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Fair Value of Financial Instruments | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | 11. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying amount and fair value of financial instruments are shown below:
|  | September 30, 2024 |  | December 31, 2023
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
|  | (Dollars in millions)
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities |  | $ | 45,683 |  |  | $ | 45,683 |  |  | $ | 12,877 |  |  | $ | 12,877 |
Equity securities (1) |  | 1,522 |  |  | 1,522 |  |  | 1,404 |  |  | 1,404 |
Mortgage loans on real estate, net of allowance |  | 11,866 |  |  | 11,783 |  |  | 5,658 |  |  | 5,405 |
Private loans, net of allowance |  | 2,725 |  |  | 2,725 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 194 |
Policy loans |  | 277 |  |  | 277 |  |  | 390 |  |  | 390 |
Short-term investments |  | 3,674 |  |  | 3,674 |  |  | 2,397 |  |  | 2,397 |
Real estate partnerships (4) |  | 974 |  |  | 974 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other invested assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets |  | 1,886 |  |  | 1,886 |  |  | 227 |  |  | 227 |
Collaterals received on derivatives (excluding excess collateral) |  | (1,825) |  |  | (1,825) |  |  | (226) |  |  | (226) |
Separately managed accounts |  | 98 |  |  | 98 |  |  | 105 |  |  | 105 |
Other (2) |  | 983 |  |  | 983 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 13,873 |  |  | 13,873 |  |  | 3,192 |  |  | 3,192 |
Reinsurance recoverables and deposit assets |  | 14,527 |  |  | 13,463 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other assets - market risk benefits |  | 758 |  |  | 758 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 34 |
Separate account assets (3) |  | 1,302 |  |  | 1,302 |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | 1,189 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 98,323 |  |  | $ | 97,176 |  |  | $ | 27,455 |  |  | $ | 27,202 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholders’ account balances – embedded derivative |  | $ | 1,771 |  |  | $ | 1,771 |  |  | $ | 873 |  |  | $ | 873 |
Market risk benefits |  | 3,725 |  |  | 3,725 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 34 |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative liabilities |  | 26 |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Funds withheld for reinsurance liabilities |  | 278 |  |  | 278 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Notes payable |  | 179 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 174 |
Long term borrowings |  | 2,959 |  |  | 2,991 |  |  | 1,493 |  |  | 1,493 |
Separate account liabilities (3) |  | 1,302 |  |  | 1,302 |  |  | 1,189 |  |  | 1,189 |
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | 10,240 |  |  | $ | 10,272 |  |  | $ | 3,763 |  |  | $ | 3,763 |
(1)Balance as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 includes $0 million and $424 million, respectively, of private equity measured at cost less impairment, if any, as their fair values were not readily determinable and were therefore not subject to fair value hierarchy. (2)Balance includes $427 million and $14 million of other invested assets not subject to fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. (3)Balance includes $22 million and $26 million of assets, and corresponding liabilities, that are not subject to fair value hierarchy as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. (4)Balance as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 represents only real estate partnerships in which the company has elected fair value option under ASC 825. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability. A fair value hierarchy is used to determine fair value based on a hypothetical transaction as of the measurement date from the perspective of a market participant. The Company has evaluated the types of securities in its investment portfolio to determine an appropriate hierarchy level based upon trading activity and the observability of market inputs. The classification of assets or liabilities within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of significant input to its valuation. The input levels are defined as follows: Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities Level 2 - Quoted prices in markets that are not active or inputs that are observable directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities other than quoted prices in Level 1; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Level 3 assets and liabilities include financial instruments whose values are determined using pricing models and third-party evaluation, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation Valuation Techniques for Financial Instruments Recorded at Fair Value Available-for-sale Fixed Maturity Securities — The Company utilizes pricing services to estimate fair value measurements. The fair value for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities that are disclosed as Level 1 measurements are based on unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets that are readily available in an active market. The estimates of fair value for most available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, including municipal bonds, provided by the pricing service are disclosed as Level 2 measurements as the estimates are based on observable market information rather than market quotes. The pricing service utilizes market quotations for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. Since available-for-sale fixed maturity securities generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing service prepares estimates of fair value measurements for these securities using its proprietary pricing applications, which include available relevant market information, benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and matrix pricing. Additionally, an option adjusted spread model is used to develop prepayment and interest rate scenarios. The pricing service evaluates each asset class based on relevant market information, credit information, perceived market movements and sector news. The market inputs utilized in the pricing evaluation, listed in the approximate order of priority, include: benchmark yields, reported trades, pricing source quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference data, and economic events. The extent of the use of each market input depends on asset class and the market conditions. Depending on the security, the priority of the use of inputs may change or some market inputs may not be relevant. For some securities, additional inputs may be necessary. The Company has reviewed the inputs and methodology used and the techniques applied by the pricing service to produce quotes that represent the fair value of a specific security. The review confirms that