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Revenue (Notes) | 3 Months Ended
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Mar. 31, 2018
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract] |
Revenue | Revenue Revenue is recognized by Edison International and SCE when a performance obligation to transfer control of the promised goods is satisfied or when services are rendered to our customers. This typically occurs when electricity is delivered to our customers, which includes amounts for services rendered but unbilled at the end of a reporting period. Edison International Parent and Other revenue primarily relates to Edison Energy Group, a holding company for subsidiaries engaged in pursuing competitive business opportunities across energy services and managed portfolio solutions to commercial and industrial customers. The revenue for Edison International Parent and Other is immaterial to Edison International. CPUC and FERC rates decouple authorized revenue from the volume of electricity sales and the price of energy procured so that SCE receives revenue equal to amounts authorized by the relevant regulatory agencies. As a result, the volume of electricity sold to customers and specific customer classes does not have a direct impact on SCE's financial results. SCE's revenue is disaggregated by two revenue sources:
• | Earning activities – representing revenue authorized by the CPUC and FERC which is intended to provide SCE a reasonable opportunity to recover its costs and earn a return on its net investment in generation, transmission, and distribution assets. The annual revenue requirements are comprised of authorized operation and maintenance costs, depreciation, taxes, and a return consistent with the capital structure. Also, included in earnings activities are revenues or penalties related to incentive mechanisms, other operating revenue, and regulatory charges or disallowances.
• | Cost-recovery activities – representing CPUC- and FERC- authorized balancing accounts which allow for recovery of specific project or program costs, subject to reasonableness review or compliance with upfront standards. Cost-recovery activities include rates which provide recovery, subject to reasonableness review of, among other things, fuel costs, purchased power costs, public purpose related-program costs (including energy efficiency and demand-side management programs), and certain operation and maintenance expenses. SCE earns no return on these activities.
The following table is a summary of SCE's revenue:
| Three months ended March 31, 2018 | Three months ended March 31, 2017
(in millions) | Earning Activities | Cost- Recovery Activities | Total Consolidated | Earning Activities | Cost-Recovery Activities | Total Consolidated
Revenues from contracts with customers | $ | 1,536 |  | $ | 1,192 |  | $ | 2,728 |  | * |  | * |  | * |
Alternative revenue programs and other operating revenue | (23 | ) | (151 | ) | (174 | ) | * |  | * |  | * |
Total operating revenue | $ | 1,513 |  | $ | 1,041 |  | $ | 2,554 |  | $ | 1,552 |  | $ | 904 |  | $ | 2,456 |
* As discussed in Note 1, prior period amounts have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method. SCE's Revenue from Contracts with Customers Provision of Electricity SCE principally generates revenue from contracts with customers through supplying and delivering electricity to its customers. Rates charged to customers are based on tariff rates, approved by the CPUC and FERC. Revenue is authorized by the CPUC through triennial GRC proceedings which are intended to provide SCE a reasonable opportunity to recover its costs and earn a return on its CPUC-jurisdictional rate base. The CPUC sets an annual revenue requirement for the base year and the remaining two years are set by a methodology established in the GRC proceeding. Differences between the amount collected and authorized levels are either collected from or refunded to customers, and therefore, such differences do not impact operating revenue (see alternative revenue programs below for further information). In addition to the utility earnings activity revenue described above, SCE also earns revenue to recover costs for power procurement and other activities. SCE earns no return on these activities. Revenue is authorized by the FERC through a formula rate which is intended to provide SCE a reasonable opportunity to recover transmission capital and operating costs that are prudently incurred, including a return on its FERC-jurisdictional rate base. Under the operation of the formula rate, transmission revenue is updated to actual cost of service annually. For SCE's electricity sales for non-residential customers, SCE satisfies the performance obligation of delivering electricity over time as the customers simultaneously receive and consume the delivered electricity. Since SCE has a right to invoice an amount that corresponds to the value of the delivered electricity mandated in the tariff rates established by the CPUC and FERC, SCE is eligible for and has elected the right-to-invoice practical expedient which allows SCE to recognize revenue for tariff sales in the amount for which SCE has a right to invoice. This is consistent with how SCE recognized revenue for tariff sales prior to the adoption of the new standard. Energy sales for residential customers are typically on a month to month implied contract for transmission, distribution and generation services, while commercial and other non-residential customer contracts can extend up to 20 years. Revenue is recognized over time as the energy is supplied and delivered to its customers and the respective revenue is billed and paid on a monthly basis. Sales and Use Taxes SCE bills certain sales and use taxes levied by state or local governments to its customers. Included in these sales and use taxes are franchise fees, which