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Mortgage Loans on Real Estate | 6 Months Ended
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Jun. 30, 2020
Receivables [Abstract] |
Mortgage Loans on Real Estate | Mortgage Loans on Real Estate Our financing receivables consist of the following two portfolio segments: commercial mortgage loans and residential mortgage loans. Our commercial and residential mortgage loan portfolios are summarized in the following table. There were commitments outstanding of $65.1 million at June 30, 2020.
| June 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
| (Dollars in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans: |  |  |
Principal outstanding | $ | 3,828,972 |  |  | $ | 3,458,914 |
Deferred fees and costs, net | (1,858 | ) |  | (942 | )
Amortized cost | 3,827,114 |  |  | 3,457,972 |
Valuation allowance | (18,439 | ) |  | (9,179 | )
Commercial mortgage loans, carrying value | 3,808,675 |  |  | 3,448,793 |
Residential mortgage loans: |  |  |
Principal outstanding | 153,913 |  |  | — |
Deferred fees and costs, net | 373 |  |  | — |
Unamortized discount | (3,078 | ) |  | — |
Amortized cost | 151,208 |  |  | — |
Valuation allowance | (1,650 | ) |  | — |
Residential mortgage loans, carrying value | 149,558 |  |  | — |
Mortgage loans, carrying value | $ | 3,958,233 |  |  | $ | 3,448,793 |
Our commercial mortgage loan portfolio consists of loans collateralized by the related properties and diversified as to property type, location and loan size. Our lending policies establish limits on the amount that can be loaned to one borrower and other criteria to attempt to reduce the risk of default. The commercial mortgage loan portfolio is summarized by geographic region and property type as follows:
| June 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
| Principal |  | Percent |  | Principal |  | Percent
| (Dollars in thousands)
Geographic distribution |  |  |  |  |  |  |
East | $ | 714,198 |  |  | 18.7 | % |  | $ | 645,991 |  |  | 18.7 | %
Middle Atlantic | 287,864 |  |  | 7.5 | % |  | 284,597 |  |  | 8.2 | %
Mountain | 444,495 |  |  | 11.6 | % |  | 389,892 |  |  | 11.3 | %
New England | 25,066 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 9,152 |  |  | 0.3 | %
Pacific | 782,240 |  |  | 20.4 | % |  | 655,518 |  |  | 19.0 | %
South Atlantic | 820,260 |  |  | 21.4 | % |  | 751,199 |  |  | 21.7 | %
West North Central | 308,874 |  |  | 8.1 | % |  | 302,534 |  |  | 8.7 | %
West South Central | 445,975 |  |  | 11.6 | % |  | 420,031 |  |  | 12.1 | %
| $ | 3,828,972 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 3,458,914 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Property type distribution |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Office | $ | 259,888 |  |  | 6.8 | % |  | $ | 250,287 |  |  | 7.3 | %
Medical Office | 27,372 |  |  | 0.7 | % |  | 29,990 |  |  | 0.9 | %
Retail | 1,225,212 |  |  | 32.0 | % |  | 1,225,670 |  |  | 35.4 | %
Industrial/Warehouse | 974,579 |  |  | 25.5 | % |  | 896,558 |  |  | 25.9 | %
Apartment | 971,536 |  |  | 25.4 | % |  | 858,679 |  |  | 24.8 | %
Agricultural | 177,333 |  |  | 4.6 | % |  | 51,303 |  |  | 1.5 | %
Mixed use/Other | 193,052 |  |  | 5.0 | % |  | 146,427 |  |  | 4.2 | %
| $ | 3,828,972 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 3,458,914 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Our residential mortgage loan portfolio consists of loans with an outstanding principal balance of $153.9 million that were purchased on June 25, 2020. These loans are collateralized by the related properties and diversified as to location within the United States. Mortgage loans on real estate are generally reported at cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accrual of discounts, computed using the interest method and net of valuation allowances. Interest income is accrued on the principal amount of the loan based on the loan's contractual interest rate. Interest income is included in Net investment income on our consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest receivable, which was $15.5 million as of June 30, 2020, is included in Accrued investment income on our consolidated balance sheets. Loan Valuation Allowance We establish a valuation allowance to provide for the risk of credit losses inherent in our mortgage loan portfolios. The valuation allowance is maintained at a level believed adequate by management to absorb estimated expected credit losses. The valuation allowance is based on amortized cost, which excludes accrued interest receivable. We do not measure a credit loss allowance on accrued interest receivable as we write off any uncollectible accrued interest receivable balances to net investment income in a timely manner. We did not charge off any uncollectible accrued interest receivable on our commercial or residential mortgage loan portfolio for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2020. The valuation allowance for commercial mortgage loans is calculated by pooling our loans based on risk rating and property collateral type and applying an estimated loss ratio against each risk pool. Risk ratings are based on an analysis of the current state of the borrower's credit quality, which considers factors such as loan-to-value ("LTV") and debt service coverage ("DSC") ratios, loan performance and economic outlook, among others. The loss ratios are generally based upon historical loss experience for each risk pool and