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Risk Management Activities and Derivative Transactions | 6 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2025
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract] |
Risk Management Activities and Derivative Transactions | Risk Management Activities and Derivative Transactions TVA is exposed to various risks related to commodity prices, investment prices, interest rates, currency exchange rates, and inflation as well as counterparty credit and performance risks. To help manage certain of these risks, TVA has historically entered into various derivative transactions, principally commodity option contracts, forward contracts, swaps, swaptions, futures, and options on futures. Overview of Accounting Treatment TVA recognizes certain of its derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities on its Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of these instruments depends on (1) whether TVA uses regulatory accounting to defer the derivative gains and losses, (2) whether the derivative instrument has been designated and qualifies for hedge accounting treatment, and (3) if so, the type of hedge relationship (for example, cash flow hedge). The following tables summarize the accounting treatment that certain of TVA's financial derivative transactions receive:
Summary of Derivative Instruments That Receive Hedge Accounting Treatment (part 1) Amount of Mark-to-Market Gain (Loss) Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (in millions)
|  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31 |  | Six Months Ended March 31 |
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationship |  | Objective of Hedge Transaction |  | Accounting for Derivative Hedging Instrument |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Currency swaps |  | To protect against changes in cash flows caused by changes in foreign currency exchange rates (exchange rate risk) |  | Unrealized gains and losses are recorded in AOCI and reclassified to Interest expense to the extent they are offset by gains and losses on the hedged transaction |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (4) |  |  | $ | (23) |  |  | $ | 16 |  |
Summary of Derivative Instruments That Receive Hedge Accounting Treatment (part 2)(1) Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) to Interest Expense (in millions)
|  | Three Months Ended March 31 |  | Six Months Ended March 31 |
Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationship |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Currency swaps |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | (6) |  |  | $ | (23) |  |  | $ | 13 |  |
Note (1) There were no amounts excluded from effectiveness testing for any of the periods presented. Based on forecasted foreign currency exchange rates, TVA expects to reclassify approximately $3 million of gains from Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI") to Interest expense within the next 12 months to offset amounts anticipated to be recorded in Interest expense related to the forecasted exchange loss on the debt.
Summary of Derivative Instruments That Do Not Receive Hedge Accounting Treatment Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivatives(1) (in millions)
|  |  |  |  |  | Three Months Ended March 31 |  | Six Months Ended March 31
Derivative Type |  | Objective of Derivative |  | Accounting for Derivative Instrument |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Interest rate swaps |  | To fix short-term debt variable rate to a fixed rate (interest rate risk) |  | Mark-to-market gains and losses are recorded as regulatory liabilities and assets, respectively Realized gains and losses are recognized in Interest expense when incurred during the settlement period and are presented in operating cash flow |  | $ | (12) |  |  | $ | (7) |  |  | $ | (22) |  |  | $ | (15) |
Commodity derivatives under the FHP |  | To protect against fluctuations in market prices of purchased commodities (price risk) |  | Mark-to-market gains and losses are recorded as regulatory liabilities and assets, respectively Realized gains and losses are recognized in Fuel expense or Purchased power expense as the contracts settle to match the delivery period of the underlying commodity(2) |  | (14) |  |  | (101) |  |  | (51) |  |  | (155) |
Notes (1) All of TVA's derivative instruments that do not receive hedge accounting treatment have unrealized gains (losses) that would otherwise be recognized in income but instead are deferred as regulatory assets and liabilities. As such, there were no related gains (losses) recognized in income for these unrealized gains (losses) for the three and six months ended March 31, 2025 and for the three and six months ended March 31, 2024. (2) Of the amount recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2025, $12 million and $2 million were reported in Fuel expense and Purchased power expense, respectively, and of the amount recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2024, $83 million and $18 million were reported in Fuel expense and Purchased power expense, respectively. Of the amount recognized for the six months ended March 31, 2025, $42 million and $9 million were reported in Fuel expense and Purchased power expense, respectively, and of the amount recognized for the six months ended March 31, 2024, $127 million and $28 million were reported in Fuel expense and Purchased power expense, respectively.
