Fair Values of Financial Instruments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2014

The following sets forth a comparison of the carrying amounts and fair values of our financial instruments:



	March 31, 2014				December 31, 2013
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Carrying Amount		Fair Value
	(Dollars in thousands)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities:
Available for sale	$	28,315,473	$	28,315,473	$	26,610,447	$	26,610,447
Held for investment	76,298		64,920		76,255		60,840
Equity securities, available for sale	7,767		7,767		7,778		7,778
Mortgage loans on real estate	2,584,583		2,616,777		2,581,082		2,615,410
Derivative instruments	790,396		790,396		856,050		856,050
Other investments	193,114		195,888		192,198		193,343
Cash and cash equivalents	679,172		679,172		897,529		897,529
Coinsurance deposits	3,028,367		2,707,325		2,999,618		2,669,432
Interest rate caps	4,926		4,926		6,103		6,103
Interest rate swap	—		—		712		712
2015 notes hedges	86,640		86,640		107,041		107,041
Counterparty collateral	275,558		275,558		315,824		315,824

Liabilities
Policy benefit reserves	36,395,040		30,382,940		35,453,166		29,670,827
Single premium immediate annuity (SPIA) benefit reserves	402,549		415,757		417,625		430,835
Notes payable	521,758		611,384		549,958		699,435
Subordinated debentures	246,097		239,126		246,050		234,959
2015 notes embedded conversion derivative	86,640		86,640		107,041		107,041
Interest rate swap	690		690		—		—

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The objective of a fair value measurement is to determine that price for each financial instrument at each measurement date. We meet this objective using various methods of valuation that include market, income and cost approaches.

We categorize our financial instruments into three levels of fair value hierarchy based on the priority of inputs used in determining fair value. The hierarchy defines the highest priority inputs (Level 1) as quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The lowest priority inputs (Level 3) are our own assumptions about what a market participant would use in determining fair value such as estimated future cash flows. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, a financial instrument's level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the financial instrument. We categorize financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets as follows:


Level 1—	Quoted prices are available in active markets for identical financial instruments as of the reporting date. We do not adjust the quoted price for these financial instruments, even in situations where we hold a large position and a sale could reasonably impact the quoted price.


Level 2—	Quoted prices in active markets for similar financial instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar financial instruments in markets that are not active; and models and other valuation methodologies using inputs other than quoted prices that are observable.

Level 3—

Models and other valuation methodologies using significant inputs that are unobservable for financial instruments and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the financial instrument. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant management judgment or estimation. Financial instruments that are included in Level 3 are securities for which no market activity or data exists and for which we used discounted expected future cash flows with our own assumptions about what a market participant would use in determining fair value.

Transfers of securities among the levels occur at times and depend on the type of inputs used to determine fair value of each security. There were no transfers between levels during any period presented.

Our assets and liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013 are presented below based on the fair value hierarchy levels:



	Total Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(Dollars in thousands)
March 31, 2014
Assets
Fixed maturity securities:
Available for sale:
United States Government full faith and credit	$	43,300	$	4,841	$	38,459	$	—
United States Government sponsored agencies	1,299,454		—		1,299,454		—
United States municipalities, states and territories	3,437,313		—		3,437,313		—
Foreign government obligations	144,023		—		144,023		—
Corporate securities	18,441,187		37		18,441,150		—
Residential mortgage backed securities	1,928,555		—		1,927,475		1,080
Commercial mortgage backed securities	1,976,589		—		1,976,589		—
Other asset backed securities	1,045,052		369		1,044,683		—
Equity securities, available for sale: finance, insurance and real estate	7,767		—		7,767		—
Derivative instruments	790,396		—		790,396		—
Cash and cash equivalents	679,172		679,172		—		—
Interest rate caps	4,926		—		4,926		—
2015 notes hedges	86,640		—		86,640		—
Counterparty collateral	275,558		—		275,558		—
	$	30,159,932	$	684,419	$	29,474,433	$	1,080
Liabilities
2015 notes embedded conversion derivative	$	86,640	$	—	$	86,640	$	—
Interest rate swap	690		—		690		—
Fixed index annuities - embedded derivatives	4,755,913		—		—		4,755,913
	$	4,843,243	$	—	$	87,330	$	4,755,913

December 31, 2013
Assets
Fixed maturity securities:
Available for sale:
United States Government full faith and credit	$	42,925	$	4,805	$	38,120	$	—
United States Government sponsored agencies	1,194,289		—		1,194,289		—
United States municipalities, states and territories	3,306,743		—		3,306,743		—
Foreign government obligations	91,557		—		91,557		—
Corporate securities	17,233,037		20		17,233,017		—
Residential mortgage backed securities	1,971,960		—		1,970,584		1,376
Commercial mortgage backed securities	1,735,460		—		1,735,460		—
Other asset backed securities	1,034,476		359		1,034,117		—
Equity securities, available for sale: finance, insurance and real estate	7,778		—		7,778		—
Derivative instruments	856,050		—		856,050		—
Cash and cash equivalents	897,529		897,529		—		—
Interest rate caps	6,103		—		6,103		—
Interest rate swap	712		—		712		—
2015 notes hedges	107,041		—		107,041		—
Counterparty collateral	315,824		—		315,824		—
	$	28,801,484	$	902,713	$	27,897,395	$	1,376
Liabilities
2015 notes embedded conversion derivative	$	107,041	$	—	$	107,041	$	—
Fixed index annuities - embedded derivatives	4,406,163		—		—		4,406,163
	$	4,513,204	$	—	$	107,041	$	4,406,163

The following methods and assumptions were used in estimating the fair values of financial instruments during the periods presented in these consolidated financial statements.

