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Revenue
 12 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]  
Revenue from Contract with Customer
17. Revenue

Revenue from Sales of Electricity

TVA's revenue from contracts with customers is primarily derived from the generation and sale of electricity to its customers and is included in Revenue from sales of electricity on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Electricity is sold primarily to LPCs for distribution to their end-use customers. In addition, TVA sells electricity to directly served industrial companies, federal agencies, and others.

LPC sales
Approximately 92 percent of TVA's Revenue from sales of electricity for both the years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, was from LPCs, which then distribute the power to their customers using their own distribution systems. Power is delivered to each LPC at delivery points within the LPC's service territory. TVA recognizes revenue when the customer takes possession of the power at the delivery point. For power sales, the performance obligation to deliver power is satisfied in a series over time because the sales of electricity over the term of the customer contract are a series of distinct goods that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. TVA has no continuing performance obligations subsequent to delivery. Using the output method for revenue recognition provides a faithful depiction of the transfer of electricity as customers obtain control of the power and benefit from its use at delivery. Additionally, TVA has an enforceable right to consideration for energy delivered at any discrete point in time and will recognize revenue at an amount that reflects the consideration to which TVA is entitled for the energy delivered.

The amount of revenue is based on contractual prices approved by the TVA Board. Customers are invoiced monthly for power delivered as measured by meters located at the delivery points. The net transaction price is offset by certain credits available to customers that are known at the time of billing. Credits are designed to achieve objectives of the TVA Act and include items such as hydro preference credits for residential customers of LPCs, economic development credits to promote growth in the Tennessee Valley, wholesale bill credits to maintain long-term partnerships with LPCs, pandemic credits created to support LPCs and strengthen the public power response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and demand response credits allowing TVA to reduce industrial customer usage in periods of peak demand to balance system demand. Payments are typically due within approximately one month of invoice issuance.
 
Directly served customersDirectly served customers, including industrial customers, federal agencies, and other customers, take power for their own consumption. Similar to LPCs, power is delivered to a delivery point, at which time the customer takes possession and TVA recognizes revenue. For all power sales, the performance obligation to deliver power is satisfied in a series over time since the sales of electricity over the term of the customer contract are a series of distinct goods that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. TVA has no continuing performance obligations subsequent to delivery. Using the output method for revenue recognition provides a faithful depiction of the transfer of electricity as customers obtain control of the power and benefit from its use at delivery. Additionally, TVA has an enforceable right to consideration for energy delivered at any discrete point in time and will recognize revenue at an amount that reflects the consideration to which TVA is entitled for the energy delivered.

The amount of revenue is based on contractual prices approved by the TVA Board. Customers are invoiced monthly for power delivered as measured by meters located at the delivery points. The net transaction price is offset by certain credits available to customers that are known at the time of billing. Examples of credits include items such as economic development credits to promote growth in the Tennessee Valley, pandemic credits created to support directly served customers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and demand response credits allowing TVA to reduce industrial customer usage in periods of peak demand to balance system demand. Payments are typically due within approximately one month of invoice issuance.

Other Revenue

Other revenue consists primarily of wheeling and network transmission charges, sales of excess steam that is a by-product of power production, delivery point charges for interconnection points between TVA and the customer, REC sales, and certain other ancillary goods or services.
Disaggregated Revenues

During 2023, revenues generated from TVA's electricity sales were $11.9 billion and accounted for virtually all of TVA's revenues. TVA's operating revenues by state for each of the last three years are detailed in the table below:
Operating Revenues By State
For the years ended September 30
(in millions)
 202320222021
Alabama
$1,731 $1,778 $1,508 
Georgia
284 299 254 
Kentucky
773 821 655 
Mississippi
1,146 1,182 984 
North Carolina
89 87 66 
Tennessee
7,819 8,137 6,841 
Virginia
46 48 42 
Subtotal11,888 12,352 10,350 
Off-system sales14 19 7 
Revenue capitalized during pre-commercial plant operations(1)
(3)— — 
Revenue from sales of electricity11,899 12,371 10,357 
Other revenue155 169 146 
Total operating revenues$12,054 $12,540 $10,503 
Note
(1) Represents revenue capitalized during pre-commercial operations at Colbert Combustion Turbine Units 9-11.

