<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001104659-20-072990.txt : 20200612
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20200612171117
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001104659-20-072990
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		16
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20200610
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20200612
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20200612

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			AMERICAN EQUITY INVESTMENT LIFE HOLDING CO
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001039828
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	LIFE INSURANCE [6311]
		IRS NUMBER:				421447959
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			IA
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-31911
		FILM NUMBER:		20961058

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		6000 WESTOWN PARKWAY
		CITY:			WEST DEMOINES
		STATE:			IA
		ZIP:			50266
		BUSINESS PHONE:		5152210002

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		6000 WESTOWN PARKWAY
		CITY:			WEST DES MOINES
		STATE:			IA
		ZIP:			50266
</SEC-HEADER>
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<p style="margin: 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="margin: 0"></p>

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<p style="margin: 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>UNITED STATES </b></p>

<p style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION </b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><span style="text-transform: uppercase"><b>WASHINGTON,
</b></span><b>D.C. 20549 </b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>



<p style="font: 18pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>FORM <span id="xdx_90A_edei--DocumentType_c20200609__20200610_zEUwjdxFAtsg"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2020-06-09to2020-06-10" name="dei:DocumentType">8-K</ix:nonNumeric></span> </b></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>CURRENT REPORT </b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>Pursuant to Section&#160;13 or 15(d)
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">Date of Report (Date of earliest event reported):
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">(Exact name of registrant as specified in
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<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">(State or other jurisdiction<br /> of incorporation) </td>
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<td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center">(Commission File Number)</td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"> <b>(<span id="xdx_904_edei--CityAreaCode_c20200609__20200610_z8fw2AhQ7NEh"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2020-06-09to2020-06-10" name="dei:CityAreaCode">515</ix:nonNumeric></span>) <span id="xdx_909_edei--LocalPhoneNumber_c20200609__20200610_zZr94ahf1s3k"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2020-06-09to2020-06-10" name="dei:LocalPhoneNumber">221-0002</ix:nonNumeric></span></b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">(Registrant&#8217;s telephone
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b>Not Applicable</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">(Former name or former address, if changed
since last report)</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">Check the appropriate box below if the
Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following
provisions:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
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to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Wingdings"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_90C_edei--SolicitingMaterial_c20200609__20200610_zV3MYqsTvEcg"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2020-06-09to2020-06-10" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:SolicitingMaterial">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Soliciting material pursuant
to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14a-12)</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
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pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; width: 100%"><tr style="vertical-align: top; text-align: justify">
<td style="width: 0"></td><td style="width: 0.25in; text-align: left"><span style="font: 10pt Wingdings"><span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_902_edei--PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_c20200609__20200610_zBRWsaMpxOH9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2020-06-09to2020-06-10" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></span></td><td style="text-align: justify"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Pre-commencement communications
pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</span></td>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Securities registered pursuant to Section&#160;12(b) of the
Act:</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<td style="width: 33%; text-align: center"><span style="text-decoration: underline">Name of each exchange on which registered</span> </td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">Indicate by check mark whether the
registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in  Rule&#160;405 of the Securities Act of 1933
(&#167;230.405 of this chapter) or Rule&#160;12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;240.12b-2 of this
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Emerging growth company&#160;<span style="font-family: Wingdings"><span id="xdx_90C_edei--EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_c20200609__20200610_zyqzKVFg8uJ9"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="From2020-06-09to2020-06-10" format="ixt:booleanfalse" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">&#168;</ix:nonNumeric></span></span></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: left">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the
registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards
provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.&#160;<span style="font-family: Wingdings">&#168;</span></p>



<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.75pt">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.75pt"></p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0.75pt"><b>Item 1.01 Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">On June 10, 2020,&#160;American Equity
Investment Life Holding Company (the &#8220;Company&#8221;) entered into an underwriting agreement (the
&#8220;Underwriting&#160;Agreement&#8221;) with Morgan Stanley &#38; Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., RBC Capital Markets,
LLC, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as representatives of the several underwriters named therein
(the &#8220;Underwriters&#8221;), relating to the sale by the Company to the Underwriters of 12,000,000 depositary shares,
each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of the Company&#8217;s 6.625% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred
Stock, Series B, par value $1.00 and $25,000 liquidation preference per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share).
The Underwriting Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and covenants by the Company, customary closing
conditions and indemnification on certain matters in favor of the Underwriters. The offering was conducted pursuant to the
Company&#8217;s Registration Statement on&#160;Form&#160;S-3&#160;(Registration No.&#160;333-233544) and a prospectus
supplement, dated June 10, 2020, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the
Securities Act of 1933, as amended.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The foregoing is a summary description of
certain terms of the Underwriting Agreement and is qualified in its entirety by the text of the Underwriting Agreement, a copy
of which is filed herewith as Exhibit 1.1 and is incorporated herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>Item 8.01 Other Events.</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><b>&#160;</b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">In a press release issued on June 10, 2020,
the Company announced that it priced a public offering of 12,000,000 depositary shares, each of which represents a 1/1,000th interest
in a share of its 6.625% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, par value $1.00 and $25,000 liquidation preference
per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share). A copy of the press release is filed herewith as Exhibit&#160;99.1 and is
incorporated herein by reference.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><b>ITEM&#160;9.01 Financial Statements
and Exhibits. </b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<tr>
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    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td>
    <td style="vertical-align: top">&#160;</td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">The following exhibits are being furnished
with this Form 8-K.</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr>
    <td style="width: 10%">&#160;</td>
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<tr style="vertical-align: bottom">
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Number</b></td>
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<tr>
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    <td><a href="tm2022149d4_ex1-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Underwriting Agreement, dated June 10, 2020, among the Company, as issuer, and Morgan Stanley &#38; Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, as representatives of the several underwriters named therein. </span></a></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="tm2022149d4_ex99-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-size: 10pt">99.1</span></a></td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><a href="tm2022149d4_ex99-1.htm" style="-sec-extract: exhibit"><span style="font-size: 10pt">Press Release dated June 10, 2020.</span></a></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td style="white-space: nowrap"><span style="font-size: 10pt">104</span></td>
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    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">The cover page from this Current Report on Form 8-K, formatted in Inline XBRL.</span></td></tr>
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<p style="margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt">&#160;</p>

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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><b>SIGNATURES </b></p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-indent: 0.5in">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</p>

<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
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HOLDING COMPANY</b></span></td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"></td></tr>
<tr>
    <td style="width: 52%">&#160;</td>
    <td style="width: 2%">&#160;</td>
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<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Date: June 12, 2020</span></td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">By:&#160;</span></td>
    <td style="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">/s/ Renee. D. Montz</td></tr>
<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
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<tr style="vertical-align: top">
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td>&#160;</td>
    <td><span style="font-size: 10pt">Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary</span></td></tr>
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<p style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&#160;</p>

