii) common law duties. The Companies Act (Revised) of the Cayman Islands imposes a number of statutory duties on a director. A Cayman Islands director’s fiduciary duties are not codified, however the courts of the Cayman Islands have held that a director owes the following fiduciary duties (a) a duty to act in what the director bona fide considers to be in the best interests of the company, (b) a duty to exercise their powers for the purposes they were conferred, (c) a duty to avoid fettering his or her discretion in the future and (d) a duty to avoid conflicts of interest and of duty. The common law duties owed by a director are those to act with skill, care and diligence that may reasonably be expected of a person carrying out the same functions as are carried out by that director in relation to the company and, also, to act with the skill, care and diligence in keeping with a standard of care commensurate with any particular skill they have which enables them to meet a higher standard than a director without those skills. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our amended articles of association, as amended and restated from time to time. We have the right to seek damages if a duty owed by any of our directors is breached.

101

Table of Contents

Terms of Directors and Executive Officers

Each of our directors holds office until a successor has been duly elected and qualified unless the director was appointed by the board of directors, in which case such director holds office until the next following annual meeting of shareholders at which time such director is eligible for reelection. All of our executive officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of our board of directors.

Qualification

There is currently no shareholding qualification for directors.

Committees of the Board of Directors

We have established three committees under the board of directors: an audit committee, a compensation committee, and a nominating and corporate governance committee. We have adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee. Our audit committee consists of Zhenlei Hu, Wei Guan, and Liding Sun. Zhenlei Hu is the chairperson of our audit committee. We have determined that Zhenlei Hu, Wei Guan, and Liding Sun satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act. Our board also has determined that Zhenlei Hu qualifies as an audit committee financial expert within the meaning of the SEC rules or possesses financial sophistication within the meaning of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of the financial statements of our company. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

| ● | appointing the independent auditors and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by the independent auditors;

| ● | reviewing with the independent auditors any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

| ● | discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and the independent auditors;

| ● | reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our accounting and internal control policies and procedures and any steps taken to monitor and control major financial risk exposures;

| ● | reviewing and approving all proposed related party transactions;

| ● | meeting separately and periodically with management and the independent auditors; and

| ● | monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

Compensation Committee. Our compensation committee consists of Liding Sun, Zhenlei Hu, and Wei Guan. Liding Sun is the chairperson of our compensation committee. We have determined that Liding Sun, Zhenlei Hu, and Wei Guan satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act. The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

| ● | reviewing and approving to the board with respect to the total compensation package for our most senior executive officers;

| ● | approving and overseeing the total compensation package for our executives other than the most senior executive officers;

| ● | reviewing and recommending to the board with respect to the compensation of our directors;

102

Table of Contents

| ● | reviewing periodically and approving any long-term incentive compensation or equity plans;

| ● | selecting compensation consultants, legal counsel or other advisors after taking into consideration all factors relevant to that person’s independence from management; and

| ● | programs or similar arrangements, annual bonuses, employee pension and welfare benefit plans.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Our nominating and corporate governance committee currently consists of Liding Sun, Zhenlei Hu, and Wei Guan. Wei Guan is the chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee. Liding Sun, Zhenlei Hu, and Wei Guan satisfy the “independence” requirements of Section 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act. The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board of directors in selecting individuals qualified to become our directors and in determining the composition of the board and its committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

| ● | identifying and recommending nominees for election or re-election to our board of directors or for appointment to fill any vacancy;

| ● | reviewing annually with our board of directors its current composition in light of the characteristics of independence, age, skills, experience and availability of service to us;

| ● | identifying and recommending to our board the directors to serve as members of committees;

| ● | advising the board periodically with respect to significant developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and making recommendations to our board of directors on all matters of corporate governance and on any corrective action to be taken; and

| ● | monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure proper compliance.

D.E mploye es

As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we had approximately 11, 11, and 71 employees (including 0, 0, and 24 sales agents and 0, 0, and four sales associates) for Mingda Tianjin, and its branch offices and subsidiaries, which are all located in the PRC. As of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we had three, three, and one employee for our UK subsidiaries, respectively. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements governing their employment with us. We believe our employee relations are good.

E. Share Ownership

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership, within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act, of our Ordinary Shares as of the date of this annual report.

| ● | each of our directors and executive officers who beneficially own our Ordinary Shares; and

| ● | each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5.0% of our Ordinary Shares.

Beneficial ownership includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities. Except as indicated below, and subject to applicable community property laws, the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all Ordinary Shares shown as beneficially owned by them. Percentage of beneficial ownership of each listed person is based on 11,675,216 Ordinary Shares outstanding as of the date of this annual report.

103

Table of Contents

Information with respect to beneficial ownership has been furnished by each director, officer, or beneficial owner of 5% or more of our Ordinary Shares. Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally requires that such person have voting or investment power with respect to securities. In computing the number of Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by a person listed below and the percentage ownership of such person, Ordinary Shares underlying options, warrants, or convertible securities held by each such person that are exercisable or convertible within 60 days of the date of this annual report are deemed outstanding, but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Except as otherwise indicated in the footnotes to this table, or as required by applicable community property laws, all persons listed have sole voting and investment power for all Ordinary Shares shown as beneficially owned by them. As of the date of the annual report, we have one shareholder of record holding beneficial ownership of 5% or more, who is not located in the United States.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Ordinary Shares | ​
​ |  | Beneficially Owned |
​ | ​ | Number | ​ | Percent |
Directors and Executive Officers(1): | ​ |  | ​ |  |
Siping Xu(2) |  | 10,200,000 |  | 87.37 | %
Mengnan Wang(3) |  | 10,000 |  | 0.09 | %
Zhenlei Hu |  | 0 |  | 0 | %
Liding Sun |  | 0 |  | 0 | %
Liang Zhang(4) |  | 100,000 |  | 0.90 | %
Wei Guan |  | 0 |  | 0 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
All directors and executive officers as a group (six persons): |  | 10,310,000 |  | 88.36 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
5% Shareholders(1): |  | ​ |  | ​ | ​
Siping Xu(2) |  | 10,200,000 |  | 87.37 | %

(1) | Unless otherwise indicated, the business address of each of the individuals is Fernie Castle, Letham, Cupar, Fife, KY15 7RU, United Kingdom.

(2) | Mr. Siping Xu, our Chief Executive Officer and chairman of the Board, is also the 100% owner of MDJH LTD, which holds 10,200,000 Ordinary Shares.

(3) | Mr. Mengnan Wang is the 100% owner of MNCC LTD, which holds 10,000 Ordinary Shares.

(4) | Mr. Liang Zhang is the 100% owner of BGHDI LTD, which holds 100,000 Ordinary Shares.

To our knowledge, the Company is not directly or indirectly owned or controlled by another corporation(s), by any foreign government, or by any other natural or legal person(s) severally or jointly.

We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our Company.

​

F. Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

​

Not applicable.

​

Item 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. | Ma jor Shareholder s

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—E. Share Ownership.”

104

Table of Contents

B. | R elated Party Transactions

Employment Agreements

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—C. Board Practices—Employment Agreements.”

The VIE Agreements

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—The VIE Agreements.”

Other Material Transactions with Related Parties

We did not have any material transactions with related parties in 2023, 2022, and 2021.

C. | Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

​

Item 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. | C onsolidate d Statements and Other Financial Information

We have appended consolidated financial statements filed as part of this annual report. See “Item 18. Financial Statements.”

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are subject to legal proceedings, investigations and claims incidental to the conduct of our business. We are not currently a party to any legal proceeding or investigation which, in the opinion of our management, is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations, except for the disclosure under “Item 4—Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Legal Proceedings.”

Dividend Policy

We intend to keep any future earnings to finance the expansion of our subsidiaries’ business, and we do not anticipate that any cash dividends will be paid in the foreseeable future.

Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend on its shares out of either profit or share premium amount, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts due in the ordinary course of business.

If we determine to pay dividends on any of our Ordinary Shares in the future, as a holding company, we will be dependent on receipt of funds from our Hong Kong subsidiary, MDJH Hong Kong, our UK subsidiary, MD UK, our German subsidiary, MD German, and our Japanese subsidiary, MD Japan. MDJH Hong Kong will rely on payments made from Mingda Tianjin to WFOE, pursuant to the VIE Agreements, and the distribution of such payments to MDJH Hong Kong; MD UK will rely on payments from its subsidiaries Mansions and Fernie Castle Culture. According to the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, such payments from subsidiaries to parent companies in China are subject to the PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. In addition, if Mingda Tianjin or its subsidiaries or branch offices incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Our German subsidiary, MD German, and Japanese subsidiary, MD Japan, have not commenced operation yet and have not established any payment arrangements with us as of the date of this report.

105

Table of Contents

Current PRC regulations permit our indirect PRC subsidiary to pay dividends to MDJH Hong Kong only out of its accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations. In addition, each of our Affiliated Entities in China is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Each of such entity in China is also required to further set aside a portion of its after-tax profits to fund the employee welfare fund, although the amount to be set aside, if any, is determined at the discretion of its board of directors. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase the registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation.

The PRC government also imposes controls on the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from our profits, if any. Furthermore, if our Affiliated Entities in the PRC incur debt on their own in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments. If we or our subsidiaries are unable to receive all of the revenue from our operations through the current VIE Agreements, we may be unable to pay dividends on our Ordinary Shares.

Cash dividends, if any, on our Ordinary Shares will be paid in U.S. dollars. If we are considered a PRC tax resident enterprise for tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders may be regarded as China-sourced income and as a result may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10.0%.

In order for us to pay dividends to our shareholders, we will rely on payments made from Mingda Tianjin to WFOE, pursuant to the VIE Agreements between them, and the distribution of such payments to MDJH Hong Kong as dividends from Mingda Tianjin. Certain payments from Mingda Tianjin to WFOE are subject to PRC taxes, including business taxes and VAT. In addition, if Mingda Tianjin or its subsidiaries or branches incur debt on their own behaves in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, or the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement, the 10% withholding tax rate may be lowered to 5% if a Hong Kong resident enterprise owns no less than 25% of a PRC project. However, the 5% withholding tax rate does not automatically apply and certain requirements must be satisfied, including without limitation that (a) the Hong Kong project must be the beneficial owner of the relevant dividends; and (b) the Hong Kong project must directly hold no less than 25% share ownership in the PRC project during the 12 consecutive months preceding its receipt of the dividends. In current practice, a Hong Kong project must obtain a tax resident certificate from the Hong Kong tax authority to apply for the 5% lower PRC withholding tax rate. As the Hong Kong tax authority will issue such a tax resident certificate on a case-by-case basis, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the tax resident certificate from the relevant Hong Kong tax authority and enjoy the preferential withholding tax rate of 5% under the Double Taxation Arrangement with respect to dividends to be paid by the PRC operating entities to its immediate holding company, MDJH Hong Kong. As of the date of this annual report, we have not applied for the tax resident certificate from the relevant Hong Kong tax authority. MDJH Hong Kong intends to apply for the tax resident certificate when WFOE plans to declare and pay dividends to MDJH Hong Kong. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—There are significant uncertainties under the EIT Law relating to the withholding tax liabilities of the PRC operating entities, and dividends payable by the PRC operating entities to our offshore subsidiaries may not qualify to enjoy certain treaty benefits.”

B. | Si gnificant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

​

106

Table of Contents

Item 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. | O ffer and Listing Detail s.

Our Ordinary Shares have been listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market since January 8, 2019 under the symbol “MDJH.”

B. | P lan of Distribution

Not applicable.

C. | M arkets

Our Ordinary Shares have been listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market since January 8, 2019 under the symbol “MDJH.”

D. | S elling Shareholders

Not applicable.

E. | Di lution

Not applicable.

F. | E xpenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

​

Item 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. | S hare Capital

Not applicable.

B. | M emorandum and Articles of Association

We incorporate by reference into this annual report the description of our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association, Exhibits 3.1 and 3.2, and the description of differences in corporate laws contained in our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-226826), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on August 13, 2018.

C. | M aterial Contracts

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report.

D. | E xchange Control s

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations on Foreign Currency Exchange” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Regulations—Regulations on Dividend Distribution.”

107

Table of Contents

E. | T axation

The U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “2017 Act”) signed on December 22, 2017, may have changed the tax consequences to U.S. shareholders that own, or are considered to own, as a result of the attribution rules, 10% or more of the voting power or value of the stock of a non-U.S. corporation (a “10% U.S. shareholder”) under the U.S. Federal income tax law applicable to owners of U.S. controlled foreign corporations (“CFCs”). We do not believe any of our shareholders, or of our subsidiaries, were CFCs, and the 2017 Act had no impact for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. We are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and conduct our primary business operations through the PRC operating entities in the PRC.

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. No stamp duty is payable in the Cayman Islands on the issue of shares by, or any transfers of shares of, Cayman Islands companies (except those which hold interests in land in the Cayman Islands). The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to or by us. The Cayman Islands is not a party to any double tax treaties that are applicable to any payments made to us by us. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of our Ordinary Shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of our Ordinary Shares, as the case may be, nor will gains derived from the disposal of our Ordinary Shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

People’s Republic of China Taxation

The following brief description of Chinese enterprise laws is designed to highlight the enterprise-level taxation on our earnings, which will affect the amount of dividends, if any, we are ultimately able to pay to our shareholders. See “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.”

According to the EIT Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on March 16, 2007, became effective on January 1, 2008, and was then amended on February 24, 2017 and December 29, 2018, and the Implementation Rules of the EIT Law, which were promulgated by the State Council on December 6, 2007, and became effective on January 1, 2008, and emended on April 23, 2019, enterprises are divided into resident enterprises and non-resident enterprises. Resident enterprises pay enterprise income tax on their incomes obtained in and outside the PRC at the rate of 25%. Non-resident enterprises setting up institutions in the PRC pay enterprise income tax on the incomes obtained by such institutions in and outside the PRC at the rate of 25%. Non-resident enterprises with no institutions in the PRC, and non-resident enterprises with income having no substantial connection with their institutions in the PRC, pay enterprise income tax on their income obtained in the PRC at a reduced rate of 10%.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands and we gain substantial income by way of dividends paid to us from the PRC operating entities. The EIT Law and its implementation rules provide that China-sourced income of foreign enterprises, such as dividends paid by a PRC subsidiary to its equity holders that are non-resident enterprises, will normally be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%, unless any such foreign investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a preferential tax rate or a tax exemption.