the pricing service is utilizing information from observable transactions or a technique that represents a market participant’s assumptions. The Company does not adjust quotes received from the pricing service. The pricing service utilized by the Company has indicated that they will only produce an estimate of fair value if there is objectively verifiable information available. The Company holds a small amount of private placement debt and available-for-sale fixed maturity securities that have characteristics that make them unsuitable for matrix pricing. For these securities, a quote from an independent pricing source (typically a market maker) is obtained. Due to the disclaimers on the quotes that indicate the price is indicative only, the Company includes these fair value estimates in Level 3. For securities priced using a quote from an independent pricing source, such as certain available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, the Company uses a market-based fair value analysis to validate the reasonableness of prices received. Price variances above a certain threshold are analyzed further to determine if any pricing issue exists. This analysis is performed quarterly. Equity Securities — For publicly-traded equity securities, prices are received from a nationally recognized pricing service that are based on observable market transactions, and these securities are classified as Level 1 measurements. For certain preferred stock, current market quotes in active markets are unavailable. In these instances, an estimated fair value is received from the pricing service. The service utilizes similar methodologies to price preferred stocks as it does for available-for-sale fixed maturity securities. If applicable, these estimates would be disclosed as Level 2 measurements. The Company tests the accuracy of the information provided by reference to other services annually. For certain private equity without readily determinable fair values, fair value estimates are unavailable and are not disclosed. Short-term Investments — Short-term investments are primarily commercial paper rated A2 or P2 or better by Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s, respectively, as well as amounts loaned under reverse repurchase agreements. Commercial paper and amounts loaned under reverse repurchase agreements are carried at amortized cost which approximates fair value. These investments are classified as Level 2 measurements. Real estate and Real Estate Partnerships — The fair values of residential real estate investments held through consolidation of investment company VIEs are initially recorded based on the cost to purchase the properties and subsequently recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and falls within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value of the residential real estate properties was determined using broker price opinions (BPOs). A BPO is an appraisal methodology commonly used in the industry to estimate net proceeds from the sale of a home. The significant inputs into the valuation include market comparable home sales, age and size of the home, location and property conditions. For certain of the Company’s interest in consolidated variable interest entities, the Company elected the fair value option in accordance with ASC 825. Gains and losses resulting from the change in fair value of the consolidated variable interest entities we have elected to fair value option are recorded as a component of net investment income. The fair value of such interest is derived using discounted cash flow methodology and falls within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Two of our consolidated variable interest entities, which are fair valued on a recurring basis, invest in limited liability companies that invest in operating entities which hold multifamily real estate properties. The fair value of the limited liability companies was obtained from a third party and is based on the fair value of the underlying real estate held by the various operating entities. The real estate is initially calculated based on the cost to purchase the properties and subsequently calculated based on a discounted cash flow methodology. Investment Funds — We own an investment in an infrastructure limited liability company through a consolidated VIE that is measured at fair value on a recurring basis. We initially recorded the investment at the cost to purchase the investment and subsequently recorded based on a discounted cash flow methodology. We own one consolidated limited partnership fund, which is measured using NAV as a practical expedient. This investment is a closed-end fund that invests in infrastructure credit assets. Redemptions are not allowed until the funds’ termination date and liquidations begin. Cash and Cash Equivalents — Amounts reported in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Position for these instruments are reported at their historical cost which approximates fair value due to the nature of the assets assigned to this category. Other Invested Asset s – The Company holds interest in an investment company limited partnership, which invests in residual interest investments, and is a consolidated VIE. The investment was initially recorded at cost and will subsequently be recorded at fair value using discounted cash flow methodology. This investments falls within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Additionally, the Company has elected the fair value option for certain residual interest investments, which are fair valued using discounted cash flow methodology. These investments fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Gains and losses recorded for residual interest investments we have elected to fair value option are recorded as a component of net investment income. Separate Account Assets and Liabilities — The separate account assets included on the quantitative disclosures fair value hierarchy table are comprised of short-term investments, equity securities, and available-for-sale fixed maturity. Equity securities are classified as Level 1 measurements. Short-term investments and available-for-sale fixed maturity securities are classified as Level 2 measurements. These classifications for separate account assets reflect the same fair value level methodologies as listed above as they are derived from the same vendors and follow the same process. The separate account assets also include cash and cash equivalents, investment funds, accrued investment income, and receivables for securities. These are not included in the quantitative disclosures of fair value hierarchy table. Market Risk Benefits - MRBs are valued using stochastic models that incorporate a spread reflecting our non-performance risk. The key assumptions for calculating the fair value of the MRBs are market assumptions such as equity market returns, interest