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<TYPE>EX-1.1
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<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 1.1
<TEXT>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Exhibit 1.1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">$300,000,000</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">AMERICAN EQUITY INVESTMENT LIFE HOLDING
COMPANY</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">12,000,000 Depositary Shares, Each Representing
a 1/1,000th Interest in a Share of 6.625% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><U>Underwriting Agreement</U></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 4.5in">June 10, 2020</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right; text-indent: 4.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Morgan Stanley &amp; Co. LLC</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">1585 Broadway</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">New York, New York 10036</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">BofA Securities, Inc.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">One Bryant Park</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">New York, New York 10036</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">200 Vesey Street, 8<SUP>th</SUP> Floor</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">New York, New York 10281</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Wells Fargo Securities, LLC</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">550 South Tryon Street</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Charlotte, North Carolina 28202</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">J.P. Morgan Securities LLC</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">383 Madison Avenue</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">New York, New York 10179</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">As Representatives of the several Underwriters
listed in Schedule 1 hereto</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Ladies and Gentlemen:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">American Equity Investment
Life Holding Company, an Iowa corporation (the &ldquo;<U>Company</U>&rdquo;), proposes to sell to the several Underwriters listed
in Schedule 1 hereto (the &ldquo;<U>Underwriters</U>&rdquo;), for whom you are acting as representatives (the &ldquo;<U>Representatives</U>&rdquo;),
12,000,000 depositary shares (the &ldquo;<U>Securities</U>&rdquo;), each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of 6.625%
Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, par value $1 per share (the &ldquo;<U>Preferred Shares</U>&rdquo;) The
Preferred Shares will, when issued, be deposited by the Company against the delivery of depositary receipts evidencing the Securities
(the &ldquo;<U>Depositary Receipts</U>&rdquo;) to be issued by Computershare Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Computershare
Trust Company, N.A. (together, the &ldquo;<U>Depositary</U>&rdquo;), pursuant to a deposit agreement (the &ldquo;<U>Deposit Agreement</U>&rdquo;),
to be dated as of June 17, 2020 among the Company, the Depositary, and the holders from time to time of the Depositary Receipts
issued thereunder. The rights, powers, preferences and terms of the Preferred Shares will be set forth in the articles of amendment
to the Company&rsquo;s articles of incorporation, including a certificate of designations (the &ldquo;<U>Articles of Amendment</U>&rdquo;),
to be filed by the Company with the Secretary of State of the State of Iowa prior to the Closing Date (as defined below).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">The Company hereby
confirms its agreement with the several Underwriters concerning the purchase and sale of the Securities, as follows:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Registration
Statement</U>. The Company has prepared and filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &ldquo;<U>Commission</U>&rdquo;)
under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Securities
Act</U>&rdquo;), a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-233544), including a base prospectus relating to the depositary
shares, preferred stock and other securities of the Company (the &ldquo;<U>Base Prospectus</U>&rdquo;). Such registration statement,
as amended from time to time, including the information, if any, deemed pursuant to Rule 430A, 430B or 430C under the Securities
Act to be part of the registration statement at the time of its effectiveness (&ldquo;<U>Rule 430 Information</U>&rdquo;), is referred
to herein as the &ldquo;<U>Registration Statement</U>&rdquo;; and as used herein, the term &ldquo;<U>Preliminary Prospectus</U>&rdquo;
means the preliminary prospectus supplement, dated June 10, 2020, relating to the offering of the Securities in the form filed
with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act, together with the Base Prospectus that omits Rule 430 Information;
and the term &ldquo;<U>Prospectus</U>&rdquo; means the prospectus supplement, together with the Base Prospectus, in the form first
used (or made available upon request of purchasers pursuant to Rule 173 under the Securities Act) in connection with confirmation
of sales of the Securities. Any reference in this agreement (this &ldquo;<U>Agreement</U>&rdquo;) to the Registration Statement,
the Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents incorporated by reference therein
pursuant to Item 12 of Form S-3 under the Securities Act, as of the effective date of the Registration Statement or the date of
such Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus, as the case may be, and any reference to &ldquo;<U>amend</U>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<U>amendment</U>&rdquo;
or &ldquo;<U>supplement</U>&rdquo; with respect to the Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus or the Prospectus shall
be deemed to refer to and include any documents filed after such date under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and
the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Exchange Act</U>&rdquo;) that are deemed to
be incorporated by reference therein. Capitalized terms used but not defined herein shall have the meanings given to such terms
in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; color: #1F497D">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">At or prior to 3:55
p.m. (New York City time) on June 10, 2020, the time when sales of the Securities were first made (the &ldquo;<U>Time of Sale</U>&rdquo;),
the Company had prepared the following information (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Time of Sale Information</U>&rdquo;): a Preliminary
Prospectus dated June 10, 2020, and each &ldquo;<U>free writing prospectus</U>&rdquo; (as defined pursuant to Rule 405 under the
Securities Act) listed on Annex A hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Purchase
and Sale of the Securities</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
The Company agrees to sell the Securities to the several Underwriters as provided in this Agreement, and each Underwriter, on the
basis of the representations, warranties and agreements set forth herein and subject to the conditions set forth herein, agrees,
severally and not jointly, to purchase from the Company the respective number of Securities set forth opposite such Underwriter&rsquo;s
name in Schedule&nbsp;1 hereto at a price of (i) $24.2125 per Security for retail orders and (ii) $24.50 per Security for institutional
orders. The Company will not be obligated to deliver any of the Securities except upon payment for all the Securities to be purchased
as provided herein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
The Company understands that the Underwriters intend to make a public offering of the Securities as soon after the effectiveness
of this Agreement as in the judgment of the Representatives is advisable, and initially to offer the Securities on the terms set
forth in the Time of Sale Information. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Underwriters may offer and sell Securities
to or through any affiliate of an Underwriter and that any such affiliate may offer and sell Securities purchased by it to or through
any Underwriter.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Payment for and delivery of the Securities will be made at the offices of Simpson Thacher &amp; Bartlett LLP at 10:00 A.M., New
York City time, on June 17, 2020, or at such other time or place on the same or such other date, not later than the fifth business
day thereafter, as the Representatives and the Company may agree upon in writing. The time and date of such payment and delivery
of the Securities is referred to herein as the &ldquo;<U>Closing Date</U>.&rdquo;</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Payment for the Securities to be purchased on the Closing Date shall be made by wire transfer in immediately available funds to
the account(s) specified by the Company to the Representatives against delivery to the nominee of The Depository Trust Company
(&ldquo;<U>DTC</U>&rdquo;), for the account of the Underwriters, of one or more global Depositary Receipts representing the Securities,
with any transfer taxes payable in connection with the sale of the Securities duly paid by the Company.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
The Company acknowledges and agrees that each Underwriter is acting solely in the capacity of an arm&rsquo;s length contractual
counterparty to the Company with respect to the offering of Securities contemplated hereby (including in connection with determining
the terms of the offering) and not as a financial advisor or a fiduciary to, or an agent of, the Company or any other person. Additionally,
neither the Representatives nor any other Underwriter is advising the Company or any other person as to any legal, tax, investment,
accounting or regulatory matters in any jurisdiction. The Company shall consult with its own advisors concerning such matters and
shall be responsible for making its own independent investigation and appraisal of the transactions contemplated hereby, and the
Underwriters shall have no responsibility or liability to the Company with respect thereto. Any review by the Representatives or
any Underwriter of the Company, the transactions contemplated hereby or other matters relating to such transactions will be performed
solely for the benefit of the Representatives or such Underwriter, as the case may be, and shall not be on behalf of the Company
or any other person, as the case may be.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Representations
and Warranties of the Company</U>. The Company represents and warrants to each Underwriter that:</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Preliminary Prospectus.</I> No order preventing or suspending the use of the Preliminary Prospectus has been issued by the Commission,
and each Preliminary Prospectus, at the time of filing thereof, complied in all material respects with the Securities Act and did
not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary
in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; <U>provided</U>
that the Company makes no representation or warranty with respect to any statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity
with information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company in writing by or on behalf of such Underwriter through the
Representatives expressly for use in the Preliminary Prospectus.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Time of Sale Information</I>. The Time of Sale Information, at the Time of Sale did not, and at the Closing Date will not, contain
any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in
the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; <U>provided</U> that the Company makes no representation
or warranty with respect to any statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to any
Underwriter furnished to the Company in writing by or on behalf of such Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use
in the Preliminary Prospectus, the Time of Sale Information or the Prospectus. No statement of material fact included in the Prospectus
has been omitted from the Time of Sale Information, and no statement of material fact included in the Time of Sale Information
that is required to be included in the Prospectus has been omitted therefrom.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Issuer Free Writing Prospectus. </I>The Company (including its agents and representatives, other than the Underwriters in their
capacity as such) has not prepared, made, used, authorized, approved or referred to and will not prepare, make, use, authorize,
approve or refer to any &ldquo;<U>written communication</U>&rdquo; (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) that constitutes
an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy the Securities (each such communication by the Company or its agents and representatives
(other than a communication referred to in clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) below) an &ldquo;<U>Issuer Free Writing Prospectus</U>&rdquo;)
other than (i) any document not constituting a prospectus pursuant to Section 2(a)(10)(a) of the Securities Act or Rule 134 under
the Securities Act, (ii) the Preliminary Prospectus, (iii) the Prospectus, (iv) the documents listed on Annex A hereto, including
a Pricing Term Sheet substantially in the form of Annex B hereto, which constitute part of the Time of Sale Information and (v)
any electronic road show or other written communications, in each case approved in writing in advance or used by the Representatives.
Each such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus as of its issue date and at all subsequent times through the completion of the offering
of Securities under this Agreement or until any earlier date that the Company notified or notifies the Representatives as described
in the next sentence, did not, does not and will not include any information that conflicted, conflicts or will conflict with the
information contained in the Preliminary Prospectus, the Time of Sale Information or the Prospectus and has been or will be (within
the time period specified in Rule 433) filed in accordance with the Securities Act (to the extent required thereby). If at any
time following the issuance of an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus there occurred or occurs an event or development as a result of
which such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus conflicted or would conflict with the information contained in the Preliminary Prospectus,
the Time of Sale Information or the Prospectus, the Company has promptly or will promptly notify the Representatives and has promptly
amended or supplemented or will promptly amend or supplement, at its own expense, such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus to eliminate
or correct such conflict. Each such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, when taken together with the Preliminary Prospectus filed prior
to the first use of such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, did not, at the Time of Sale, and at the Closing Date will not, contain
any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in
the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; <U>provided</U> that the Company makes no representation
or warranty with respect to any statements or omissions made in each such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus in reliance upon and in
conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company in writing by such Underwriter through the Representatives
expressly for use in any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Registration Statement and Prospectus.</I> The Registration Statement is an &ldquo;automatic shelf registration statement&rdquo;
as defined under Rule 405 of the Securities Act that has been filed with the Commission not earlier than three years prior to the
date hereof; and no notice of objection of the Commission to the use of such registration statement or any post-effective amendment
thereto pursuant to Rule 401(g)(2) under the Securities Act has been received by the Company. No order suspending the effectiveness
of the Registration Statement has been issued by the Commission and no proceeding for that purpose or pursuant to Section 8A of
the Securities Act against the Company or related to the offering has been initiated or threatened by the Commission; as of the
applicable effective date of the Registration Statement and any amendment thereto, the Registration Statement complied and will
comply in all material respects with the Securities Act, and did not and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact
or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein not misleading;
and as of the date of the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto, the Prospectus and any such amendment or supplement
did not, and as of the Closing Date, the Prospectus will not, contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state
a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
under which they were made, not misleading; <U>provided</U> that the Company makes no representation or warranty with respect to
any statements or omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the
Company in writing by or on behalf of such Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use in the Registration Statement
and the Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Incorporated Documents.</I> The documents incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and
the Time of Sale Information, when they became effective or were filed with the Commission, as the case may be, conformed in all
material respects to the requirements of the Exchange Act, and none of such documents contained any untrue statement of a material
fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in
the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; and any further documents so filed and incorporated
by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or the Time of Sale Information, when such documents become effective
or are filed with the Commission, as the case may be, will conform in all material respects to the requirements of the Securities
Act or the Exchange Act, as applicable, and will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material
fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under
which they were made, not misleading; <U>provided</U> that this representation and warranty shall not apply to any statements or
omissions made in reliance upon and in conformity with information furnished to the Company in writing by or on behalf of any Underwriter
through the Representatives expressly for use in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (and any amendment or supplement thereto)
and the Time of Sale Information.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Financial Statements.</I> The financial statements and the related notes thereto included or incorporated by reference in each
of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus comply in all material respects with the applicable
requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable, and present fairly the financial position of the Company
and its subsidiaries as of the dates indicated and the results of their operations and the changes in their cash flows for the
periods specified; such financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (&ldquo;<U>GAAP</U>&rdquo;)
applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods covered thereby except as may be expressly stated in the related notes thereto,
and the supporting schedules included or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the
Time of Sale Information present fairly the information required to be stated therein; and the other financial information included
or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus has been derived
from the accounting records of the Company and its subsidiaries and presents fairly the information shown thereby. The interactive
data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus
and the Time of Sale Information fairly presents the information called for in all material respects and is prepared in all material
respects in accordance with the Commission&rsquo;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Material Adverse Change.</I> Since the date of the most recent financial statements of the Company included or incorporated
by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, (i) there has not been any
change in the capital stock (except for any issuances, repurchases or redemptions of capital stock related to the exercise of stock
options) or long-term debt of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, or any dividend or distribution of any kind declared, set
aside for payment, paid or made by the Company on any class of capital stock, or any material adverse change, or any development
involving a prospective material adverse change, in or affecting the business, properties, financial position or results of operations
of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole; (ii) neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has entered into any
transaction or agreement that is material to the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole or incurred any liability or obligation,
direct or contingent, that is material to the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole; and (iii) neither the Company nor
any of its subsidiaries has sustained any material loss or interference with its business from fire, explosion, flood or other
calamity, whether or not covered by insurance, or from any labor disturbance or dispute or any action, order or decree of any court
or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, except in each case as otherwise disclosed in each of the Registration Statement,
the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Organization and Good Standing.</I> The Company and each of its subsidiaries have been duly organized and are validly existing
and in good standing under the laws of their respective jurisdictions of organization, are duly qualified to do business and are
in good standing in each jurisdiction in which their respective ownership or lease of property or the conduct of their respective
businesses requires such qualification, and have all power and authority necessary to own or hold their respective properties and
to conduct the businesses in which they are engaged, except where the failure to be so qualified, in good standing or have such
power or authority would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on the business, properties, financial
position or results of operations of the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole or on the performance by the Company of
its obligations under this Agreement and the Securities (a &ldquo;<U>Material Adverse Effect</U>&rdquo;). The Company does not
own or control, directly or indirectly, any corporation, association or other entity other than the subsidiaries listed in Exhibit
21.2 to the Company&rsquo;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Capitalization.</I> The Company has an authorized capitalization as set forth in each of the Registration Statement and the
Time of Sale Information; and all the outstanding shares of capital stock or other equity interests of each subsidiary of the Company
have been duly and validly authorized and issued, are fully paid and non-assessable and are owned directly or indirectly by the
Company, free and clear of any lien, charge, encumbrance, security interest, restriction on voting or transfer or any other claim
of any third party, except where the failure to be so authorized and issued, fully paid and non-assessable, owned directly or indirectly
by the Company, free and clear of any lien, charge, encumbrance, security interest, restriction on voting or transfer or any other
claim could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(j)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Due Authorization.</I> The Company has the power and authority to execute and deliver this Agreement and the Deposit Agreement
(collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Transaction Documents</U>&rdquo;) and to perform its obligations hereunder and thereunder; and all
action required to be taken for the authorization, execution and delivery of each of the Transaction Documents and the consummation
of the transactions contemplated thereby has been duly and validly taken.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(k)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>The Deposit Agreement. </I> The Deposit Agreement has been duly authorized by the Company and on the Closing Date will be duly
executed and delivered by the Company and, when duly executed and delivered in accordance with its terms by each of the parties
thereto, will constitute a valid and legally binding agreement of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with
its terms, except as enforceability may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, fraudulent transfer, reorganization, moratorium
or similar laws affecting the enforcement of creditors&rsquo; rights generally or by equitable principles relating to enforceability
(collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Enforceability Exceptions</U>&rdquo;).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(l)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>The Securities</I>. (i) The deposit of the Preferred Shares by the Company in accordance with the Deposit Agreement has been
duly authorized by the Company, (ii) the Preferred Shares have been duly authorized by the Company and, when the Securities are
issued and delivered to and paid for by the Underwriters as provided herein and the Preferred Shares are issued and delivered in
accordance with the terms of the Deposit Agreement, the Preferred Shares will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable
and (iii) assuming due execution and delivery of the Depositary Receipts and the Deposit Agreement by the Depositary, each Depositary
Receipt will be duly and validly issued and will entitle the holder thereof to the benefits provided therein and in the Deposit
Agreement. The issuance of the Preferred Shares and the Securities will not be subject to any preemptive or similar rights of any
securityholder of the Company.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Articles of Amendment</I>. The Articles of Amendment, the form of which has been furnished to the Representatives, has been
duly authorized by the Company.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(n)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Underwriting Agreement</I>. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(o)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Descriptions of the Transaction Documents</I>. Each Transaction Document, the Articles of Amendment and the Preferred Shares
conform in all material respects to the description thereof contained in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information
and the Prospectus.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(p)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Violation or Default.</I> Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries is (i) in violation of its charter or by-laws or
similar organizational documents; (ii) in default, and no event has occurred that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would
constitute such a default, in the due performance or observance of any term, covenant or condition contained in any indenture,
mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party
or by which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is bound or to which any property, right or asset of the Company or any of its
subsidiaries is subject; or (iii) in violation of any law or statute or any judgment, order, rule or regulation of any court or
arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, except, in the case of clauses (ii) and (iii) above, for any such default or
violation that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(q)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Conflicts. </I>The execution, delivery and performance by the Company of each of the Transaction Documents, the issuance
and sale of the Securities and compliance by the Company with the terms thereof, the issuance and deposit of the Preferred Shares
with the Depositary and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents will not (i) conflict with
or result in a breach or violation of any of the terms or provisions of, or constitute a default under, result in the termination,
modification or acceleration of, or result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property,
right or asset of the Company or any of its subsidiaries pursuant to, any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or
other agreement or instrument to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party or by which the Company or any of its
subsidiaries is bound or to which any property, right or asset of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is subject, (ii) result
in any violation of the provisions of the charter or by-laws or similar organizational documents of the Company or any of its subsidiaries
or (iii) result in the violation of any law or statute or any judgment, order, rule or regulation of any court or arbitrator or
governmental or regulatory authority, except, in the case of clauses (i) and (iii) above, for any such conflict, breach, violation,
default, lien, charge or encumbrance that would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(r)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Consents Required</I>. No consent, approval, authorization, order, registration or qualification of or with any court or
arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority is required for the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of each
of the Transaction Documents, the issuance and sale of the Securities and compliance by the Company with the terms thereof, the
issuance and deposit of the Preferred Shares with the Depositary and the consummation of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction
Documents, except for the registration of the Securities under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act and such consents, approvals,
authorizations, orders and registrations or qualifications as may be required by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.
(&ldquo;<U>FINRA</U>&rdquo;) and under applicable state securities laws in connection with the purchase and distribution of the
Securities by the Underwriters.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(s)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Legal Proceedings.</I> Except as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus,
there are no legal, governmental or regulatory investigations, actions, demands, claims, suits, arbitrations, inquiries or proceedings
(&ldquo;<U>Actions</U>&rdquo;) pending to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is or may be a party or to which any property,
right or asset of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is or may be the subject that, individually or in the aggregate, if determined
adversely to the Company or any of its subsidiaries, could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; no such Actions
are threatened or, to the knowledge of the Company, contemplated by any governmental or regulatory authority or threatened by others
that, individually or in the aggregate, if determined adversely to the Company or any of its subsidiaries, could reasonably be
expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; and (i) there are no current or pending Actions that are required under the Securities
Act to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus that are not so described in the Registration Statement, the
Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus and (ii) there are no statutes, regulations or contracts or other documents that are
required under the Securities Act to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement or described in the Registration Statement
and the Prospectus that are not so filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement or described in the Registration Statement,
the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(t)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Independent Accountants.</I> KPMG LLP, who have audited certain financial statements (including the related notes thereto and
supplemental schedules) of the Company and its subsidiaries, are an independent registered public accounting firm with respect
to the Company and its subsidiaries within the applicable rules and regulations adopted by the Commission and the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board (United States) and as required by the Securities Act.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(u)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Statutory Financial Statements</I>. The 2019 statutory annual statements of each of the Company&rsquo;s U.S. subsidiaries which
is regulated as an insurance company (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Insurance Subsidiaries</U>&rdquo;) and the statutory balance
sheets and income statements included in such statutory annual statements together with related schedules and notes, have been
prepared, in all material respects, in conformity with statutory accounting principles or practices required or permitted by the
appropriate insurance department of the jurisdiction of domicile of each such subsidiary, and such statutory accounting practices
have been applied on a consistent basis throughout the periods involved, except as may otherwise be indicated therein or in the
notes thereto, and present fairly, in all material respects, the statutory financial position of the Insurance Subsidiaries as
of the dates thereof, and the statutory basis results of operations of the Insurance Subsidiaries for the periods covered thereby.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(v)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Title to Real and Personal Property.</I> The Company and its subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to, or
have valid rights to lease or otherwise use, all items of real and personal property that are material to the respective businesses
of the Company and its subsidiaries, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances, claims and defects and imperfections
of title except those that (i) do not materially interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company
and its subsidiaries or (ii) could not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(w)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Intellectual Property.</I> Except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material
Adverse Effect on the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, (i) the Company and its subsidiaries own or have the right
to use all patents, patent applications, trademarks, service marks, trade names, trademark registrations, service mark registrations,
domain names and other source indicators, copyrights and copyrightable works, know-how, trade secrets, systems, procedures, proprietary
or confidential information and all other worldwide intellectual property, industrial property and proprietary rights (collectively,
&ldquo;<U>Intellectual Property</U>&rdquo;) used in the conduct of their respective businesses; (ii) the Company and its subsidiaries&rsquo;
conduct of their respective businesses does not infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate any Intellectual Property of any
person; (iii) the Company and its subsidiaries have not received any written notice of any claim relating to Intellectual Property;
and (iv) to the knowledge of the Company, the Intellectual Property of the Company and their subsidiaries is not being infringed,
misappropriated or otherwise violated by any person.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(x)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Cybersecurity; Data Protection</I>. Except as would not reasonably be expected to, individually or in the aggregate, have a
Material Adverse Effect, (i) the Company and its subsidiaries have taken commercially reasonable steps to implement appropriate
controls, policies, procedures and safeguards to maintain and protect their confidential information and the integrity, continuous
operation, redundancy and security of all their respective information technology assets and equipment, computers, systems, networks,
hardware, software, websites, applications, and databases (collectively, &ldquo;<U>IT Systems</U>&rdquo;) and data, including personal
data processed or stored by the Company and its subsidiaries in connection with their business, consistent with industry standards
and practices, and as required by applicable law and regulatory standards and (ii) there have been no security breaches, violations,
outages or unauthorized uses of or accesses to the IT Systems and the foregoing data.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(y)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Undisclosed Relationships.</I> No relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or any of its subsidiaries,
on the one hand, and the directors, officers, stockholders or other affiliates of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, on the
other, that is required by the Securities Act to be described in each of the Registration Statement and the Prospectus and that
is not so described in such documents and in the Time of Sale Information.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(z)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Investment Company Act.</I> The Company is not, and after giving effect to the offering and sale of the Securities and the application
of the proceeds thereof as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, will