108

Table of Contents

Thus, the dividends, if and when payable by the PRC operating entities to its offshore parent entities, would be subject to a 10% withholding tax. A lower tax rate will be applied if such foreign non-resident enterprise investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has signed a tax treaty or arrangement for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income with China. There is such a tax arrangement between the PRC and Hong Kong. Thus, the dividends, if and when payable by WFOE, the PRC operating entities to the offshore parent entity located in Hong Kong, would be subject to a 5% withholding tax rather than the statutory rate of 10%, provided that the offshore entities located in Hong Kong meet the requirements stipulated by relevant PRC tax regulations. Furthermore, pursuant to the applicable circular and interpretations of the EIT Law, dividends from earnings created prior to 2008 but distributed after 2008 are not subject to withholding income tax. Our effective income tax rate was (1.65)%, 0%, and (0.66)% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As a result, $0, $0, and $0 income tax were accrued for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Deferred tax adjustments of $10,835, $3,020, and $9,963 were recognized for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 respectively.

Under the EIT Law, an enterprise established outside of China with a “de facto management body” within China is considered a “resident enterprise,” which means that it is treated in a manner similar to a Chinese enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes. Although the implementation rules of the EIT Law define “de facto management body” as a managing body that actually, comprehensively manage and control the production and operation, staff, accounting, property and other aspects of an enterprise, the only official guidance for this definition currently available is set forth in SAT Notice 82, which provides guidance on the determination of the tax residence status of a Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, defined as an enterprise that is incorporated under the laws of a foreign country or territory and that has a PRC enterprise or enterprise group as its primary controlling shareholder. Although MDJM does not have a PRC enterprise or enterprise group as our primary controlling shareholder and is therefore not a Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise within the meaning of SAT Notice 82, in the absence of guidance specifically applicable to us, we have applied the guidance set forth in SAT Notice 82 to evaluate the tax residence status of MDJM and its subsidiaries organized outside the PRC.

According to SAT Notice 82, a Chinese-controlled offshore incorporated enterprise will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having a “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its worldwide income only if all of the following criteria are met: (i) the places where senior management and senior management departments that are responsible for daily production, operation and management of the enterprise perform their duties are mainly located within the territory of China; (ii) financial decisions (such as money borrowing, lending, financing and financial risk management) and personnel decisions (such as appointment, dismissal and salary and wages) are decided or need to be decided by organizations or persons located within the territory of China; (iii) main property, accounting books, corporate seal, the board of directors and files of the minutes of shareholders’ meetings of the enterprise are located or preserved within the territory of China; and (iv) one half (or more) of the directors or senior management staff having the right to vote habitually reside within the territory of China.

We believe that we do not meet some of the conditions outlined in the immediately preceding paragraph. For example, as a holding company, the key assets and records of MDJM, including the resolutions and meeting minutes of our board of directors and the resolutions and meeting minutes of our shareholders, are located and maintained outside the PRC. In addition, we are not aware of any offshore holding companies with a corporate structure similar to ours that has been deemed a PRC “resident enterprise” by the PRC tax authorities. Accordingly, we believe that MDJM and its offshore subsidiaries should not be treated as a “resident enterprise” for PRC tax purposes if the criteria for “de facto management body” as set forth in SAT Notice 82 were deemed applicable to us. However, as the tax residency status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body” as applicable to our offshore entities, we will continue to monitor our tax status.

109

Table of Contents

The implementation rules of the EIT Law provide that, (i) if the enterprise that distributes dividends is domiciled in the PRC or (ii) if gains are realized from transferring equity interests of enterprises domiciled in the PRC, then such dividends or gains are treated as China-sourced income. It is not clear how “domicile” may be interpreted under the EIT Law, and it may be interpreted as the jurisdiction where the enterprise is a tax resident. Therefore, if we are considered as a PRC tax resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes, any dividends we pay to our overseas shareholders which are non-resident enterprises as well as gains realized by such shareholders from the transfer of our shares may be regarded as China-sourced income and as a result become subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. We believe that it is more likely than not that we and our offshore subsidiaries would be treated as a non-resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes because they do not meet some of the conditions outlined in SAT Notice 82. In addition, we are not aware of any offshore holding companies with a corporate structure similar to ours that has been deemed a PRC “resident enterprise” by the PRC tax authorities as of the date of the annual report. Therefore, we believe that it is possible but highly unlikely that the income received by our overseas shareholders will be regarded as China-sourced income.

See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Under the EIT Law, we may be classified as a ‘resident enterprise’ of China, which could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders.”

Our company pays an EIT rate of 25% for Mingda Tianjin. The EIT is calculated based on the entity’s global income as determined under PRC tax laws and accounting standards. If the PRC tax authorities determine that Mingda Tianjin a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders may be subject to a 10% PRC withholding tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of our Ordinary Shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. It is unclear whether our non-PRC individual shareholders would be subject to any PRC tax on dividends or gains obtained by such non-PRC individual shareholders in the event we are determined to be a PRC resident enterprise. If any PRC tax were to apply to dividends or gains realized by non-PRC individuals, it would generally apply at a rate of 20% unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. However, it is also unclear whether our non-PRC shareholders would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. There is no guidance from the PRC government to indicate whether or not any tax treaties between the PRC and other countries would apply in circumstances where a non-PRC company was deemed to be a PRC tax resident, and thus there is no basis for expecting how tax treaty between the PRC and other countries may impact non-resident enterprises.

Hong Kong Taxation

Under Hong Kong tax laws, the statutory income tax rate is 16.5%. Subsidiaries in Hong Kong are exempted from income tax on their foreign-derived income and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on remittance of dividends.

MDJH Hong Kong was incorporated in Hong Kong and does not conduct any substantial operations of its own. As such, under the Hong Kong tax laws, MDJH Hong Kong is exempted from income tax on its foreign-derived income and is not subject to withholding taxes on remittance of dividends. Since MDJH Hong Kong did not have any assessable profits for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, no provision for Hong Kong profits tax has been made in the financial statements.

The United Kingdom Taxation

A UK company is subject to UK corporation tax on its income profits and capital profits. The rate of corporation tax for all companies is currently 19%. MD UK, Mansions, and Fernie Castle Culture, our UK subsidiaries, are registered in England and Wales and are subject to the 19% corporation tax, 20% of VAT, and employee’s income tax. The effective rate was 0%, (1.65)% and 8.14% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The deferred tax adjustment was $0, $3,020 and $(3,374) in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Japan Taxation

MD Japan, our Japanese subsidiary, has not commenced its operations yet, and is not yet subject to any Japanese taxation.

Germany Taxation

MD German, our German subsidiary, has not commenced its operations yet, and is not yet subject to any German taxation.

110

Table of Contents

United States Federal Income Tax Considerations

The following does not address the tax consequences to any particular investor or to persons in special tax situations such as:

| ● | banks;

| ● | financial institutions;

| ● | insurance companies;

| ● | regulated investment companies;

| ● | real estate investment trusts;

| ● | broker-dealers;

| ● | persons that elect to mark their securities to market;

| ● | U.S. expatriates or former long-term residents of the U.S.;

| ● | governments or agencies or instrumentalities thereof;

| ● | tax-exempt entities;

| ● | persons liable for alternative minimum tax;

| ● | persons holding our Ordinary Shares as part of a straddle, hedging, conversion or integrated transaction;

| ● | persons that actually or constructively own 10% or more of our voting power or value (including by reason of owning our Ordinary Shares);

| ● | persons who acquired our Ordinary Shares pursuant to the exercise of any employee share option or otherwise as compensation;

| ● | persons holding our Ordinary Shares through partnerships or other pass-through entities;

| ● | beneficiaries of a trust holding our Ordinary Shares; or

| ● | persons holding our Ordinary Shares through a trust.

The discussion set forth below is addressed only to U.S. Holders (defined below) that own our Ordinary Shares. Prospective purchasers are urged to consult their own tax advisors about the application of the U.S. federal income tax rules to their particular circumstances as well as the state, local, foreign and other tax consequences to them of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares.

111

Table of Contents

Material Tax Consequences Applicable to U.S. Holders of Our Ordinary Shares

The following sets forth the material U.S. federal income tax consequences related to the ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares. The following brief description applies only to U.S. Holders (defined below) that hold Ordinary Shares as capital assets and that have the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. This brief description is based on the federal income tax laws of the United States in effect as of the date of this annual report and on U.S. Treasury regulations in effect or, in some cases, proposed, as of the date of this annual report, as well as judicial and administrative interpretations thereof available on or before such date. All of the foregoing authorities are subject to change, which change could apply retroactively and could affect the tax consequences described below. This description does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to ownership and disposition of our Ordinary Shares or U.S. tax laws, other than the U.S. federal income tax laws, such as the tax consequences under non-U.S. tax laws, state, local, and other tax laws.

The brief description below of the U.S. federal income tax consequences to “U.S. Holders” will apply to you if you are a beneficial owner of Ordinary Shares and you are, for U.S. federal income tax purposes,

| ● | an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

| ● | a corporation (or other entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

| ● | an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

| ● | a trust that (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and the control of one or more U.S. persons for all substantial decisions or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) is a beneficial owner of our Ordinary Shares, the tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships and partners of a partnership holding our Ordinary Shares are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding an investment in our Ordinary Shares.

Taxation of Dividends and Other Distributions on our Ordinary Shares

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, the gross amount of distributions made by us to you with respect to the Ordinary Shares (including the amount of any taxes withheld therefrom) will generally be includable in your gross income as dividend income on the date of receipt by you, but only to the extent that the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). With respect to corporate U.S. Holders, the dividends will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction allowed to corporations in respect of dividends received from other U.S. corporations.

With respect to non-corporate U.S. Holders, including individual U.S. Holders, dividends will be taxed at the lower capital gains rate applicable to qualified dividend income, provided that (1) the Ordinary Shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, or we are eligible for the benefits of an approved qualifying income tax treaty with the United States that includes an exchange of information program, (2) we are not a PFIC for either our taxable year in which the dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year, and (3) certain holding period requirements are met. Because there is no income tax treaty between the United States and the Cayman Islands, clause (1) above can be satisfied only if the Ordinary Shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. Under U.S. Internal Revenue Service authority, Ordinary Shares are considered for purpose of clause (1) above to be readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States if they are listed on certain exchanges, which presently includes the NYSE and the Nasdaq Stock Market. You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to our Ordinary Shares, including the effects of any change in law after the date of this annual report.

112

Table of Contents

Dividends will constitute foreign source income for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. If the dividends are taxed as qualified dividend income (as discussed above), the amount of the dividend taken into account for purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit limitation will be limited to the gross amount of the dividend, multiplied by the reduced rate divided by the highest rate of tax normally applicable to dividends. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. For this purpose, dividends distributed by us with respect to our Ordinary Shares will constitute “passive category income” but could, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, constitute “general category income.”

To the extent that the amount of the distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles), it will be treated first as a tax-free return of your tax basis in your Ordinary Shares, and to the extent the amount of the distribution exceeds your tax basis, the excess will be taxed as capital gain. We do not intend to calculate our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles. Therefore, a U.S. Holder should expect that a distribution will be treated as a dividend even if that distribution would otherwise be treated as a non-taxable return of capital or as capital gain under the rules described above.

Taxation of Dispositions of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, you will recognize taxable gain or loss on any sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of a share equal to the difference between the amount realized (in U.S. dollars) for the share and your tax basis (in U.S. dollars) in the Ordinary Shares. The gain or loss will be capital gain or loss. If you are a non-corporate U.S. Holder, including an individual U.S. Holder, who has held the Ordinary Shares for more than one year, you will generally be eligible for reduced tax rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Any such gain or loss that you recognize will generally be treated as United States source income or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes which will generally limit the availability of foreign tax credits.

Passive Foreign Investment Company

A non-U.S. corporation is considered a PFIC, as defined in Section 1297(a) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, for any taxable year if either:

| ● | at least 75% of its gross income for such taxable year is passive income; or

| ● | at least 50% of the value of its assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income (the “asset test”).

Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents and royalties (other than rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets. We will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, at least 25% (by value) of the stock. In determining the value and composition of our assets for purposes of the PFIC asset test, the value of our assets must be determined based on the market value of our Ordinary Shares from time to time, which could cause the value of our non-passive assets to be less than 50% of the value of all of our assets on any particular quarterly testing date for purposes of the asset test.

113

Table of Contents

Based on our operations and the composition of our assets, we do not believe we were a PFIC for our most recent taxable year, and we do not expect to be treated as a PFIC under the current PFIC rules. However, we must make a separate determination each year as to whether we are a PFIC, and there can be no assurance with respect to our status as a PFIC for our current taxable year or any future taxable year. It is possible that, for our current taxable year or for any subsequent taxable year, more than 50% of our assets may be assets held for the production of passive income. We will make this determination following the end of any particular tax year. The VIE Agreements are designed to provide WFOE with the power, rights, and obligations to Mingda Tianjin as set forth under the VIE Agreements. We have evaluated the guidance in Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification 810 and determined that we are regarded as the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes, as a result of our direct ownership in WFOE and the provisions of the VIE Agreements. If we are not treated as owning Mingda Tianjin for United States federal income tax purposes, we would likely be treated as a PFIC. In addition, because the value of our assets for purposes of the asset test will generally be determined based on the market price of our Ordinary Shares and because cash is generally considered to be an asset held for the production of passive income, our PFIC status will depend in large part on the market price of our Ordinary Shares. Accordingly, fluctuations in the market price of the Ordinary Shares may cause us to become a PFIC. In addition, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects and the composition of our income and assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend the cash we raised in our initial public offering. We are under no obligation to take steps to reduce the risk of our being classified as a PFIC, and as stated above, the determination of the value of our assets will depend upon material facts (including the market price of our Ordinary Shares from time to time) that may not be within our control. If we are a PFIC for any year during which you hold Ordinary Shares, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which you hold Ordinary Shares. However, if we cease to be a PFIC and you did not previously make a timely “mark-to-market” election as described below, you may avoid some of the adverse effects of the PFIC regime by making a “purging election” (as described below) with respect to the Ordinary Shares.

If we are a PFIC for your taxable year(s) during which you hold Ordinary Shares, you will be subject to special tax rules with respect to any “excess distribution” that you receive and any gain you realize from a sale or other disposition (including a pledge) of the Ordinary Shares, unless you make a “mark-to-market” election as discussed below. Distributions you receive in a taxable year that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions you received during the shorter of the three preceding taxable years or your holding period for the Ordinary Shares will be treated as an excess distribution. Under these special tax rules:

| ● | the excess distribution or gain will be allocated ratably over your holding period for the Ordinary Shares;

| ● | the amount allocated to your current taxable year, and any amount allocated to any of your taxable year(s) prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC, will be treated as ordinary income, and

| ● | the amount allocated to each of your other taxable year(s) will be subject to the highest tax rate in effect for that year and the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the resulting tax attributable to each such year.

The tax liability for amounts allocated to years prior to the year of disposition or “excess distribution” cannot be offset by any net operating losses for such years, and gains (but not losses) realized on the sale of the Ordinary Shares cannot be treated as capital, even if you hold the Ordinary Shares as capital assets.