SCE pays to various municipalities (based on contracts with these municipalities) in order to operate within the limits of the municipality. SCE bills these franchise fees to its customers based on a CPUC-authorized rate. These franchise fees, which are required to be paid regardless of SCE's ability to collect from the customer, are accounted for on a gross basis. Revenue is reflected in "Revenue from contracts with customers" in 2018 (see table above) and in "Operating revenue" in 2017 and expenses are reflected in "Operation and maintenance." SCE's franchise fees billed to customers were $28 million and $29 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. When SCE acts as an agent for sales and use tax, the taxes are accounted for on a net basis. Amounts billed to and collected from customers for these taxes are remitted to the taxing authorities and are not recognized as electric utility revenue. Provision of Electrical Transmissions Services and Other Revenue from Contracts with Customers SCE also provides services to non-residential customers that include the use of SCE's owned transmission lines to transmit electricity from generation facilities to the grid and provide the use of SCE-owned facilities to connect to the grid. SCE contracts with its customers through contracts that are on a month to month basis. The contract pricing for the use of SCE's transmission lines is mandated by tariff rates approved by either the CPUC or FERC, as applicable. Revenue is recognized over time as the services are provided. The revenue is billed and paid monthly. SCE also earns an immaterial amount of revenue through telecommunication services and the sale of excess energy to customers. The estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to SCE's performance obligations that are not completed (or partially completed) at March 31, 2018 is immaterial. SCE's Alternative Revenue Programs Alternative Revenue Programs – Decoupling Rates charged to customers are based on CPUC- and FERC- authorized revenue requirements as discussed above. CPUC and FERC rates decouple authorized revenue from the volume of electricity sales. Differences between amounts collected and authorized levels are either collected from or refunded to customers, and therefore, SCE earns revenue equal to amounts authorized. The differences between amounts billed and authorized levels for both CPUC and FERC are reflected in "Alternative revenue programs and other operating revenue" in 2018 (see table above) and in "Operating revenue" in 2017. Other Alternative Revenue Programs The CPUC and FERC have authorized additional, alternative revenue programs which adjust billings for the effects of broad external factors or to compensate SCE for demand-side management initiatives and provide for incentive awards if SCE achieves certain objectives. These alternative revenue programs have been authorized to allow SCE to recover costs that SCE has been authorized to pass on to customers, including costs to purchase electricity and natural gas; and to fund public purpose, demand response, and customer energy efficiency programs. In general, revenue is recognized for these alternative revenue programs at the time the costs are incurred and, for incentive-based programs, at the time the awards are approved by the CPUC. SCE begins recognizing revenues for these programs when a program has been established by an order from either the CPUC or FERC that allows for automatic adjustment of future rates, the amount of revenue for the period is objectively determinable and probable of recovery and the revenue will be collected within 24 months following the end of the annual period. SCE's Contract Balances The following table provides information about SCE's receivables, accrued unbilled revenue and contract liabilities related to contracts from customers:
(in millions) | March 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017
Receivables: |  |  |
Billed revenue | $ | 526 |  |  | $ | 613 |
Accrued unbilled revenues | 510 |  |  | 212 |
Total receivables | $ | 1,036 |  |  | $ | 825 |
Contract liabilities 1 | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 20 |
1 | Contract liabilities are included in "Other current liabilities" and "Other deferred credits and long-term liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets.
SCE's contract receivables are shown above, gross of allowance for uncollectible accounts. Activities in the allowance for doubtful accounts for SCE's contracts with customers were as follows:
(in millions) | 2018
Balance at January 1, | $ | 36 |
Charged to costs and expenses | 7 |
Write-offs | (6 | )
Balance at March 31, | $ | 37 |
SCE's contract liabilities primarily relate to cash advances received from customers for executory services related to the use of SCE's operating assets. Revenue is recognized monthly as the services are provided. The following table provides a summary of significant changes in SCE's contract liabilities:
(in millions) | 2018
Balance at January 1, | $ | 20 |
Additions | 14 |
Revenue recognized during the period | (13 | )
Balance at March 31, | $ | 21 |

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- Definition The entire disclosure of revenue from contract with customer to transfer good or service and to transfer nonfinancial asset. Includes, but is not limited to, disaggregation of revenue, credit loss recognized from contract with customer, judgment and change in judgment related to contract with customer, and asset recognized from cost incurred to obtain or fulfill contract with customer. Excludes insurance and lease contracts. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2122369 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 606 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=49130388 + Details
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