not be an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo; or an entity &ldquo;controlled&rdquo; by an &ldquo;investment company&rdquo; within
the meaning of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules and regulations of the Commission thereunder (collectively,
the &ldquo;<U>Investment Company Act</U>&rdquo;).</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(aa)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Taxes.</I> The Company and its subsidiaries have paid all federal, state, local and foreign taxes and filed all material tax
returns required to be paid or filed through the date hereof, except for any such tax that is currently being contested in good
faith and with respect to which adequate reserves have been provided or where the failure to pay such taxes or file such returns
would not have a Material Adverse Effect on the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole; and except as otherwise disclosed
in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus or as would not have a Material Adverse
Effect on the Company and its subsidiaries taken as a whole, there is no material tax deficiency that has been, or could reasonably
be expected to be, asserted against the Company or any of its subsidiaries or any of their respective properties or assets.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(bb)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Licenses and Permits.</I> The Company and its subsidiaries possess all licenses, sub-licenses, certificates, permits and other
authorizations issued by, and have made all declarations and filings with, the appropriate federal, state, local or foreign governmental
or regulatory authorities that are necessary for the ownership or lease of their respective properties or the conduct of their
respective businesses as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, except
where the failure to possess or make the same would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect; and
except as described in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus and except for any such
revocation, modification or non-renewal which would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect, neither
the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has received notice of any revocation or modification of any such license, sub-license,
certificate, permit or authorization.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(cc)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Labor Disputes.</I> No labor disturbance by or dispute with employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries which are
likely to have a Material Adverse Effect exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is threatened. Neither the Company nor any
of its subsidiaries has received any notice of cancellation or termination with respect to any collective bargaining agreement
to which it is a party.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(dd)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Certain Environmental Matters</I>. (i) The Company and its subsidiaries (x) are in compliance with any and all applicable federal,
state, local and foreign laws (including common law), rules, regulations, requirements, decisions, judgments, decrees, orders and
other legally enforceable requirements relating to pollution or the protection of human health or safety, the environment, natural
resources, hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants (collectively, &ldquo;<U>Environmental Laws</U>&rdquo;);
(y) have received and are in compliance with all permits, licenses, certificates or other authorizations or approvals required
of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses; and (z) have not received notice of any actual
or potential liability or obligation under or relating to, or any actual or potential violation of, any Environmental Laws, including
for the investigation or remediation of any disposal or release of hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants,
and have no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in any such notice, and (ii) there
are no costs or liabilities associated with Environmental Laws of or relating to the Company or its subsidiaries, except in the
case of each of (i) and (ii) above, for any such matter as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected
to have a Material Adverse Effect; and (iii) except as described in each of the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus, (x)
there is no proceeding that is pending, or that is known to be contemplated, against the Company or any of its subsidiaries under
any Environmental Laws in which a governmental entity is also a party, other than any such proceeding as would not, individually
or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect, (y) the Company and its subsidiaries are not aware
of any facts or issues regarding compliance with Environmental Laws, or liabilities or other obligations under Environmental Laws
or concerning hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants, that could reasonably be expected to have a
material effect on the capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position of the Company and its subsidiaries, and (z) none
of the Company or its subsidiaries anticipates material capital expenditures relating to any Environmental Laws.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(ee)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Compliance with ERISA.</I> (i) Each employee benefit plan, within the meaning of Section 3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income
Security Act of 1974, as amended (&ldquo;<U>ERISA</U>&rdquo;), for which the Company or any member of its &ldquo;Controlled Group&rdquo;
(defined as any entity, whether or not incorporated, that is under common control with the Company within the meaning of Section
4001(a)(14) of ERISA or any entity that would be regarded as a single employer with the Company under Section 414(b),(c),(m) or
(o) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the &ldquo;<U>Code</U>&rdquo;)) would have any liability (each, a &ldquo;<U>Plan</U>&rdquo;)
has been maintained in compliance with its terms and the requirements of any applicable statutes, orders, rules and regulations,
including but not limited to ERISA and the Code; (ii) no prohibited transaction, within the meaning of Section 406 of ERISA or
Section 4975 of the Code, has occurred with respect to any Plan, excluding transactions effected pursuant to a statutory or administrative
exemption; (iii) for each Plan that is subject to the funding rules of Section 412 of the Code or Section 302 of ERISA (a &ldquo;<U>Pension
Plan</U>&rdquo;), no Pension Plan has failed (whether or not waived), or is reasonably expected to fail, to satisfy the minimum
funding standards (within the meaning of Section 302 of ERISA or Section 412 of the Code) applicable to such Plan; (iv) no Plan
is, or is reasonably expected to be, in &ldquo;at risk status&rdquo; (within the meaning of Section 303(i) of ERISA), and no Plan
that is a &ldquo;multiemployer plan&rdquo; within the meaning of Section 4001(a)(3) of ERISA is in &ldquo;endangered status&rdquo;
or &ldquo;critical status&rdquo; (within the meaning of Sections 304 and 305 of ERISA); (v) the fair market value of the assets
of each Pension Plan exceeds the present value of all benefits accrued under such Plan (determined based on those assumptions used
to fund such Plan); (vi) no &ldquo;reportable event&rdquo; (within the meaning of Section 4043(c) of ERISA and the regulations
promulgated thereunder) has occurred or is reasonably expected to occur for any Pension Plan; (vii) each Plan that is intended
to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code is so qualified, and nothing has occurred, whether by action or by failure to
act, which would cause the loss of such qualification; (viii) neither the Company nor any member of the Controlled Group has incurred,
nor reasonably expects to incur, any liability under Title IV of ERISA (other than contributions to the Plan or premiums to the
Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation, in the ordinary course and without default) in respect of a Pension Plan (including a &ldquo;multiemployer
plan&rdquo; within the meaning of Section 4001(a)(3) of ERISA); and (ix) none of the following events has occurred or is reasonably
likely to occur: (A) a material increase in the aggregate amount of contributions required to be made to all Pension Plans by the
Company or its Controlled Group affiliates in the current fiscal year of the Company and its Controlled Group affiliates compared
to the amount of such contributions made in the Company&rsquo;s and its Controlled Group affiliates&rsquo; most recently completed
fiscal year; or (B) a material increase in the Company and its subsidiaries&rsquo; &ldquo;accumulated post-retirement benefit obligations&rdquo;
(within the meaning of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 715-60) compared to the amount of such obligations in the Company
and its subsidiaries&rsquo; most recently completed fiscal year, except in each case with respect to the events or conditions set
forth in (i) through (ix) hereof, as would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(ff)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Disclosure Controls</I>. The Company and its subsidiaries maintain an effective system of &ldquo;disclosure controls and procedures&rdquo;
(as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act) that complies with the requirements of the Exchange Act and that has been designed
to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is
recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission&rsquo;s rules and forms, including
controls and procedures designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company&rsquo;s management
as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. The Company and its subsidiaries have carried out evaluations
of the effectiveness of their disclosure controls and procedures as required by Rule 13a-15 of the Exchange Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(gg)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Accounting Controls.</I> The Company and its subsidiaries maintain systems of &ldquo;internal control over financial reporting&rdquo;
(as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that comply with the requirements of the Exchange Act and have been designed
by, or under the supervision of, their respective principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar
functions, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements
for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. The Company and its subsidiaries maintain internal accounting controls sufficient
to provide reasonable assurance that (i) transactions are executed in accordance with management's general or specific authorizations;
(ii) transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP and to maintain
asset accountability; (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management&rsquo;s general or specific authorization;
(iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action
is taken with respect to any differences; and (v) interactive data in eXtensible Business Reporting Language included or incorporated
by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus and the Time of Sale Information is prepared in accordance with the
Commission&rsquo;s rules and guidelines applicable thereto. Except as disclosed in each of the Registration Statement, the Time
of Sale Information and the Prospectus, there are no material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in the Company&rsquo;s internal
controls.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(hh)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Unlawful Payments.</I> Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries, nor, to the knowledge of the Company, any director,
officer, agent, employee, affiliate or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries has (i) used any
corporate funds for any unlawful contribution, gift, entertainment or other unlawful expense relating to political activity; (ii)
made or taken an act in furtherance of an offer, promise or authorization of any direct or indirect unlawful payment or benefit
from corporate funds to any foreign or domestic government official or employee, including of any government-owned or controlled
entity or of a public international organization, or any person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of any of the foregoing,
or any political party or party official or candidate for political office; (iii) violated or is in violation of any provision
of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or any applicable law or regulation implementing the OECD Convention
on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, or committed an offence under the Bribery
Act 2010 of the United Kingdom, or any other applicable anti-bribery or anti-corruption law; or (iv) made, offered, agreed, requested
or taken an act in furtherance of any unlawful bribe or other unlawful benefit, including, without limitation, any rebate, payoff,
influence payment, kickback or other unlawful or improper payment or benefit. The Company and its subsidiaries have instituted,
maintain and enforce, and will continue to maintain and enforce, policies and procedures designed to promote and ensure compliance
with all applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(ii)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Compliance with Anti-Money Laundering Laws</I>. The operations of the Company and its subsidiaries are and have been conducted
at all times in compliance in all material respects with applicable financial recordkeeping and reporting requirements, including
those of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the applicable money laundering statutes of all
jurisdictions where the Company or any of its subsidiaries conducts business, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related
or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency (collectively, the &ldquo;<U>Anti-Money
Laundering Laws</U>&rdquo;), and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or governmental agency, authority or body
or any arbitrator involving the Company or any of its subsidiaries with respect to the Anti-Money Laundering Laws is pending or,
to the knowledge of the Company, threatened, except as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have
a Material Adverse Effect.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(jj)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Conflicts with Sanctions Laws. </I>Neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries, nor, to the knowledge of the Company,
any director, officer, agent, employee, affiliate or other person acting on behalf of the Company or any of its subsidiaries is
currently the subject or the target of any sanctions administered or enforced by the U.S. government, (including, without limitation,
the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (&ldquo;<U>OFAC</U>&rdquo;) or the U.S. Department
of State and including, without limitation, the designation as a &ldquo;specially designated national&rdquo; or &ldquo;blocked
person&rdquo;), the United Nations Security Council (&ldquo;<U>UNSC</U>&rdquo;), the European Union, Her Majesty&rsquo;s Treasury
(&ldquo;<U>HMT</U>&rdquo;), or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, &ldquo;<U>Sanctions</U>&rdquo;), nor is the Company,
any of its subsidiaries located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject or target of Sanctions, including,
without limitation, Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea and Syria (each, a &ldquo;<U>Sanctioned Country</U>&rdquo;); and the Company
will not directly or indirectly use the proceeds of the offering of the Securities hereunder, or lend, contribute or otherwise
make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other person or entity (i) to fund or facilitate any activities
of or business with any person that, at the time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject or target of Sanctions, (ii) to
fund or facilitate any activities of or business in any Sanctioned Country or (iii) in any other manner that will result in a violation
by any person (including any person participating in the transaction, whether as underwriter, initial purchaser, advisor, investor
or otherwise) of Sanctions. For the past five years, the Company and its subsidiaries have not knowingly engaged in, are not now
knowingly engaged in any dealings or transactions with any person that at the time of the dealing or transaction is or was the
subject or the target of Sanctions or with any Sanctioned Country.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(kk)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Restrictions on Subsidiaries</I>. No subsidiary of the Company is currently prohibited, directly or indirectly, under any
agreement or other instrument to which it is a party or is subject, from paying any dividends to the Company, from making any other
distribution on such subsidiary&rsquo;s capital stock or similar ownership interest, from repaying to the Company any loans or
advances to such subsidiary from the Company or from transferring any of such subsidiary&rsquo;s properties or assets to the Company
or any other subsidiary of the Company, except for any such restrictions contained in (i) the Amended and Restated Indenture, dated
as of April&nbsp;22, 2004, between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee, as amended by the Third Supplemental
Indenture, dated as of June 16, 2017, and as further amended or supplemented from time to time, (ii) the Credit Agreement, dated
as of September 30, 2016, among the Company, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the other lenders party thereto
or (iii) the Company&rsquo;s 5.95% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series A.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(ll)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Stabilization.</I> The Company has not taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that could reasonably be
expected to cause or result in any stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Securities.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(mm)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</I>. There is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or any of the Company&rsquo;s directors
or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply with any provision of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, and the rules
and regulations promulgated in connection therewith, including Section 402 related to loans and Sections 302 and 906 related to
certifications.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(nn)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Status under the Securities Act</I>. The Company is not an ineligible issuer and is a well-known seasoned issuer, in each case
as defined under the Securities Act, in each case at the times specified in the Securities Act in connection with the offering
of the Securities.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Further
Agreements of the Company</U>. The Company covenants and agrees with each Underwriter that:</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Required Filings.</I> The Company will file the final Prospectus with the Commission within the time periods specified by Rule
424(b) and Rule 430A, 430B or 430C under the Securities Act, will file any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (including the Pricing
Term Sheet referred to in Annex B hereto) to the extent required by Rule 433 under the Securities Act; and the Company will file
promptly all reports and any definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the Commission
pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act subsequent to the date of the Prospectus and for so long as the
delivery of a prospectus is required in connection with the offering or sale of the Securities; and the Company will furnish copies
of the Prospectus and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (to the extent not previously delivered) to the Underwriters in New York
City prior to 10:00 A.M., New York City time, on the business day next succeeding the date of this Agreement in such quantities
as the Representatives may reasonably request. The Company will pay the registration fees for this offering within the time period
required by Rule 456(b)(1)(i) under the Securities Act (without giving effect to the proviso therein) and in any event prior to
the Closing Date.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Delivery of Copies.</I> The Company will deliver, without charge, (i) to the Representatives, two copies of the Registration
Statement as originally filed and each amendment thereto, in each case including all exhibits and consents filed therewith and
documents incorporated by reference therein; and (ii) to each Underwriter (A) a conformed copy of the Registration Statement as
originally filed and each amendment thereto, in each case including all exhibits and consents filed therewith and (B) during the
Prospectus Delivery Period (as defined below), as many copies of the Prospectus (including all amendments and supplements thereto
and documents incorporated by reference therein) and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus as the Representatives may reasonably
request. As used herein, the term &ldquo;<U>Prospectus Delivery Period</U>&rdquo; means such period of time after the first date
of the public offering of the Securities as in the opinion of counsel for the Underwriters a prospectus relating to the Securities
is required by law to be delivered (or required to be delivered but for Rule 172 under the Securities Act) in connection with sales
of the Securities by any Underwriter or dealer.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Amendments or Supplements; Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses.</I> Before making, preparing, using, authorizing, approving, referring
to or filing any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, and before filing any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or
the Prospectus, whether before or after the time that the Registration Statement becomes effective the Company will furnish to
the Representatives and counsel for the Underwriters a copy of the proposed Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, amendment or supplement
for review and will not make, prepare, use, authorize, approve, refer to or file any such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or file
any such proposed amendment or supplement to which the Representatives reasonably object.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Notice to the Representatives.</I> The Company will advise the Representatives promptly, and, if required by the Representatives,
confirm such advice in writing, (i) when the Registration Statement has become effective; (ii) when any amendment to the Registration
Statement has been filed or becomes effective; (iii) when any supplement to the Prospectus or any amendment to the Prospectus or
any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus has been filed; (iv) of any request by the Commission for any amendment to the Registration
Statement or any amendment or supplement to the Prospectus or the receipt of any comments from the Commission relating to the Registration
Statement or any other request by the Commission for any additional information; (v) of the issuance by the Commission or any other
governmental or regulatory authority of any order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or preventing or suspending
the use of the Preliminary Prospectus, the Prospectus, any Time of Sale Information or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the
initiation or threatening of any proceeding for that purpose or pursuant to Section 8A of the Securities Act; (vi) of the occurrence
of any event within the Prospectus Delivery Period as a result of which the Prospectus, any of the Time of Sale Information or
any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit
to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances existing when the
Prospectus, the Time of Sale Information or any such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, not misleading;
(vii) of the receipt by the Company of any notice of objection of the Commission to the use of the Registration Statement or any
post-effective amendment thereto pursuant to Rule 401(g)(2) under the Securities Act; and (viii) of the receipt by the Company
of any notice with respect to any suspension of the qualification of the Securities for offer and sale in any jurisdiction or the
initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose; and the Company will use its reasonable best efforts to prevent the
issuance of any such order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, preventing or suspending the use of the
Preliminary Prospectus, any of the Time of Sale Information, Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus, or suspending any
such qualification of the Securities and, if any such order is issued, will obtain as soon as possible the withdrawal thereof.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Time of Sale Information.</I> If at any time prior to the Closing Date (i) any event shall occur or condition shall exist as
a result of which any of the Time of Sale Information as then amended or supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material
fact or omit to state any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under
which they were made, not misleading or (ii) it is necessary to amend or supplement the Time of Sale Information to comply with
law, the Company will promptly notify the Underwriters thereof and forthwith prepare and, subject to paragraph (c) above, file
with the Commission (to the extent required) and furnish to the Underwriters and to such dealers as the Representatives may designate,
such amendments or supplements to the Time of Sale Information (or any document to be filed with the Commission and incorporated
by reference therein) as may be necessary so that the statements in any of the Time of Sale Information as so amended or supplemented
(including such documents to be incorporated by reference therein) will not, in the light of the circumstances under which they
were made, be misleading or so that any of the Time of Sale Information will comply with law.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Ongoing Compliance</I>. If during the Prospectus Delivery Period (i) any event shall occur or condition shall exist as a result
of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state
any material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances existing when the Prospectus
is delivered to a purchaser, not misleading or (ii) it is necessary to amend or supplement the Prospectus to comply with law, the
Company will immediately notify the Underwriters thereof and forthwith prepare and, subject to paragraph (c) above, file with the
Commission and furnish to the Underwriters and to such dealers as the Representatives may designate, such amendments or supplements
to the Prospectus (or any document to be filed with the Commission and incorporated by reference therein) as may be necessary so
that the statements in the Prospectus as so amended or supplemented including such documents to be incorporated by reference therein
will not, in the light of the circumstances existing when the Prospectus is delivered to a purchaser, be misleading or so that
the Prospectus will comply with law<I>.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Blue Sky Compliance.</I> The Company will qualify the Securities for offer and sale under (or obtain exemptions from the application
of) the securities or Blue Sky laws of such jurisdictions as the Representatives shall reasonably request and will continue such
qualifications and exemptions in effect so long as required for distribution of the Securities; <U>provided</U> that the Company
shall not be required to (i) qualify as a foreign corporation or other entity or as a dealer in securities in any such jurisdiction
where it would not otherwise be required to so qualify, (ii) file any general consent to service of process in any such jurisdiction
or (iii) subject itself to taxation in any such jurisdiction if it is not otherwise so subject.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Earning Statement. </I>The Company will make generally available to its security holders and the Representatives as soon as
practicable an earning statement that satisfies the provisions of Section 11(a) of the Securities Act and Rule 158 of the Commission
promulgated thereunder covering a period of at least twelve months beginning with the first fiscal quarter of the Company occurring
after the &ldquo;effective date&rdquo; (as defined in Rule 158) of the Registration Statement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Clear Market.</I> During the period beginning from the date hereof through and including the date that is 30 days after the
date of the Prospectus, the Company will not, without the prior written consent of the Representatives, offer, sell, contract to
sell or otherwise dispose of any securities of the Company that are substantially similar to the Preferred Shares or depositary
shares representing interests therein, including any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent
rights to receive, the Preferred Shares or depositary shares representing interests therein or securities that are substantially
similar to the Preferred Shares (other than the offering of the Securities).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(j)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Use of Proceeds.</I> The Company will apply the net proceeds from the sale of the Securities as described in each of the Registration
Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus under the heading &ldquo;Use of Proceeds.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(k)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>DTC</I>. The Company will assist the Underwriters in arranging for the Securities to be eligible for clearance and settlement
through DTC.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(l)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Stabilization.</I> The Company will not take, directly or indirectly, any action designed to or that could reasonably be
expected to cause or result in any stabilization or manipulation of the price of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Record Retention</I>. The Company will, pursuant to reasonable procedures developed in good faith, retain copies of each Issuer
Free Writing Prospectus that is not filed with the Commission in accordance with Rule 433 under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(n)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Listing</I>. The Company will use its best efforts to effect the listing of the Securities on the New York Stock Exchange (&ldquo;<U>NYSE</U>&rdquo;)
within the 30-day period after the initial delivery of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Certain Agreements
of the Underwriters</U>.&#9; Each Underwriter hereby represents and agrees that it has not and will not use, authorize use of,
refer to, or participate in the planning for use of, any &ldquo;<U>free writing prospectus</U>,&rdquo; as defined in Rule 405 under
the Securities Act (which term includes use of any written information furnished to the Commission by the Company and not incorporated
by reference into the Registration Statement and any press release issued by the Company) other than (i) a free writing prospectus
that, solely as a result of use by such Underwriter, would not trigger an obligation to file such free writing prospectus with
the Commission pursuant to Rule 433, (ii) any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus listed on Annex A or prepared pursuant to Section
3(c) or Section 4(c) above (including any electronic road show), or (iii) any free writing prospectus prepared by such Underwriter
and approved by the Company in advance in writing (each such free writing prospectus referred to in clauses (i) or (iii), an &ldquo;<U>Underwriter
Free Writing Prospectus</U>&rdquo;). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Underwriters may use the Pricing Term Sheet referred to
in Annex B hereto without the consent of the Company.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">6.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Conditions
of Underwriters&rsquo; Obligations.</U> The obligation of each Underwriter to purchase the Securities on the Closing Date as provided
herein is subject to the performance by the Company of its covenants and other obligations hereunder and to the following additional
conditions:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Registration Compliance; No Stop Order.</I> No order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement shall be in
effect, and no proceeding for such purpose, pursuant to Rule 401(g)(2) or pursuant to Section 8A under the Securities Act shall
be pending before or threatened by the Commission; the Prospectus and each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus shall have been timely
filed with the Commission under the Securities Act (in the case of an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, to the extent required by
Rule 433 under the Securities Act) and in accordance with Section 4(a) hereof; and all requests by the Commission for additional
information shall have been complied with to the reasonable satisfaction of the Representatives.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Representations and Warranties.</I> The representations and warranties of the Company contained herein shall be true and correct
on the date hereof and on and as of the Closing Date; and the statements of the Company and its officers made in any certificates
delivered pursuant to this Agreement shall be true and correct on and as of the Closing Date.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Downgrade.</I> Subsequent to the earlier of (A) the Time of Sale and (B) the execution and delivery of this Agreement, (i)
no downgrading shall have occurred in the rating accorded the Securities or any debt securities or preferred stock issued or guaranteed
by the Company or any of its subsidiaries by any &ldquo;nationally recognized statistical rating organization,&rdquo; as such term
is defined under Section 3(a)(62) under the Exchange Act and (ii) no such organization shall have publicly announced that it has
under surveillance or review, or has changed its outlook with respect to, its rating of the Securities or of any debt securities
or preferred stock issued or guaranteed by the Company or any of its subsidiaries (other than an announcement with positive implications
of a possible upgrading).</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Material Adverse Change.</I> No event or condition of a type described in Section 3(g) hereof shall have occurred or shall
exist, which event or condition is not described in each of the Time of Sale Information (excluding any amendment or supplement
thereto) and the Prospectus (excluding any amendment or supplement thereto) the effect of which in the judgment of the Representatives
makes it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering, sale or delivery of the Securities on the Closing Date on the
terms and in the manner contemplated by this Agreement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Officer&rsquo;s Certificate.</I> The Representatives shall have received on and as of the Closing Date a certificate of an executive
officer of the Company who has specific knowledge of the Company&rsquo;s financial matters and is satisfactory to the Representatives
(i) confirming that such officer has reviewed the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus and,
to the knowledge of such officer, the representations set forth in Sections 3(b) and 3(d) hereof are true and correct, (ii) confirming
that the other representations and warranties of the Company in this Agreement are true and correct and that the Company has complied
with all agreements and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied hereunder at or prior to the Closing
Date, and (iii) to the effect set forth in paragraphs (a), (c) and (d) above.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Comfort Letters.</I> On the date of this Agreement and on the Closing Date, KPMG LLP shall have furnished to the Representatives,
at the request of the Company, letters, dated the respective dates of delivery thereof and addressed to the Underwriters, in form
and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representatives, containing statements and information of the type customarily included
in accountants&rsquo; &ldquo;comfort letters&rdquo; to underwriters with respect to the financial statements and certain financial
information contained or incorporated by reference in each of the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the
Prospectus; <U>provided</U> that the letter delivered on the Closing Date shall use a &ldquo;cut-off&rdquo; date no more than three
business days prior to the Closing Date.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Opinions and Letter of Counsel for the Company.</I> Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher &amp; Flom LLP, counsel for the Company, shall
have (i) furnished to the Representatives, at the request of the Company, their written opinions and letter, dated the Closing
Date and addressed to the Underwriters, and (ii) furnished to the Representatives, at the request of the Company, their Negative
Assurance Letter, dated the Closing Date and addressed to the Underwriters, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the
Representatives.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Opinion of the General Counsel</I>. Renee D. Montz, Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of the Company,
