Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

Regulatory assets generally represent incurred costs that have been deferred because such costs are probable of future recovery in customer rates. Regulatory liabilities generally represent obligations to make refunds to customers for previous collections for costs that are not likely to be incurred or deferral of gains that will be credited to customers in future periods. Components of regulatory assets and regulatory liabilities are summarized in the table below.



Regulatory Assets and Liabilities At September 30
	2015		2014
Current regulatory assets
Deferred nuclear generating units	$	237	$	237
Unrealized losses on commodity derivatives	162		134
Environmental agreements	47		54
Environmental cleanup costs – Kingston ash spill	43		47
Fuel cost adjustment receivable	15		9
Other current regulatory assets	2		—
Total current regulatory assets	506		481

Non-current regulatory assets
Deferred pension costs and other post-retirement benefits costs	5,565		4,297
Unrealized losses on interest rate derivatives	1,236		957
Nuclear decommissioning costs	1,003		931
Environmental cleanup costs - Kingston ash spill	348		421
Non-nuclear decommissioning costs	828		645
Deferred nuclear generating units	1,042		1,255
Environmental agreements	55		108
Unrealized losses on commodity derivatives	63		72
Other non-current regulatory assets	278		308
Total non-current regulatory assets	10,418		8,994
Total regulatory assets	$	10,924	$	9,475

Current regulatory liabilities
Fuel cost adjustment tax equivalents	$	164	$	182
Unrealized gains on commodity derivatives	—		2
Total current regulatory liabilities	164		184
Non-current regulatory liabilities
Unrealized gains on commodity derivatives	2		—
Total non-current regulatory liabilities	2		—
Total regulatory liabilities	$	166	$	184

Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Commodity Derivatives. Unrealized gains (losses) on coal purchase contracts, included as part of unrealized gains (losses) on commodity derivatives, relate to the mark-to-market ("MtM") valuation of coal purchase contracts. These contracts qualify as derivative contracts but do not qualify for cash flow hedge accounting treatment. As a result, TVA recognizes the changes in the market value of these derivative contracts as a regulatory liability or asset. This treatment reflects TVA’s ability and intent to recover the cost of these commodity contracts on a settlement basis for ratemaking purposes through the fuel cost adjustment. TVA recognizes the actual cost of fuel received under these contracts in fuel expense at the time the fuel is used to generate electricity. These contracts expire at various times through 2018. Unrealized gains and losses on contracts with a maturity of less than one year are included as a current regulatory asset or liability on TVA's consolidated balance sheets. See Note 16.

Deferred gains and losses relating to TVA’s Financial Trading Program ("FTP") represent net unrealized gains and losses on swaps, futures, options, and/or combinations of these instruments and are also included as part of unrealized gains (losses) on commodity derivatives. The program is used to reduce TVA’s economic risk exposure associated with purchases and sales of commodities used in electricity generation, purchases, and sales. TVA defers all FTP MtM unrealized gains or losses as regulatory liabilities or assets, respectively, and records realized gains or losses in fuel and purchased power expense to match the delivery period of the underlying commodity product. Net unrealized losses at September 30, 2015, and September 30, 2014, were approximately $116 million and $103 million, respectively. This accounting treatment reflects TVA’s ability and intent to recover the cost of these commodity contracts in future periods through the fuel cost adjustment. The current regulatory asset/liability for net unrealized gains and losses, included as part of the commodity derivatives, represents deferred gains and losses from contracts with a maturity of less than one year.

Deferred Nuclear Generating Units. TVA’s 2015 Integrated Resource Plan, adopted by the TVA Board in August 2015, does not envision any immediate needs for significant baseload plants such as Bellefonte. Work on the Bellefonte Unit 1 site was slowed in 2014, and TVA has been focused on preserving Bellefonte for potential future development. In November 2013, the TVA Board approved the treatment of all amounts currently included in Construction in progress related to Bellefonte as a regulatory asset. Additionally, the TVA Board approved combining (1) the amounts related to Bellefonte previously included in Construction in progress, (2) the $619 million in Regulatory asset-Construction costs, and (3) the remaining amounts included in Regulatory asset-Deferred nuclear generating units into a single regulatory asset titled Deferred nuclear generating units totaling $1.3 billion at September 30, 2015. Such amounts have been classified as a Regulatory asset in the September 30, 2015 Consolidated Balance Sheet. The TVA Board approved the recovery of this asset in future rates at an amount of $237 million per year until fully recovered. The amount to be amortized over the next year is included as a current regulatory asset on TVA's consolidated balance sheets.

Environmental Agreements. In conjunction with the Environmental Agreements (see Note 22 — Legal Proceedings — Environmental Agreements), TVA recorded certain liabilities totaling $360 million ($290 million investment in energy efficiency projects, demand response projects, renewable energy projects, and other TVA projects; $60 million to be provided to Alabama, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee to fund environmental projects with preference for projects in the Tennessee River watershed; and $10 million in civil penalties). The TVA Board determined that these costs would be collected in customer rates in the future, and, accordingly, the amounts were deferred as a regulatory asset. Through the end of 2015, $188 million has been paid with respect to environmental projects, $60 million has been paid to Alabama, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and $10 million has been paid with respect to civil penalties. The remaining deferred amounts will be charged to expense and recovered in rates over future periods as payments are made.

Environmental Cleanup Costs – Kingston Ash Spill. In August 2009, TVA began using regulatory accounting treatment to defer all actual costs incurred and expected future costs related to the Kingston Fossil Plant ("Kingston") ash spill. The TVA Board approved a plan to amortize these costs over 15 years beginning October 1, 2009. Insurance proceeds are recorded as reductions to the regulatory asset and will reduce amounts collected in future rates. Amounts included as a current regulatory asset on TVA's consolidated balance sheets represent the amount to be amortized in the next 12 months. See Note 11.