A U.S. Holder of “marketable stock” (as defined below) in a PFIC may make a mark-to-market election for such stock to elect out of the tax treatment discussed above. If you make a mark-to-market election for first taxable year which you hold (or are deemed to hold) Ordinary Shares and for which we are determined to be a PFIC, you will include in your income each year an amount equal to the excess, if any, of the fair market value of the Ordinary Shares as of the close of such taxable year over your adjusted basis in such Ordinary Shares, which excess will be treated as ordinary income and not capital gain. You are allowed an ordinary loss for the excess, if any, of the adjusted basis of the Ordinary Shares over their fair market value as of the close of the taxable year. However, such ordinary loss is allowable only to the extent of any net mark-to-market gains on the Ordinary Shares included in your income for prior taxable years. Amounts included in your income under a mark-to-market election, as well as gain on the actual sale or other disposition of the Ordinary Shares, are treated as ordinary income. Ordinary loss treatment also applies to any loss realized on the actual sale or disposition of the Ordinary Shares, to the extent that the amount of such loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gains previously included for such Ordinary Shares. Your basis in the Ordinary Shares will be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amounts. If you make a valid mark-to-market election, the tax rules that apply to distributions by corporations which are not PFICs would apply to distributions by us, except that the lower applicable capital gains rate for qualified dividend income discussed above under “—Taxation of Dividends and Other Distributions on our Ordinary Shares” generally would not apply.

114

Table of Contents

The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock,” which is stock that is traded in other than de minimis quantities on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter (“regularly traded”) on a qualified exchange or other market (as defined in applicable U.S. Treasury regulations), including the Nasdaq Capital Market. If the Ordinary Shares are regularly traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market and if you are a holder of Ordinary Shares, the mark-to-market election would be available to you were we to be or become a PFIC.

Alternatively, a U.S. Holder of stock in a PFIC may make a “qualified electing fund” election with respect to such PFIC to elect out of the tax treatment discussed above. A U.S. Holder who makes a valid qualified electing fund election with respect to a PFIC will generally include in gross income for a taxable year such holder’s pro rata share of the corporation’s earnings and profits for the taxable year. However, the qualified electing fund election is available only if such PFIC provides such U.S. Holder with certain information regarding its earnings and profits as required under applicable U.S. Treasury regulations. We do not currently intend to prepare or provide the information that would enable you to make a qualified electing fund election. If you hold Ordinary Shares in any taxable year in which we are a PFIC, you will be required to file U.S. Internal Revenue Service Form 8621 in each such year and provide certain annual information regarding such Ordinary Shares, including regarding distributions received on the Ordinary Shares and any gain realized on the disposition of the Ordinary Shares.

If you do not make a timely “mark-to-market” election (as described above), and if we were a PFIC at any time during the period you hold our Ordinary Shares, then such Ordinary Shares will continue to be treated as stock of a PFIC with respect to you even if we cease to be a PFIC in a future year, unless you make a “purging election” for the year we cease to be a PFIC. A “purging election” creates a deemed sale of such Ordinary Shares at their fair market value on the last day of the last year in which we are treated as a PFIC. The gain recognized by the purging election will be subject to the special tax and interest charge rules treating the gain as an excess distribution, as described above. As a result of the purging election, you will have a new basis (equal to the fair market value of the Ordinary Shares on the last day of the last year in which we are treated as a PFIC) and holding period (which new holding period will begin the day after such last day) in your Ordinary Shares for tax purposes.

IRC Section 1014(a) provides for a step-up in basis to the fair market value for our Ordinary Shares when inherited from a decedent that was previously a holder of our Ordinary Shares. However, if we are determined to be a PFIC and a decedent that was a U.S. Holder did not make either a timely qualified electing fund election for our first taxable year as a PFIC in which the U.S. Holder held (or was deemed to hold) our Ordinary Shares, or a mark-to-market election and ownership of those Ordinary Shares are inherited, a special provision in IRC Section 1291(e) provides that the new U.S. Holder’s basis should be reduced by an amount equal to the Section 1014 basis minus the decedent’s adjusted basis just before death. As such if we are determined to be a PFIC at any time prior to a decedent’s passing, the PFIC rules will cause any new U.S. Holder that inherits our Ordinary Shares from a U.S. Holder to not get a step-up in basis under Section 1014 and instead will receive a carryover basis in those Ordinary Shares.

You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules to your investment in our Ordinary Shares and the elections discussed above.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Dividend payments with respect to our Ordinary Shares and proceeds from the sale, exchange or redemption of our Ordinary Shares may be subject to information reporting to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and possible U.S. backup withholding at a current rate of 24%. Backup withholding will not apply, however, to a U.S. Holder who furnishes a correct taxpayer identification number and makes any other required certification on U.S. Internal Revenue Service Form W-9 or who is otherwise exempt from backup withholding. U.S. Holders who are required to establish their exempt status generally must provide such certification on U.S. Internal Revenue Service Form W-9. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the U.S. information reporting and backup withholding rules.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Amounts withheld as backup withholding may be credited against your U.S. federal income tax liability, and you may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules by filing the appropriate claim for refund with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service and furnishing any required information. We do not intend to withhold taxes for individual shareholders. However, transactions effected through certain brokers or other intermediaries may be subject to withholding taxes (including backup withholding), and such brokers or intermediaries may be required by law to withhold such taxes.

115

Table of Contents

Under the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act of 2010, certain U.S. Holders are required to report information relating to our Ordinary Shares, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for Ordinary Shares held in accounts maintained by certain financial institutions), by attaching a complete Internal Revenue Service Form 8938, Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets, with their tax return for each year in which they hold Ordinary Shares. Failure to report the information could result in substantial penalties. You should consult your own tax advisor regarding your obligation to file Form 8938.

F.Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. | Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. | Documents on Display

We have previously filed with the SEC our registration statements on Form F-1 (File Number 333-226826), as amended.

We are subject to the periodic reporting and other informational requirements of the Exchange Act. Under the Exchange Act, we are required to file reports and other information with the SEC. Specifically, we are required to file annually a Form 20-F within four months after the end of each fiscal year. The SEC maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding registrants that make electronic filings with the SEC using its EDGAR system. As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules of the Exchange Act prescribing, among other things, the furnishing and content of proxy statements to shareholders, and our executive officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

I. | Subsidiary Information

For a listing of our subsidiaries, see “Item 3. Key Information.”

J. | Annual Report to Security Holders

Not applicable.

​

Item 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign Exchange Risk

Our financial statements are expressed in Renminbi, and most of our revenue, costs, and expenses are denominated in Renminbi. Additionally, our cash and cash equivalents are held in both Renminbi and U.S. dollars. As a result, fluctuations in the exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and Renminbi may affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Renminbi’s exchange rate with the U.S. dollar is affected by, among other things, changes in China’s political and economic conditions and China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of Renminbi to the U.S. dollar. Under such policy, Renminbi was permitted to fluctuate within a narrow and managed band against a basket of certain foreign currencies. Later on, the PBOC has decided to further implement the reform of the RMB exchange regime and to enhance the flexibility of RMB exchange rates. Such changes in policy have resulted in a significant appreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar since 2005 though there have been periods when the U.S. dollar has appreciated against Renminbi as well. There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a more flexible currency policy, which could result in a further and more significant adjustment of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar.

116

Table of Contents

To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from financing activities into Renminbi for our operations or other uses within the PRC, appreciation of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. On the other hand, a decline in the value of Renminbi against the U.S. dollar could reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent amounts of our financial results, and the dividends we may pay in the future, if any, all of which may have a material adverse effect on the prices of our Ordinary Shares. As of December 31, 2023, our functional currency denominated cash balances of RMB460 be translated to $65 by using exchange rate of 7.0999 on December 31, 2023. Assuming a 1% appreciation of the U.S. dollar to RMB, $1=7.1709, the cash balance of RMB460 would be translated to $64. The cash balance presented in U.S. dollar would have decreased by $1.

In addition, very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency. As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates may have a material adverse effect on your investment.

Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash in the amount of $503,505 and $1,433,158, respectively. Approximately $3,851 of our cash is maintained within the PRC. Per PRC regulations, the maximum insured bank deposit amount is approximately $70,424 (RMB500,000) for each financial institution. Among the cash maintained in the PRC, approximately $5,000 be considered as uninsured cash. While management believes that these financial institutions are of high credit quality, it also continually monitors their credit worthiness.

Accounts receivable are typically unsecured and derived from revenue earned from customers, thereby exposed to credit risk. The risk is mitigated by our assessment of its customers’ creditworthiness and its ongoing monitoring of outstanding balances.

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk is the risk that we will encounter difficulty in meeting the obligations associated with our financial liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or other financial assets. Our approach to managing liquidity is to ensure, as far as possible, that we will always have sufficient liquidity to meet our liabilities when due, under both normal and stressed conditions, without incurring unacceptable losses or risking damage to our reputation.

The following are the contractual maturities of financial liabilities, including estimated interest payments:

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | Carrying |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Amount as of | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | One Year or | ​ | ​ | ​
Non-derivative financial instruments |  | 2023 in US$ |  | Less |  | Over One Year
Trade and other payables | ​ | $ | 101,969 | ​ | $ | 101,969 | ​ | $ | —
Deferred income | ​ | ​ | 20,068 | ​ | ​ | 20,068 | ​ | ​ | —
Short-term loans payable |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | — |  | ​ | —
Total | ​ | $ | 122,037 | ​ | $ | 122,037 | ​ | $ | —

​

Interest Rate Risk

We have not used derivative financial instruments to hedge interest risk. Interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. We have not been exposed, nor do we anticipate being exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rates. However, our future interest income may fall short of expectations due to changes in market interest rates.

117

Table of Contents

Inflation Risk

In recent years, inflation has not had a material impact on our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the consumer price index in China increased by 0.2%, 2.0%, and 0.9%, in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Although we have not in the past been materially affected by inflation since our inception, we can provide no assurance that we will not be affected in the future by higher rates of inflation in China. If inflation rises, it may materially and adversely affect the PRC operating entities and our business.

​

Item 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A. | D ebt Securities

Not applicable.

B. | Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C. | Other Securities

Not applicable.

D. | A merican Depositary Shares

Not applicable.

​

118

Table of Contents

Part II

Item 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

​

Item 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

See “Item 10. Additional Information” for a description of the rights of securities holders, which remain unchanged.

Use of Proceeds

The following “Use of Proceeds” information relates to the registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File Number 333-226826) for our initial public offering, which was declared effective by the SEC on November 13, 2018. For initial public offering, we issued and sold an aggregate of 1,260,820 Ordinary Shares, at a price of $5 per Ordinary Share for approximately $6,304,100. The net proceeds raised from the initial public offering were $5,696,485.5 after deducting underwriting commissions and the offering expenses payable by us. Network 1 Financial Securities, Inc. was the underwriter of our initial public offering.

We incurred approximately $607,614.5 in expenses in connection with our initial public offering, which included approximately $333,765.6 in underwriting commissions for the initial public offering and approximately $273,848.9 in other costs and expenses. None of the transaction expenses included payments to directors or officers of our company or their associates, persons owning more than 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. None of the net proceeds we received from the initial public offering were paid, directly or indirectly, to any of our directors or officers or their associates, persons owning 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates.

In addition to above offering costs of $607,615, we incurred $1,522,601 in professional fees, which were direct costs in connection with the IPO. The net proceeds after total offering costs of $2,130,215 were $4,173,885. As of the date of this annual report, we have used $3,140,798 from the net proceeds to purchase real estate properties located in the UK. We intend to use the proceeds from our initial public offering in the manner disclosed in our registration statement on Form F-1, as amended (File Number 333-226826). We also intend to use the proceeds to develop and expand our operations in the real estate development and hospitality markets in the UK and other European countries.

​

Item 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, which is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2023. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023 were effective.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, we conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. The assessment was based on criteria established in the framework Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2023.

119

Table of Contents

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or because the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

This annual report on Form 20-F does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC where domestic and foreign registrants that are non-accelerated filers, which we are, are not required to provide the auditor attestation report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this annual report on Form 20-F that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

​

Item 16. [Reserved]

Item 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Mr. Zhenlei Hu qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in Item 16A of Form 20-F. Mr. Zhenlei Hu satisfies the “independence” requirements of Section 5605(a)(2) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules as well as the independence requirements of Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act.

​

Item 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

We adopted a code of ethics as of the date of the filing of our Form F-1/A on September 7, 2018, as exhibit 99.1.

​

Item 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered and billed by RBSM LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm for the periods indicated.

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the Years Ended December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Audit fees (1) | ​ | $ | 242,500 | ​ | $ | 260,000
Audit-Related fees (2) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 25,000
Tax fees (3) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
All other fees (4) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Total | ​ | $ | 242,500 | ​ | $ | 285,000

(1) | Audit fees include the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for the audit of our annual financial statements and review of our comparative interim condensed financial statements.

(2) | Audit-related fees mean the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for the assurance and related services, which mainly included the audit and review of financial statements and are not reported under audit fees above.

(3) | Tax fees mean the aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for tax compliance, tax advice, and tax planning.

120

Table of Contents

(4) | All other fees include the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm, other than the services reported under audit fees, audit-related fees, and tax fees.

The policy of our audit committee is to pre-approve all audit and non-audit services provided by RBSM LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm including audit services, audit-related services, tax services, and other services as described above.

​

Item 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not applicable.

​

Item 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

None.

​

Item 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

None.

​

Item 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

As a Cayman Islands company listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, we are subject to the Nasdaq Capital Market corporate governance listing standards. However, Nasdaq Capital Market rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq Capital Market corporate governance listing standards.

Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635 generally provides that shareholder approval is required of U.S. domestic companies listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market prior to (i) issuances in connection with the acquisition of the stock or assets of another company if upon issuance the issued shares will equal to 20% or more of the number of shares or voting power outstanding prior to the issuance, or if certain specified persons have a 5% or greater interest in the assets or company to be acquired (Rule 5635(a)); (ii) issuances or potential issuances that will result in a change of control (Rule 5635(b)); (iii) issuances in connection with equity compensation arrangements (Rule 5635(c)); and (iv) 20% or greater issuances in transactions other than public offerings, as defined in the Nasdaq rules (Rule 5635(d)). Notwithstanding this general requirement, Nasdaq Listing Rule 5615(a)(3)(A) permits foreign private issuers to follow their home country practice rather than these shareholder approval requirements. The Cayman Islands do not require shareholder approval prior to any of the foregoing types of issuances. The Company, therefore, is not required to obtain such shareholder approval prior to entering into a transaction with the potential to issue securities as described above. The Board of Directors of the Company has elected to follow the Company’s home country rules as to such issuances and will not be required to seek shareholder approval prior to entering into such a transaction.

Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(b)(1) requires listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of its board members be independent. As a foreign private issuer, however, we are permitted to, and we may follow home country practice in lieu of the above requirements, or we may choose to comply with the above requirement within one year of listing. The corporate governance practice in our home country, the Cayman Islands, does not require a majority of our board to consist of independent directors. Currently, a majority of our board members are independent. Other than those described above, there are no significant differences between our corporate governance practices and those followed by U.S. domestic companies under Nasdaq Capital Market corporate governance listing standards.

​

Item 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

Item 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

121

Table of Contents

Item 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES

​

Not applicable. We will be required to comply with disclosure requirements under this item 16J for the fiscal year ending on December 31, 2024.

​

Item 16K. CYBERSECURITY

Risk Management and Strategy

​

We believe an effective cybersecurity program is critical to guard the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our information systems and data residing in those systems. We have built and continue to evolve processes for assessing, identifying, and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats. We have embedded the oversight and management of cybersecurity risk within our enterprise risk management framework to help drive a company-wide culture of cybersecurity risk management, and we have established policies and procedures as well as a reporting line of governance that guide our cybersecurity risk management program.

​

Governance

​

Our board of directors leads cybersecurity efforts directly and plays an active role in preparing for cybersecurity challenges. Board members familiar themselves with cybersecurity risks through self-learning and delegate the task of dynamically monitoring cybersecurity to the secretary of the Board, who is responsible for promptly tracking and staying informed about the dissemination of the Company’s network information. We also ensure that there is a prompt and synchronized internal exchange of network information. The board encourages all departments and employees to provide timely and convenient feedback on cybersecurity issues. Once risks are identified, they are swiftly shared and discussed to formulate response strategies. In addition, we strengthen information security education and training. In response to the continuously evolving network environment, the Company proactively shares and conducts training on the latest developments in cybersecurity. Such training helps enhance overall awareness of cybersecurity risks among our staffs and, as a result, effectively prevents common cyber threats.

​

We are also registered with the UK Information Commissioner’s Office (“ICO”), which is the UK’s independent regulatory authority overseeing data protection matters under relevant laws and regulations, such as the Data Protection Act 2018 and the General Data Protection Regulation. Having completed our registration, we regularly stay updated with the latest cybersecurity news and alerts from the ICO. As part of our cybersecurity measures, our business practices also adhere to ICO standards.

​

Through the implementation of these comprehensive cybersecurity controls, we have effectively minimized significant cybersecurity risks to our operations. To date, we have not encountered any cybersecurity incidents which have affected or are reasonably likely to affect us.

​

122

Table of Contents

Part III

Item 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have elected to provide financial statements pursuant to Item 18.

​

Item 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The consolidated financial statements of MDJM are included at the end of this annual report.

​

Item 19. EXHIBITS

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit No. |  | Description
1.1 | ​ | Amended and Restated Articles of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file No. 333-226826) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018)
1.2 | ​ | Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file No. 333-226826) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018)
2.1 | ​ | Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file No. 333-226826) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018)
2.2 | ​ | Description of the rights of each class of securities registered (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.2 of our Annual Report on Form 20-F (file No. 001-38768) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 19, 2022)
2.3 | ​ | Form of indenture with respect to senior debt securities, to be entered into between registrant and a trustee acceptable to the registrant, if any (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 of our Registration Statement on Form F-3/A (file No. 333-261347) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 28, 2022)
2.4 | ​ | Form of indenture with respect to subordinated debt securities, to be entered into between registrant and a trustee acceptable to the registrant, if any (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of our Registration Statement on Form F-3/A (file No. 333-261347) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on January 28, 2022)
4.1 | ​ | Form of Indemnification Agreement with the Registrant’s directors and officers (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file No. 333-226826) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018)
4.2 | ​ | Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and the executive officers of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file No. 333-226826) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018)
4.3 | ​ | Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement dated April 28, 2018, between WFOE and Mingda Tianjin (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file No. 333-226826) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018)
4.4 | ​ | Share Pledge Agreement dated April 28, 2018, between WFOE, Beneficial Owners, and Mingda Tianjin (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file No. 333-226826) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018)
4.5 | ​ | Exclusive Option Agreement dated April 28, 2018, between WFOE, Beneficial Owners, and Mingda Tianjin (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file No. 333-226826) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018)
4.6 | ​ | Powers of Attorney dated April 28, 2018, between WFOE, Beneficial Owners, and Mingda Tianjin (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file No. 333-226826) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018)
4.7 | ​ | MDJM LTD 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of our Registration Statement on Form S-8 (file No. 333-278269) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 27, 2024)
8.1* | ​ | List of subsidiaries of the Registrant
11.1 | ​ | Code of Business Conduct and Ethics of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 of our Registration Statement on Form F-1 (file No. 333-226826) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 13, 2018)
12.1* | ​ | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

123

Table of Contents

12.2* | ​ | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1 ** | ​ | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.2 ** | ​ | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
15.1* | ​ | Consent of RBSM LLP
15.2* | ​ | Consent of Beijing ANLI (Tianjin) Partners
97.1* | ​ | Compensation Recovery Policy
101.INS* | ​ | Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH* | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL* | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.DEF* | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.LAB* | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.PRE* | ​ | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
104* | ​ | Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* | Filed with this annual report on Form 20-F

** | Furnished with this annual report on Form 20-F

​

124

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

| MDJM LTD
| By: | /s/ Siping Xu
|  | Siping Xu
|  | Chief Executive Officer,
|  | Chairman of the Board of Directors
Date: April 29, 2024 |  |

​

​

​

​

​

125

Table of Contents

MDJM LTD

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

​ |
​ | Page
​ | ​
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 587) | F-2
​ | ​
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 | F-4
​ | ​
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 | F-5
​ | ​
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 | F-6
​ | ​
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 | F-7
​ | ​
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements | F-8

​

​

​

F-1

Table of Contents

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of

MDJM LTD

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of MDJM LTD, its subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entities (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements, and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

We did not identify any critical audit matters during the course of our audit for the year ended December 31 2023.

​

F-2

Table of Contents

​

| ​
/s/ RBSM LLP ​ | ​
​ | ​
We have served as the Company’s auditors since 2018. | ​
​ | ​
New York, New York | ​
April 29, 2024 | ​

​

​

​

F-3

Table of Contents

MDJM LTD and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As of December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | ​ | $ | 503,505 | ​ | $ | 1,433,158
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for CECL - trade receivable of $47,199 and $231,937, respectively | ​ |  | 164,170 | ​ |  | 967,819
Prepaid expenses | ​ |  | 11,765 | ​ |  | 26,721
Other receivables | ​ |  | 3,069 | ​ |  | 64,023
Total Current Assets | ​ | ​ | 682,509 | ​ | ​ | 2,491,721
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Property and equipment, net | ​ |  | 3,307,371 | ​ |  | 3,129,884
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Other Assets | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Deferred tax assets | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 11,121
VAT credit | ​ | ​ | 9,362 | ​ | ​ | 2,349
Total Other Assets | ​ |  | 9,362 | ​ |  | 13,470
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total Assets | ​ | $ | 3,999,242 | ​ | $ | 5,635,075
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Liabilities and Equity | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Current Liabilities: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities | ​ | $ | 101,969 | ​ | $ | 313,086
Deferred income | ​ | ​ | 20,068 | ​ | ​ | 20,179
Short-term loans payable | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 372,679
Total Current Liabilities | ​ | ​ | 122,037 | ​ | ​ | 705,944
Total Liabilities | ​ |  | 122,037 | ​ |  | 705,944
Equity: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Ordinary shares: 50,000,000 shares authorized, par value: $0.001 per share, 11,675,216 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 | ​ |  | 11,675 | ​ |  | 11,675
Additional paid in capital | ​ |  | 6,845,394 | ​ |  | 6,845,394
Statutory reserve | ​ |  | 327,140 | ​ |  | 327,140
Retained earnings | ​ |  | (3,363,436) | ​ |  | (2,202,990)
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income | ​ |  | 56,432 | ​ |  | (52,088)
Total Shareholders’ Equity | ​ |  | 3,877,205 | ​ | ​ | 4,929,131
Total Liabilities and Equity | ​ | $ | 3,999,242 | ​ | $ | 5,635,075

​

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

F-4

Table of Contents

MDJM LTD and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

For the Years Ended December 31,

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Revenue | ​ | $ | 144,863 | ​ | $ | 450,634 | ​ | $ | 4,466,233
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Operating Expenses: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Selling expenses | ​ |  | 63 | ​ |  | 10,219 | ​ |  | 47,480
Payroll, payroll taxes, and others | ​ |  | 572,240 | ​ |  | 1,370,972 | ​ |  | 5,554,186
Professional fees | ​ | ​ | 525,625 | ​ | ​ | 555,657 | ​ | ​ | 460,274
Operating leases expenses | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 117,686
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 76,246 | ​ |  | 36,243 | ​ |  | 24,910
(Recovery) allowance for CECL - trade receivable, net | ​ |  | (159,509) | ​ |  | 165,464 | ​ |  | 59,625
Other general and administrative | ​ |  | 454,355 | ​ |  | 261,610 | ​ |  | 471,557
Total Operating Expenses | ​ |  | 1,469,020 | ​ |  | 2,400,165 | ​ |  | 6,735,718
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Loss From Operations | ​ |  | (1,324,157) | ​ |  | (1,949,531) | ​ |  | (2,269,485)
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Other Income (Expense): | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Gain (loss) on sale of asset | ​ |  | (12) | ​ |  | 10,954 | ​ |  | —
Gain (loss) on foreign currency transactions | ​ | ​ | 18,762 | ​ | ​ | 43,548 | ​ | ​ | (14,402)
Loss on deconsolidation | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (240,431) | ​ | ​ | (8,350)
Interest (expense) income | ​ |  | 16,476 | ​ |  | (31,615) | ​ |  | 2,094
Other income | ​ |  | 139,320 | ​ |  | 16,011 | ​ |  | 47,340
Total Other Income | ​ |  | 174,546 | ​ |  | (201,533) | ​ |  | 26,682
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Loss Before Income Tax | ​ |  | (1,149,611) | ​ |  | (2,151,064) | ​ |  | (2,242,803)
Income tax | ​ |  | (10,835) | ​ |  | (3,020) | ​ |  | (9,963)
Net Loss | ​ |  | (1,160,446) | ​ |  | (2,154,084) | ​ |  | (2,252,766)
Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interest | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (7,048)
Net loss attributable to MDJM Ltd ordinary shareholders | ​ | $ | (1,160,446) | ​ | $ | (2,154,084) | ​ | $ | (2,245,718)
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Net income (loss) per ordinary share - basic and diluted | ​ | $ | (0.10) | ​ | $ | (0.18) | ​ | $ | (0.19)
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic and diluted | ​ |  | 11,675,216 | ​ |  | 11,675,216 | ​ |  | 11,675,216
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Comprehensive Income (Loss): | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Net loss | ​ | $ | (1,160,446) | ​ | $ | (2,154,084) | ​ | $ | (2,252,766)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Change in foreign currency translation adjustments | ​ |  | 108,520 | ​ |  | (101,200) | ​ |  | 94,694
Total other comprehensive income (loss) | ​ |  | (1,051,926) | ​ |  | (2,255,284) | ​ |  | (2,158,072)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 143
Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | ​ | $ | (1,051,926) | ​ | $ | (2,255,284) | ​ | $ | (2,158,215)

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

​

F-5

Table of Contents

MDJM LTD and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

For the Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Accumulated | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Ordinary Shares | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Other | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Number of | ​ | Amount of | ​ | Additional Paid in | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | Retained | ​ | Comprehensive | ​ | Noncontrolling | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Ordinary Shares |  | Ordinary Shares |  | Capital |  | Statutory Reserve |  | Earnings (Deficits) |  | Income (Loss) |  | Interest |  | Total Equity
Balance – December 31, 2020 | ​ | 11,675,216 | ​ | $ | 11,675 | ​ | $ | 6,845,394 | ​ | $ | 327,140 | ​ | $ | 2,142,657 | ​ | $ | (37,558) | ​ | $ | (173,820) | ​ | $ | 9,115,488
Comprehensive income (loss): | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Deconsolidated of noncontrolling interest | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (179,730) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 179,730 | ​ |  | —
Net loss | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (2,245,718) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (7,048) | ​ |  | (2,252,766)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | ​ | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment | ​ | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 100,461 | ​ |  | (5,767) | ​ |  | 94,694
Balance – December 31, 2021 | ​ | 11,675,216 | ​ | $ | 11,675 | ​ | $ | 6,845,394 | ​ | $ | 327,140 | ​ | $ | (282,791) | ​ | $ | 62,903 | ​ | $ | (6,905) | ​ | $ | 6,957,416
Comprehensive income (loss): | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Acquired noncontrolling interest | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (7,048) | ​ | ​ | 143 | ​ | ​ | 6,905 | ​ | ​ | —
Deconsolidated of Suzhou | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 240,933 | ​ | ​ | (13,934) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 226,999
Net loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,154,084) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (2,154,084)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (101,200) | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | (101,200)
Balance – December 31, 2022 | ​ | 11,675,216 | ​ | $ | 11,675 | ​ | $ | 6,845,394 | ​ | $ | 327,140 | ​ | $ | (2,202,990) | ​ | $ | (52,088) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 4,929,131
Comprehensive income (loss): | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net loss | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,160,446) | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (1,160,446)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 108,520 | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 108,520
Balance – December 31, 2023 | ​ | 11,675,216 | ​ | $ | 11,675 | ​ | $ | 6,845,394 | ​ | $ | 327,140 | ​ | $ | (3,363,436) | ​ | $ | 56,432 | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 3,877,205

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

​

F-6

Table of Contents

MDJM LTD and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the Years Ended December 31,