shall have furnished to the Representatives, at the request of the Company, her written opinion, dated the Closing Date and addressed
to the Underwriters, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to the Representatives.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(i)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Opinion and 10b-5 Statement of Counsel for the Underwriters.</I> The Representatives shall have received on and as of the Closing
Date, an opinion and 10b-5 statement, addressed to the Underwriters, of Simpson Thacher &amp; Bartlett LLP, counsel for the Underwriters,
with respect to such matters as the Representatives may reasonably request, and such counsel shall have received such documents
and information as they may reasonably request to enable them to pass upon such matters.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(j)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>No Legal Impediment to Issuance.</I> No action shall have been taken and no statute, rule, regulation or order shall have been
enacted, adopted or issued by any federal, state or foreign governmental or regulatory authority that would, as of the Closing
Date, prevent the issuance or sale of the Securities; and no injunction or order of any federal, state or foreign court shall have
been issued that would, as of the Closing Date, prevent the issuance or sale of the Securities.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(k)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Good Standing</I>. The Representatives shall have received on and as of the Closing Date satisfactory evidence of the good standing
of the Company in the State of Iowa in writing or any standard form of telecommunication, from the appropriate governmental authorities
of the State of Iowa.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(l)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>DTC</I>. The Securities shall be eligible for clearance and settlement through DTC.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(m)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Articles of Amendment</I>. The Articles of Amendment shall have been duly filed with the Secretary of State of the State of
Iowa.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(n)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Depositary Receipt</I>. The Representatives shall have received from the Depositary a copy of any Depositary Receipt evidencing
the deposit of the Preferred Shares underlying the Securities.</P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(o)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Additional Documents.</I> On or prior to the Closing Date, the Company shall have furnished to the Representatives such further
certificates and documents as the Representatives may reasonably request.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">All opinions, letters,
certificates and evidence mentioned above or elsewhere in this Agreement shall be deemed to be in compliance with the provisions
hereof only if they are in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to counsel for the Underwriters.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">7.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Indemnification
and Contribution</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Indemnification of the Underwriters.</I> The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each Underwriter, its affiliates,
directors, officers, employees and selling agents and each person, if any, who controls such Underwriter within the meaning of
Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act, from and against any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities
(including, without limitation, legal fees and other expenses incurred in connection with any suit, action or proceeding or any
claim asserted, as such fees and expenses are incurred), joint or several, that arise out of, or are based upon, (i) any untrue
statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement or caused by any omission or alleged
omission to state therein a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, not
misleading, or (ii) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Prospectus (or any amendment
or supplement thereto), any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or any Time of Sale Information, or caused by any omission or alleged
omission to state therein a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances
under which they were made, not misleading, in each case except insofar as such losses, claims, damages or liabilities arise out
of, or are based upon, any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made in reliance upon and in conformity
with any information relating to any Underwriter furnished to the Company in writing by or on behalf of such Underwriter through
the Representatives expressly for use therein.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Indemnification of the Company.</I> Each Underwriter agrees, severally and not jointly, to indemnify and hold harmless the Company,
its directors, officers and employees who signed the Registration Statement and each person, if any, who controls the Company within
the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act to the same extent as the indemnity set forth
in paragraph (a) above, but only with respect to any losses, claims, damages or liabilities (including, without limitation, legal
fees and other expenses incurred in connection with any suit, action or proceeding or any claim asserted, as such fees and expenses
are incurred) that arise out of, or are based upon, any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made
in reliance upon and in conformity with any information relating to such Underwriter furnished to the Company in writing by such
Underwriter through the Representatives expressly for use in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement
thereto), any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or any Time of Sale Information, it being understood and agreed that the only such
information consists of the following paragraphs in the Preliminary Prospectus and the Prospectus: the fourth paragraph, the fourth
and fifth sentences of the seventh paragraph and the tenth paragraph under the heading &ldquo;Underwriting.&rdquo;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Notice and Procedures.</I> If any suit, action, proceeding (including any governmental or regulatory investigation), claim or
demand shall be brought or asserted against any person in respect of which indemnification may be sought pursuant to either paragraph
(a) or (b) above, such person (the &ldquo;<U>Indemnified Person</U>&rdquo;) shall promptly notify the person against whom such
indemnification may be sought (the &ldquo;<U>Indemnifying Person</U>&rdquo;) in writing; <U>provided</U> that the failure to notify
the Indemnifying Person shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have under paragraph (a) or (b) above except to the
extent that it has been materially prejudiced (through the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses) by such failure; and <U>provided
further</U>, that the failure to notify the Indemnifying Person shall not relieve it from any liability that it may have to an
Indemnified Person otherwise than under paragraph (a) or (b) above. If any such proceeding shall be brought or asserted against
an Indemnified Person and it shall have notified the Indemnifying Person thereof, the Indemnifying Person shall retain counsel
reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified Person (who shall not, without the consent of the Indemnified Person, be counsel to
the Indemnifying Person) to represent the Indemnified Person and any others entitled to indemnification pursuant to this Section
7 that the Indemnifying Person may designate in such proceeding and shall pay the fees and expenses of such proceeding and shall
pay the fees and expenses of such counsel related to such proceeding, as incurred. In any such proceeding, any Indemnified Person
shall have the right to retain its own counsel, but the fees and expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of such Indemnified
Person unless (i) the Indemnifying Person and the Indemnified Person shall have mutually agreed to the contrary; (ii) the Indemnifying
Person has failed within a reasonable time to retain counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified Person; (iii) the Indemnified
Person shall have reasonably concluded that there may be legal defenses available to it that are different from or in addition
to those available to the Indemnifying Person; or (iv) the named parties in any such proceeding (including any impleaded parties)
include both the Indemnifying Person and the Indemnified Person and representation of both parties by the same counsel would be
inappropriate due to actual or potential differing interests between them. It is understood and agreed that the Indemnifying Person
shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceeding in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the fees and expenses
of more than one separate firm (in addition to any local counsel) for all Indemnified Persons, and that all such fees and expenses
shall be paid or reimbursed as they are incurred. Any such separate firm for any Underwriter, its affiliates, directors and officers
and any control persons of such Underwriter shall be designated in writing by Morgan Stanley &amp; Co. LLC, and any such separate
firm for the Company, its directors and officers who signed the Registration Statement and any control persons of the Company shall
be designated in writing by the Company. The Indemnifying Person shall not be liable for any settlement of any proceeding effected
without its written consent, but if settled with such consent or if there be a final judgment for the plaintiff, the Indemnifying
Person agrees to indemnify each Indemnified Person from and against any loss or liability by reason of such settlement or judgment.
Notwithstanding the foregoing sentence, if at any time an Indemnified Person shall have requested that an Indemnifying Person reimburse
the Indemnified Person for fees and expenses of counsel as contemplated by this paragraph, the Indemnifying Person shall be liable
for any settlement of any proceeding effected without its written consent if (i) such settlement is entered into more than 30 days
after receipt by the Indemnifying Person of such request and (ii) the Indemnifying Person shall not have reimbursed the Indemnified
Person in accordance with such request prior to the date of such settlement. No Indemnifying Person shall, without the written
consent of the Indemnified Person, effect any settlement of any pending or threatened proceeding in respect of which any Indemnified
Person is or could have been a party and indemnification could have been sought hereunder by such Indemnified Person, unless such
settlement (x) includes an unconditional release of such Indemnified Person, in form and substance reasonably satisfactory to such
Indemnified Person, from all liability on claims that are the subject matter of such proceeding and (y) does not include any statement
as to or any admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or on behalf of any Indemnified Person.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Contribution.</I> If the indemnification provided for in paragraph (a) or (b) above is unavailable to an Indemnified Person
or insufficient in respect of any losses, claims, damages, expenses or liabilities referred to therein, then each Indemnifying
Person under such paragraph, in lieu of indemnifying such Indemnified Person thereunder, shall contribute to the amount paid or
payable by such Indemnified Person as a result of such losses, claims, damages, expenses or liabilities (i) in such proportion
as is appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other from
the offering of the Securities or (ii) if the allocation provided by clause (i) is not permitted by applicable law, in such proportion
as is appropriate to reflect not only the relative benefits referred to in clause (i) but also the relative fault of the Company
on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other in connection with the statements or omissions that resulted in such losses,
claims, damages, expenses or liabilities, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations. The relative benefits received
by the Company on the one hand and the Underwriters on the other shall be deemed to be in the same respective proportions as the
net proceeds (before deducting expenses) received by the Company from the sale of the Securities and the total underwriting discounts
and commissions received by the Underwriters in connection therewith, in each case as set forth in the table on the cover of the
Prospectus, bear to the aggregate offering price of the Securities. The relative fault of the Company on the one hand and the Underwriters
on the other shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material
fact or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or by the Underwriters
and the parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Limitation on Liability.</I> The Company and the Underwriters agree that it would not be just and equitable if contribution
pursuant to this Section 7 were determined by <U>pro rata</U> allocation (even if the Underwriters were treated as one entity for
such purpose) or by any other method of allocation that does not take account of the equitable considerations referred to in paragraph
(d) above. The amount paid or payable by an Indemnified Person as a result of the losses, claims, damages, expenses and liabilities
referred to in paragraph (d) above shall be deemed to include, subject to the limitations set forth above, any legal or other expenses
reasonably incurred by such Indemnified Person in connection with any such action or claim. Notwithstanding the provisions of this
Section 7, in no event shall an Underwriter be required to contribute any amount in excess of the amount by which the total underwriting
discounts and commissions received by such Underwriter with respect to the offering of the Securities exceeds the amount of any
damages that such Underwriter has otherwise been required to pay by reason of such untrue or alleged untrue statement or omission
or alleged omission. No person guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the Securities Act)
shall be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. The Underwriters&rsquo;
obligations to contribute pursuant to this Section 7 are several in proportion to their respective purchase obligations hereunder
and not joint.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Non-Exclusive Remedies.</I> The remedies provided for in this Section 7 are not exclusive and shall not limit any rights or
remedies that may otherwise be available to any Indemnified Person at law or in equity.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">8.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Effectiveness
of Agreement</U>. This Agreement shall become effective as of the date first written above.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">9.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Termination</U>.
This Agreement may be terminated in the absolute discretion of the Representatives, by notice to the Company, if after the execution
and delivery of this Agreement and on or prior to the Closing Date (i) trading generally shall have been suspended or materially
limited on the NYSE or the over-the-counter market; (ii) trading of any securities issued or guaranteed by the Company shall have
been suspended on any exchange or in any over-the-counter market; (iii) a general moratorium on commercial banking activities shall
have been declared by federal or New York State authorities; or (iv) there shall have occurred any outbreak or escalation of hostilities
or any change in financial markets or any calamity or crisis, either within or outside the United States, that, in the judgment
of the Representatives, is material and adverse and makes it impracticable or inadvisable to proceed with the offering, sale or
delivery of the Securities on the Closing Date on the terms and in the manner contemplated by this Agreement, the Time of Sale
Information and the Prospectus.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">10.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Defaulting
Underwriter</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
If, on the Closing Date, any Underwriter defaults on its obligation to purchase the Securities that it has agreed to purchase hereunder,
the non-defaulting Underwriters may in their discretion arrange for the purchase of such Securities by other persons satisfactory
to the Company on the terms contained in this Agreement. If, within 36 hours after any such default by any Underwriter, the non-defaulting
Underwriters do not arrange for the purchase of such Securities, then the Company shall be entitled to a further period of 36 hours
within which to procure other persons satisfactory to the non-defaulting Underwriters to purchase such Securities on such terms.
If other persons become obligated or agree to purchase the Securities of a defaulting Underwriter, either the non-defaulting Underwriters
or the Company may postpone the Closing Date for up to five full business days in order to effect any changes that in the opinion
of counsel for the Company or counsel for the Underwriters may be necessary in the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information
and the Prospectus or in any other document or arrangement, and the Company agrees to promptly prepare any amendment or supplement
to the Registration Statement, the Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus that effects any such changes. As used in this Agreement,
the term &ldquo;<U>Underwriter</U>&rdquo; includes, for all purposes of this Agreement unless the context otherwise requires, any
person not listed in Schedule 1 hereto that, pursuant to this Section 10, purchases Securities that a defaulting Underwriter agreed
but failed to purchase.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
If, after giving effect to any arrangements for the purchase of the Securities of a defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters by the
non-defaulting Underwriters and the Company as provided in paragraph (a) above, the aggregate principal amount of such Securities
that remains unpurchased on the Closing Date does not exceed one-eleventh of the aggregate principal amount of all the Securities,
then the Company shall have the right to require each non-defaulting Underwriter to purchase the principal amount of Securities
that such Underwriter agreed to purchase hereunder plus such Underwriter&rsquo;s <U>pro rata</U> share (based on the principal
amount of Securities that such Underwriter agreed to purchase hereunder) of the Securities of such defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters
for which such arrangements have not been made.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
If, after giving effect to any arrangements for the purchase of the Securities of a defaulting Underwriter or Underwriters by the
non-defaulting Underwriters and the Company as provided in paragraph (a) above, the aggregate principal amount of such Securities
that remains unpurchased on the Closing Date exceeds one-eleventh of the aggregate principal amount of all the Securities to be
purchased on such date, or if the Company shall not exercise the right described in paragraph (b) above, then this Agreement shall
terminate without liability on the part of the non-defaulting Underwriters. Any termination of this Agreement pursuant to this
Section 10 shall be without liability on the part of the Company, except that the Company will continue to be liable for the payment
of expenses as set forth in Section 11 hereof and except that the provisions of Section 7 hereof shall not terminate and shall
remain in effect.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Nothing contained herein shall relieve a defaulting Underwriter of any liability it may have to the Company or any non-defaulting
Underwriter for damages caused by its default.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">11.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Payment
of Expenses</U><I>.</I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Whether or not the transactions contemplated by this Agreement are consummated or this Agreement is terminated, the Company agrees
to pay or cause to be paid all costs and expenses incident to the performance of its obligations hereunder, including without limitation,
(i) the costs incident to the authorization, issuance, sale, preparation and delivery of the Securities and any transfer or other
taxes payable in that connection; (ii) the costs incident to the preparation, printing and filing under the Securities Act of the
Registration Statement, the Preliminary Prospectus, any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, any Time of Sale Information and the Prospectus
(including all exhibits, amendments and supplements thereto) and the distribution thereof; (iii) the costs of reproducing and distributing
each of the Transaction Documents; (iv) the fees and expenses of the Company&rsquo;s counsel and independent accountants; (v) the
fees and expenses incurred in connection with the registration or qualification and determination of eligibility for investment
of the Securities under the laws of such jurisdictions as the Representatives may designate and the preparation, printing and distribution
of a Blue Sky Memorandum (including the related fees and expenses of counsel for the Underwriters); (vi) any fees charged by rating
agencies for rating the Securities; (vii) the fees and expenses of the Depositary in connection with the deposit of the Preferred
Shares and the offering of the Securities; (viii) all expenses and application fees incurred in connection with any filing with,
and clearance of the offering by, FINRA and the approval of the Securities for book-entry transfer by DTC; (ix) the costs of registration
of the Securities under the Exchange Act and the listing of the Securities on the NYSE; and (x) all expenses incurred by the Company
in connection with any &ldquo;road show&rdquo; presentation to potential investors. Except as provided in the preceding sentence
and in Sections 7 and 11(b), the Underwriters shall pay their own expenses, including the fees and expenses of their counsel.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
If (i) this Agreement is terminated pursuant to Section 9, (ii) the Company for any reason fails to tender the Securities for delivery
to the Underwriters or (iii) the Underwriters decline to purchase the Securities for any reason permitted under this Agreement,
the Company agrees to reimburse the Underwriters for all out-of-pocket costs and expenses (including the fees and expenses of their
counsel) reasonably incurred by the Underwriters in connection with this Agreement and the offering contemplated hereby.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">12.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Persons
Entitled to Benefit of Agreement</U>. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the parties hereto and their
respective successors and the officers and directors and any controlling persons referred to herein, and the affiliates of each
Underwriter referred to in Section&nbsp;7 hereof. Nothing in this Agreement is intended or shall be construed to give any other
person any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under or in respect of this Agreement or any provision contained herein. No
purchaser of Securities from any Underwriter shall be deemed to be a successor merely by reason of such purchase.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">13.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Survival</U>.
The respective indemnities, rights of contribution, representations, warranties and agreements of the Company and the Underwriters
contained in this Agreement or made by or on behalf of the Company or the Underwriters pursuant to this Agreement or any certificate
delivered pursuant hereto shall survive the delivery of and payment for the Securities and shall remain in full force and effect,
regardless of any termination of this Agreement or any investigation made by or on behalf of the Company or the Underwriters.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">14.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Certain
Defined Terms</U>. For purposes of this Agreement, (a) except where otherwise expressly provided, the term &ldquo;<U>affiliate</U>&rdquo;
has the meaning set forth in Rule 405 under the Securities Act; (b) the term &ldquo;<U>business day</U>&rdquo; means any day other
than a day on which banks are permitted or required to be closed in New York City; and (c) the term &ldquo;<U>subsidiary</U>&rdquo;
has the meaning set forth in Rule 405 under the Securities Act.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">15.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Compliance
with USA Patriot Act</U>. In accordance with the requirements of the USA Patriot Act (Title III of Pub. L. 107-56 (signed into
law October 26, 2001)), the Underwriters are required to obtain, verify and record information that identifies their respective
clients, including the Company, which information may include the name and address of their respective clients, as well as other
information that will allow the Underwriters to properly identify their respective clients.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">16.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Miscellaneous</U>.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Authority of the Representatives.</I> Any action by the Underwriters hereunder may be taken by Morgan Stanley &amp; Co. LLC,
BofA Securities, Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC on behalf of the Underwriters,
and any such action taken by Morgan Stanley &amp; Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Wells Fargo Securities,
LLC and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, shall be binding upon the Underwriters.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Notices.</I> All notices and other communications hereunder shall be in writing and shall be deemed to have been duly given
if mailed or transmitted and confirmed by any standard form of telecommunication. Notices to the Underwriters shall be given to
the Representatives c/o Morgan Stanley &amp; Co. LLC, 1585 Broadway, New York, New York 10036 (fax: (212) 507-8999), Attention:
Investment Banking Division; c/o BofA Securities, Inc., 50 Rockefeller Plaza, NY1-050-12-02, New York, New York 10020 (fax: (646)
855-5958), Attention: High Grade Transaction Management/Legal; c/o RBC Capital Markets, LLC, 200 Vesey Street, 8th Floor, New York,
New York 10281 (fax: (212) 658-6137); Attention: DCM Transaction Management; c/o Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, 550 South Tryon Street,
Charlotte, North Carolina 28202 (fax: 704-410-0326), Attention: Transaction Management; and c/o J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, 383
Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10179 (fax: (212) 270-1063), Attention: Investment Grade Syndicate Desk. Notices to the Company
shall be given to it at American Equity Investment Life Holding Company, 6000 Westown Parkway, West Des Moines, Iowa 50766 (fax:
515-221-0744), Attention: General Counsel.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Governing Law.</I> This Agreement and any claim, controversy or dispute arising under or related to this Agreement shall be
governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of New York.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Submission to Jurisdiction</I>. The Company hereby submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. federal and New York state
courts in the Borough of Manhattan in The City of New York in any suit or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement
or the transactions contemplated hereby. The Company waives any objection which it may now or hereafter have to the laying of venue
of any such suit or proceeding in such courts. The Company agrees that final judgment in any such suit, action or proceeding brought
in such court shall be conclusive and binding upon the Company and may be enforced in any court to the jurisdiction of which Company
is subject by a suit upon such judgment.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(e)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Waiver of Jury Trial</I>. Each of the parties hereto hereby waives any right to trial by jury in any suit or proceeding arising
out of or relating to this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(f)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Counterparts.</I> This Agreement may be signed in counterparts (which may include counterparts delivered by any standard form
of telecommunication), each of which shall be an original and all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument.
The words &ldquo;<U>execution</U>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<U>signed</U>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<U>signature</U>,&rdquo; &ldquo;<U>delivery</U>,&rdquo;
and words of like import in or relating to this Agreement or any document to be signed in connection with this Agreement shall
be deemed to include electronic signatures, deliveries or the keeping of records in electronic form, each of which shall be of
the same legal effect, validity or enforceability as a manually executed signature, physical delivery thereof or the use of a paper-based
recordkeeping system, as the case may be, and the parties hereto consent to conduct the transactions contemplated hereunder by
electronic means.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(g)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Amendments or Waivers.</I> No amendment or waiver of any provision of this Agreement, nor any consent or approval to any departure
therefrom, shall in any event be effective unless the same shall be in writing and signed by the parties hereto.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(h)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
<I>Headings.</I> The headings herein are included for convenience of reference only and are not intended to be part of, or to affect
the meaning or interpretation of, this Agreement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">17.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<U>Recognition
of the U.S. Special Resolution Regimes</U><I>. </I></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(a) In the event that
any Underwriter that is a Covered Entity becomes subject to a proceeding under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, the transfer from
such Underwriter of this Agreement, and any interest and obligation in or under this Agreement, will be effective to the same extent
as the transfer would be effective under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime if this Agreement, and any such interest and obligation,
were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In
the event that any Underwriter that is a Covered Entity or a BHC Act Affiliate of such Underwriter becomes subject to a proceeding
under a U.S. Special Resolution Regime, Default Rights under this Agreement that may be exercised against such Underwriter are
permitted to be exercised to no greater extent than such Default Rights could be exercised under the U.S. Special Resolution Regime
if this Agreement were governed by the laws of the United States or a state of the United States.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For
purposes of this Section 17:</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(i)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>&ldquo;<U>BHC Act Affiliate</U>&rdquo; has the meaning assigned to the term &ldquo;affiliate&rdquo; in, and shall be interpreted
in accordance with, 12 U.S.C. &sect;1841(k);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(ii)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>&ldquo;<U>Covered Entity</U>&rdquo; means any of the following: (A) a &ldquo;covered entity&rdquo; as that term is defined
in, and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 252.82(b); (B) a &ldquo;covered bank&rdquo; as that term is defined in,
and interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 47.3(b); or (C) a &ldquo;covered FSI&rdquo; as that term is defined in, and
interpreted in accordance with, 12 C.F.R. &sect; 382.2(b);</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(iii)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>&ldquo;<U>Default Right</U>&rdquo; has the meaning assigned to that term in, and shall be interpreted in accordance with,
12 C.F.R. &sect;&sect; 252.81, 47.2 or 382.1, as applicable; and</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1.5in; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">(iv)<FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
</FONT>&ldquo;<U>U.S. Special Resolution Regime</U>&rdquo; means each of (A) the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and the regulations
promulgated thereunder and (B) Title II of the Dodd- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the regulations promulgated
thereunder.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0 0pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">If the foregoing is
in accordance with your understanding, please indicate your acceptance of this Agreement by signing in the space provided below.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Very truly yours,</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">AMERICAN EQUITY INVESTMENT LIFE HOLDING COMPANY</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%">By</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 47%">/s/ Ted M. Johnson</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Title: CFO &amp; Treasurer</TD></TR>
</TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">Accepted: As of the date first written
above</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">For itself and on behalf of
    the several Underwriters listed in Schedule 1 hereto.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">MORGAN STANLEY &amp; CO. LLC</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">/s/ Ian Drewe</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Authorized Signatory</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">BOFA SECURITIES, INC.</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">/s/ Randolph B. Randolph</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Authorized Signatory</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">RBC CAPITAL MARKETS, LLC</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">/s/ Scott G. Primrose</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Authorized Signatory</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">WELLS FARGO SECURITIES, LLC</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">/s/ Carolyn Hurley</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Authorized Signatory</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">J.P. MORGAN SECURITIES LLC</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 3%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">By</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 47%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">/s/ Som Bhattacharyya</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-left: 0.125in; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">Authorized Signatory</FONT></TD>
    <TD><FONT STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Schedule 1</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" STYLE="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Underwriter</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 1pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD COLSPAN="2" STYLE="text-align: center; white-space: nowrap; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; border-bottom: Black 1pt solid">Number of Securities<BR>
 to be Purchased</TD><TD STYLE="padding-bottom: 1pt; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="width: 87%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">Morgan Stanley &amp; Co. LLC</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="width: 10%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">2,400,000</TD><TD STYLE="width: 1%; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">BofA Securities, Inc.</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">2,400,000</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">RBC Capital Markets, LLC</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">2,400,000</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">Wells Fargo Securities, LLC</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">2,400,000</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">J.P. Morgan Securities LLC</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">1,200,000</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">Citigroup Global Markets Inc.</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">600,000</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: rgb(204,238,255)">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc.</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="border-bottom: Black 1pt solid; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">600,000</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: White">
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -10pt; padding-left: 10pt">Total</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</TD>
    <TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: right">12,000,000</TD><TD STYLE="font-size: 10pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Annex A</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>Time of Sale Information</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">Pricing Term Sheet,
dated June 10, 2020, substantially in the form of Annex&nbsp;B.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in"></P>

