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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 6 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation | Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated interim financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, include the accounts of TVA and variable interest entities ("VIEs") of which TVA is the primary beneficiary. See Note 10 — Variable Interest Entities. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents, Policy [Policy Text Block] | Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash Cash includes cash on hand, non-interest bearing cash, and deposit accounts. All highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less are considered cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents that are restricted, as to withdrawal or use under the terms of certain contractual agreements, are recorded in Other long-term assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Restricted cash and cash equivalents include cash held in trusts that are currently restricted for TVA economic development loans and for certain TVA environmental programs in accordance with agreements related to compliance with certain environmental regulations. In addition, as of March 31, 2025, TVA had restricted cash related to variable interest entities. See Note 10 — Variable Interest Entities. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash (in millions)
| At March 31, 2025 |  | At September 30, 2024
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 502 |  |  | $ | 502 |
Restricted cash of variable interest entity | 25 |  |  | — |
Restricted cash and cash equivalents included in Other long-term assets | 20 |  |  | 21 |
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 547 |  |  | $ | 523 |
Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts | Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts TVA recognizes an allowance that reflects the current estimate for credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the financial assets based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amounts. The appropriateness of the allowance is evaluated at the end of each reporting period. To determine the allowance for trade receivables, TVA considers historical experience and other currently available information, including events such as customer bankruptcy and/or a customer failing to fulfill payment arrangements by the due date. TVA's corporate credit department also performs an assessment of the financial condition of customers and the credit quality of the receivables. In addition, TVA reviews other reasonable and supportable forecasts to determine if the allowance for uncollectible amounts should be further adjusted in accordance with the accounting guidance for Current Expected Credit Losses. To determine the allowance for loans receivables, TVA aggregates loans into the appropriate pools based on the existence of similar risk characteristics such as collateral types and internal assessed credit risks. In situations where a loan exhibits unique risk characteristics and is no longer expected to experience similar risks to the rest of its pool, the loan will be evaluated separately. TVA derives an annual loss rate based on historical loss and then adjusts the rate to reflect TVA's consideration of available information on current conditions and reasonable and supportable future forecasts. This information may include economic and business conditions, default trends, and other internal and external factors. For periods beyond the reasonable and supportable forecast period, TVA uses the current calculated long-term average historical loss rate for the remaining life of the loan portfolio. The allowance for uncollectible accounts was less than $1 million at both March 31, 2025, and September 30, 2024, for trade accounts receivable. Additionally, loans receivable of $104 million and $105 million at March 31, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively, are included in Accounts receivable, net and Other long-term assets, for the current and long-term portions, respectively. Loans receivables are reported net of allowances for uncollectible accounts of $2 million at both March 31, 2025, and September 30, 2024.
Depreciation | Depreciation TVA accounts for depreciation of its properties using the composite depreciation convention of accounting. Under the composite method, assets with similar economic characteristics are grouped and depreciated as one asset. Depreciation is generally computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated service lives of the various classes of assets. The estimation of asset useful lives requires management judgment, supported by external depreciation studies of historical asset retirement experience. Depreciation rates are determined based on external depreciation studies that are updated approximately every five years, with the latest study implemented during the first quarter of 2022. Depreciation expense was $475 million and $450 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Depreciation expense was $945 million and $902 million for the six months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. See Note 7 — Plant Closures for a discussion of the impact of plant closures.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements requires TVA to estimate the effects of various matters that are inherently uncertain as of the date of the consolidated financial statements. Although the consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP, TVA is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and the amounts of revenues and expenses, reported during the reporting period. Each of these estimates varies in regard to the level of judgment involved and its potential impact on TVA's financial results. Estimates are considered critical either when a different estimate could have reasonably been used, or where changes in the estimate are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, and such use or change would materially impact TVA's financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.
Fiscal Period, Policy | Fiscal Year TVA's fiscal year ends September 30. Years (2025, 2024, etc.) refer to TVA's fiscal years unless they are preceded by "CY," in which case the references are to calendar years.
Pre-Commercial Plant Operations | Pre-Commercial Plant Operations As part of the process of completing the construction of a generating unit, the electricity produced is used to serve the demands of the electric system. TVA estimates revenues earned during pre-commercial operations at the fair value of the energy delivered based on TVA's hourly incremental dispatch cost. Pre-commercial plant operations began on Paradise combustion turbine ("CT") Units 5-7 in the first quarter of 2024, and the units became operational on December 29, 2023. Estimated revenue of $3 million related to this project was capitalized to offset project costs for the six months ended March 31, 2024, all of which was recognized in the three months ended December 31, 2023. TVA also capitalized related fuel costs for this project of $3 million for the six months ended March 31, 2024, all of which was recognized in the three months ended December 31, 2023. Pre-commercial plant operations began on Johnsonville Aeroderivative CT Units 21-30 during the six months ended March 31, 2025. Estimated revenue of $2 million related to this project was capitalized to offset project costs for both the three and six months ended March 31, 2025. TVA also capitalized related fuel costs for this project of $4 million and $5 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2025, respectively.

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