Fair Values of TVA Derivatives (in millions)
| At March 31, 2025 |  | At September 30, 2024
Derivatives That Receive Hedge Accounting Treatment:
| Balance |  | Balance Sheet Presentation |  | Balance |  | Balance Sheet Presentation
Currency swaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |
£250 million Sterling | $ | (63) |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(5); Other long-term liabilities $(58) |  | $ | (49) |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(4); Other long-term liabilities $(45)
£150 million Sterling | (76) |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(3); Other long-term liabilities $(73) |  | (67) |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(3); Other long-term liabilities $(64)
Derivatives That Do Not Receive Hedge Accounting Treatment:
| Balance |  | Balance Sheet Presentation |  | Balance |  | Balance Sheet Presentation
Interest rate swaps |  |  |  |  |  |  |
$1.0 billion notional | $ | (531) |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(10); Accrued interest $(28); Other long-term liabilities $(493) |  | $ | (622) |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(10); Accrued interest $(26); Other long-term liabilities $(586)
$476 million notional | (176) |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(3); Accrued interest $(9); Other long-term liabilities $(164) |  | (218) |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(3); Accrued interest $(9); Other long-term liabilities $(206)
Commodity contract derivatives | 5 |  |  | Other current assets $10; Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(2); Other long-term liabilities $(3) |  | 2 |  |  | Other current assets $5; Other long-term assets $2; Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(3); Other long-term liabilities $(2)
Commodity derivatives under the FHP | 95 |  |  | Accounts receivable $2; Other long-term assets $8; Other current assets $96; Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(1); Other long-term liabilities $(10) |  | (161) |  |  | Accounts payable and accrued liabilities $(99); Other long-term liabilities $(62)
Cash Flow Hedging Strategy for Currency Swaps To protect against exchange rate risk related to British pound sterling denominated Bond transactions, TVA entered into foreign currency hedges at the time the Bond transactions occurre d. TVA h ad two currency swaps outstanding at March 31, 2025, with total currency exposure of £400 million and expiration dates in 2032 and 2043. When the dollar strengthens against the British pound sterling, the exchange gain on the Bond liability and related accrued interest is offset by an equal amount of loss on the swap contract that is reclassified out of AOCI. Conversely, the exchange loss on the Bond liability and related accrued interest is offset by an equal amount of gain on the swap contract that is reclassified out of AOCI. All such exchange gains or losses on the Bond liability and related accrued interest are included in Long-term debt, net and Accrued interest, respectively. The offsetting exchange losses or gains on the swap contracts are recognized in AOCI. If any gain (loss) were to be incurred as a result of the early termination of the foreign currency swap contract, the resulting income (expense) would be amortized over the remaining life of the associated Bond as a component of Interest expense. The values of the currency swap liabilities are included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities and Other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Derivatives Not Receiving Hedge Accounting Treatment Interest Rate Derivatives. Generally TVA uses interest rate swaps to fix variable short-term debt to a fixed rate, and TVA uses regulatory accounting treatment to defer the mark-to-market ("MtM") gains and losses on its interest rate swaps. The net deferred unrealized gains and losses are classified as regulatory liabilities or assets on TVA's Consolidated Balance Sheets and are included in the ratemaking formula when gains or losses are realized. The values of these derivatives are included in Accounts payable and accrued liabilities, Accrued interest, and Other long-term liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and realized gains and losses, if any, are included on TVA's Consolidated Statements of Operations. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the changes in fair market value of the interest rate swaps resulted in the increase in unrealized losses of $42 million and the reduction in unrealized losses of $94 million, respectively. For the six months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the changes in fair market value of the interest rate swaps resulted in the reduction in unrealized losses of $135 million and the increase in unrealized losses of $95 million, respectively. TVA may hold short-term debt balances lower than the notional amount of the interest rate swaps from time to time due to changes in business conditions and other factors. While actual balances vary, TVA generally plans to maintain average balances of short-term debt equal to or in excess of the combined notional amount of the interest rate swaps. Commodity Derivatives. TVA enters into certain derivative contracts for natural gas that require physical delivery of the contracted quantity of the commodity. TVA may also enter into power purchase agreements ("PPAs") that provide an option to financially settle contracted power deliveries. This option creates an embedded derivative in the hosting PPA. TVA marks to market these contracts and defers the unrealized gains (losses) as regulatory liabilities (assets). At March 31, 2025, TVA's natural gas contract derivatives had terms of up to 11 years.