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    <DIV STYLE="page-break-before: always; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 12pt"><P STYLE="margin: 0pt">&nbsp;</P></DIV>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&nbsp;</P>




<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><B>Annex B</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; padding-left: 5.75pt; font-size: 10pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Pricing Term Sheet <BR>
Dated June 10, 2020</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 50%; padding-left: 5.75pt; font-size: 10pt; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Filed pursuant to Rule 433<BR>
Issuer Free Writing Prospectus<BR>
 supplementing the Preliminary Prospectus<BR>
 Supplement<BR>
dated June 10, 2020 and the <BR>
Prospectus dated August 30, 2019<BR>
Registration No. 333-233544</B></FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B>American Equity Investment Life Holding
Company<BR>
Pricing Term Sheet</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><B><I>12,000,000 Depositary Shares, Each
Representing a 1/1,000th Interest in a Share of 6.625%<BR>
Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B</I></B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">This pricing term sheet to the preliminary prospectus supplement,
dated June 10, 2020 (the &ldquo;Preliminary Prospectus Supplement&rdquo;), should be read together with the Preliminary Prospectus
Supplement before making a decision in connection with an investment in the securities. The information in this pricing term sheet
supersedes the information contained in the Preliminary Prospectus Supplement to the extent that it is inconsistent therewith.
Terms used but not defined herein have the meaning ascribed to them in the Preliminary Prospectus Supplement.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="width: 40%; padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Issuer:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="width: 60%; padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">American Equity Investment Life Holding Company (the &ldquo;Issuer&rdquo;)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Distribution:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">SEC registered</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Security description:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Depositary shares (the &ldquo;Depositary Shares&rdquo;), each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of the Issuer&rsquo;s 6.625% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B (the &ldquo;Preferred Shares&rdquo;)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Number of depositary shares:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">12,000,000</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Over-allotment option:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">No over-allotment option applies to this offering.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Liquidation preference:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$25,000 liquidation preference per Preferred Share (equivalent to $25.00 per Depositary Share)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Aggregate liquidation preference:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$300,000,000</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Public offering price:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$25.00 per Depositary Share</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Underwriting discount (retail):</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$0.7875 per Depositary Share</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Underwriting discount (institutional):</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$0.500 per Depositary Share</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt; width: 40%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Net proceeds (before expenses):</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt; width: 60%"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">$291,258,112.50</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Maturity date:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Perpetual</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Dividend rate:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">When, as and if declared by the Issuer&rsquo;s board of directors (or a duly authorized committee of the board), out of funds legally available for the payment of dividends, (i) from the date of original issue to, but excluding, September 1, 2025 (the <FONT STYLE="font-style: normal">&ldquo;</FONT><FONT STYLE="font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none"><I>First Call Date</I></FONT><FONT STYLE="font-style: normal">&rdquo;</FONT>) at a fixed rate per annum of 6.625% and (ii) from, and including, the First Call Date, during each reset period, at a rate per annum equal to the Five-year U.S. Treasury Rate as of the most recent reset dividend determination date (as described in the preliminary prospectus supplement) plus 6.297%.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Dividend payment dates:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The first day of March, June, September and December of each year, commencing on December 1, 2020, subject to adjustment for business days. If any dividend payment date is not a business day, then the dividend with respect to that dividend payment date will be paid on the next succeeding business day, without interest or other payment in respect of such delayed payment. &ldquo;Business day&rdquo; means any day other than a day on which federal or state banking institutions in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, are authorized or obligated by law, executive order or regulation to close.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Expected ratings*:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">BB (S&amp;P) / BB (Fitch)</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
    <TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Optional redemption:</B></FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The Issuer may redeem the Preferred Shares (a) in whole or in part, on or after September 1, 2025, at a redemption price equal to $25,000 per Preferred Shares (equivalent to $25.00 per Depositary Share) plus an amount equal to any declared but unpaid dividends and the portion of the quarterly dividend per share attributable to the then-current dividend period that has not been declared and paid to, but excluding, such redemption date, (b) in whole but not in part, at any time prior to September 1, 2025 within 90 days after the occurrence of a &ldquo;rating agency event&rdquo; (as defined in the preliminary prospectus supplement), at a redemption price equal to $25,500 per share of Series B Preferred Stock (102% of the stated amount of $25,000 per share) (equivalent to $25.50 per Depositary Share), plus an amount equal to any declared but unpaid dividends and the portion of the quarterly dividend per share attributable to the then-current dividend period that has not been declared and paid to, but excluding, such redemption date and (c) in whole but not in part, at any time prior to September 1, 2025 within 90 days after the occurrence of a &ldquo;regulatory capital event&rdquo; (as defined in the preliminary prospectus supplement), at a redemption price equal to $25,000 per share of Series B Preferred Stock (equivalent to $25.00 per Depositary Share), plus an amount equal to any declared but unpaid dividends and the portion of the quarterly dividend per share attributable to the then-current dividend period that has not been declared and paid to, but excluding, such redemption date.</FONT></TD></TR>
</TABLE>

