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Financial instruments

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Financial instruments

36 Financial instruments

The disclosure of the Group’s financial instruments includes the following sections:

■ Concentration of credit risk;

■ Fair value measurement (including fair value hierarchy, level 3 reconciliation; transfers in and out of level 3; qualitative and quantitative disclosures of valuation techniques; qualitative discussion of the range of significant unobservable inputs; and investment funds measured at net asset value per share);

■ Fair value option; and

■ Financial instruments not carried at fair value.

Concentration of credit risk

Credit risk concentrations arise when a number of counterparties are engaged in similar business activities, are located in the same geographic region or when there are similar economic features that would cause their ability to meet contractual obligations to be similarly impacted by changes in economic conditions.

The Group has in place a credit risk appetite framework which provides for the oversight and control of concentrations of credit exposures by single name, product, industry, and country. The Group Credit Portfolio Management function under the Global Chief Credit Officer is responsible for monitoring the portfolio and assessing compliance with the framework and the portfolio limits and controls in place. Credit risk concentrations are identified and measured using a range of quantitative tools and metrics and are reported to the Credit Risk Appetite Committee on a monthly basis. The Group Credit Portfolio Management function performs portfolio reviews and detailed analyses of selected segments of the portfolio which are presented to the Credit Risk Appetite Committee and to other governance forums, including the Executive Board Risk Management Committee and the Board’s Risk Committee, where appropriate.

From an industry point of view, the combined credit exposure of the Group is diversified. A substantial portion of the credit exposure is with individual clients, particularly through residential mortgages in Switzerland, corporate credit exposures and lombard lending arrangements, or relates to derivative and other financial transactions with financial institutions. In both cases, the customer base is extensive and the number and variety of transactions are broad. For transactions with financial institutions and corporations, the business is also geographically diverse, with operations focused in the Americas, Europe and, to a lesser extent, Asia Pacific.

Fair value measurement

A significant portion of the Group’s financial instruments is carried at fair value. Deterioration of financial markets could significantly impact the fair value of these financial instruments and the results of operations.

The fair value of the majority of the Group’s financial instruments is based on quoted prices in active markets or observable inputs. These instruments include government and agency securities, certain short-term borrowings, most investment grade corporate debt, certain high yield debt securities, exchange-traded and certain OTC derivatives and most listed equity securities.

In addition, the Group holds financial instruments for which no prices are available and which have significant unobservable inputs. For these instruments, the determination of fair value requires subjective assessment and judgment, depending on liquidity, pricing assumptions, the current economic and competitive environment and the risks affecting the specific instrument. In such circumstances, valuation is determined based on management’s own judgments about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. These instruments include certain OTC derivatives, including interest rate, foreign exchange, equity and credit derivatives, certain corporate equity-linked securities, mortgage-related securities, private equity investments and certain loans and credit products, including leveraged finance, certain syndicated loans and certain high yield bonds, and life finance instruments. The fair value measurement disclosures exclude derivative transactions that are daily settled.

The fair value of financial instruments is impacted by factors such as benchmark interest rates, prices of financial instruments issued by third parties, commodity prices, foreign exchange rates and index prices or rates. In addition, valuation adjustments are an integral part of the valuation process when market prices are not indicative of the credit quality of a counterparty, and are applied to both OTC derivatives and debt instruments. The impact of changes in a counterparty’s credit spreads (known as credit valuation adjustments) is considered when measuring the fair value of assets, and the impact of changes in the Group’s own credit spreads (known as debit valuation adjustments) is considered when measuring the fair value of its liabilities. For OTC derivatives, the impact of changes in both the Group’s and the counterparty’s credit standing is considered when measuring their fair value, based on current CDS prices. The adjustments also take into account contractual factors designed to reduce the Group’s credit exposure to a counterparty, such as collateral held and master netting agreements. For hybrid debt instruments with embedded derivative features, the impact of changes in the Group’s credit standing is considered when measuring their fair value, based on current funded debt spreads.

US GAAP permits a reporting entity to measure the fair value of a group of financial assets and financial liabilities on the basis of the price that would be received to sell a net long position or paid to transfer a net short position for a particular risk exposure in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, the Group continues to apply bid and offer adjustments to net portfolios of cash securities and/or derivative instruments to adjust the value of the net position from a mid-market price to the appropriate bid or offer level that would be realized under normal market conditions for the net long or net short position for a specific market risk. In addition, the Group reflects the net exposure to credit risk for its derivative instruments where the Group has legally enforceable agreements with its counterparties that mitigate credit risk exposure in the event of default.

Valuation adjustments are recorded in a reasonable and consistent manner that results in an allocation to the relevant disclosures in the notes to the financial statements as if the valuation adjustment had been allocated to the individual unit of account.

Fair value hierarchy

The levels of the fair value hierarchy are defined as follows:

■ Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Group has the ability to access. This level of the fair value hierarchy provides the most reliable evidence of fair value and is used to measure fair value whenever available.

■ Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These inputs include: (i) quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; (ii) quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, that is, markets in which there are few transactions for the asset or liability, the prices are not current or price quotations vary substantially either over time or among market makers, or in which little information is publicly available; (iii) inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability; or (iv) inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

■ Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. These inputs reflect the Group’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk). These inputs are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances, which include the Group’s own data. The Group’s own data used to develop unobservable inputs is adjusted if information indicates that market participants would use different assumptions.

The Group records net open positions at bid prices if long, or at ask prices if short, unless the Group is a market maker in such positions, in which case mid-pricing is utilized. Fair value measurements are not adjusted for transaction costs.

Qualitative disclosures of valuation techniques

Overview

The Group has implemented and maintains a valuation control framework, which is supported by policies and procedures that define the principles for controlling the valuation of the Group’s financial instruments. Control functions such as Product Control and Risk Management review and approve significant valuation policies and procedures. The framework includes three main internal processes: (i) valuation governance; (ii) independent price verification and significant unobservable inputs review; and (iii) a cross-functional pricing model review. Through this framework, the Group determines the reasonableness of the fair value of its financial instruments.

On a monthly basis, meetings are held for each business line with senior representatives of the Front Office and Product Control to discuss independent price verification results, valuation adjustments, and other significant valuation issues. On a quarterly basis, a review of significant changes in the fair value of financial instruments is undertaken by Product Control and conclusions are reached regarding the reasonableness of those changes. Additionally, on a quarterly basis, meetings are held for each business line with senior representatives of the Front Office and control functions such as Product Control and Risk Management to discuss independent price verification results, valuation issues, business and market updates, as well as a review of significant changes in fair value from the prior quarter, significant unobservable inputs and prices used in valuation techniques, and valuation adjustments.

The valuation results are aggregated for reporting to the Valuation Risk Management Committee (VARMC) and the Audit Committee. The VARMC, which is comprised of Executive Board members and the heads of the business and control functions, meets to review and ratify valuation review conclusions, and to resolve significant valuation issues for the Group. Oversight of the valuation control framework is through specific and regular reporting on valuation directly to the Group’s Executive Board through the VARMC.

One of the key components of the governance process is the segregation of duties between the Front Office and Product Control. The Front Office is responsible for measuring inventory at fair value on a daily basis, while Product Control is responsible for independently reviewing and validating those valuations on a periodic basis. The Front Office values the inventory using, wherever possible, observable market data which may include executed transactions, dealer quotes or broker quotes for the same or similar instruments. Product Control validates this inventory using independently sourced data that also includes executed transactions, dealer quotes, and broker quotes.

In general, Product Control utilizes independent pricing service data as part of its review process. Independent pricing service

data is analyzed to ensure that it is representative of fair value, including confirming that the data corresponds to executed transactions or executable broker quotes, review and assessment of contributors to ensure they are active market participants, review of statistical data and utilization of pricing challenges. The analysis also includes understanding the sources of the pricing service data and any models or assumptions used in determining the results. The purpose of the review is to judge the quality and reliability of the data for fair value measurement purposes and its appropriate level of usage within the Product Control independent valuation review.

For certain financial instruments the fair value is estimated in full or in part using valuation techniques based on assumptions that are not supported by market observable prices, rates or other inputs. In addition, there may be uncertainty about a valuation resulting from the choice of valuation technique or model used, the assumptions embedded in those models, the extent to which inputs are not market observable, or as a consequence of other elements affecting the valuation technique or model. Model calibration is performed when significant new market information becomes available or at a minimum on a quarterly basis as part of the business review of significant unobservable inputs for level 3 instruments. For models that have been deemed to be significant to the overall fair value of the financial instrument, model validation is performed as part of the periodic review of the related model.

The following information on the valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs of the various financial instruments and the section “Uncertainty of fair value measurements at the reporting date from the use of significant unobservable inputs” should be read in conjunction with the tables “Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis”, “Quantitative information about level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis” and “Quantitative information about level 3 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis”.

Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions

Securities purchased under resale agreements and securities sold under repurchase agreements are measured at fair value using discounted cash flow analysis. Future cash flows are discounted using observable market interest rate repurchase/resale curves for the applicable maturity and underlying collateral of the instruments. As such, the significant majority of both securities purchased under resale agreements and securities sold under repurchase agreements are included in level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Structured resale and repurchase agreements include embedded derivatives, which are measured using the same techniques as described below for stand-alone derivative contracts held for trading purposes or used in hedge accounting relationships. If the value of the embedded derivative is determined using significant unobservable inputs, those structured resale and repurchase agreements included are classified as level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. The significant unobservable input is funding spread.

Securities purchased under resale agreements are usually fully collateralized or over-collateralized by government securities, money market instruments, corporate bonds, or other debt instruments. In the event of counterparty default, the collateral service agreement provides the Group with the right to liquidate the collateral held.