​

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: | ​ | ​ |  |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Net loss | ​ | $ | (1,160,446) | ​ | $ | (2,154,084) | ​ | $ | (2,252,766)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Depreciation and amortization | ​ |  | 76,246 | ​ |  | 36,243 | ​ |  | 24,910
(Recovery) allowance for CECL - trade receivable, net | ​ |  | (159,509) | ​ |  | 165,464 | ​ |  | 59,625
(Gain) loss on foreign currency transactions | ​ |  | (18,762) | ​ |  | (43,548) | ​ |  | 14,402
Gain on conversion of functional currency from US $ to GBP - MD Local | ​ |  | (80,887) | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | —
Loss (gain) on sale of assets | ​ | ​ | 12 | ​ | ​ | (10,954) | ​ | ​ | —
Loss on deconsolidation | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 240,431 | ​ | ​ | 8,350
Non cash operating lease expense | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | 103,459
Non cash interest expense | ​ | ​ | (5,026) | ​ | ​ | 21,241 | ​ | ​ | 5,327
Changes in deferred tax assets | ​ |  | 10,835 | ​ |  | 3,020 | ​ |  | 9,963
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Decrease (increase) in accounts receivables | ​ |  | 935,537 | ​ |  | 815,839 | ​ |  | 1,969,361
Decrease (increase) in other receivables | ​ |  | (2,051) | ​ |  | (2,788) | ​ |  | 16,190
Decrease (increase) in prepaid expense | ​ |  | 15,726 | ​ |  | 5,914 | ​ |  | (2,664)
(Decrease) increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses | ​ |  | (207,250) | ​ |  | (537,442) | ​ |  | (162,279)
(Decrease) increase in VAT and other tax payable | ​ |  | (5,637) | ​ |  | (125,453) | ​ |  | (85,526)
Increase in operating lease liabilities | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (46,474)
(Decrease) increase in deferred income | ​ |  | 1,847 | ​ |  | (1,000) | ​ |  | 3,841
Net Cash Used in Operating Activities | ​ |  | (599,365) | ​ |  | (1,587,117) | ​ |  | (334,281)
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Acquisition of real property and improvements in UK | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | (3,095,291) | ​ | ​ | —
Purchase of office equipment and software | ​ |  | (106,544) | ​ |  | (45,507) | ​ |  | (6,600)
Repayment from (advance to) related parties | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | (71,035)
Proceeds from disposal of asset | ​ | ​ | 1,384 | ​ | ​ | 30,607 | ​ | ​ | —
Loan repayment received | ​ |  | 66,376 | ​ |  | 742 | ​ |  | 23,724
Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Investing Activities | ​ |  | (38,784) | ​ |  | (3,109,449) | ​ |  | (53,911)
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
(Repayment) proceeds from short term loans | ​ |  | (363,089) | ​ |  | 381,754 | ​ |  | —
Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities | ​ |  | (363,089) | ​ |  | 381,754 | ​ |  | —
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | ​ |  | 71,585 | ​ |  | 4,288 | ​ |  | 22,224
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | ​ | ​ | (929,653) | ​ | ​ | (4,310,524) | ​ | ​ | (365,968)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash – beginning of the period * | ​ | ​ | 1,433,158 | ​ | ​ | 5,743,682 | ​ | ​ | 6,110,046
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash – end of the period | ​ | $ | 503,505 | ​ | $ | 1,433,158 | ​ | $ | 5,744,078
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Cash and cash equivalents | ​ | $ | 499,654 | ​ | $ | 1,358,838 | ​ | $ | 4,796,299
Restricted foreign currency | ​ | ​ | 3,851 | ​ | ​ | 74,320 | ​ | ​ | 947,779
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | ​ | $ | 503,505 | ​ | $ | 1,433,158 | ​ | $ | 5,744,078
​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Supplemental Disclosure Cash Flow Information: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Cash paid for: | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​ | ​ |  | ​
Interest | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 5,256 | ​ | $ | —
Income taxes | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 23,553

​

​

*$5,744,078-$396 (deconsolidated amount) =$5,743,682

​

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

F-7

Table of Contents

MDJM LTD AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1 – ORGANIZATION AND DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Organization

MDJM LTD (the “Company” or “MDJM”) was incorporated on January 26, 2018, under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company under the name of MDJLEAD LTD. Effective on May 7, 2018, the Company changed its corporate name to MDJM LTD. The Company, through its subsidiaries and the consolidated variable interest entity (the “VIE”), is principally engaged in providing end-to-end services in the life cycle of a residential real estate project, including primary real estate agency services, real estate consulting services, and training and evaluation with respect to primary agency sales services in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC”). The Company engages in the hotel and restaurant businesses in the United Kingdom (the “UK”). In 2022, the Company, through its subsidiaries in the UK acquired two real estate properties located in the UK, which are remodeled as hotels with restaurant facilities. The Company or MDJM, and its subsidiaries and the consolidated VIE are also collectively referred to as the “Group,” or where appropriate, the terms the “Group,” “we,” “our,” or “us” also refer to MDJM or the Company and its subsidiaries and the consolidated VIE as a whole.

MDJCC Limited (“MDJM Hong Kong”) was incorporated on February 9, 2018, under the laws of Hong Kong. MDJM owned 100% interest of MDJM Hong Kong.

MD Local Global Limited (“MDJM UK”) was incorporated in the UK under the Companies Act 2006 as a private company on October 28, 2020, and it is registered in England and Wales. MDJM owned 100% interest of MDJM UK.

Mansions Catering and Hotel LTD (“Mansions,” formerly known as Mansions Estate Agent Ltd) was incorporated pursuant to England laws as a limited company on June 15, 2021, to conduct residential property management and real estate agencies business. At the time of incorporation, MD UK originally held 51% of the equity interest in Mansions, Ocean Tide Wealth Limited, a specialist mortgage broker in the United Kingdom held 41% of the equity interest was held by Ocean Tide Wealth Limited, a specialist mortgage broker in the United Kingdom, and Mingzhe Zhang, an individual held the remaining 8%. On May 20, 2022, MD UK acquired the 41% ownership interests from Ocean Tide Wealth Limited with a consideration of one British pound sterling. On May 20, 2022, MD UK acquired the 8% ownership interests from Mingzhe Zhang with a consideration of one British pound sterling. After the acquisition, MD UK has held 100% ownership interests in Mansions.

On January 14, 2022, Mingda Jiahe Development Investment Co., Ltd (“MD Japan”) was incorporated pursuant to Japanese laws. MDJM holds 100% of the equity interest in MD Japan. For the year ended December 31, 2022, MD Japan incurred professional fees of $24,084 relating to the entity establishment in Japan and did not generated any revenue in 2022. MD Japan had no activity in 2023.

On February 16, 2022, MD Lokal Global GmbH (“MD German”) was incorporated pursuant to German laws. MDJM holds 100% of the equity interest in MD German. For the year ended December 31, 2022, MD German incurred professional fees of $41,236 relating to the entity establishment in Germany and did not generated any revenue in 2022. MD German had no activity in 2023.

On August 22, 2023, the Company incorporated a wholly owned subsidiary in the UK under the name of Fernie Castile Culture Limited. Fernie Castle Culture Limited expects to engage in the management of the brand name of “Fernie” and developing “Fernie” brand name related products and services.

Beijing Mingda Jiahe Technology Development Co., Ltd. (“Mingda Beijing”), is a limited liability company organized on March 9, 2018, under the laws of the PRC, a wholly-foreign owned entity (“WFOE”) and 100% owned by MDJM Hong Kong.

Tianjin Mingda Jiahe Real Estate Co., Ltd. (“Mingda Tianjin”), is a limited liability company organized on September 25, 2002 under the laws of the PRC. On February 2, 2021, Mingda Tianjin changed its name to Mingdajiahe (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.

F-8

Table of Contents

The following table lists the wholly-owned subsidiaries and the consolidated VIE of the Company:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Date of | ​ | Place of | ​ | Percentage of
Name of the Company |  | Incorporation |  | Incorporation |  | Ownership
MDJM Hong Kong |  | February 9, 2018 |  | Hong Kong |  | 100%
MDJM UK | ​ | October 28, 2020 | ​ | England and Wales | ​ | 100%
Mansions | ​ | June 15, 2021 | ​ | England and Wales | ​ | 100%
Fernie Castile Culture Limited | ​ | August 22, 2023 | ​ | England and Wales | ​ | 100%
MD Japan | ​ | January 14, 2022 | ​ | Japan | ​ | 100%
MD German | ​ | February 16, 2022 | ​ | Germany | ​ | 100%
Mingda Beijing (WFOE) |  | March 9, 2018 |  | PRC |  | 100%
Mingda Tianjin (VIE) |  | September 25, 2002 |  | PRC |  | VIE

​

VIE Arrangements

PRC regulations currently prohibit or restrict foreign ownership of companies that provide services in certain industries. To comply with these regulations, on April 28, 2018, Mingda Beijing entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Mingda Tianjin and shareholders of Mingda Tianjin (collectively, the “VIE Agreements”). Due to PRC legal restrictions on foreign ownership in the real estate sector, neither the Company nor its subsidiaries own any equity interest in Mingda Tianjin. Instead, for accounting purposes, the Company controls and receives the economic benefits of Mingda Tianjin’s business operation through the VIE Agreements, which enable the Company to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in the Company’s consolidated financial statements under the generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Agreements that Transfer Economic Benefits of Mingda Tianjin

On April 28, 2018, Mingda Beijing entered into an “Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement” (the “Business Agreement”) with Mingda Tianjin. Pursuant to the Business Agreement, Mingda Beijing will provide a series of consulting and technical support services to Mingda Tianjin and is entitled to receive 100% of Mingda Tianjin’s net income after deduction of required PRC statutory surplus reserve as a service fee. The service fee is paid annually or at any such time agreed by Mingda Beijing and Mingda Tianjin. The term of this Business Agreement is valid for 10 years upon execution of the agreement and may be extended or terminated prior to the expiration date at will of Mingda Beijing. Unless expressly provided by the Business Agreement, without prior written consent of Mingda Beijing Mingda Tianjin may not engage any third party to provide the services offered by Mingda Beijing under the agreement.

Agreements that Enable the Company to Control and Receive the Economic Benefits of Mingda Tianjin’s Business Operation for Accounting Purposes

On April 28, 2018, each of the shareholders of the Mingda Tianjin entered into an “Exclusive Call Option Agreement” (collectively, the “Option Agreements”) with Mingda Beijing. Pursuant to the Option Agreements, each of the shareholders of Mingda Tianjin granted an irrevocable and unconditional option to Mingda Beijing or its designees to acquire all or part of such shareholder’s equity interests in Mingda Tianjin at its sole discretion, to the extent as permitted by PRC laws and regulations then in effect. The consideration for such acquisition of all equity interests in Mingda Tianjin will be equal to the registered capital of Mingda Tianjin, and if PRC law requires the consideration to be greater than the registered capital, the consideration will be the minimum amount as permitted by PRC law. The Option Agreements are valid for 10 years upon execution of the agreements and may be extended prior to the expiration date at will by Mingda Beijing.

On April 28, 2018, each of the shareholders of Mingda Tianjin also entered into an “Equity Pledge Agreement” (collectively, the “Pledge Agreements”) with Mingda Beijing. Pursuant to the Pledge Agreements, the shareholders pledged their respective equity interests in Mingda Tianjin to guarantee the performance of the obligations of the VIE. Mingda Beijing, as pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to sell the pledged equity interests. Pursuant to the Pledge Agreements, each of the shareholders of Mingda Tianjin cannot transfer, sell, pledge, dispose of, or otherwise create any new encumbrance on their respective equity interests in Mingda Tianjin without the prior written consent of Mingda Beijing. The equity pledge right will expire when the exclusive business cooperation between Mingda Beijing and Mingda Tianjin is terminated and all service fees are paid. The equity pledges of Mingda Tianjin have been registered with the relevant local branch of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.

F-9

Table of Contents

Risks in Relation to the VIE Structure

The Company believes that the VIE Agreements are in compliance with the PRC law and are legally enforceable. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit the Company’s ability to enforce the VIE Agreements and the interests of the shareholders of the VIE may diverge from those of the Company and that may potentially increase the risk that such shareholders would seek to act inconsistently with the contractual terms, for example by influencing the VIE not to pay the service fees when required to do so.

The Company’s ability to, for accounting purposes, control and receive the economic benefits of Mingda Tianjin’s business operation through the VIE Agreements, and to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in its consolidated financial statements, also depends on the power of attorney Mingda Beijing has to vote on all matters requiring shareholder approval in the VIE. The Company believes this power of attorney is legally enforceable but may not be as effective as direct equity ownership.

In addition, if the VIE Agreements were found to be in violation of any existing PRC laws and regulations, the Company may be subject to fines or other actions. The Company does not believe such actions would result in the liquidation or dissolution of the Company, Mingda Beijing, or the VIE.

The Company, through its subsidiaries and the VIE Agreements, has (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly affect the entity’s economic performance and (2) the right to receive benefits from the VIE. Accordingly, the Company is the primary beneficiary of the VIE and has consolidated the financial results of the VIE.

NOTE 2 – SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of consolidation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE, and the branch offices of the VIE. All significant inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated on consolidation.

The Group evaluates each of its interests in private companies to determine whether or not the investee is a VIE and, if so, whether the Group is the primary beneficiary of such VIE. In determining whether the Group is the primary beneficiary, the Group considers if the Group (i) has power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of the VIE, and (ii) receives the economic benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the VIE. If deemed the primary beneficiary, the Group consolidates the VIE.

Mingda Tianjin has the following branch offices, which have been included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | Percentage
​ | ​ | Date of | ​ | Place of | ​ | of
Name of the Subsidiaries Owned by the VIE |  | Incorporation |  | Incorporation |  | Ownership
Mingdajiahe (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Suzhou Branch |  | October 13, 2017 |  | Suzhou, China |  | N/A
Mingdajiahe (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Chengdu Branch |  | June 24, 2019 |  | Chengdu, China |  | N/A

​

Mingdajiahe (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Suzhou Branch was dissolved in October 2022. Consequently, a $240,431 loss on deconsolidation was recorded in the year ended December 31, 2022.

F-10

Table of Contents

Mingda Tianjin included the following branch offices and/or subsidiaries in previous consolidated financial statements. These offices and subsidiaries were dissolved in 2021 and deconsolidated from the accompanying consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | Percentage
​ | ​ | Date of | ​ | Place of | ​ | of
Name of the Deconsolidated Subsidiaries Owned by the VIE |  | Incorporation |  | Incorporation |  | Ownership
Mingdajiahe (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. Yangzhou Branch |  | October 18, 2017 |  | Yangzhou, China |  | N/A
Xishe (Tianjin) Business Management Co., Ltd. |  | October 20, 2017 |  | Tianjin, China |  | 100%
Xishe (Tianjin) Culture and Media Co., Ltd. |  | July 25, 2018 |  | Tianjin, China |  | 100%
Xishe Xianglin (Tianjin) Business Operation & Management Co., Ltd. |  | March 9, 2018 |  | Tianjin, China |  | 51%

​

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from such estimates. Significant accounting estimates reflected in the Group’s financial statements include useful lives and valuation of long-lived assets, allowance for doubtful accounts, assumptions related to the consolidation of entities in which the Group holds variable interests, and valuation allowance on deferred tax.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company follows the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”). It clarifies the definition of fair value, prescribes methods for measuring fair value, and establishes a fair value hierarchy to classify the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities available at the measurement date;

Level 2 – Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data; and

Level 3 – Inputs are unobservable inputs which reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions on what assumptions the market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best available information.

The carrying amounts reported in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other receivables, prepaid expenses, prepaid income tax, deferred tax assets, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, income tax payable, and other taxes payable approximate their fair value based on the short-term maturity of these instruments.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less.

The Group maintains cash and cash equivalents with various commercial banks within the PRC. Cash in the PRC denominated in RMB may not be freely transferable to out of the PRC because of exchange control regulations or other reasons. Such restricted cash amounted to $65 and $74,320 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company has not experienced any losses in the bank accounts and believes it is not exposed to any risks on its cash held in PRC banks.