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<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt; width: 40%"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Trade date:</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt; width: 60%"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">June 10, 2020</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Settlement date:</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">T+5 (June 17, 2020). It is expected that delivery of the Depositary Shares will be made against payment therefor on or about June 17, 2020, which is the fifth business day following the date hereof (such settlement cycle being referred to as &ldquo;T+5&rdquo;). Under Rule 15c6-1 under the Exchange Act, trades in the secondary market generally are required to settle in two business days, unless the parties to the trade expressly agree otherwise. Accordingly, purchasers who wish to trade the Depositary Shares earlier than the second business day before June 17, 2020 will be required, by virtue of the fact that the Depositary Shares initially will settle in T+5, to specify an alternate settlement cycle at the time of any such trade to prevent a failed settlement and should consult their own advisors.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>CUSIP:</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">025676 602</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>ISIN:</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">US0256766025</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Expected Listing:</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="text-align: justify; padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Application will be made to list the Depositary Shares on the New York Stock Exchange (the &ldquo;NYSE&rdquo;) under the symbol &ldquo;AELPRB.&rdquo; If approved for listing, trading of the Depositary Shares on the NYSE is expected to commence within the 30-day period after the original issuance date of the Depositary Shares.</FONT></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="vertical-align: top">
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Joint book-running managers:</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-left: 5.75pt">Morgan Stanley &amp; Co. LLC<BR> BofA Securities, Inc.<BR> RBC Capital Markets, LLC<BR> Wells Fargo Securities, LLC<BR> J.P. Morgan Securities LLC</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