Fixed maturity securities and equity securities

The fair values of fixed maturity securities and equity securities in an active and orderly market are determined by utilizing independent pricing services. The independent pricing services incorporate a variety of observable market data in their valuation techniques, including:


•	reported trading prices,


•	benchmark yields,


•	broker-dealer quotes,


•	benchmark securities,


•	bids and offers,


•	credit ratings,


•	relative credit information, and


•	other reference data.

The independent pricing services also take into account perceived market movements and sector news, as well as a security's terms and conditions, including any features specific to that issue that may influence risk and marketability. Depending on the security, the priority of the use of observable market inputs may change as some observable market inputs may not be relevant or additional inputs may be necessary.

The independent pricing services provide quoted market prices when available. Quoted prices are not always available due to market inactivity. When quoted market prices are not available, the third parties use yield data and other factors relating to instruments or securities with similar characteristics to determine fair value for securities that are not actively traded. We generally obtain one value from our primary external pricing service. In situations where a price is not available from this service, we may obtain further quotes or prices from additional parties as needed. In addition, for our callable United States Government sponsored agencies, we obtain multiple broker quotes and take the average of the broker prices received. Market indices of similar rated asset class spreads are considered for valuations and broker indications of similar securities are compared. Inputs used by the broker include market information, such as yield data and other factors relating to instruments or securities with similar characteristics. Valuations and quotes obtained from third party commercial pricing services are non-binding and do not represent quotes on which one may execute the disposition of the assets.

We validate external valuations at least quarterly through a combination of procedures that include the evaluation of methodologies used by the pricing services, analytical reviews and performance analysis of the prices against trends, and maintenance of a securities watch list. Additionally, as needed we utilize discounted cash flow models or perform independent valuations on a case-by-case basis using inputs and assumptions similar to those used by the pricing services. Although we do identify differences from time to time as a result of these validation procedures, we did not make any significant adjustments as of March 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013.

Mortgage loans on real estate

Mortgage loans on real estate are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values of mortgage loans on real estate are calculated using discounted expected cash flows using current competitive market interest rates currently being offered for similar loans. The fair values of impaired mortgage loans on real estate that we have considered to be collateral dependent are based on the fair value of the real estate collateral (based on appraised values) less estimated costs to sell. The inputs utilized to determine fair value of all mortgage loans are unobservable market data (competitive market interest rates and appraised property values); therefore, fair value of mortgage loans falls into Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Derivative instruments

The fair values of derivative instruments, primarily call options, are based upon the amount of cash that we will receive to settle each derivative instrument on the reporting date. These amounts are determined by our investment team using industry accepted valuation models and are adjusted for the nonperformance risk of each counterparty net of any collateral held. Inputs include market volatility and risk free interest rates and are used in income valuation techniques in arriving at a fair value for each option contract. The nonperformance risk for each counterparty is based upon its credit default swap rate. We have no performance obligations related to the call options purchased to fund our fixed index annuity policy liabilities.

Other investments

None of the financial instruments included in other investments are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Financial instruments included in other investments are policy loans, equity method investments and company owned life insurance (COLI). We have not attempted to determine the fair values associated with our policy loans, as we believe any differences between carrying value and the fair values afforded these instruments are immaterial to our consolidated financial position and, accordingly, the cost to provide such disclosure does not justify the benefit to be derived. The fair values of our equity method investments qualify as Level 3 fair values and were determined by calculating the present value of future cash flows discounted by a risk free rate, a risk spread and a liquidity discount. The risk spread and liquidity discount are rates determined by our investment professionals and are unobservable market inputs. The fair value of our COLI approximates the cash surrender value of the policies and falls within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Cash and cash equivalents

Amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for these instruments are reported at their historical cost which approximates fair value due to the nature of the assets assigned to this category.

Interest rate caps and swap

The fair values of our pay fixed/receive variable interest rate caps and interest rate swap are obtained from third parties and are determined by discounting expected future cash flows using projected LIBOR rates for the term of the caps and swap.

2015 notes hedges

The fair value of these call options has been determined by a third party who applies market observable data such as our common stock price, its dividend yield and its volatility, as well as the time to expiration of the call options to determine a fair value of the buy side of these options.

Counterparty collateral

Amounts reported in other assets of the consolidated balance sheets for these instruments are reported at their historical cost which approximates fair value due to the nature of the assets assigned to this category.