Commodity Contract Derivatives
| At March 31, 2025 |  | At September 30, 2024
| Number of Contracts |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value (MtM) (in millions) |  | Number of Contracts |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value (MtM) (in millions)
Natural gas contract derivatives | 39 |  | 468 million mmBtu |  | $ | 5 |  |  | 45 |  | 321 million mmBtu |  | $ | 2 |
Commodity Derivatives under the FHP. Currently, TVA is hedging exposure to the price of natural gas under the FHP. There is no Value at Risk aggregate transaction limit under the current FHP structure, but the TVA Board reviews and authorizes the use of tolerances and measures annually. TVA's FHP policy prohibits trading financial instruments under the FHP for speculative purposes. At March 31, 2025, TVA's natural gas swap contracts under the FHP had remaining terms of up to three years.
Commodity Derivatives under Financial Hedging Program(1)
| At March 31, 2025 |  | At September 30, 2024
| Number of Contracts |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value (MtM) (in millions) |  | Number of Contracts |  | Notional Amount |  | Fair Value (MtM) (in millions)
Natural gas swap contracts | 161 |  | 244 | million mmBtu |  | $ | 95 |  |  | 126 |  | 230 | million mmBtu |  | $ | (161) |
Note (1) Fair value amounts presented are based on the net commodity position with the counterparty. Notional amounts disclosed represent the net value of contractual amounts. TVA defers all FHP unrealized gains (losses) as regulatory liabilities (assets) and records the realized gains or losses in Fuel expense and Purchased power expense to match the delivery period of the underlying commodity. Offsetting of Derivative Assets and Liabilities The amounts of TVA's derivative instruments as reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets are shown in the table below:
Derivative Assets and Liabilities(1) (in millions)
| At March 31, 2025 |  |  |  |  | At September 30, 2024
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Commodity contract derivatives | $ | 10 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7 |
Commodity derivatives under the FHP(2) | 106 |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Total derivatives subject to master netting or similar arrangement | $ | 116 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency swaps | $ | 139 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 116 |
Interest rate swaps(3) | 707 |  |  |  |  |  | 840 |
Commodity contract derivatives | 5 |  |  |  |  |  | 5 |
Commodity derivatives under the FHP(2) | 11 |  |  |  |  |  | 161 |
Total derivatives subject to master netting or similar arrangement | $ | 862 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,122 |
Notes (1) Offsetting amounts include counterparty netting of derivative contracts. Except as discussed below, there were no other material offsetting amounts on TVA's Consolidated Balance Sheets at either March 31, 2025, or September 30, 2024. (2) At March 31, 2025, the gross derivative asset and gross derivative liability were $122 million and $27 million, respectively, with offsetting amounts for each totaling $16 million. At September 30, 2024, the gross derivative asset and gross derivative liability were $4 million and $165 million, respectively, with offsetting amounts for each totaling $4 million. (3) Letters of credit of $465 million and $535 million were posted as collateral at March 31, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively, to partially secure the liability positions of one of the interest rate swaps in accordance with the collateral requirements for this derivative. Other Derivative Instruments Investment Fund Derivatives. Investment funds consist primarily of funds held in the Nuclear Decommissioning Trust ("NDT"), the Asset Retirement Trust ("ART"), the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan ("SERP"), the TVA Deferred Compensation Plan ("DCP"), and the Restoration Plan ("RP"). See Note 15 — Fair Value Measurements — Investment Funds for a discussion of the trusts, plans, and types of investments. The NDT and ART may invest in derivative instruments which may include swaps, futures, options, forwards, and other instruments. At March 31, 2025, and September 30, 2024, the NDT held investments in forward contracts to purchase debt securities. The fair values of these derivatives were in net asset positions totaling $16 million and $11 million at March 31, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively. Collateral. TVA's interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and commodity derivatives under the FHP contain contract provisions that require a party to post collateral (in a form such as cash or a letter of credit) when the party's liability balance under the agreement exceeds a certain threshold. At March 31, 2025, the aggregate fair value of all derivative instruments with credit-risk related contingent features that were in a liability position was $862 million. TVA's collateral obligations at