are adjusted for current and forecasted economic factors management believes to be relevant and supportable. Economic factors are forecasted for two years with immediate reversion to historical experience. A commercial loan is individually evaluated for impairment if it does not continue to share similar risk characteristics of a pool. A commercial mortgage loan that is individually evaluated is impaired when it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. If we determine that the value of any specific mortgage loan is impaired, the carrying amount of the mortgage loan will be reduced to its fair value, based upon the present value of expected future cash flows from the loan discounted at the loan's effective interest rate, or the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated costs to sell. The valuation allowance for residential mortgage loans is estimated by deriving probability of default and recovery rate assumptions based on the characteristics of the loans in our portfolio, historical economic data and loss information, and current and forecasted economics conditions. Key loan characteristics impacting the estimate include delinquency status, time to maturity, original credit scores and loan-to-value ratios. The following table represents a rollforward of the valuation of our mortgage loan portfolios:
| Three Months Ended June 30, 2020
| Commercial |  | Residential |  | Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
Beginning allowance balance (1) | $ | (19,776 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (19,776 | )
Charge-offs | 1,485 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,485 |
Recoveries | 712 |  |  | — |  |  | 712 |
Change in provision for credit losses | (860 | ) |  | (1,650 | ) |  | (2,510 | )
Ending allowance balance | $ | (18,439 | ) |  | $ | (1,650 | ) |  | $ | (20,089 | )
| Six Months Ended June 30, 2020
| Commercial |  | Residential |  | Total
| (Dollars in thousands)
Beginning allowance balance (1) | $ | (17,779 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (17,779 | )
Charge-offs | 1,485 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,485 |
Recoveries | 712 |  |  | — |  |  | 712 |
Change in provision for credit losses | (2,857 | ) |  | (1,650 | ) |  | (4,507 | )
Ending allowance balance | $ | (18,439 | ) |  | $ | (1,650 | ) |  | $ | (20,089 | )
(1) Upon adoption of authoritative guidance effective January 1, 2020, we updated our accounting policies and methodology for calculating the general loan loss allowance, resulting in an adjustment to our mortgage loan valuation allowance. See Note 1 for further details. Charge-offs include allowances that have been established on loans that were satisfied either by taking ownership of the collateral or by some other means such as discounted pay-off or loan sale. When ownership of the property is taken it is recorded at the lower of the loan's carrying value or the property's fair value (based on appraised values) less estimated costs to sell. The real estate owned is recorded as a component of Other investments and the loan is recorded as fully paid, with any allowance for credit loss that has been established charged off. Fair value of the real estate is determined by third party appraisal. Recoveries are situations where we have received a payment from the borrower in an amount greater than the carrying value of the loan (principal outstanding less specific allowance). We did not own any real estate during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Credit Quality Indicators We evaluate the credit quality of our commercial mortgage loans by analyzing LTV and DSC ratios and loan performance. We evaluate the credit quality of our residential mortgage loans by analyzing loan performance. LTV and DSC ratios for our commercial mortgage loans are originally calculated at the time of loan origination and are updated annually for each loan using information such as rent rolls, assessment of lease maturity dates and property operating statements, which are reviewed in the context of current leasing and in place rents compared to market leasing and market rents. A DSC ratio of less than 1.0 indicates that a property's operations do not generate sufficient income to cover debt payments. An LTV ratio in excess of 100% indicates the unpaid loan amount exceeds the value of the underlying collateral. All of our commercial mortgage loans that have a debt service coverage ratio of less than 1.0 are performing under the original contractual loan terms at June 30, 2020. A summary of our commercial mortgage loan portfolio by LTV and DSC ratios based on the most recent information collected follows (by year of origination):
| 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | Prior | Total
As of June 30, 2020: | Amortized Cost | Average LTV | Amortized Cost | Average LTV | Amortized Cost | Average LTV | Amortized Cost | Average LTV | Amortized Cost | Average LTV | Amortized Cost | Average LTV | Amortized Cost | Average LTV
Debt Service Coverage Ratio: | (Dollars in thousands)
Greater than or equal to 1.5 | $ | 316,727 |  | 64 | % | $ | 455,910 |  | 67 | % | $ | 405,363 |  | 61 | % | $ | 310,373 |  | 58 | % | $ | 378,311 |  | 55 | % | $ | 816,947 |  | 46 | % | $ | 2,683,631 |  | 56 | %
Greater than or equal to 1.2 and less than 1.5 | 187,242 |  | 63 | % | 256,913 |  | 69 | % | 141,693 |  | 68 | % | 151,241 |  | 65 | % | 54,324 |  | 62 | % | 159,528 |  | 54 | % | 950,941 |  | 64 | %