Policy benefit reserves, coinsurance deposits and SPIA benefit reserves

The fair values of the liabilities under contracts not involving significant mortality or morbidity risks (principally deferred annuities), are stated at the cost we would incur to extinguish the liability (i.e., the cash surrender value) as these contracts are generally issued without an annuitization date. The coinsurance deposits related to the annuity benefit reserves have fair values determined in a similar fashion. For period-certain annuity benefit contracts, the fair value is determined by discounting the benefits at the interest rates currently in effect for newly purchased immediate annuity contracts. We are not required to and have not estimated the fair value of the liabilities under contracts that involve significant mortality or morbidity risks, as these liabilities fall within the definition of insurance contracts that are exceptions from financial instruments that require disclosures of fair value. Policy benefit reserves, coinsurance deposits and SPIA benefit reserves are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis. All of the fair values presented within these categories fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as most of the inputs are unobservable market data.

Notes payable

The fair values of our senior unsecured notes and convertible senior notes are based upon pricing matrices developed by a third party pricing service when quoted market prices are not available and are categorized as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. Notes payable are not remeasured at fair value on a recurring basis.

Subordinated debentures

Fair values for subordinated debentures are estimated using discounted cash flow calculations based principally on observable inputs including our incremental borrowing rates, which reflect our credit rating, for similar types of borrowings with maturities consistent with those remaining for the debt being valued. These fair values are categorized as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. Subordinated debentures are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

2015 notes embedded conversion derivative

The fair value of this embedded derivative is determined by pricing the call options that hedge this potential liability. The terms of the conversion option are identical to the 2015 notes hedges and the method of determining fair value of the call options is based upon observable market data.

Fixed index annuities - embedded derivatives

We estimate the fair value of the embedded derivative component of our fixed index annuity policy benefit reserves at each valuation date by (i) projecting policy contract values and minimum guaranteed contract values over the expected lives of the contracts and (ii) discounting the excess of the projected contract value amounts at the applicable risk free interest rates adjusted for our nonperformance risk related to those liabilities. The projections of policy contract values are based on our best estimate assumptions for future policy growth and future policy decrements. Our best estimate assumptions for future policy growth include assumptions for the expected index credit on the next policy anniversary date which are derived from the fair values of the underlying call options purchased to fund such index credits and the expected costs of annual call options we will purchase in the future to fund index credits beyond the next policy anniversary. The projections of minimum guaranteed contract values include the same best estimate assumptions for policy decrements as were used to project policy contract values.

The following tables provide a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances for our Level 3 assets and liabilities, which are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs for the three months ended March 31, 2014 and 2013:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2014			2013
	(Dollars in thousands)
Available for sale securities
Beginning balance	$	1,376		$	1,812
Principal returned	(78		)	(368		)
Accretion of discount	(27		)	129
Total gains (losses) (realized/unrealized):
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(191		)	151
Included in operations	—			—
Ending balance	$	1,080		$	1,724

The Level 3 assets included in the table above are not material to our financial position, results of operations or cash flows, and it is management's opinion that the sensitivity of the inputs used in determining the fair value of these assets is not material as well.



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2014			2013
	(Dollars in thousands)
Fixed index annuities - embedded derivatives
Beginning balance	$	4,406,163		$	3,337,556
Premiums less benefits	371,953			246,722
Change in fair value, net	(22,203		)	264,624
Ending balance	$	4,755,913		$	3,848,902

Change in unrealized gains (losses), net for each period in our embedded derivatives are included in change in fair value of embedded derivatives in the unaudited consolidated statements of operations.

Certain derivatives embedded in our fixed index annuity contracts are our most significant financial instrument measured at fair value that are categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The contractual obligations for future annual index credits within our fixed index annuity contracts are treated as a "series of embedded derivatives" over the expected life of the applicable contracts. We estimate the fair value of these embedded derivatives at each valuation date by the method described above under fixed index annuities - embedded derivatives. The projections of minimum guaranteed contract values include the same best estimate assumptions for policy decrements as were used to project policy contract values.

The most sensitive assumption in determining policy liabilities for fixed index annuities is the rates used to discount the excess projected contract values. As indicated above, the discount rate reflects our nonperformance risk. If the discount rates used to discount the excess projected contract values at March 31, 2014, were to increase by 100 basis points, the fair value of the embedded derivatives would decrease by $316.1 million recorded through operations as a decrease in the change in fair value of embedded derivatives and there would be a corresponding decrease of $192.0 million to our combined balance for deferred policy acquisition costs and deferred sales inducements recorded through operations as an increase in amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and deferred sales inducements. A decrease by 100 basis points in the discount rate used to discount the excess projected contract values would increase the fair value of the embedded derivatives by $351.6 million recorded through operations as an increase in the change in fair value of embedded derivatives and there would be a corresponding increase of $208.7 million to our combined balance for deferred policy acquisition costs and deferred sales inducements recorded through operations as a decrease in amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs and deferred sales inducements.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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