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<TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-bottom: 12pt; padding-left: 5.75pt; width: 40%"><FONT STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><B>Co-managers:</B></FONT></TD>
<TD STYLE="padding-right: 5.75pt; padding-left: 5.75pt; width: 60%">Citigroup Global Markets Inc.<BR> SunTrust Robinson Humphrey, Inc.<BR> &nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">* A securities rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or
hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><B>The issuer has filed a registration
statement (including a prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus) with the SEC for the offering to which this communication
relates. Before you invest, you should read the prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus in that registration statement
and other documents the issuer has filed with the SEC for more complete information about the issuer and this offering. You may
get these documents for free by visiting EDGAR on the SEC Web site at <U>www.sec.gov</U>. Alternatively, the issuer, any underwriter
or any dealer participating in the offering will arrange to send you to the prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus
if you request it by contacting Morgan Stanley &amp; Co. LLC toll free at 1-866-718-1649; BofA Securities, Inc. toll free at 1-800-294-1322;
RBC Capital Markets, LLC toll free at 1-866-375-6829; Wells Fargo Securities, LLC toll free at 1-800-645-3751; and J.P. Morgan
Securities LLC toll-free at 1-866-803-9204.</B></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="text-align: justify; font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">Any disclaimer or other notice that may appear below is not
applicable to this communication and should be disregarded. Such disclaimer or notice was automatically generated as a result of
this communication being sent by Bloomberg or another email system.</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-99.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>tm2022149d4_ex99-1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EXHIBIT 99.1
<TEXT>
<HTML>
<HEAD>
     <TITLE></TITLE>
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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&#160;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Exhibit
99.1&#160;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&#160;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: right"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>News
Release&#160;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&#160;</B></Font></P>