March 31, 2025, under these arrangements were $462 million, for which TVA had posted $465 million in letters of credit. These letters of credit reduce the available balance under the related credit facilities. TVA's assessment of the risk of its nonperformance includes a reduction in its exposure under the interest rate swap contracts as a result of this posted collateral. For all of its derivative instruments with credit-risk related contingent features: •If TVA remains a majority-owned U.S. government entity but S&P Global Ratings ("S&P") or Moody's Investors Service, Inc. ("Moody's") downgrades TVA's credit rating to AA or Aa2, respectively, TVA's collateral obligations would likely increase by $22 million, and •If TVA ceases to be majority-owned by the U.S. government, TVA's credit rating would likely be downgraded and TVA would be required to post additional collateral. Counterparty Risk TVA may be exposed to certain risks when a counterparty has the potential to fail to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms. These risks may be related to credit, operational, or nonperformance matters. To mitigate certain counterparty risk, TVA analyzes the counterparty's financial condition prior to entering into an agreement, establishes credit limits, monitors the appropriateness of those limits, as well as any changes in the creditworthiness of the counterparty, on an ongoing basis, and when required, employs credit mitigation measures, such as collateral or prepayment arrangements and master purchase and sale agreements. Customers. TVA is exposed to counterparty credit risk associated with trade accounts receivable from delivered power sales to local power company customers ("LPCs"), and from industries and federal agencies directly served, all located in the Tennessee Valley region. Of the $1.6 billion and $1.7 billion of receivables from power sales outstanding at March 31, 2025, and September 30, 2024, respectively, nearly all of the counterparties were rated investment grade. The majority of the obligations of these customers that are not investment grade are secured by collateral. T VA is also exposed to risk from exchange power arrangements with a small number of investor-owned regional utilities related to either delivered power or the replacement of open positions of longer-term purchased power or fuel agreements. TVA believes its policies and procedures for counterparty performance risk reviews have generally protected TVA against significant exposure related to market and economic conditions. See Note 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts, Note 4 — Accounts Receivable, Net, and Note 8 — Other Long-Term Assets. TVA had revenue from two LPCs that collectively accounted for 15 percent of total operating revenues for both the six months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. Suppliers. TVA assesses potential supplier performance risks, including procurement of fuel, purchased power, parts, and services. If suppliers are unable or unwilling to perform under TVA's existing contracts, if TVA is unable to obtain similar services or supplies from other vendors, or if there are significant changes to tariffs impacting suppliers, TVA could experience delays, disruptions, additional costs, or other operational outcomes that may impact generation, maintenance, and capital programs. If certain fuel or purchased power suppliers fail to perform under the terms of their contract with TVA, TVA might lose the money that it paid to the supplier under the contract and have to purchase replacement fuel or power on the spot market, perhaps at a significantly higher price than TVA was entitled to pay under the contract. In addition, TVA might not be able to acquire replacement fuel or power in a timely manner and thus might be unable to satisfy its own obligations to deliver power. TVA continues evaluating potential supplier performance risks and supplier impact but cannot determine or predict the duration of such risks/impacts or the extent to which such risks/impacts could affect TVA's business, operations, and financial results or cause potential business disruptions. TVA continues to experience impacts due to inflation, supply chain material challenges, and labor availability. This has led to project delays, limited availability, and/or price increases for supplies and labor. TVA has been able to manage these challenges with limited business disruptions at this time; however, should pressures continue long term, TVA could experience more significant disruptions and pressure to further increase power rates. Natural Gas and Fuel Oil. TVA purchases a significant amount of its natural gas requirements through contracts with a variety of suppliers and purchases substantially all of its fuel oil requirements on the spot market. TVA delivers to its gas fleet under firm and non-firm transportation contracts on multiple interstate natural gas pipelines. TVA contracts for storage capacity that allows for operational flexibility and increased supply during peak gas