Fuel Cost Adjustment Receivable. The fuel cost adjustment provides a mechanism to alter rates monthly to reflect changing fuel and purchased power costs, including realized gains and losses relating to transactions under TVA’s FTP. There is typically a lag between the occurrence of a change in fuel and purchased power costs and the reflection of the change in fuel rates. Balances in the fuel cost adjustment regulatory accounts represent over-collected or under-collected revenues that offset fuel and purchased power costs and are recovered or refunded in fuel rates.

Deferred Pension Costs and Other Post-retirement Benefit Costs. TVA measures its benefit obligations related to pension and other post-retirement benefit ("OPEB") costs at each year-end balance sheet date. TVA recognizes the funded status of the plans on TVA's consolidated balance sheets which in an unregulated environment would result in a corresponding offset to accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"). “Incurred cost” is a cost arising from cash paid out or an obligation to pay for an acquired asset or service, and a loss from any cause that has been sustained and for which payment has been or must be made. In the cases of pension and OPEB costs, the unfunded obligation represents a projected liability to the employee for services rendered, and thus it meets the definition of an incurred cost. Therefore, amounts that otherwise would be charged to AOCI for these costs are recorded as a regulatory asset since TVA has historically recovered pension and OPEB expense in rates. Through historical and current year expense included in ratemaking, the TVA Board has demonstrated the ability and intent to include pension and OPEB costs in allowable costs and in rates for ratemaking purposes. As a result, it is probable that future revenue will result from inclusion of the pension and OPEB regulatory assets in allowable costs for ratemaking purposes.

These regulatory assets are classified as long-term, which is consistent with the pension and post-retirement liabilities, and not amortized to the consolidated statements of operations over a specified recovery period. They are adjusted either upward or downward each year in conjunction with the adjustments to the unfunded pension liability, as calculated by the actuaries. Ultimately this regulatory asset will be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations in the form of pension expense as the actuarial liability is eliminated in future periods. See Note 21 — Obligations and Funded Status.

Additionally on October 1, 2014, TVA began recognizing pension costs as regulatory assets to the extent that the amount calculated under GAAP as pension expense differs from the amount TVA contributes to the pension plan.

Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Derivatives. TVA uses regulatory accounting treatment to defer the unrealized gains and losses on certain interest rate derivative contracts. When these contracts actually settle, the realized gains or losses are included in the ratemaking formula. The unrealized losses on these interest rate derivatives are recorded on TVA’s consolidated balance sheets as non-current regulatory assets, and the related realized gains or losses, if any, are recorded in TVA’s consolidated statements of operations.

Nuclear Decommissioning Costs. Nuclear decommissioning costs include: (1) certain deferred charges related to the future closure and decommissioning of TVA’s nuclear generating units under the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ("NRC") requirements, (2) recognition of changes in the liability, (3) recognition of changes in the value of TVA's Nuclear Decommissioning Trust ("NDT"), and (4) certain other deferred charges under the accounting rules for AROs. These future costs will be funded through a combination of the NDT, future earnings on the NDT, and, if necessary, additional TVA cash contributions to the NDT and future earnings thereon. See Note 1 — Investment Funds. There is not a specified recovery period; therefore, the regulatory asset is classified as long-term consistent with the NDT investments and ARO liability.

Non-Nuclear Decommissioning Costs. Non-nuclear decommissioning costs include: (1) certain deferred charges related to the future closure and decommissioning of TVA’s non-nuclear long-lived assets, (2) recognition of changes in the liability, (3) recognition of changes in the value of TVA’s Asset Retirement Trust ("ART"), and (4) certain other deferred charges under the accounting rules for AROs. TVA has established the ART to more effectively segregate, manage, and invest funds to help meet future non-nuclear AROs. The funds from the ART may be used, among other things, to pay the costs related to the future closure and retirement of non-nuclear long-lived assets under various legal requirements. These future costs can be funded through a combination of investment funds already set aside in the ART, future earnings on those investment funds, and future cash contributions to the ART and future earnings thereon. For 2016, TVA will recover in rates a portion of its estimated current year non-nuclear decommissioning costs and contributions to the ART. Deferred charges will be recovered in rates in 2017 and beyond based on an analysis of the expected expenditures, contributions, and investment earnings required to recover the decommissioning costs.

Other Non-Current Regulatory Assets. Other non-current regulatory assets consist of the following:

Debt Reacquisition Costs. Reacquisition expenses, call premiums, and other related costs, such as unamortized debt issue costs associated with redeemed Bond issues, are deferred and amortized (accreted) on a straight-line basis over the weighted average life of TVA’s debt portfolio.

Nuclear Training Costs. As a result of refurbishing and restarting Browns Ferry Unit 1 in 2007 and the construction and startup of Watts Bar Nuclear Plant ("Watts Bar") Unit 2, nuclear training costs associated with these units have been deferred as a regulatory asset and will be amortized over a cost recovery period equivalent to the expected useful life of the operating nuclear units.

Retirement Removal Costs. Retirement removal costs that are not legally required are capitalized into fixed assets to be depreciated consistent with the lives in the depreciation study. See Note 1 — Property, Plant, and Equipment, and Depreciation — Depreciation. The TVA Board has consistently set rates to cover the depreciation of these assets; therefore, these assets are probable of future recovery.

Fuel Cost Adjustment Tax Equivalents. The fuel cost adjustment includes a provision related to the current funding of the future payments TVA will make. As TVA records the fuel cost adjustment, the percent of the calculation that relates to a future asset or liability for tax equivalent payments is recorded as a current regulatory asset or liability and paid in the following year.