F-11

Table of Contents

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Costs include any incremental costs that are directly attributable to the construction or acquisition of the item of property and equipment. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred, while major maintenance and remodeling costs are capitalized if they extend the useful life of the asset. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives.

When property and equipment are sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in the results of operations.

​

Classification |  | Estimated Useful Life
Buildings | ​ | 50 years
Building fixtures and furniture | ​ | 4 to 10 years
Office Equipment and Fixtures | ​ | 3 to 5 years
Software | ​ | 2 or 10 years
Vehicles | ​ | 4 or 5 years

​

Revenue Recognition

The Group adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The Group determines revenue recognition through the following five steps: (1), identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer, (2), identification of the performance obligations in the contract, (3), determination of the transaction price, (4), allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5), recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation.

The operating entities’ service contracts typically include the terms of parties, services to be provided, service covered period, details of service fee calculation, and terms or conditions when services are to be paid. The performance obligation of the operating entities is clearly defined as to sale of real properties specified in the contracts. The performance obligation is satisfied when at the point of closing of the sales contract with each property buyer is completed and, when the developer receives the proceeds from the sales (cash and/or bank loans). The commission fee is determined based on the total value of property sold multiplied by the commission rate agreed upon in the contracts. The commission rates vary among developers. The payment terms also vary with certain developers dividing the contracts into several phases and making payment when a phase has been completed. These variable considerations will not change the calculation of commission fee. The transaction price is determined based on the commission rate and properties sold.

The Group’s major revenue is generated by commission fees from selling real estate properties since its inception. Commission revenue from property brokerage is recognized when: (i) the operating entities have completed its performance obligation to sell properties per contract, (ii) the property developer and the buyer completed a property sales transaction and the developer received full or partial amount of proceeds from the buyer or full payment from the banker if mortgaged, and (iii) the property developer granted confirmation to the operating entities to issue an invoice per contract. The Group recognizes revenue net of value added taxes (“VAT”).

The Group did not handle any monetary transactions nor act as an escrow intermediary between the developers and the buyers.

Certain sales contracts allow developers to withhold a certain percentage of the total commission for a certain period as a risk fund to cover potential damages caused by sales activities of the operating entities. In these circumstances, the Group will not determine that the operating entities’ performance obligations have been fulfilled until the withholding period has passed. Since the amount being withheld is the risk of loss from the sales transaction, the Group records the amount withheld by developers as deferred income and will recognize the income when the withholding period has passed, and the amount withheld is confirmed by the developers.

The Group engages in the business of managing rental property via its UK subsidiary Mansions commenced in August 2021. Mansions receives a one-time referral fee from tenants, based on a certain percentage of total leased value of lease agreement. The Group recognizes the revenue, when: a) the lease agreement is executed, and b) the tenant made its first payment. Mansions also provides management services to tenants and collects service fees. Management service fees are recognized on a monthly basis. The prepayment of monthly service fee is recorded as deferred income.

F-12

Table of Contents

Additionally, the Group provides consulting services to its clients, such as training, design and marketing. Revenue recognized from consulting is net of VAT.

Segment Information

The Group uses “the management approach” in determining reportable operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Group’s chief operating decision maker for making operating decisions and assessing performance as the source for determining the Group’s reportable segments. All of the Group’s operations are considered by the chief operating decision maker to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, revenue from real estate agent income was 29%, 96%, and 99%, respectively; revenue from consulting services was 0%, 0%, and 1%, respectively; revenue from rental management service was 47%, 4%, and 0%, respectively. Revenue from hotel business was 24%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Geographically, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, revenue generated from the PRC market was 29%, 96%, and 100%, respectively; revenue generated from the UK market was 71%, 4%, and 0%, respectively.

Leases

ASC 842 requires the Group to determine whether a contract is a lease or contains a lease at the inception of the contract, considering all relevant facts and circumstances. A contract is a lease or contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant, or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

A lease is classified as a finance lease when the lease meets any of the following criteria: (i) the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term, (ii) the lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise, (iii) the lease term is for the major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset, (iv) the present value of the sum of the lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that is not already reflected in the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all (90% or more) of the fair value of the underlying asset, or (v) the underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. A lease not classified as a finance lease is classified as an operating lease.

A lessee should recognize in the balance sheet a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. When measuring assets and liabilities arising from a lease, a lessee should include payments to be made in optional periods only if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise its option to extend the lease or not exercise an option to terminate the lease. Similarly, optional payments to purchase the underlying asset should be included in the measurement of lease assets and lease liabilities only if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that purchase option.

The Group elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with terms of 12 months or less. The Group typically only includes the initial lease term in its assessment of a lease arrangement. Options to extend a lease are not included in the Group’s assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Group will renew.

Business Tax and Value Added Tax (“VAT”)

The PRC government implemented a VAT reform pilot program, which replaced the business tax with VAT. Since May 2016, the changes from business tax to VAT have been expanded to all other service sectors which used to be subject to business tax. The VAT rate applicable to subsidiaries and consolidated VIE of the Company is 6%. The Company accrues VAT payable when revenue is recognized.

The UK government will charge VAT on business services and commission. The standard VAT rate is 20%. All income of Mansion Estate in UK will be subject to VAT. The Company accrues VAT payable when revenue is recognized.

F-13

Table of Contents

Deferred Offering Costs

Deferred offering costs consist principally of all direct offering costs incurred by the Company, such as underwriting, legal, accounting, consulting, printing, and other registration related costs in connection with the initial public offering (“IPO”) of the Company’s ordinary shares. Such costs are deferred until the closing of the offering, at which time the deferred costs are offset against the offering proceeds. In the event the offering is unsuccessful or aborted, the costs will be expensed.

Marketing and Advertising Expenses

Marketing and advertising expenses consist primarily of marketing planning fees and advertisements expenses used for targeted property sales. The Group expenses all marketing and advertising costs as incurred and records these costs within “Selling expenses” on the consolidated statements of operations when incurred. The Group did not incur such expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Income Taxes

The Company’s operation in China is governed by the income tax laws of the PRC. The Chinese Corporate Income Tax applies to all companies in China, foreign owned & Chinese owned. It is levied on company profits at a rate of 25%.

The Company’s operation in United Kingdom is governed by the income tax laws of the UK. The normal rate of corporation tax is 19% for the financial year beginning April 1, 2021 and will be maintained at this rate for the financial year beginning April 1, 2022. From April 1, 2023, the main rate of corporation tax increased from 19% to 25%, and a new 19% small profits rate of corporation tax was introduced for companies whose profits do not exceed 50,000 pounds sterling (GBP).

Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities, and their reported amounts in the financial statements, net operating loss carry forwards and credits by applying enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years when the reported amounts of the asset or liability are expected to be recovered or settled, respectively. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided for in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities.

The Group only recognizes tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions when such positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon examination. For such positions, the Group recognizes the largest amount of tax liabilities that is more than fifty percent likely of being sustained upon the ultimate settlement of such uncertain position. There were no such tax liabilities recognized in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The Group records interest and penalties as a component of income tax expense. There were no such interest and penalties for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Non-Controlling Interest

Noncontrolling interest is classified as a separate line item in the equity section and disclosures in the Company’s consolidated financial statements have distinguished the interest of the Company from the interest of the noncontrolling interest holder. Xishe Xianglin (Tianjin) Business Operation & Management Co., Ltd. was 49% owned by an unrelated third party as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Xishe Xianglin (Tianjin) Business Operation & Management Co., Ltd. was dissolved in 2021 and deconsolidated from the consolidated financial statements ended on December 31, 2021. Mansions was 49% owned by two unrelated parties as of December 31, 2021. On May 20, 2022, the Company acquired the 49% equity interests owned by the two unrelated parties.

Per Share Amounts

The Company computes per share amounts in accordance with ASC Topic 260 “Earnings per Share” (EPS), which requires presentation of basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS is computed by dividing the net income (loss) available to holders of ordinary shares by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue ordinary shares were exercised or converted into ordinary shares or resulted in the issuance of ordinary shares that then shared in the earnings of the Company, if any. This is computed by dividing net earnings by the combination of dilutive ordinary share equivalents.

F-14

Table of Contents

The Group had a total of 126,082 underwriter’s warrants outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The underwriter’s warrants are exercisable at a price of $6.25. As of December 31, 2022, the Group’s closing stock price was $1.51, which had no dilutive impact. The underwriter’s warrants expired on November 13, 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company incurred net losses, and all potentially dilutive securities are excluded from the computation of diluted shares outstanding as they would have had an anti-dilutive impact.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Numerator for earnings per share: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Net loss attributable to the Company’s ordinary shareholders | ​ | $ | (1,160,446) | ​ | $ | (2,154,084)
Denominator for basic and diluted earnings per share: | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Basic and weighted average ordinary shares | ​ |  | 11,675,216 | ​ |  | 11,675,216
Per share amount | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Per share – basic and diluted | ​ | $ | (0.10) | ​ | $ | (0.18)

​

Comprehensive Income

The Company follows ASC 220-10, “Reporting Comprehensive Income,” which requires the reporting of comprehensive income in addition to net income. Comprehensive income is a more inclusive financial reporting methodology that includes disclosure of information that historically has not been recognized in the calculation of net income. Comprehensive income generally represents all changes in shareholders’ equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to shareholders.

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company follows ASC 220-10, “Reporting Comprehensive Income,” which requires the reporting of comprehensive income in addition to net income. Comprehensive income is a more inclusive financial reporting methodology that includes disclosure of information that historically has not been recognized in the calculation of net income. Comprehensive income generally represents all changes in shareholders’ equity during the period except those resulting from investments by, or distributions to shareholders.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
1 US$ = RMB |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Spot rate |  | 7.0999 |  | 6.8987 |  | 6.3524
Average rate for the year ended |  | 7.0809 |  | 6.7347 |  | 6.4491
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
1 US$ = GBP | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Spot rate | ​ | 0.7847 | ​ | 0.8315 | ​ | 0.7419
Average rate for the year ended |  | 0.8039 |  | 0.8121 |  | 0.7327

​

The financial records of certain of the Company’s subsidiaries and the VIE are maintained in local currencies other than the U.S. dollar, such as RMB in the PRC and GBP in the UK, which are their functional currencies. Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded at the rates of exchange prevailing when the transactions occur. Transaction gains and losses are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). There were $18,762, $43,548, and ($14,402) transaction gain and (loss) recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

F-15

Table of Contents

Concentration Risk

The Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations in the PRC may be influenced by the political, economic, and legal environment in the PRC, and by the general state of the economy of the PRC. The Company’s operations in the PRC are subject to specific considerations and significant risks not typically associated with companies in North America. The Company’s results may be adversely affected by changes in governmental policies with respect to laws and regulations, anti-inflationary measures, currency conversion and remittance abroad, and rates and methods of taxation, among other things. Financial instruments which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and trade accounts receivable. All of the Company’s cash in the PRC is maintained with state-owned banks within the PRC. Per PRC regulations, the maximum insured bank deposit amount is approximately $70,424 (RMB500,000) for each depositor. The Company’s total unprotected cash in the PRC banks amounted to approximately $0 and $5,225 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any risks on its cash in bank accounts.

The Company’s subsidiaries in the UK have bank accounts in the UK. Customer deposits held by banks, building societies and credit unions (including in Northern Ireland) in UK establishments that are authorized by the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) are protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS) up to GBP85,000, which was approximately $108,322. The Company’s total unprotected cash in bank amounted to approximately $367,949 and $1,135,013, as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any risks on its cash in bank accounts.

Deconsolidation

In accordance with ASC 810-40, deconsolidation of a subsidiary occurs when: (a) some or all of the ownership interests of the subsidiary are sold resulting in the loss of a controlling financial interest; (b) a contractual agreement granting control of the subsidiary expires; (c) the subsidiary issues its shares to outsiders reducing the parent’s ownership interest resulting in the loss of a controlling financial interest; or (d) the subsidiary becomes subject to the control of a government, court, administrator or regulator.

The parent should recognize a gain or loss measured as the difference between: (a) the aggregate of: (i) the fair value of any consideration received, (ii) the fair value of any retained non-controlling interest, and (iii) the carrying amount of any non-controlling interest at the date the subsidiary is deconsolidated; and (b) the carrying amount of the subsidiary’s assets and liabilities.

A subsidiary should be deconsolidated from the date a controlling financial interest is lost and should also consider the equity components included in the non-controlling interest and the amounts previously recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), i.e. the foreign currency translation adjustment.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2019-12-Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. This ASU summarizes the FASB’s recently issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2019-12, simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The ASU enhances and simplifies various aspects of the income tax accounting guidance in ASC 740. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. The adoption of this ASU had no material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

F-16

Table of Contents

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets held at amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred loss impairment model with an expected loss methodology, which will result in more timely recognition of credit losses. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2019, excluding entities eligible to be smaller reporting company. For all other entities, the requirements are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. ASU 2016-13 has been amended by ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, and ASU 2019-11. For entities that have not yet adopted ASU No. 2016-13, the effective dates and transition methodology for ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, and ASU 2019-11 are the same as the effective dates and transition methodology in ASU 2016-13. The Group adopted this standard for the year beginning January 1, 2023. There has been no material impact on the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Group considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs. The ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Group’s consolidated financial position and/or results of operations.

Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by FASB that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements upon adoption. The Group does not discuss recent pronouncements that are not anticipated to have an impact on or are unrelated to its consolidated financial condition, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.

NOTE 3 – ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

Accounts receivable are primarily agent service fee receivable due from the customers – real estate developers and are recognized and carried at the amount billed to a customer, net of allowance for expected loss from doubtful accounts.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts consisted of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Accounts receivable | ​ | $ | 211,369 | ​ | $ | 1,199,756
Allowance for current expected credit loss | ​ |  | (47,199) |  |  | (231,937)
Accounts receivable, net | ​ | $ | 164,170 |  | $ | 967,819

​

ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), which requires the measurement and recognition of expected credit losses to all financial assets held at amortized cost. The Group adopted this standard for the year beginning January 1, 2023.