rate levels, market volatility and correlations and policyholder behavior assumptions such as lapse, mortality, utilization and withdrawal patterns. Risk margins are included in the policyholder behavior assumptions. The assumptions are based on a combination of historical data and actuarial judgment. MRBs are classified as Level 3 fair value measurements as the fair value is based on unobservable inputs. The following significant unobservable inputs are used for measuring the fair value: (1)Utilization – The utilization assumption represents the percentage of policyholders who will elect to receive lifetime income benefit payments in a given year. The range and weighted average of this assumption can vary from year to year depending on the characteristics of policies in a given cohort within the rate. (2)Option budget – The option budget assumption represents the expected cost of annual call options we will purchase in the future. (3)Nonperformance risk – The nonperformance risk assumption impacts the discount rate used in the discounted future cash flow valuation and includes our own credit risk based on the current market credit spreads for debt-like instruments we have issued and are available in the market. Additionally, the nonperformance risk assumption includes the counterparty credit risk used in the fair value measurement of ceded market risk benefits which is determined using the current market credit spreads based on the counterparty credit rating. (4)Mortality rates – The mortality rate assumptions are set based on a combination of company and industry experience, adjusted for improvement factors. Mortality rates vary by age and by demographic characteristics such as gender. (5)Lapse rates – The lapse rate assumptions represent the expected rate of full surrenders which are set based on product type or feature and whether a policy is subject to surrender charges. Derivative Assets/Derivative Liabilities Equity-index options — Equity index options are valued using industry accepted valuation models and are adjusted for the nonperformance risk of each counterparty net of any collateral held. Inputs include market volatility and risk-free interest rates and are used in income valuation techniques in arriving at a fair value for each option contract. The nonperformance risk for each counterparty is based upon its credit default swap rate. We have no performance obligations related to the call options purchased to fund our fixed index annuity and equity-indexed universal life policy liabilities. Certain equity-index options are valued based on vendor sourced prices and are classified as Level 3 measurements due to the use of significant unobservable inputs by the vendor. Foreign exchange forwards — Foreign exchange forwards are valued using observable market inputs, including forward currency exchange rates. These are classified as Level 2 measurements. Policyholders’ Account Balances – Embedded Derivatives —The fair value of the embedded derivative component of our fixed index annuity policyholder account balance reserve is estimated at each valuation date by (i) projecting policy contract values and minimum guaranteed contract values over the expected lives of the contracts and (ii) discounting the excess of the projected contract value amounts at the applicable risk free interest rates adjusted for our nonperformance risk related to those liabilities. The following significant unobservable inputs are used for measuring the fair value: (1)Option budget (2)Lapse rates (3)Nonperformance risk Funds Withheld for Reinsurance Liabilities — We estimate the fair value of the embedded derivative based on the fair value of the assets supporting the funds withheld payable under modified coinsurance and funds withheld coinsurance reinsurance agreements. The fair value of the embedded derivative is classified as Level 3 based on valuation methods used for the assets held supporting the reinsurance agreements. Separately Managed Accounts — The separately managed account manager uses the mid-point of a range from a third-party to price these securities. Discounted cash flows (yield analysis) and market transactions approach are used in the valuation. They use discount rates which is considered an unobservable input. The fair value hierarchy measurements for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are shown below:
|  | Assets and Liabilities Carried at Fair Value by Hierarchy Level
|  | Total Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (Dollars in millions)
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury and government |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. states and political subdivisions |  | 3,383 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,323 |  |  | 60 |
Foreign governments |  | 429 |  |  | — |  |  | 429 |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities |  | 31,473 |  |  | — |  |  | 28,292 |  |  | 3,181 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 1,120 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,096 |  |  | 24 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | 2,792 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,773 |  |  | 19 |
Collateralized debt securities |  | 6,408 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,351 |  |  | 3,057 |
Total fixed maturity, available-for-sale |  | 45,683 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 39,265 |  |  | 6,341 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock |  | 1,246 |  |  | 554 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 690 |
Preferred stock |  | 272 |  |  | 26 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 72 |
Private equity and other |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Total equity securities |  | 1,522 |  |  | 580 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 766 |
Real estate at fair value (1) |  | 1,282 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,282 |
Real estate partnerships at fair value (1) |  | 1,014 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,014 |
Investment funds (1)(2) |  | 115 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 115 |
Short-term investments |  | 3,675 |  |  | 2,306 |  |  | 566 |  |  | 803 |
Other invested assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets |  | 1,886 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,621 |  |  | 265 |
Collaterals received on derivatives (excluding excess collateral) |  | (1,825) |  |  | (1,825) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Separately managed accounts |  | 98 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98 |
Other |  | 556 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 556 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 13,873 |  |  | 13,873 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other assets – market risk benefit assets |  | 758 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 758 |
