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Compensation and Benefit Plans (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits |
Employee Savings Plan Employer Contributions | mployer contributions were as follows:
| Edison International |  | SCE
(in millions) | Years ended December 31,
2019 | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 81 |
2018 | 74 |  |  | 74 |
2017 | 70 |  |  | 69 |
Schedule of Employee Service Share-based Compensation, Allocation of Recognized Period Costs | The following table summarizes total expense and tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation:
| Edison International |  | SCE
| Years ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Stock-based compensation expense 1: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Performance shares | 8 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Restricted stock units | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 3 |
Other | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total stock-based compensation expense | 29 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 13 |
Income tax benefits related to stock compensation expense | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 15 |
1 | Reflected in "Operation and maintenance" on Edison International's and SCE's consolidated statements of income.
Black-Sholes Option-Pricing Model Assumptions | The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires various assumptions noted in the following table:
| Years ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Expected terms (in years) | 5.5 |  | 5.7 |  | 5.7
Risk-free interest rate | 1.6% - 2.3% |  | 2.6% - 3.0% |  | 2.1% - 2.3%
Expected dividend yield | 3.3% - 4.0% |  | 3.6% - 4.3% |  | 2.7% - 3.8%
Weighted average expected dividend yield | 3.9% |  | 3.8% |  | 2.7%
Expected volatility | 21.7% - 24.1% |  | 20.9% - 21.9% |  | 17.8% - 20.9%
Weighted average volatility | 21.8% |  | 20.9% |  | 17.9%
Summary of Stock Options Activity | The following is a summary of the status of Edison International's stock options:
|  |  | Weighted Average |  |
| Stock Options |  | Exercise Price |  | Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Edison International: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 | 8,833,610 |  |  | $ | 59.81 |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 1,928,314 |  |  | 62.79 |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited or expired | (201,643 | ) |  | 67.38 |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised 1 | (1,281,604 | ) |  | 45.26 |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 | 9,278,677 |  |  | 62.27 |  |  | 6.28 |  |  |
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2019 | 9,151,143 |  |  | 62.27 |  |  | 6.25 |  | $ | 125 |
Exercisable at December 31, 2019 | 5,378,183 |  |  | $ | 60.32 |  |  | 4.91 |  | $ | 84 |
SCE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 | 5,037,185 |  |  | $ | 57.84 |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted | 1,047,247 |  |  | 62.91 |  |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited or expired | (182,822 | ) |  | 66.83 |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised 1 | (878,084 | ) |  | 44.67 |  |  |  |  |  |
Affiliate transfers, net | (88,824 | ) |  | 53.14 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 | 4,934,702 |  |  | 61.01 |  |  | 6.05 |  |  |
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2019 | 4,871,685 |  |  | 60.98 |  |  | 6.01 |  | $ | 73 |
Exercisable at December 31, 2019 | 2,945,726 |  |  | $ | 58.28 |  |  | 4.62 |  | $ | 52 |
1 Edison International and SCE recognized tax benefits of $7 million and $5 million, respectively, from stock options exercised in 2019.
Schedule of Unrecognized Compensation Expense | At December 31, 2019, total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options and the weighted average period the cost is expected to be recognized are as follows:
| Edison International |  | SCE
Unrecognized compensation cost, net of expected forfeitures (in millions) | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 9 |
Weighted average period (in years) | 2.4 |  |  | 2.4 |
Supplemental Data on Stock-based Compensation | Supplemental Data on Stock Options
| Edison International |  | SCE
| Years ended December 31,
(in millions, except per award amounts) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Stock options: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average grant date fair value per option granted | $ | 8.80 |  |  | $ | 8.21 |  |  | $ | 10.65 |  |  | $ | 8.83 |  |  | $ | 8.22 |  |  | $ | 10.63 |
Fair value of options vested | 14 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 5 |
Value of options exercised | 27 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 29 |
Summary of Nonvested Share Activity | The following is a summary of the status of Edison International's nonvested performance shares:
| Equity Awards |  | Liability Awards
| Shares |  | Weighted Average Fair Value |  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Fair Value
Edison International: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested at December 31, 2018 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 193,438 |  |  | $ | 42.81 |
Granted | 124,183 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Forfeited | (4,340 | ) |  |  |  | (38,439 | ) |  |
Vested 1 | — |  |  |  |  | (41,813 | ) |  |  |
Nonvested at December 31, 2019 | 119,843 |  |  | $ | 66.03 |  |  | 113,186 |  |  | $ | 67.30 |
SCE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonvested at December 31, 2018 | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | 101,858 |  |  | $ | 42.96 |
Granted | 67,512 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Forfeited | (4,340 | ) |  |  |  | (21,641 | ) |  |
Vested 1 | — |  |  |  |  | (21,035 | ) |  |  |
Affiliate transfers, net | — |  |  |  |  | (783 | ) |  |
Nonvested at December 31, 2019 | 63,172 |  |  | $ | 66.27 |  |  | 58,399 |  |  | $ | 67.34 |