<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse">
<TR><TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; text-align: left; width: 50%; vertical-align: middle"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><IMG SRC="tm2022149d4_ex99-1.jpg">&#160;</FONT></TD>
    <TD STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; width: 50%"><P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><I>For more information, contact:</I></B></FONT></P>
                                                                     <P STYLE="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>Steven
                                         D. Schwartz, Vice President-Investor Relations<BR> </B>(515) 273-3763<BR> <U>sschwartz@american-equity.com</U></FONT></P></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B><U>FOR
IMMEDIATE RELEASE</U></B> &#160; &#160;</FONT></P>



<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>June 10, 2020</B></FONT></P>


<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>&#160;</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt"><B>American
Equity Prices $300 Million Public Offering of Depositary Shares Representing Series B Preferred Stock</B></FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0; text-align: center"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">WEST
DES MOINES, Iowa (June 10, 2020) - American Equity Investment Life Holding Company (NYSE: AEL) (&#8220;American Equity&#8221;
or the &#8220;Company&#8221;) announced today that it has priced a public offering of 12 million depositary shares, each of which
represents a 1/1,000th interest in a share of its 6.625% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series B, par value
$1.00 and $25,000 liquidation preference per share (equivalent to $25.00 per depositary share). The Company intends to list the
depositary shares on the NYSE under the symbol &#8220;AELPRB.&#8221; The offering is expected to close on June 17, 2020, subject
to customary closing conditions.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
Company intends to use the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes, which may include contributions to the
capital and surplus of its life insurance subsidiaries and working capital.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">Morgan
Stanley &amp; Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC and J.P. Morgan Securities
LLC are acting as joint book-running managers for the offering.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">The
offering is being made pursuant to an existing effective shelf registration statement (including a prospectus) filed with the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;SEC&#8221;) and is being made solely by means of a prospectus supplement and
accompanying base prospectus. Copies of the prospectus supplement and related base prospectus may be obtained from the SEC&#8217;s
website at www.sec.gov or upon request to: Morgan Stanley &amp; Co. LLC, 180 Varick Street, New York, New York 10014, Attention:
Prospectus Department, at 1-866-718-1649 or prospectus@morganstanley.com; BofA Securities, Inc., NC1-004-03-43, 200 North College
Street, 3rd floor, Charlotte, NC 28255-0001, Attn: Prospectus Department, at dg.prospectus_requests@bofa.com or 1-800-294-1322;
RBC Capital Markets, LLC, toll free at 1-866-375-6829 or rbcnyfixedincomeprospectus@rbccm.com; Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, 608
2nd Avenue South, Suite 1000, Minneapolis, MN 55402, Attn: WFS Customer Service at wfscustomerservice@wellsfargo.com or toll free
at 1-800-645-3751; or J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, 383 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10179, at 1-212-834-4533.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
press release does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy the depositary shares, nor shall there
be any offer or sale of the depositary shares in any state or jurisdiction in which such an offer, solicitation or sale would
be unlawful.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">NOTE
REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">This
press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
Forward-looking statements relate to future operations, strategies, financial results or other developments, and are subject to
assumptions, risks and uncertainties. Statements such as &#8220;guidance&#8221;, &#8220;expect&#8221;, &#8220;anticipate&#8221;,
&#8220;believe&#8221;, &#8220;goal&#8221;, &#8220;objective&#8221;, &#8220;target&#8221;, &#8220;may&#8221;, &#8220;should&#8221;,
&#8220;estimate&#8221;, &#8220;projects&#8221; or similar words as well as specific projections of future results qualify as forward-looking
statements. Factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these forward looking statements
can be found in the company&#8217;s Form 10-K filed with the SEC. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statement
was made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update such forward-looking statements. There can be no assurance that other
factors not currently anticipated by the Company will not materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Investors
are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">ABOUT
AMERICAN EQUITY</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">&#160;</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"><FONT STYLE="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, Serif; font-size: 10pt">American
Equity Investment Life Holding Company, through its wholly-owned operating subsidiaries, is a leading issuer of fixed index annuities
through independent agents, banks and broker-dealers. American Equity Investment Life Holding Company, a New York Stock Exchange
listed company (NYSE: AEL), is headquartered in West Des Moines, Iowa.</FONT></P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0">&nbsp;</P>

<P STYLE="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0pt 0"></P>

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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.DEF
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>ael-20200610_def.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION DEFINITION LINKBASE
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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>7
<FILENAME>ael-20200610_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
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      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityPrimarySicNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Primary SIC Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine3_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Address Line Three</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCountry" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCountry_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Country</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_CountryRegion" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CountryRegion" xlink:to="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CountryRegion_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Country Region</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">City Area Code</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Local Phone Number</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_Extension" xlink:label="dei_Extension" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Extension" xlink:to="dei_Extension_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Extension_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Extension</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag" xlink:to="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_NoTradingSymbolFlag_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">No Trading Symbol Flag</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12gTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_Security12gTitle_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(g) Security</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityReportingObligation" xlink:to="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_SecurityReportingObligation_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Security Reporting Obligation</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AnnualInformationForm" xlink:to="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AnnualInformationForm_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Annual Information Form</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements" xlink:to="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_AuditedAnnualFinancialStatements_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Audited Annual Financial Statements</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer" xlink:to="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityWellKnownSeasonedIssuer_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers" xlink:to="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityVoluntaryFilers_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Voluntary Filers</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus" xlink:to="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityCurrentReportingStatus_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Current Reporting Status</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent" xlink:to="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityInteractiveDataCurrent_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Interactive Data Current</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFilerCategory" xlink:to="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityFilerCategory_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Filer Category</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntitySmallBusiness" xlink:to="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntitySmallBusiness_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Small Business</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Entity Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod" xlink:to="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_EntityExTransitionPeriod_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Elected Not To Use the Extended Transition Period</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" />
      <link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard" xlink:to="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard_lbl" xlink:type="arc" />
      <link:label xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:label="dei_DocumentAccountingStandard_lbl" xml:lang="en-US">Document Accounting Standard</link:label>
      <link:loc xlink:type="locator" xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" xlink:label="dei_OtherReportingStandardItemNumber" />
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</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>8
<FILENAME>ael-20200610_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
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end
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>10
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
							if (e.nextSibling.style.display=='none') {
							e.nextSibling.style.display='block';
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</head>
<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.20.1</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idp6630016608">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Cover<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Jun. 10, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Entity Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Jun. 10,  2020<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">001-31911<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">AMERICAN EQUITY INVESTMENT LIFE HOLDING COMPANY<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001039828<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">42-1447959<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">IA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">6000 Westown Parkway<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">West Des Moines<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">IA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">50266<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">515<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">221-0002<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_CommonStockMember', window );">Common Stock [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Entity Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common
Stock, par value $1 per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">AEL<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="rh">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_us-gaap_StatementClassOfStockAxis=us-gaap_SeriesAPreferredStockMember', window );">Series A Preferred Stock [Member]</a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Entity Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Depositary Shares, each representing a 1/1,000th interest in a share of 5.95% Fixed-Rate Reset Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock,
Series A<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">AELPRA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NYSE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The end date of the period reflected on the cover page if a periodic report. For all other reports and registration statements containing historical data, it is the date up through which that historical data is presented.  If there is no historical data in the report, use the filing date. The format of the date is CCYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityInformationLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityInformationLineItems</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "12",
   "Subsection": "b-2"
  },
  "r16": {
   "Name": "Regulation S-T",
   "Number": "232",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "405"
  },
  "r17": {
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "230",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "425"
  },
  "r18": {
   "Name": "Securities Act",
   "Number": "7A",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "B",
   "Subsection": "2"
  },
  "r2": {
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "12",
   "Subsection": "d1-1"
  },
  "r3": {
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "12",
   "Subsection": "g"
  },
  "r4": {
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "12, 13, 15d"
  },
  "r5": {
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "13e",
   "Subsection": "4c"
  },
  "r6": {
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "14d",
   "Subsection": "2b"
  },
  "r7": {
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "15",
   "Subsection": "d"
  },
  "r8": {
   "Name": "Exchange Act",
   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "14a",
   "Subsection": "12"
  },
  "r9": {
   "Name": "Form 10-Q",
   "Number": "240",
   "Publisher": "SEC",
   "Section": "13",
   "Subsection": "a-13"
  }
 },
 "version": "2.1"
}
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