demand scenarios or supply disruptions. TVA uses contracts of various lengths and terms to meet the projected natural gas needs of its natural gas fleet. TVA also maintains on-site, fuel oil backup to operate at the majority of the CT sites in the event of major supply disruptions. In the event a supplier experiences an incident that limits its ability to fulfill its firm contractual obligations to supply TVA with natural gas, TVA intends to leverage its storage and balancing services and/or replace the volume with a third party to ensure reliability of generation. Coal. To help ensure a reliable supply of coal, TVA had coal contracts with multiple suppliers as of March 31, 2025. The contracted supply of coal is sourced from several geographic regions of the U.S. and is delivered via barge and rail. As a result of emerging technologies, environmental regulations, industry trends, and natural gas market volatility over the past few years, coal suppliers are facing increased financial pressure, which has led to relatively poor credit ratings and bankruptcies, restructuring, mine closures, or other scenarios. A long-term continued decline in demand for coal could result in more consolidations, additional bankruptcies, restructuring, mine closures, or other scenarios. Nuclear Fuel. Nuclear fuel is obtained predominantly through long-term uranium concentrate supply contracts, contracted conversion services, contracted enrichment services, or a combination thereof, and contracted fuel fabrication services. The supply markets for uranium concentrates and certain nuclear fuel services are subject to price fluctuations and availability restrictions. Supply market conditions may make procurement contracts subject to credit risk related to the potential nonperformance of counterparties. In the event of nonperformance by these or other suppliers, TVA believes that replacement uranium concentrate and nuclear fuel services can be obtained, although at prices that may be unfavorable when compared to the prices under the current supply agreements. Purchased Power. TVA acquires power from a variety of power producers through long-term and short-term PPAs as well as through spot market purchases. Because of the reliability risk of purchased power, TVA requires that the PPAs contain certain counterparty performance assurance requirements to help insure counterparty performance during the term of the agreements. Other Suppliers. Mounting solar supply chain constraints, commodity price increases, and the trade policy investigations into solar panel imports have created challenges for the U.S. solar industry. TVA's existing solar PPA portfolio is not immune from these challenges. Similar to the experience of the rest of the industry, the majority of TVA's contracted PPAs from previous requests for proposals that are not yet online have been impacted by project delays and price increases. Derivative Counterparties. TVA has entered into physical and financial contracts that are classified as derivatives for hedging purposes, and TVA's NDT, ART, and qualified defined benefit plan ("pension plan") have entered into derivative contracts for investment purposes. If a counterparty to one of the physical or financial derivative transactions defaults, TVA might incur costs in connection with entering into a replacement transaction. If a counterparty to the derivative contracts into which the NDT, the ART, or the pension plan have entered for investment purposes defaults, the value of the investment could decline significantly or perhaps become worthless. TVA has concentrations of credit risk from the banking, coal, and gas industries because multiple companies in these industries serve as counterparties to TVA in various derivative transactions. At March 31, 2025, all of TVA's commodity derivatives under the FHP, currency swaps, and interest rate swaps were with counterparties whose Moody's credit ratings were A2 or higher. TVA classifies forward natural gas contracts as derivatives. At March 31, 2025, the forward natural gas contracts were with counterparties whose ratings ranged from B1 to A1.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for derivative instruments and hedging activities including, but not limited to, risk management strategies, non-hedging derivative instruments, assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and methodologies and assumptions used in determining the amounts. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 815 -SubTopic 40 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 5 -Subparagraph (f) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480237/815-40-50-5 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 815 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 5C -Subparagraph (b) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147480434/815-10-50-5C Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 815 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/815/tableOfContent + Details
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