1 Relates to performance shares that will be paid in 2020 as performance targets were met at December 31, 2019.
Summary of Nonvested Restricted Stock Units Activity | The following is a summary of the status of Edison International's nonvested restricted stock units:
| Edison International |  | SCE
| Restricted Stock Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Restricted Stock Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Nonvested at December 31, 2018 | 291,786 |  |  | $ | 68.11 |  |  | 147,826 |  |  | $ | 68.08 |
Granted | 135,168 |  |  | 62.80 |  |  | 73,937 |  |  | 62.93 |
Forfeited | (10,456 | ) |  | 65.82 |  |  | (9,564 | ) |  | 65.53 |
Vested | (104,816 | ) |  | 67.43 |  |  | (52,028 | ) |  | 67.15 |
Affiliate transfers, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (186 | ) |  | — |
Nonvested at December 31, 2019 | 311,682 |  |  | $ | 66.11 |  |  | 159,985 |  |  | $ | 66.16 |
Pension Plans |
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits |
Changes in Projected Benefit Obligations, Fair Value of Plan Assets, and Funded Status of Plan | Information on pension plan assets and benefit obligations for continuing and discontinued operations is shown below.
| Edison International |  | SCE
| Years ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Change in projected benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year | $ | 3,880 |  |  | $ | 4,179 |  |  | $ | 3,431 |  |  | $ | 3,702 |
Service cost | 114 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 121 |
Interest cost | 155 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 138 |  |  | 124 |
Actuarial loss (gain)1 | 240 |  |  | (280 | ) |  | 199 |  |  | (273 | )
Benefits paid | (250 | ) |  | (286 | ) |  | (216 | ) |  | (243 | )
Projected benefit obligation at end of year | $ | 4,139 |  |  | $ | 3,880 |  |  | $ | 3,662 |  |  | $ | 3,431 |
Change in plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | $ | 3,321 |  |  | $ | 3,616 |  |  | $ | 3,124 |  |  | $ | 3,390 |
Actual return on plan assets | 611 |  |  | (86 | ) |  | 576 |  |  | (86 | )
Employer contributions | 73 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 57 |  |  | 52 |
Benefits paid | (250 | ) |  | (286 | ) |  | (216 | ) |  | (232 | )
Fair value of plan assets at end of year | 3,755 |  |  | 3,321 |  |  | 3,541 |  |  | 3,124 |
Funded status at end of year | $ | (384 | ) |  | $ | (559 | ) |  | $ | (121 | ) |  | $ | (307 | )
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of 2: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term assets | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Current liabilities | (19 | ) |  | (29 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (5 | )
Long-term liabilities | (365 | ) |  | (532 | ) |  | (119 | ) |  | (302 | )
| $ | (384 | ) |  | $ | (559 | ) |  | $ | (121 | ) |  | $ | (307 | )
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Prior service cost | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Net loss 2 | 95 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 17 |
| 94 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 17 |
Amounts recognized as a regulatory asset | 87 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 271 |
Total not yet recognized as expense | $ | 181 |  |  | $ | 353 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 288 |
Accumulated benefit obligation at end of year | $ | 3,968 |  |  | $ | 3,753 |  |  | $ | 3,529 |  |  | $ | 3,342 |
Pension plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation | 4,139 |  |  | 3,880 |  |  | 3,662 |  |  | 3,431 |
Accumulated benefit obligation | 3,968 |  |  | 3,753 |  |  | 3,529 |  |  | 3,342 |
Fair value of plan assets | 3,755 |  |  | 3,321 |  |  | 3,541 |  |  | 3,124 |
Weighted average assumptions used to determine obligations at end of year: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 3.11 | % |  | 4.19 | % |  | 3.11 | % |  | 4.19 | %
Rate of compensation increase | 4.10 | % |  | 4.10 | % |  | 4.10 | % |  | 4.10 | %
1 | For Edison International and SCE, respectively, the 2019 actuarial losses are primarily related to $401 million and $373 million in losses from a decrease in the discount rate (from 4.19% as of December 31, 2018 to 3.11% as of December 31, 2019), partially offset by $157 million and $177 million in gains from other economic assumption changes. The 2018 actuarial gains are primarily related to $277 million and $261 million in gains from an increase in discount rate (from 3.46% as of December 31, 2017 to 4.19% as of December 31, 2018), respectively.