Separate account assets (3) |  | 1,280 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 1,079 |  |  | — |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 69,917 |  |  | $ | 15,212 |  |  | $ | 42,707 |  |  | $ | 11,998 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholders’ account balances – embedded derivative |  | $ | 1,771 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,771 |
Market risk benefits |  | 3,725 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,725 |
Funds withheld for reinsurance liabilities – embedded derivatives |  | 278 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 278 |
Other liabilities – derivative liabilities |  | 26 |  |  | — |  |  | 26 |  |  | — |
Separate account liabilities (3) |  | 1,280 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 1,079 |  |  | — |
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | 7,080 |  |  | $ | 201 |  |  | $ | 1,105 |  |  | $ | 5,774 |
(1)Balances represent financial assets that are fair valued in accordance with ASC 825 as well as financial assets that are fair valued as a result of consolidation of investment company VIE in accordance with ASC 946. (2)Balance excludes $397 million of investments measured at estimated fair value using NAV as a practical expedient. (3)Balance includes $22 million of assets, and corresponding liabilities, that are not subject to fair value hierarchy.
|  | Assets and Liabilities Carried at Fair Value by Hierarchy Level
|  | Total Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (Dollars in millions)
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasury and government |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. states and political subdivisions |  | 578 |  |  | — |  |  | 578 |  |  | — |
Foreign governments |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | — |
Corporate debt securities |  | 10,784 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,570 |  |  | 2,214 |
Residential mortgage-backed securities |  | 127 |  |  | — |  |  | 127 |  |  | — |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Collateralized debt securities |  | 1,317 |  |  | — |  |  | 416 |  |  | 901 |
Total fixed maturity, available-for-sale |  | 12,877 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 9,700 |  |  | 3,115 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock |  | 1,307 |  |  | 314 |  |  | — |  |  | 993 |
Preferred stock |  | 97 |  |  | 22 |  |  | — |  |  | 75 |
Private equity and other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total equity securities |  | 1,404 |  |  | 336 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,068 |
Real estate at fair value |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real estate partnerships at fair value |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Investment funds |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Short-term investments |  | 2,397 |  |  | 1,100 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,297 |
Other invested assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative assets |  | 227 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 227 |
Collaterals received on derivatives (excluding excess collateral) |  | (226) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (226) |
Separately managed accounts |  | 105 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 105 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 3,192 |  |  | 3,192 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other assets – market risk benefit assets |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |
Separate account assets (1) |  | 1,163 |  |  | 406 |  |  | 757 |  |  | — |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 21,173 |  |  | $ | 5,096 |  |  | $ | 10,457 |  |  | $ | 5,620 |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholders’ account balances – embedded derivative |  | $ | 873 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 873 |
Market risk benefits |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |
Funds withheld for reinsurance liabilities – embedded derivatives |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other liabilities – derivative liabilities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Separate account liabilities (1) |  | 1,163 |  |  | 406 |  |  | 757 |  |  | — |
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | 2,070 |  |  | $ | 406 |  |  | $ | 757 |  |  | $ | 907 |
(1)Balance includes $26 million of assets, and corresponding liabilities, that are not subject to fair value hierarchy. Fair Value Information About Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value Information about fair value estimates for financial instruments not measured at fair value is discussed below: Mortgage Loans — The fair value of mortgage loans is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses on a loan-by-loan basis by applying a discount rate to expected cash flows from future installment and balloon payments. The discount rate takes into account general market trends and specific credit risk trends for the individual loan. Factors used to arrive at the discount rate include inputs from spreads based on U.S. Treasury notes and the loan’s credit quality, region, property-type, lien priority, payment type and current status. Private Loans — The fair value of private loans is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses on a loan-by-loan basis by applying a discount rate to expected cash flows from future installment and balloon payments. The discount rate takes into account general market trends and specific credit risk trends for the individual loan. For certain of our collateral loans, we have concluded the carrying value approximates fair value. Policy Loans — The carrying value of policy loans is the outstanding balance plus any accrued interest. Due to the collateralized nature of policy loans such that they cannot be separated from the policy contracts, the unpredictable timing of repayments and the fact that settlement is at outstanding value, the carrying value of policy loans approximates fair value. Long Term Borrowings — Long term borrowings are carried at outstanding principal balance. The carrying value approximates fair value because the carrying value represents the amount owing and payable to the creditor at the reporting date. Fair values for subordinated debentures are estimated using discounted cash flow calculations principally based on observable inputs including our incremental borrowing rates, which reflect our credit rating, for similar types of borrowings with maturities consistent with those remaining for the debt being valued. Notes Payable — Notes payable are carried at outstanding principal balance. For a majority of the notes, the carrying value of the notes payable approximates fair value because the underlying interest