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Income Taxes (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract] |
Geographic Allocation of Income and Provision for Income Taxes |
Geographic Allocation of Income (Loss) and Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  |  |
Domestic | $ | (414) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | 941 |
Foreign | 1,507 |  | 1,427 |  | 1,405 |
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes | $ | 1,093 |  | $ | 1,426 |  | $ | 2,346 |
Current tax expense (benefit) |  |  |
Federal | $ | 143 |  | $ | 65 |  | $ | (13) |
State and local | 40 |  | 21 |  | 6 |
Foreign | 407 |  | 403 |  | 329 |
Total current tax expense (benefit) | $ | 590 |  | $ | 489 |  | $ | 322 |
Deferred tax expense (benefit) |  |  |
Federal | $ | (326) |  | $ | (170) |  | $ | 164 |
State and local | (50) |  | (39) |  | 55 |
Foreign | (62) |  | (70) |  | (17) |
Total deferred tax expense (benefit) | $ | (438) |  | $ | (279) |  | $ | 202 |
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes on continuing operations | 152 |  | 210 |  | 524 |
Net income (loss) from continuing operations after taxes | $ | 941 |  | $ | 1,216 |  | $ | 1,822 |
Reconciliation to US Statutory Rate |
Reconciliation to U.S. Statutory Rate | For the Year Ended December 31,
| 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate | 21.0 | % | 21.0 | % | 21.0 | %
Effective tax rates on international operations - net 1 | (1.8) |  | (3.5) |  | (2.5) |
Acquisitions, divestitures and ownership restructuring activities 2 | 3.6 |  | (5.4) |  | (0.1) |
U.S. research and development credit | (5.9) |  | (2.2) |  | (2.4) |
Exchange gains/losses 3 | 2.0 |  | 3.7 |  | 1.9 |
State and local incomes taxes - net | 0.9 |  | 0.3 |  | 2.1 |
Impact of Swiss Tax Changes 4 | (7.9) |  | — |  | 0.2 |
Excess tax benefits/deficiencies from stock compensation | (0.5) |  | (0.7) |  | (0.2) |
Tax settlements and expiration of statute of limitations | (0.3) |  | 0.1 |  | — |
Repatriation of foreign earnings 5 | 2.9 |  | 1.7 |  | 1.0 |
Other – net | (0.1) |  | (0.3) |  | 1.3 |
Effective tax rate on income from continuing operations | 13.9 | % | 14.7 | % | 22.3 | %
1. Includes the effects of local and U.S. taxes related to earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries, changes in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits associated with these earnings, losses at non-U.S. subsidiaries without local tax benefits due to valuation allowances, and other permanent differences between tax and U.S. GAAP results. Includes a tax benefit of $(36) million for the year ended December 31, 2022, relating to the release of a valuation allowance recorded against the net deferred tax asset position of a legal entity in Brazil. 2. Includes net tax charge of $46 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, associated with intellectual property realignment. Includes net tax benefits of $(55) million and $(42) million for the year ended December 31, 2022, related to deferred tax assets established upon change in a U.S. entity's tax characterization, and a worthless stock deduction on Company's investment in a subsidiary after a change in the entity's legal structure, respectively. 3. Principally reflects the impact of foreign exchange gains and losses on net monetary assets for which no corresponding tax impact is realized. Further information about the company's foreign currency hedging program is included in Note 7 - Supplementary Information, and Note 20 - Financial Instruments, under the heading Foreign Currency Risk. 4. Includes net tax benefits of $(62) million and $(24) million for the year ended December 31, 2023, related to changes in deferred taxes and a tax currency change, respectively. 5. Includes the effect of withholding tax on distribution of foreign earnings to the U.S., net of U.S. foreign tax credits.
Deferred Tax Balances |
Deferred Tax Balances at December 31, | 2023 | 2022
(In millions) | Assets | Liabilities | Assets | Liabilities
Property | $ | — |  | $ | 353 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 447 |
Operating loss and tax credit carryforwards 1 | 539 |  | — |  | 363 |  | — |
Accrued employee benefits | 703 |  | — |  | 680 |  | — |
Other accruals and reserves | 603 |  | — |  | 545 |  | — |
Intangibles | — |  | 2,153 |  | — |  | 2,106 |
Inventory | 193 |  | — |  | 198 |  | — |
Research and development capitalization | 607 |  | — |  | 418 |  | — |
Investments | 39 |  | — |  | 40 |  | — |
Unrealized exchange gains/losses | — |  | 38 |  | — |  | 29 |
Other – net | 55 |  | — |  | 40 |  | — |
Subtotal | $ | 2,739 |  | $ | 2,544 |  | $ | 2,284 |  | $ | 2,582 |
Valuation allowances 2 | (510) |  | — |  | (342) |  | — |
Total | $ | 2,229 |  | $ | 2,544 |  | $ | 1,942 |  | $ | 2,582 |
Net Deferred Tax Asset (Liability) | $ | (315) |  |  | $ | (640) |  |
1. Primarily related to tax loss and credit carryforwards from operations in the United States, Switzerland, and Spain. 2. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the company adjusted the valuation allowances recorded against the net deferred tax asset position of various legal entities, the largest of which relates to legal entities in Switzerland and Argentina.
Operating Loss and Tax Credit Carryforwards |
Operating Loss and Tax Credit Carryforwards | Deferred Tax Asset
(In millions) | 2023 | 2022
Operating loss carryforwards |  |
Expire within 5 years | $ | 103 |  | $ | 127 |
Expire after 5 years or indefinite expiration | 303 |  | 158 |
Total operating loss carryforwards | $ | 406 |  | $ | 285 |
Tax credit carryforwards |  |
Expire within 5 years | $ | 59 |  | $ | 15 |
Expire after 5 years or indefinite expiration | 74 |  | 63 |
Total tax credit carryforwards | $ | 133 |  | $ | 78 |
Total Operating Loss and Tax Credit Carryforwards | $ | 539 |  | $ | 363 |
Total Gross Unrecognized Tax Benefits |
Total Gross Unrecognized Tax Benefits | For the Year Ended December 31,
(In millions) | 2023 | 2022 | 2021
Total unrecognized tax benefits as of beginning of period | $ | 357 |  | $ | 377 |  | $ | 395 |
Decreases related to positions taken on items from prior years | — |  | (3) |  | (7) |
Increases related to positions taken on items from prior years | 23 |  | 4 |  | 13 |
Increases related to positions taken in the current year | 16 |  | 11 |  | 9 |
Settlement of uncertain tax positions with tax authorities | (4) |  | (24) |  | (17) |
Decreases due to expiration of statutes of limitations | (2) |  | (5) |  | (16) |
Exchange (gain) loss | — |  | (3) |  | — |
Total unrecognized tax benefits as of end of period | $ | 390 |  | $ | 357 |  | $ | 377 |
Total unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate | $ | 173 |  | $ | 139 |  | $ | 157 |
Total amount of interest and penalties (benefits) recognized in provision for (benefit from) income taxes on continuing operations | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1 |
Total accrual for interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits at end of period | $ | 11 |  | $ | 13 |  | $ | 11 |
Tax Year Subject to Examination |
Tax Years Subject to Examination by Major Tax Jurisdiction at December 31, 2023 | Earliest Open Year
Jurisdiction
Argentina | 2017
Brazil | 2018
Canada | 2016
China | 2014
France | 2021
India | 2022
Italy | 2017
Switzerland | 2018
United States: |
Federal income tax | 2012
State and local income tax | 2012

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