2 The SCE liability excludes a long-term payable due to Edison International Parent of $133 million and $117 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, related to certain SCE postretirement benefit obligations transferred to Edison International Parent. SCE's accumulated other comprehensive loss of $17 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, excludes net losses of $37 million and $21 million related to these benefits, respectively.
Expense Components for Plans | Net periodic pension expense components for continuing operations are:
| Edison International |  | SCE
| Years ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Service cost | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | 138 |  |  | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 133 |
Non-service cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost | 155 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 149 |
Expected return on plan assets | (205 | ) |  | (228 | ) |  | (212 | ) |  | (194 | ) |  | (214 | ) |  | (199 | )
Settlement costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of prior service cost | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Amortization of net loss 1 | 7 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 21 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 17 |
Regulatory adjustment (deferred) | (3 | ) |  | 15 |  |  | (28 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | 15 |  |  | (28 | )
Total non-service benefit | (44 | ) |  | (61 | ) |  | (46 | ) |  | (47 | ) |  | (62 | ) |  | (58 | )
Total expense recognized | $ | 70 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | 92 |  |  | $ | 64 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 75 |
1 Includes the amount of net loss reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss. The amount reclassified for Edison International was $7 million, $9 million and $10 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The amount reclassified for SCE was $5 million, $6 million and $6 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income | Other changes in pension plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive loss for continuing operations:
| Edison International |  | SCE
| Years ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Net loss | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 3 |
Settlement charges | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Amortization of net loss | (7 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (6 | )
Total recognized in other comprehensive loss | 12 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (16 | ) |  | 16 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (3 | )
Total recognized in expense and other comprehensive loss | $ | 82 |  |  | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 80 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 72 |
Schedule of Amounts in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss to be Recognized | The estimated pension amounts that will be amortized to expense in 2020 for continuing operations are as follows:
(in millions) | Edison International |  | SCE
Unrecognized net loss to be amortized 1 | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 8 |
Unrecognized prior service cost to be amortized | 2 |  |  | 2 |
1 The amount of net loss expected to be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss for Edison International and SCE is $11 million and $8 million, respectively.