CECL model requires measurement of the expected credit loss even if that risk of loss is remote. Management believes that historical collection information is a reasonable base on which to determine expected credit losses because the composition of the accounts receivable at the reporting date is consistent with that used in developing the historical credit-loss percentages. That is, the similar risk characteristics of the customers and its payment practices have not changed significantly over time. However, the foreseeable economic conditions will have a significant impact on our collectability of the accounts receivable. The Management believes that the treasury bill rate of the U.S. Treasury is a useful indicator to reflect the future cost of the credit and the trend of economic at the time of reporting. The Company combined treasury bill rate and its historical loss rate to determine the rates of expected estimated credit losses. The accounts receivable sharing similar risk characteristics be pooled when the CECL is calculated. Following CECL rates were used to calculate current expected credit losses:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Age of accounts receivable |  | Current |  | 31-60 days |  | 61-90 days |  | 91-180 days |  | 181-365 days |  | Over 365 days |
Historical loss rate | ​ | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 0.00 | % | 5.00 | % | 20.00 | %
Adjustment |  | 0.38 | % | 0.76 | % | 1.14 | % | 1.26 | % | 2.53 | % | 4.55 | %
CECL rate |  | 0.38 | % | 0.76 | % | 1.14 | % | 1.26 | % | 7.53 | % | 24.55 | %

​

F-17

Table of Contents

Major Customers

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group had one major customer (project), Ge Diao Ping Yuan. Revenue from this customer was approximately 28% of the Group’s total revenue. The accounts receivable from this customer (project) were $0 as of December 31, 2023.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group had one major customer (project), Ge Diao Ping Yuan. Revenue from this customer was approximately 79% of the Group’s total revenue. The accounts receivable from this customer (project) were $80,159 as of December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Group had three major customers (projects). Revenue from each of these customers was over 10% of its total revenue. Revenue from these top three customers represented approximately 67% of the total revenue, with 34%, 23%, and 10%, respectively, from Ge Diao Ping Yuan, Taida Shang Qing Cheng, and Ge Diao Liu Yuan. The accounts receivable from these three customers (projects) were $737,476, $1,116,552, and $10,643, respectively, as of December 31, 2021.

NOTE 4 – PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

Property and equipment, net consists of the following:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2023 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Land and buildings | ​ | $ | 3,114,032 | ​ | $ | 2,972,256
Building fixtures, facilities, and furniture | ​ | ​ | 187,826 | ​ | ​ | 128,448
Leasehold improvement | ​ | ​ | 21,143 | ​ | ​ | —
Landscaping | ​ | ​ | 22,039 | ​ | ​ | —
Office Equipment and Fixtures | ​ | ​ | 31,306 | ​ | ​ | 35,160
Software | ​ |  | — | ​ |  | 17,413
Auto | ​ |  | 41,361 | ​ |  | 39,033
Construction in progress | ​ | ​ | 6,372 | ​ | ​ | —
Total Assets | ​ |  | 3,424,079 | ​ |  | 3,192,310
Less accumulated depreciation | ​ |  | (116,708) | ​ |  | (62,426)
Net Assets | ​ | $ | 3,307,371 | ​ | $ | 3,129,884

​

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, depreciation expenses were $76,246, $36,243, and $24,910, respectively.

​

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Group disposed of some office equipment, receiving cash of $1,384, with a net book value of $1,396, and realized a loss of $12. Consequently, asset costs of $5,949 and accumulated depreciation of $4,553 were removed from the Company’s accounting records.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group disposed of certain assets, receiving cash of $30,607, with a net book value of $19,653, and realized a net gain of $10,954. Consequently, asset costs totaling $103,360 and accumulated depreciation of $83,707 were removed from the Company’s accounting records.

​

​

NOTE 5 – INCOME TAX AND DEFERRED TAX ASSETS

The Company and its subsidiaries and the VIE have no presence in the United States and does not conduct business in the United States, so no United States income tax is imposed upon the Company and its subsidiaries and the VIE.

MDJM was incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company and its subsidiaries are not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, upon payments of dividends by the Company to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

F-18

Table of Contents

MDJM Hong Kong was incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong and is subject to the uniform tax rate of 16.5%. Under Hong Kong tax law, it is exempted from the Hong Kong income tax on its foreign-derived income and there are no withholding taxes in Hong Kong on the remittance of dividends. MDJM Hong Kong did not have significant activities in Hong Kong for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

MDJM UK and Mansion Estate were incorporated in the UK. A UK company will be subject to UK corporation tax on its income profits and capital profits. The normal rate of corporation tax is 19% for the financial year beginning April 1, 2021 and will be maintained at this rate for the financial year beginning April 1, 2022. From April 1, 2023, the main rate of corporation tax increased from 19% to 25%, and a new 19% small profits rate of corporation tax was introduced for companies whose profits do not exceed GBP50,000.

The Group conducts substantially of its business in the PRC through its subsidiaries and the VIE. The operating entities located in the PRC are subject to PRC income taxes, a standard tax rate of 25%. At the beginning of 2019, China State Administration of Taxation issued an income tax abatement policy to small business with taxable income less than RMB3 million, number of employees less than 300, and total assets less than RMB50 million for the tax periods from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021. According to the tax abatement policy, the income tax rate was reduced to 5% for small business with taxable income less than RMB1 million, the income tax rate was reduced to 10% for small business with taxable income from RMB1 million to RMB3 million. In 2022, a new tax abatement policy was issued. From January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022, the income tax rate was 2.5% for small business with taxable income under RMB1 million; from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024, the income tax rate is 5% for small business with taxable income between RMB1 million to RMB3 million. The Group is qualified to receive the above tax abatement.

The Group adopted ASC 740-10-25 Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes and such adoption did not have any material impact on the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The Group through its Chinese subsidiary and VIE are principally engaged in the business located in the PRC and therefor, are subject to income taxes in the PRC. Tax regulations are subject to the interpretation of the related tax laws and regulations and require significant judgment to apply. All tax positions taken, or expected to be taken, continue to be more likely than not ultimately settled at the full amount claimed. The Company’s tax filings are subject to the PRC tax bureau’s examination for a period up to five years. The Company is not currently under any examination by the PRC tax bureau.

Deferred income tax assets are recognized for temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Current income taxes are provided in accordance with the laws of the relevant taxing authorities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted rates expected to apply to taxable income in which temporary differences are expected to be reversed or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of changes in tax rates is recognized in the statement of comprehensive income in the period of the enactment of the change.

The provision for income tax for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was summarized as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2021
Current | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | —
Deferred tax adjustment | ​ |  | 10,835 | ​ |  | 3,020 | ​ |  | 9,963
Total income tax expense | ​ | $ | 10,835 | ​ | $ | 3,020 | ​ | $ | 9,963

​

Deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | December 31, | ​ | December 31,
Deferred Tax Assets (Liabilities): |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Accounts receivable, net | ​ | $ | 11,800 | ​ | $ | 17,602
Net operating loss – China | ​ |  | 475,900 | ​ |  | 302,238
Net operating loss - UK | ​ |  | 110,215 | ​ |  | 41,141
Deferred tax assets | ​ | ​ | 597,915 | ​ | ​ | 360,981
Valuation allowance | ​ | ​ | (597,915) | ​ | ​ | (349,860)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities) | ​ | $ | — | ​ | $ | 11,121

​

F-19

Table of Contents

As of December 31, 2023, the Group had net operating losses of approximately $1.9 million carried forward in the PRC operation and net operating losses of approximately $0.6 million carried forward in the UK operation. The management believes these losses are more likely than not to be used to offset future operating income, and, therefore, the full amount of valuation is provided.

Reconciliation of the statutory income tax rate and the Company’s effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, were as follows:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
China Group |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Hong Kong statutory income tax rate |  | 16.50 | % | 16.50 | % | 16.50 | %
Valuation allowance recognized with respect to the loss in Hong Kong Company |  | (16.50) | % | (16.50) | % | (16.50) | %
PRC statutory income tax rate |  | 25.00 | % | 25.00 | % | 25.00 | %
Effect of income tax exemptions and reliefs in the PRC companies |  | (25.00) | % | (25.00) | % | (25.00) | %
Effect of valuation and deferred tax adjustments |  | (1.65) | % | 0.00 | % | (0.66) | %
Effective rate |  | (1.65) | % | 0.00 | % | (0.66) | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
United Kingdom Group | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
UK statutory income tax rate | ​ | 19.00 | % | 19.00 | % | 19.00 | %
Valuation allowance recognized with respect to the loss in UK | ​ | (19.00) | % | (19.00) | % | (10.86) | %
Effect of valuation and deferred tax adjustments | ​ | 0.00 | % | (1.65) | % | 0.00 | %
Effective rate |  | 0.00 | % | (1.65) | % | 8.14 | %

​

Aggregate undistributed earnings of the Company’s subsidiaries, the VIE, and the VIE’s subsidiaries located in the PRC that are available for distribution on December 31, 2023 are considered to be indefinitely reinvested and accordingly, no provision has been made for the Chinese dividend withholding taxes that would be payable upon the distribution of those amounts to any entity within the Company that is outside of the PRC. The Company does not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on its ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. It intends to retain most of its available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation and expansion of its business. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had not declared any dividends.

The uncertain tax positions are related to tax years that remain subject to examination by the relevant tax authorities. Based on the outcome of any future examinations, or as a result of the expiration of statute of limitations for specific jurisdictions, it is reasonably possible that the related unrecognized tax benefits for tax positions taken regarding previously filed tax returns, might materially change from those recorded as liabilities for uncertain tax positions in the Company’s consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2023. In addition, the outcome of these examinations may impact the valuation of certain deferred tax assets (such as net operating losses) in future periods. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties accrued on any unrecognized tax benefits, if any, as a component of income tax expense. The Company does not anticipate any significant increases or decreases in its liability for unrecognized tax benefit within the next 12 months.

According to the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is three years if the underpayment of income taxes is due to computational errors made by the taxpayer. The statute of limitations will be extended to five years under special circumstances, which are not clearly defined, but an underpayment of income tax liability exceeding RMB100,000 (approximately $14,000) is specifically listed as a special circumstance. In the case of a transfer pricing related adjustment, the statute of limitations is 10 years. There is no statute of limitations in the case of tax evasion.

The tax authority of the PRC government conducts periodic and tax filing reviews on business enterprises operating in the PRC after those enterprises complete their relevant tax filings. Therefore, the Company’s PRC entities’ tax filings results are subject to change. It is therefore uncertain as to whether the PRC tax authority may take different views about the Company’s PRC entities’ tax filings, which may lead to additional tax liabilities.

ASC 740 mandates the use of a “more-likely-than-not” threshold for recognizing and measuring uncertain income tax positions. Management has assessed the Company’s tax positions and determined that, as of December 31, 2023, there were no uncertain tax positions that require recognition or disclosure in the financial statements. Therefore, no provision for income tax uncertainty was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

​

F-20

Table of Contents

NOTE 6 – ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES

Accounts payable and accrued liabilities consist of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022:

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022
​ |  | ​ |  |  | ​ |
Payroll and social security payable | ​ | $ | 82,494 | ​ | $ | 42,805
Bonus payable | ​ |  | 18,603 | ​ |  | 109,829
Other payables and accrued liabilities | ​ |  | 872 | ​ |  | 160,452
Total Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities | ​ | $ | 101,969 | ​ | $ | 313,086

​

​

NOTE 7 – LEASES

The Group leases all of its offices under various non-cancelable lease agreements that expire on various dates through 2023. The Group evaluates contracts entered into to determine whether the contract involves the use of property which is either explicitly or implicitly identified in the contract. The Group evaluates whether it controls the use of the asset, which is determined by assessing whether it obtains substantially all economic benefits from the use of the asset, and whether it has the right to direct the use of the asset. If these criteria are met and the Group has identified a lease, it would be accounted for under the requirements of ASC 842.

Upon the possession of a leased asset, the Group determines its classification as an operating or finance lease. All of its real estate leases are classified as operating leases. The Group’s real estate leases have initial terms ranging from one to five years. Renewal options are generally not recognized as part of the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as it is not reasonably certain at commencement date that the Group would exercise the options to extend the lease. The Group’s real estate leases typically provide for fixed minimum rent payments. For operating leases that include rent holidays and rent escalation clauses, the Group recognize lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term from the date it takes possession of the leased property.

The Group had one long-term lease, which became effective on January 1, 2019, and expired on December 31, 2023. The Group adopted the new accounting standard ASC 842 effective January 1, 2019. The Group used 4.35%, the Chinese bank long-term lending annual rate for a typical five-year lease as an incremental borrowing rate, in determining the present value of future lease payments. The same rate was used as the discount rate to measure the lease liability at January 1, 2019, the date of adoption. At initial measurement, the Group recorded a non-cash ROU asset of $479,744 (RMB3,342,278 translated at the December 31, 2019 exchange rate, and a noncash lease liability of $479,744 (RMB3,342,278 translated at the December 31, 2019 exchange rate). On May 31, 2022, the Group terminated the lease agreement with the landlord. There was no penalty related to the termination of the lease.

The Group will lease temporary office spaces used for ongoing projects based on the needs. These leases are normally with terms of 12 months or less, and an option of renewing. Due to the temporary nature of these office spaces, the Group typically only includes the initial lease term in its assessment of a lease arrangement. Options to extend a lease are not included in the Group’s assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that the Group will renew the lease. The Group elected not to recognize on the balance sheet for leases with terms of 12 months or less. The lease expense recognized for such leases is on a straight-line basis over the lease terms. Such operating lease expenses amounted to $1,214, $0, and $3,715 for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, total operating lease expenses amounted to $0, $0, and $117,686, respectively.

​

​

NOTE 8 – SHORT-TERM LOANS

​

On May 13, 2021, Mingda Tianjin entered into a small business line of credit agreement (the “LOC”) for a maximum amount of $144,955 (RMB1,000,000 translated at the December 31, 2022 exchange rate) credit line from China Construction Bank (“CCB”) with an interest rate of 4.2525% from May 13, 2021 to May 13, 2022. The LOC was used for short-term liquidity needs only. In May 2022, CCB agreed to extend LOC from May 13, 2022 to August 13, 2022 with an interest rate of 4.20% per annum. In August 2022, CCB agreed to extend LOC further from August 13, 2022 to November 13, 2022 with an interest rate of 3.95% per annum. On February 14, 2022, Mingda Tianjin borrowed $144,955 (RMB1,000,000 translated at the December 31, 2022 exchange rate) from CCB. The loan was repaid in full on March 1, 2023.

F-21

Table of Contents

From March 18, 2022 to June 20, 2022, Mingda Tianjin borrowed total of $227,724 (RMB1,571,000 translated at the December 31, 2022 exchange rate) from an unrelated individual for working capital. This individual loan was due by September 30, 2022 and extended to December 31, 2022. The loan bears interest at 4.2525% per annum and was to be paid by the maturity date. The loan was repaid in full on March 8, 2023. On June 14, 2023, Mingda Tianjin borrowed $2,113 (RMB15,000) and repaid in full on June 19, 2023. On July 24, 2023 and August 29, 2023, Mingda Tianjin borrowed $563 and $183 (RMB4,000 and RMB1,300), respectively, and repaid in full on September 4, 2023.

​

NOTE 9 – SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Ordinary Shares

The Company is authorized to issue up to 50,000,000 ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share. On January 26, 2018, MDJM issued 10,380,000 ordinary shares to entities controlled by the shareholders of Mingda Tianjin.