    TVA's operating revenues by customer type for each of the last three years are detailed in the table below:
Operating Revenues by Customer Type
For the years ended September 30
(in millions)
 202320222021
Revenue from sales of electricity  
Local power companies$10,903 $11,291 $9,534 
Industries directly served864 926 707 
Federal agencies and other135 154 116 
Revenue capitalized during pre-commercial plant operations(1)
(3)— — 
Revenue from sales of electricity11,899 12,371 10,357 
Other revenue155 169 146 
Total operating revenues$12,054 $12,540 $10,503 
Note
(1) Represents revenue capitalized during pre-commercial operations at Colbert Combustion Turbine Units 9-11.

    TVA and LPCs continue to work together to meet the changing needs of consumers around the Tennessee Valley. In 2019, the TVA Board approved a Partnership Agreement option that better aligns the length of LPC power contracts with TVA's long-term commitments. Under the partnership arrangement, the LPC power contracts automatically renew each year and have a 20-year termination notice. The partnership arrangements can be terminated under certain circumstances, including TVA's failure to limit rate increases as provided for in the agreements going forward. Participating LPCs receive benefits including a 3.1 percent wholesale bill credit in exchange for their long-term commitment, which enables TVA to recover its long-term financial commitments over a commensurate period. The total wholesale bill credits to LPCs participating in the Partnership Agreement were $199 million, $199 million, and $189 million, respectively, for the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021. In 2020, TVA provided participating LPCs a flexibility option, named Generation Flexibility, that allows them to locally generate or purchase up to approximately five percent of their average total hourly energy sales over a certain time period in order to meet their individual customers' needs. Revised flexibility agreements were made available to LPCs in August 2023 which permit projects to be located anywhere in TVA's service area, either connected to the LPC distribution system or TVA's transmission system, and make it easier for LPCs to partner in projects. As of September 30, 2023, 147 LPCs had signed the Partnership Agreement with TVA, and 89 LPCs had signed a Power Supply Flexibility Agreement.

In previous years, the TVA Board approved pandemic credits, which were effective for 2021, 2022, and 2023. These
credits provided an annual 2.5 percent monthly base rate credit and applied to service provided to TVA's LPCs, their large commercial and industrial customers, and TVA directly served customers. For the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022, and 2021, pandemic credits totaled $225 million and $228 million, and $221 million, respectively.

The number of LPCs by contract arrangement, the revenues derived from such arrangements for 2023, and the percentage those revenues comprised of TVA's total operating revenues for 2023, are summarized in the table below:
TVA Local Power Company Contracts
At or for the year ended September 30, 2023
Contract Arrangements(1)
Number of LPCs Revenue from Sales of Electricity to LPCs
(in millions)		Percentage of Total Operating Revenues
20-year termination notice147 $9,367 77.7 %
5-year termination notice6 1,536 12.7 %
Total153 $10,903 90.4 %
Note
(1) Ordinarily, the LPCs and TVA have the same termination notice period; however, in a contract with one of the LPCs with a five-year termination notice, TVA has a 10-year termination notice (which becomes a five-year termination notice if TVA loses its discretionary wholesale rate-setting authority). Certain LPCs have five-year termination notices or a shorter period if any act of Congress, court decision, or regulatory change requires or permits that election.
                                                 
    TVA's two largest LPCs — Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division ("MLGW") and Nashville Electric Service ("NES") — have contracts with a five-year and a 20-year termination notice period, respectively.  Sales to MLGW and NES accounted for nine percent and eight percent, respectively, of TVA's total operating revenues in 2023, 2022, and 2021.

Contract Balances

    Contract assets represent an entity's right to consideration in exchange for goods and services that the entity has transferred to customers. TVA did not have any material contract assets at September 30, 2023.

    Contract liabilities represent an entity's obligations to transfer goods or services to customers for which the entity has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customers. These contract liabilities are primarily related to upfront consideration received prior to the satisfaction of the performance obligation. See Economic Development Incentives below and Note 12 — Other Long-Term Liabilities — Long-Term Deferred Revenue.
    Economic Development Incentives. Under certain economic development programs TVA offers incentives to existing and potential power customers in targeted business sectors that make multi-year commitments to invest in the Tennessee Valley. TVA records those incentives as reductions of revenue. Incentives recorded as a reduction to revenue were $330 million, $328 million, and $315 million for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Incentives that have been approved but have not been paid are recorded in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities and Other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. At September 30, 2023 and 2022, the outstanding unpaid incentives were $188 million and $187 million, respectively. Incentives that have been paid out may be subject to claw back if the customer fails to meet certain program requirements.