Schedule of Assumptions Used | Edison International and SCE used the following weighted average assumptions to determine pension expense for continuing operations:
| Years ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Discount rate | 4.19 | % |  | 3.46 | % |  | 3.94 | %
Rate of compensation increase | 4.10 | % |  | 4.10 | % |  | 4.00 | %
Expected long-term return on plan assets | 6.50 | % |  | 6.50 | % |  | 6.50 | %
Schedule of Expected Benefit Payments | The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are expected to be paid:
| Edison International |  | SCE
(in millions) | Years ended December 31,
2020 | $ | 336 |  |  | $ | 302 |
2021 | 332 |  |  | 295 |
2022 | 320 |  |  | 288 |
2023 | 309 |  |  | 280 |
2024 | 306 |  |  | 272 |
2025 – 2029 | 1,383 |  |  | 1,224 |
Postretirement Benefits Other than Pension Plan Assets by Hierarchy Levels | The following table sets forth the Master Trust investments for Edison International and SCE that were accounted for at fair value as of December 31, 2019 by asset class and level within the fair value hierarchy:
(in millions) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | NAV 1 |  | Total
U.S. government and agency securities 2 | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | 992 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,138 |
Corporate stocks 3 | 547 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 554 |
Corporate bonds 4 | — |  |  | 572 |  |  | — |  |  | 572 |
Common/collective funds 5 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 693 |  |  | 693 |
Partnerships/joint ventures 6 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 471 |  |  | 471 |
Other investment entities 7 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 130 |  |  | 130 |
Registered investment companies 8 | 133 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 133 |
Interest-bearing cash | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Other | — |  |  | 79 |  |  | — |  |  | 79 |
Total | $ | 833 |  |  | $ | 1,650 |  |  | $ | 1,294 |  |  | $ | 3,777 |
Receivables and payables, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (22 | )
Combined net plan assets available for benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,755 |
SCE's share of net plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,541 |
The following table sets forth the Master Trust investments that were accounted for at fair value as of December 31, 2018 by asset class and level within the fair value hierarchy:
(in millions) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | NAV 1 |  | Total
U.S. government and agency securities 2 | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 937 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,047 |
Corporate stocks 3 | 473 |  |  | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 479 |
Corporate bonds 4 | — |  |  | 582 |  |  | — |  |  | 582 |
Common/collective funds 5 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 426 |  |  | 426 |
Partnerships/joint ventures 6 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 434 |  |  | 434 |
Other investment entities 7 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 236 |  |  | 236 |
Registered investment companies 8 | 112 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 114 |
Interest-bearing cash | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Other | — |  |  | 73 |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |
Total | $ | 697 |  |  | $ | 1,598 |  |  | $ | 1,098 |  |  | $ | 3,393 |
Receivables and payables, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (72 | )
Combined net plan assets available for benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,321 |
SCE's share of net plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,124 |
1 | These investments are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the net plan assets available for benefits.
2 | Level 1 U.S. government and agency securities are U.S. treasury bonds and notes. Level 2 primarily relates to the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.
3 | Corporate stocks are diversified. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, performance for actively managed separate accounts is primarily benchmarked against the Russell Indexes (40%) and (43%) and Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) index (60%) and (57%).
4 | Corporate bonds are diversified. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, this category includes $45 million and $60 million for collateralized mortgage obligations and other asset backed securities.
5 | At December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, the common/collective assets were invested in equity index funds that seek to track performance of the Standard and Poor's 500 Index (35% and 43%) and Russell 1000 indexes (17% and 14%). In addition, at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, 28% and 21% of the assets in this category are in index funds which seek to track performance in the MSCI All Country World Index exUS and 12% and 15% of this category are in non-index U.S. equity fund, which is actively managed.
6 | At December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, 51% and 50% are invested in private equity funds with investment strategies that include branded consumer products, clean technology and California geographic focus companies, 17% and 1% are invested in ABS including distressed mortgages and commercial and residential loans, 19% and 16% are invested in publicly traded fixed income securities, and 8% and 30% are invested in a broad range of financial assets in all global markets.
7 | At both December 31, 2019 and 2018, other investment entities were invested in (1) emerging market equity securities and (2) domestic mortgage backed securities. In addition, other investment entities were also invested in a hedge fund that invests through liquid instruments in a global diversified portfolio of equity, fixed income, interest rate, foreign currency and commodities markets at December 31, 2018.
8 Level 1 registered investment companies primarily consisted of a global equity mutual fund which seeks to outperform the MSCI World Total Return Index.
Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions |
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits |
Changes in Projected Benefit Obligations, Fair Value of Plan Assets, and Funded Status of Plan | Information on PBOP Plan assets and benefit obligations is shown below:
| Edison International |  | SCE
| Years ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2019 |  | 2018
Change in benefit obligation |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year | $ | 1,986 |  |  | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 1,977 |  |  | $ | 2,325 |
Service cost | 30 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 37 |
Interest cost | 77 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 80 |
Actuarial loss (gain)1 | 70 |  |  | (382 | ) |  | 70 |  |  | (379 | )
Plan participants' contributions | 29 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 28 |
Benefits paid | (109 | ) |  | (114 | ) |  | (109 | ) |  | (114 | )
Benefit obligation at end of year | $ | 2,083 |  |  | $ | 1,986 |  |  | $ | 2,074 |  |  | $ | 1,977 |
Change in plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | $ | 2,133 |  |  | $ | 2,330 |  |  | $ | 2,133 |  |  | $ | 2,330 |
Actual return on assets | 401 |  |  | (123 | ) |  | 401 |  |  | (123 | )
Employer contributions | 11 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 12 |
Plan participants' contributions | 29 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 28 |
Benefits paid | (109 | ) |  | (115 | ) |  | (109 | ) |  | (114 | )
Fair value of plan assets at end of year | 2,465 |  |  | 2,133 |  |  | 2,464 |  |  | 2,133 |
Funded status at end of year | $ | 382 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 390 |  |  | $ | 156 |
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term assets | $ | 393 |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 402 |  |  | $ | 168 |
Current liabilities | (11 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | (12 | ) |  | (12 | )
Long-term liabilities | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
| $ | 382 |  |  | $ | 147 |  |  | $ | 390 |  |  | $ | 156 |
Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss consist of: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Amounts recognized as a regulatory liability | (416 | ) |  | (185 | ) |  | (416 | ) |  | (185 | )
Total not yet recognized as income | $ | (414 | ) |  | $ | (184 | ) |  | $ | (416 | ) |  | $ | (185 | )
Weighted average assumptions used to determine obligations at end of year: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate | 3.32 | % |  | 4.35 | % |  | 3.32 | % |  | 4.35 | %
Assumed health care cost trend rates: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rate assumed for following year | 6.50 | % |  | 6.75 | % |  | 6.50 | % |  | 6.75 | %
Ultimate rate | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | %
Year ultimate rate reached | 2029 |  |  | 2029 |  |  | 2029 |  |  | 2029 |
1 For Edison International and SCE, respectively, the 2018 actuarial gains are primarily related to $195 million and $194 million in gains from an increase in the discount rate (from 3.70% as of December 31, 2017 to 4.35% as of December 31, 2018) and $137 million and $135 million in experience gains.
Expense Components for Plans | Net periodic PBOP expense components for continuing operations are:
| Edison International |  | SCE
| Years ended December 31,
(in millions) | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Service cost | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 31 |
Non-service cost |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest cost | 77 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 80 |  |  | 85 |
Expected return on plan assets | (111 | ) |  | (121 | ) |  | (110 | ) |  | (111 | ) |  | (122 | ) |  | (110 | )
Special termination benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Amortization of prior service credit | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | (2 | )
Amortization of net loss | (17 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (17 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Regulatory adjustment (deferred) | 29 |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |
Total non-service benefit | (23 | ) |  | (18 | ) |  | (26 | ) |  | (23 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | (26 | )
Total expense | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Schedule of Amounts in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss to be Recognized | The estimated PBOP amounts that will be amortized to expense in 2020 for continuing operations are as follows:
(in millions) | Edison International |  | SCE
Unrecognized net gain to be amortized | $ | (17 | ) |  | $ | (17 | )
Unrecognized prior service credit to be amortized | (1 | ) |  | (1 | )
Schedule of Assumptions Used | Edison International and SCE used the following weighted average assumptions to determine PBOP expense for continuing operations:
| Years ended December 31,
| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017
Discount rate | 4.35 | % |  | 3.70 | % |  | 4.29 | %
Expected long-term return on plan assets | 5.30 | % |  | 5.30 | % |  | 5.30 | %
Assumed health care cost trend rates: |  |  |  |  |
Current year | 6.75 | % |  | 6.75 | % |  | 7.00 | %
Ultimate rate | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | % |  | 5.00 | %
Year ultimate rate reached | 2029 |  |  | 2029 |  |  | 2022 |
Schedule of Effect of One-Percentage-Point Change in Assumed Health Care Cost Trend Rate | A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rate would have the following effects on continuing operations:
| Edison International |  | SCE
(in millions) | One-Percentage-Point Increase |  | One-Percentage-Point Decrease |  | One-Percentage-Point Increase |  | One-Percentage-Point Decrease
Effect on accumulated benefit obligation as of December 31, 2019 | $ | 225 |  |  | $ | (184 | ) |  | $ | 224 |  |  | $ | (183 | )
Effect on annual aggregate service and interest costs | 10 |  |  | (8 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | (8 | )
Schedule of Expected Benefit Payments | The following benefit payments (net of plan participants' contributions) are expected to be paid:
| Edison International |  | SCE
(in millions) | Years ended December 31,
2020 | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 87 |
2021 | 90 |  |  | 89 |
2022 | 92 |  |  | 92 |
2023 | 94 |  |  | 94 |
2024 | 97 |  |  | 96 |
2025 – 2029 | 512 |  |  | 509 |
Postretirement Benefits Other than Pension Plan Assets by Hierarchy Levels | The following table sets forth the VEBA Trust assets for Edison International and SCE that were accounted for at fair value as of December 31, 2019 by asset class and level within the fair value hierarchy:
(in millions) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | NAV 1 |  | Total
U.S. government and agency securities 2 | $ | 386 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 449 |
Corporate stocks 3 | 242 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 244 |
Corporate notes and bonds 4 | — |  |  | 885 |  |  | — |  |  | 885 |
Common/collective funds 5 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 652 |  |  | 652 |
Partnerships 6 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 68 |  |  | 68 |
Registered investment companies 7 | 66 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 66 |
Interest bearing cash | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |
Other 8 | 2 |  |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  | 103 |
Total | $ | 696 |  |  | $ | 1,068 |  |  | $ | 720 |  |  | $ | 2,484 |
Receivables and payables, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (19 | )
Combined net plan assets available for benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,465 |
SCE's share of net plan assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,464 |
The following table sets forth the VEBA Trust assets for Edison International and SCE that were accounted for at fair value as of December 31, 2018 by asset class and level within the fair value hierarchy:
(in millions) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | NAV 1 |  | Total
U.S. government and agency securities 2 | $ | 322 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 371 |
Corporate stocks 3 | 204 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 204 |
Corporate notes and bonds 4 | — |  |  | 832 |  |  | — |  |  | 832 |
Common/collective funds 5 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 495 |  |  | 495 |
Partnerships 6 | — |  |  | — |  |  | 89 |  |  | 89 |
Registered investment companies 7 | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |
Interest bearing cash | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22 |
Other 8 | 5 |  |  | 99 |  |  | — |  |  | 104 |
Total | $ | 591 |  |  | $ | 980 |  |  | $ | 584 |  |  | $ | 2,155 |
Receivables and payables, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (22 | )
Combined net plan assets available for benefits |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,133 |
1 | These investments are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the net plan assets available for benefits.
2 | Level 1 U.S. government and agency securities are U.S. treasury bonds and notes. Level 2 primarily relates to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and the Federal National Mortgage Association.
3 | Corporate stock performance for actively managed separate accounts is primarily benchmarked against the Russell Indexes (68% and 67%) and the MSCI All Country World Index (32% and 33%) for 2019 and 2018, respectively.
4 | Corporate notes and bonds are diversified and include approximately $49 million and $59 million for commercial collateralized mortgage obligations and other asset backed securities at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
5 | At both December 31, 2019 and 2018, 74% of the common/collective assets are invested in index funds which seek to track performance in the MSCI All Country World Index Investable Market Index and 19% are invested in a non-index U.S. equity fund which is actively managed. The remaining assets in this category are primarily invested in emerging market fund.
6 | At December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, 55% and 48% of the partnerships are invested in private equity and venture capital funds. Investment strategies for these funds include branded consumer products, clean and information technology and healthcare. 28% and 17% of the remaining partnerships category are invested in asset backed securities including distressed mortgages, distressed companies and commercial and residential loans and debt and equity of banks. 15% and 34% are invested in a broad range of financial assets in all global markets.
7 | At both December 31, 2019 and 2018, registered investment companies were primarily invested in (1) a money market fund, (2) exchange rate trade funds which seek to track performance of MSCI Emerging Market Index, Russell 2000 Index and international small cap equities.
8 Other includes $66 million and $58 million of municipal securities at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

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