Pursuant to a registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and declared effective by the SEC on November 13, 2018, the Company completed the first closing of the Initial Public Offering (the “IPO”) of its ordinary shares on December 26, 2018. A total of 1,241,459 ordinary shares were sold at a price of $5 per share to the public at the first closing. The Company received a total of $6,207,295 in gross proceeds from its first closing of the IPO. In connection with this public offering, the Company incurred direct offering costs of $2,103,816, which included audit, legal, consulting, commission, and other expenses. Per ASC 505, the Company classified these direct offering costs in the equity section to offset additional paid in capital.

On January 4, 2019, the Company completed the second closing of its IPO. A total of 19,361 additional ordinary shares were issued at a price of $5 per share. The total proceeds of this second closing were $96,805. There was a total of $26,399 direct cost in connection with the second closing.

On August 20, 2020, the Board of Directors of MDJM approved to offer and sell an aggregate of 34,396 ordinary shares at $3.3 per share in reliance on the exemption under Rule 902 of Regulation S promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Regulation S”). The proceeds are intended for working capital and general corporate purposes. The offering was closed on August 20, 2020 and the Company received gross proceeds of $113,507.

Underwriter Warrants

Pursuant to the IPO Agreement (defined below), the Company agreed to grant the underwriter of its IPO, Network 1 Financial Securities, Inc., underwriter warrants equal to 10% of the total number of the Company’s ordinary shares being sold in the IPO, at the closing of the IPO. The underwriter’s warrants were non-exercisable for six months after the closing of the offering and will expire five years after the effective date of the registration statement. The underwriter’s warrants are exercisable at a price of $6.25, equal to 125% of $5, the public offering price in the IPO. The underwriter’s warrants are not redeemable. The underwriter’s warrants provide for cashless exercise and contain provisions for on demand registration of the sale of the underlying ordinary shares at the Company’s expense and unlimited “piggyback” registration rights for a period of five years after the closing of the IPO at the Company’s expense. The Company sold 1,241,459 and 19,361 ordinary shares at the closings of its IPO on December 26, 2018, and January 4, 2019, respectively. A total of 126,082 underwriter’s warrants were issued on January 4, 2019. The underwriter’s warrants expired on November 13, 2023.

The underwriter’s warrants were valued at $1.51 per warrant using Black-Scholes Model. A risk-free rate of 4.35% per annum and volatility of 35% were used in the Black-Scholes Model calculation. The total value of underwriter warrants amounted to $190,384. The underwriter warrants were classified as equity and credit to the additional paid-in capital-underwriter cost account, which was offset by the same amount recorded as additional paid-in capital-underwriter cost.

F-22

Table of Contents

NOTE 10 – NONCONTROLLING INTEREST

Noncontrolling interests are classified as a separate line item in the equity section and disclosures in the Group’s consolidated financial statements have distinguished the interest of the Group from the interest of the noncontrolling interest holder. Noncontrolling interest in 2021 represented 49% ownership interests of Mansions owned by two unrelated parties. Mansions commenced its business in the UK in August 2021. In May 2022, the Company acquired the 49% of ownership interests in Mansions owned by the two unrelated parties with a consideration of one dollar each. There was no noncontrolling interest as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

​

​

NOTE 11 – STATUTORY RESERVE

Pursuant to the laws applicable to the PRC, PRC entities must make appropriations from after-tax profit to the non-distributable “statutory surplus reserve fund.” Subject to certain cumulative limits, the “statutory surplus reserve fund” requires annual appropriations of 10% of after-tax profit until the aggregated appropriations reach 50% of the registered capital (as determined under accounting principles generally accepted in the PRC at each year-end). The statutory surplus reserve fund is non-discretionary other than during liquidation and can be used to fund previous years’ losses, if any, and may be utilized for business expansion or converted into share capital by issuing new shares to existing shareholders in proportion to their shareholding or by increasing the par value of shares currently held by them, provided that the remaining statutory surplus reserve balance after such issuance is not less than 25% of the registered capital before the conversion.

The statutory reserve of Mingda Tianjin amounted to $327,140 as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

NOTE 12 - COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Country Risk

As the Group’s principal operations are currently conducted in the PRC, it is subject to considerations and risks not typically associated with companies in North America and Western Europe. These risks include, among others, risks associated with the political, economic, and legal environments and foreign currency exchange limitations encountered in the PRC. The Group’s results of operations may be adversely affected by changes in the political and social conditions in the PRC, and by changes in governmental policies with respect to laws and regulations, among other things.

In addition, all of the Group’s transactions in the PRC are denominated in RMB, which must be converted into other currencies before remittance from the PRC. Both conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and remittance of foreign currencies abroad subject to the regulations of foreign currency governed by the PRC regulatory agents.

New Businesses and New Market Risk

Real estate agent service income was a major income source of the Group in the PRC market since its inception. The Group’s real estate agent service income declined by 90.34% in 2023 as compared to 2022, by 89.71% in 2022 as compared to 2021, and by 28.55% in 2021 as compared to 2020. The decline of real estate agent service income was primarily attributed to the tightening policy on the real estate market adopted in recent years in the PRC. It is difficult to engage in a new real estate sales project in the PRC. While the Company has made efforts to develop new projects, it may not be able to recover to the level of 2022 in the future.

In response to the shrinking of sales in new residential housing market in the PRC, the Company is shifting its focus to the UK and other non-PRC markets. In August 2022, the Company purchased “Fernie Castle,” a real property located in Scotland. The Company plans to remodel this property into a multi-functional cultural venue with functions for a fine dining restaurant, hotel, wedding events and gardening. In December 2022, the Company purchased a second real estate property located at Torquay England. The Company plans to remodel this property and operate it as a hotel with restaurant facilities. To achieve this goal, the Company needs to find experts and skilled workers in the UK local market and to obtain long-term financial support. There is no guarantee that these new businesses will be profitable in the short to medium term or that the Company will have sustainable financial sources to support such operations in the long term. In addition, the continuous increase in energy costs, the labor shortage in the UK, the war in Ukraine are all expected to have negative impacts on Company’s operations in the UK.

F-23

Table of Contents

Legal Proceeding

Except for the following disclosure, we are currently not a party to any litigation of which, if determined adversely to us, would individually or in the aggregate be reasonably expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, cash flows or financial condition.

The Group will file a civil complaint in local District’s court if there is a dispute on accounts receivable with customers. Historically, the Group has won the civil complaint and received the amounts awarded by court.

On February 17, 2022, Mingda Tianjin filed a civil complaint in Gusu District Court of Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, alleging unpaid service fee and breach of contract against Tianfang (Suzhou) Real Estate Co., Ltd. The claimed amount was the unpaid base of $45,926 (RMB291,742.17 translated at the December 31, 2021 exchange rate), plus a 0.1‰ per day breaching late fee. The case was settled and Mingda Tianjin received the full amount claimed on May 19, 2022.

On March 18, 2022, the Chengdu Branch Office of Mingda Tianjin filed a civil complaint against Chengdu TEDA New City in the People’s Court of Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province, citing breach of contract and unpaid service fees totaling $757,861 (RMB5,380,734). The court ruled in favor of Mingda Tianjin on July 15, 2022, ordering Chengdu TEDA to pay the full amount within five days. Chengdu TEDA appealed the decision on July 29, 2022. The Intermediate People’s Court of Chengdu City issued a final judgment on December 23, 2022, upholding the initial ruling and additionally requiring Chengdu TEDA to pay liquidated damages and interest, totaling RMB5,157,182. Mingda Tianjin received the final payment of $838,625 (RMB5,954,151) on February 27, 2023.

On January 9, 2023, the Chengdu Branch Office of Mingda Tianjin filed a civil complaint against Chengdu TEDA New City in the People’s Court of Dujiangyan City, Sichuan Province, for breach of contract and an unpaid service fee totaling approximately $263,725 (RMB1,872,419). On March 24, 2023, the court issued a favorable judgment requiring Chengdu TEDA to pay the full claimed amount within 10 days. On September 1, 2023, the Company received $127,842 (RMB907,662). As of now, the Company has not yet received the remaining funds and is actively pursuing the collection process.

On July 17, 2023, Mingda Tianjin initiated a civil lawsuit in the Heping District People’s Court of Tianjin City, alleging breach of contract against an individual over an unpaid receivable of $101,692 (RMB722,000). On September 8, 2023, a civil mediation resulted in an agreement documented by the court: the individual consented to pay Mingda Tianjin $63,381 (RMB450,000) plus $1,397 (RMB9,919) in expenses. In return, Mingda Tianjin agreed to forgive the remaining balance of $38,310 (RMB272,000). The agreed amount totaling $64,778 (RMB459,919) was received by Mingda Tianjin on September 10, 2023, subsequently closing the case.

​

NOTE 13 – RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

MDJM conducts real estate services business through Mingda Tianjin, a VIE that it controls through the VIE Agreements. The shareholders of Mingda Tianjin include MDJM’s principal shareholder, Mr. Siping Xu. The VIE Agreements provide MDJM (i) the power to control Mingda Tianjin, (ii) the exposure or rights to variable returns from its involvement with Mingda Tianjin, and (iii) the ability to affect those returns through use of its power over Mingda Tianjin to affect the amount of its returns.

On January 1, 2023, Mansions entered into a lease agreement with MDJM UK to rent “Fernie Castle,” a property owned by MDJM UK, for use as a hotel site. The annual rent for the property is $227,018 (182,500 pounds sterling), exclusive of VAT, payable monthly on the 25th. Mansions is responsible for all operating expenses, as well as maintenance and repairs of the leased property.

The lease agreement does not specify a fixed termination date, but either party may terminate the agreement by providing one month’s notice without incurring penalties. Upon termination, the property must be returned to MDJM UK. In the consolidated financial statements, inter-company rent income and corresponding expenses of $227,018 have been eliminated.

On January 1, 2023, Mansions entered into a lease agreement with MDJM UK to rent “Robin Hill,” a property owned by MDJM UK, for hotel operations. The annual rent is $187,834 (151,000 pounds sterling), excluding VAT, and is payable monthly on the 25th. Mansions is responsible for operating expenses, maintenance, and repairs of the leased property.

F-24

Table of Contents

The lease does not have a fixed termination date; however, it can be ended by either party with one month’s notice, without penalty. Upon termination, Mansions must return the property to MDJM UK. In the consolidated financial statements, inter-company rent income and the corresponding expenses of $187,834 have been eliminated.

​

NOTE 14 – SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC AREA INFORMATION

The Group’s major income source was real estate agent commissions before December 31, 2022. The revenue from real estate agent income accounted for 29%, 96%, and 99% of the Group’s total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Geographically, revenue was primarily generated in the PRC market before December 31, 2022. The revenue generated in the PRC accounted for 29%, 96%, and 100% of the Group’s total consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. The value of the Group’s assets located in the UK increased since 2021. The value of the assets located in the UK accounted for 95%, 79%, and 37% of the Group’s total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

The Group’s major income source was the hotel and rental management business after December 31, 2022. The revenue from the hotel and rental management business accounted for 71% of the Group’s total consolidated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023. Geographically, revenue was primarily generated in the UK market after December 31, 2022. The revenue generated in the UK accounted for 71% of the Group’s total consolidated revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023. The value of the Group’s assets located in the UK increased since 2021. The value of the assets located in the UK accounted for 95% of the Group’s total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2023.

​

​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Source of Revenue | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2021 |
​ |  | US$ |  | % |  | US$ |  | % |  | US$ |  | % |
Real estate agent income |  | $ | 41,954 |  | 29 | % | $ | 434,371 |  | 96 | % | $ | 4,408,018 |  | 99 | %
Rental management income |  | ​ | 67,891 |  | 47 | % | ​ | 16,263 |  | 4 | % | ​ | 19,469 |  | 0 | %
Hotel income | ​ | ​ | 35,018 | ​ | 24 | % | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​
Other income |  | ​ | — |  | — | ​ | ​ | — |  | — | ​ | ​ | 38,746 |  | 1 | %
Total Income | ​ | $ | 144,863 | ​ | 100 | % | $ | 450,634 | ​ | 100 | % | $ | 4,466,233 | ​ | 100 | %
​ |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Revenue by Geographic Region | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2021 |
​ |  | US$ |  | % |  | US$ |  | % |  | US$ |  | % |
PRC |  | $ | 41,954 |  | 29 | % | $ | 434,371 |  | 96 | % | $ | 4,446,764 |  | 100 | %
UK |  | ​ | 102,909 |  | 71 | % | ​ | 16,263 |  | 4 | % | ​ | 19,469 |  | 0 | %
Total Revenue | ​ | $ | 144,863 | ​ | 100 | % | $ | 450,634 | ​ | 100 | % | $ | 4,466,233 |  | 100 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Assets by Geographic Region | ​ | 2023 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2021 |
​ |  | US$ |  | % |  | US$ |  | % |  | US$ |  | % |
PRC and Others |  | $ | 180,919 |  | 5 | % | $ | 1,202,347 |  | 21 | % | $ | 5,293,516 |  | 63 | %
UK |  | ​ | 3,818,323 |  | 95 | % | ​ | 4,432,728 |  | 79 | % | ​ | 3,075,454 |  | 37 | %
Total Assets |  | $ | 3,999,242 |  | 100 | % | $ | 5,635,075 |  | 100 | % | $ | 8,368,970 |  | 100 | %

​

​

NOTE 15 – SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On March 27, 2024, the board of directors of the Company approved the adoption of the MDJM LTD 2024 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). On March 27, 2024, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-8 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to register 2,000,000 ordinary shares, par value $0.001 per share, that may be issued under the Plan.

​

F-25

Table of Contents

NOTE 16 – RESTRICTED NET ASSETS OR PARENT COMPANY ONLY CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Schedule I of Article 5-04 of Regulation S-X requires the condensed financial information of the Parent Company to be filed when the restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries exceed 25 percent of consolidated net assets as of the end of the most recently completed fiscal year. For purposes of this test, restricted net assets of consolidated subsidiaries shall mean that amount of the registrant’s proportionate share of net assets of its consolidated subsidiaries (after intercompany eliminations) which as of the end of the most recent fiscal year may not be transferred to the Parent Company in the form of loans, advances or cash dividends without the consent of a third party.

As of December 31, 2023, with the Company’s operation and investment turned to the UK market via subsidiaries located in the UK, the net assets located out of PRC amounted to $3,808,112, or 98.2% to consolidated net assets. The net assets located outside of the PRC are not considered as restricted assets. The amount of restricted net assets located in the PRC subsidiary decreased to approximately $59,173 as of December 31, 2023 (the most recently completed fiscal year), which was equivalent 1.5% of consolidated net assets as of December 31, 2023. Accordingly, the Parent Company’s condensed financial statements are not prepared in accordance with Rule 5-04 and Rule 12-04 of SEC Regulation S-X.

​

​

F-26