rates approximate market rates at the reporting date. Other Invested Assets — FHLB common stock is carried at cost which approximates fair value. The fair value of our COLI is equal to the cash surrender value of the policies. Policyholder’s Account Balances & Reinsurance Recoverables and Deposit Assets — The fair values of the policyholder account balances’ not involving significant mortality or morbidity risks, are stated at the cost we would incur to extinguish the liability (i.e., the cash surrender value) as these contracts are generally issued without an annuitization date. The deposit assets related to the ceded annuity benefit reserves have fair values determined in a similar fashion. For period-certain annuity benefit contracts, the fair value is determined by discounting the benefits at the interest rates currently in effect for newly issued immediate annuity contracts. All of the fair values presented within these categories fall within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as most of the inputs are unobservable market data. The carrying value and estimated fair value of financial instruments not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis are shown below:
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Fair Value Hierarchy Level
|  |  |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (Dollars in millions)
September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans on real estate, net of allowance |  | $ | 11,866 |  |  | $ | 11,783 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,783 |
Private loans, net of allowance |  | 2,725 |  |  | 2,725 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,725 |
Policy loans |  | 277 |  |  | 277 |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 276 |
Deposit assets, included in reinsurance recoverables and deposit assets |  | 14,527 |  |  | 13,463 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,463 |
Other invested assets |  | 427 |  |  | 427 |  |  | — |  |  | 403 |  |  | 24 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 29,822 |  |  | $ | 28,675 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholders' account balances – investment contracts, excluding embedded derivative |  | $ | 78,107 |  |  | $ | 78,107 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 78,107 |
Long term borrowings |  | 2,959 |  |  | 2,991 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,991 |
Notes payable |  | 179 |  |  | 179 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 179 |
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | 81,245 |  |  | $ | 81,277 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value |  | Fair Value Hierarchy Level
|  |  |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (Dollars in millions)
December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans on real estate, net of allowance |  | $ | 5,658 |  |  | $ | 5,405 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,405 |
Private loans, net of allowance |  | 194 |  |  | 194 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 194 |
Policy loans |  | 390 |  |  | 390 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 390 |
Deposit assets, included in reinsurance recoverables and deposit assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other invested assets |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Total financial assets |  | $ | 6,256 |  |  | $ | 6,003 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Policyholders' account balances – investment contracts, excluding embedded derivative |  | $ | 14,097 |  |  | $ | 14,097 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,097 |
Long term borrowings |  | 1,493 |  |  | 1,493 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,493 |
Notes payable |  | 174 |  |  | 174 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 174 |
Total financial liabilities |  | $ | 15,764 |  |  | $ | 15,764 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
For financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs during the periods, reconciliations of the beginning and ending balances are shown below:
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Assets |  | Liabilities
| Invested Assets (1) |  | Derivative Assets |  |  |  |  |  | Policyholders’ Account Balances – Embedded Derivative |  |  |  | Funds Withheld for Reinsurance Liabilities - Embedded Derivative |  |
| (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 9,598 |  |  | $ | 254 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,196 |  |  |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  |
Acquisitions from business combination | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Fair value changes in net income | 177 |  |  | 41 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 533 |  |  |  |  | 199 |  |  |
Fair value changes in other comprehensive income | (61) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Purchases | 1,697 |  |  | 37 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Sales | (298) |  |  | (67) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Settlements or maturities | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Premiums less benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Transfers into Level 3 | 65 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 | (203) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Balance, end of period | $ | 10,975 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,771 |  |  |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  |
| Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
| Assets |  |  |  | Liabilities
| Invested Assets (1) |  | Derivative Assets |  |  |  |  |  | Policyholders’ Account Balances – Embedded Derivative |  |  |  | Funds Withheld for Reinsurance Liabilities - Embedded Derivative |  |
| (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of period | $ | 4,620 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 809 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Acquisitions from business combination | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Fair value changes in net income | — |  |  | (32) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Fair value changes in other comprehensive income | (382) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Purchases | 653 |  |  | 38 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Sales | (1,058) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Settlements or maturities | (12) |  |  | (45) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Premiums less benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Transfers into Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Balance, end of period | $ | 3,821 |  |  | $ | 176 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 825 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024
| Assets |  | Liabilities