Greater than or equal to 1.0 and less than 1.2 | 5,966 |  | 68 | % | 61,471 |  | 58 | % | 8,931 |  | 75 | % | 15,548 |  | 64 | % | — |  | — | % | 22,868 |  | 63 | % | 114,784 |  | 62 | %
Less than 1.0 | 8,784 |  | 60 | % | 25,220 |  | 44 | % | 18,550 |  | 65 | % | 2,996 |  | 62 | % | — |  | — | % | 22,208 |  | 51 | % | 77,758 |  | 54 | %
Total | $ | 518,719 |  | 64 | % | $ | 799,514 |  | 66 | % | $ | 574,537 |  | 63 | % | $ | 480,158 |  | 60 | % | $ | 432,635 |  | 56 | % | $ | 1,021,551 |  | 48 | % | $ | 3,827,114 |  | 58 | %
We closely monitor loan performance for both our commercial and residential mortgage loan portfolios. Aging of financing receivables is summarized in the following table (by year of origination):
| 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | Prior |  | Total
As of June 30, 2020: | (Dollars in thousands)
Commercial mortgage loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | $ | 518,719 |  |  | $ | 799,514 |  |  | $ | 574,537 |  |  | $ | 480,158 |  |  | $ | 432,635 |  |  | $ | 1,021,551 |  |  | $ | 3,827,114 |
30 - 59 days past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
60 - 89 days past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Over 90 days past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total commercial mortgage loans | $ | 518,719 |  |  | $ | 799,514 |  |  | $ | 574,537 |  |  | $ | 480,158 |  |  | $ | 432,635 |  |  | $ | 1,021,551 |  |  | $ | 3,827,114 |
Residential mortgage loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current | 138,749 |  |  | $ | 12,459 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 151,208 |
30 - 59 days past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
60 - 89 days past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Over 90 days past due | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total residential mortgage loans | $ | 138,749 |  |  | $ | 12,459 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 151,208 |
As of December 31, 2019, none of our mortgage loans were 30 days or more past due. Commercial and residential mortgage loans are considered delinquent when they become 60 days or more past due. When loans become more than 90 days past due they are considered nonperforming and we place them on non-accrual status and discontinue recognizing interest income. If payments are received on a delinquent loan, interest income is recognized to the extent it would have been recognized if normal principal and interest would have been received timely. If payments are received to bring a delinquent loan back to current, we will resume accruing interest income on that loan. There were no loans in non-accrual status at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. We recognized no interest income on loans in non-accrual status during the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019. Collateral dependent loans consist of loans for which we will depend on the value of the collateral real estate to satisfy the outstanding principal of the loan. There were no collateral dependent commercial or residential loans as of June 30, 2020 or December 31, 2019. Troubled Debt Restructuring A Troubled Debt Restructuring ("TDR") is a situation where we have granted a concession to a borrower for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower's financial difficulties that we would not otherwise consider. A mortgage loan that has been granted new terms, including workout terms as described previously, would be considered a TDR if it meets conditions that would indicate a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the new terms constitute a concession on our part. We analyze all loans where we have agreed to workout terms and all loans that we have refinanced to determine if they meet the definition of a TDR. We consider the following factors in determining whether or not a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty:
• | borrower is in default,
• | borrower has declared bankruptcy,
• | there is growing concern about the borrower's ability to continue as a going concern,
• | borrower has insufficient cash flows to service debt,
• | borrower's inability to obtain funds from other sources, and
• | there is a breach of financial covenants by the borrower.
If the borrower is determined to be in financial difficulty, we consider the following conditions to determine if the borrower is granted a concession:
• | assets used to satisfy debt are less than our recorded investment,
• | interest rate is modified,
• | maturity date extension at an interest rate less than market rate,
• | capitalization of interest,
• | delaying principal and/or interest for a period of three months or more, and
• | partial forgiveness of the balance or charge-off.
Mortgage loan workouts, refinances or restructures that are classified as TDRs are individually evaluated and measured for impairment. There were no mortgage loans on commercial real estate that we determined to be a TDR at June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for claims held for amounts due a entity, excluding financing receivables. Examples include, but are not limited to, trade accounts receivables, notes receivables, loans receivables. Includes disclosure for allowance for credit losses. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 310 -SubTopic 10 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2196772 + Details
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