| Invested Assets (1) |  | Derivative Assets |  |  |  |  |  | Policyholders’ Account Balances – Embedded Derivative |  |  |  | Funds Withheld for Reinsurance Liabilities - Embedded Derivative |  |
| (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 5,585 |  |  | $ | 227 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 872 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Acquisitions from business combination | 4,288 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Fair value changes in net income | 189 |  |  | 122 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 858 |  |  |  |  | 278 |  |  |
Fair value changes in other comprehensive income | 121 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Purchases | 5,042 |  |  | 111 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Sales | (4,083) |  |  | (67) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Settlements or maturities | (2) |  |  | (128) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (30) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Premiums less benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | 71 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Transfers into Level 3 | 177 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 | (342) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Balance, end of period | $ | 10,975 |  |  | $ | 265 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,771 |  |  |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  |
| Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
| Assets |  | Liabilities
| Invested Assets (1) |  | Derivative Assets |  |  |  |  |  | Policyholders’ Account Balances – Embedded Derivative |  |  |  | Funds Withheld for Reinsurance Liabilities - Embedded Derivative |  |
| (Dollars in millions)
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 3,167 |  |  | $ | 121 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 726 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
Acquisitions from business combination | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Fair value changes in net income | 97 |  |  | 40 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Fair value changes in other comprehensive income | (383) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Purchases | 2,888 |  |  | 98 |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Sales | (1,936) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Settlements or maturities | (12) |  |  | (83) |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Premiums less benefits | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | (26) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Transfers into Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Transfers out of Level 3 | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |
Balance, end of period | $ | 3,821 |  |  | $ | 176 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 825 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  |
(1)Balance includes derivative collateral, separately managed accounts, and certain consolidated variable interest entities. Transfers into and out of Level 3 during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 were primarily the result of changes in observable pricing. Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements The following table provides information about the significant unobservable inputs used for recurring fair value measurements categorized within Level 3, excluding investments where third party valuation inputs were not reasonably available.
|  |  | September 30, 2024 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Valuation Techniques(s) |  | Unobservable Input Description |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate debt securities |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Weighted average lives |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized debt securities |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Weighted average lives |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate and real estate partnerships: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fair value option under ASC 825 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Terminal capitalization rate |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Investment horizon (years) |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment company VIE under ASC 946 |  |  | Broker price opinion |  | Market comparable home sales |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Age and size of home |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Location and property condition |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment funds at fair value |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |
Other invested assets - other |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | Weighted average lives |  |  |  |  |  |
Separately managed accounts |  |  | Discounted cash flows (yield analysis) |  | Discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | CVM |  | NCY EBITDA |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Market transaction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Valuation Techniques(s) |  | Unobservable Input Description |  |  |  |
|  |  | (Dollars in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Separately managed accounts |  |  | Discounted cash flows (yield analysis) |  | Discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | CVM |  | NCY EBITDA |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Market transaction |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 55 -Paragraph 107 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482078/820-10-55-107 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 55 -Paragraph 100 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482078/820-10-55-100 Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (c)(3) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2 Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (a) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2E -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2E Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (h) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (f) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (e) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 6A -Subparagraph (d) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-6A Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (h) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2 Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (g) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2 Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 940 -SubTopic 820 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (a) -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org/1943274/2147478119/940-820-50-1 + Details
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