Debt securities

Foreign governments

Foreign government debt securities typically have quoted prices in active markets and are mainly categorized as level 1 instruments. Valuations of foreign government debt securities for which market prices are not available are based on yields reflecting credit rating, historical performance, delinquencies, loss severity, the maturity of the security, recent transactions in the market or other modeling techniques, which may involve judgment. Those securities where the price or model inputs are observable in the market are categorized as level 2 instruments, while those securities where prices are not observable and significant model inputs are unobservable are categorized as level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Corporates

Corporate bonds are priced to reflect current market levels either through recent market transactions or broker or dealer quotes. Where a market price for the particular security is not directly available, valuations are obtained based on yields reflected by other instruments in the specific or similar entity’s capital structure and adjusting for differences in seniority and maturity, benchmarking to a comparable security where market data is available (taking into consideration differences in credit, liquidity and maturity), or through the application of cash flow modeling techniques utilizing observable inputs, such as current interest rate curves and observable CDS spreads. Significant unobservable inputs may include correlation and price. For securities using market comparable price, the differentiation between level 2 and level 3 is based upon the relative significance of any yield adjustments as well as the accuracy of the comparison characteristics (i.e., the observable comparable security may be in the same country but a different industry and may have a different seniority level – the lower the comparability the more likely the security will be level 3).

RMBS, CMBS and CDO securities

Fair values of RMBS, CMBS and CDO may be available through quoted prices, which are often based on the prices at which similarly structured and collateralized securities trade between dealers and to and from customers. Fair values of RMBS, CMBS and CDO for which there are significant unobservable inputs are valued using capitalization rate and discount rate. Price may not be observable for fair value measurement purposes for many reasons, such as the length of time since the last executed transaction for the related security, use of a price from a similar instrument, or use of a price from an indicative quote. Fair values determined by market comparable price may include discounted cash flow models using the inputs credit spread, default rate, discount rate, prepayment rate and loss severity. Prices from similar observable instruments are used to calculate implied inputs which are then used to value unobservable instruments using discounted

cash flow. The discounted cash flow price is then compared to the unobservable prices and assessed for reasonableness.

For most structured debt securities, determination of fair value requires subjective assessment depending on liquidity, ownership concentration, and the current economic and competitive environment. Valuation is determined based on the Front Office’s own assumptions about how market participants would price the asset. Collateralized bond and loan obligations are split into various structured tranches and each tranche is valued based upon its individual rating and the underlying collateral supporting the structure. Valuation models are used to value both cash and synthetic CDOs.

Equity securities

The majority of the Group’s positions in equity securities are traded on public stock exchanges for which quoted prices are readily and regularly available and are therefore categorized as level 1 instruments. Level 2 and level 3 equities include fund-linked products, convertible bonds or equity securities with restrictions that are not traded in active markets. Significant unobservable inputs may include earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) multiple and market comparable price.

Derivatives

Derivatives held for trading purposes or used in hedge accounting relationships include both OTC and exchange-traded derivatives. The fair values of exchange-traded derivatives measured using observable exchange prices are included in level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. For exchange-traded derivatives where the volume of trading is low, the observable exchange prices may not be considered executable at the reporting date. These derivatives are valued in the same manner as similar OTC derivatives with observable inputs to valuation and are included in level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. If the significant inputs used to determine the fair value of the similar OTC derivative are not observable, the exchange-traded derivative is included in level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The fair values of OTC derivatives are determined on the basis of either industry standard models or internally developed proprietary models. Both model types use various observable and unobservable inputs in order to determine fair value. The inputs include those characteristics of the derivative that have a bearing on the economics of the instrument. The determination of the fair value of many derivatives involves only a limited degree of subjectivity because the required inputs are observable in the marketplace, while more complex derivatives may use unobservable inputs that rely on specific proprietary modeling assumptions. Where observable inputs (prices from exchanges, dealers, brokers or market consensus data providers) are not available, attempts are made to infer values from observable prices through model calibration (spot and forward rates, mean reversion, benchmark interest rate curves and volatility inputs for commonly traded option products). For inputs that cannot be derived from other sources, estimates from historical data may be made. OTC derivatives where the majority of the value is derived from market observable inputs are categorized as level 2 instruments, while those where the majority of the value is derived from unobservable inputs are categorized as level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

The valuation of derivatives includes an adjustment for the cost of funding uncollateralized OTC derivatives.

Interest rate derivatives

OTC vanilla interest rate products, such as interest rate swaps, swaptions and caps and floors are valued by discounting the anticipated future cash flows. The future cash flows and discounting are derived from market standard yield curves and industry standard volatility inputs. Where applicable, exchange-traded prices are also used to value exchange-traded futures and options and can be used in yield curve construction. For more complex products, inputs include, but are not limited to basis spread, correlation, credit spread, prepayment rate and volatility skew.

Foreign exchange derivatives

Foreign exchange derivatives include vanilla products such as spot, forward and option contracts where the anticipated discounted future cash flows are determined from foreign exchange forward curves and industry standard optionality modeling techniques. Where applicable, exchange-traded prices are also used for futures and option prices. For more complex products inputs include, but are not limited to, contingent probability, correlation and prepayment rate.

Equity and index-related derivatives

Equity derivatives include a variety of products ranging from vanilla options and swaps to exotic structures with bespoke payoff profiles. The main inputs in the valuation of equity derivatives may include buyback probability, correlation, gap risk, price and volatility.

Generally, the interrelationship between the correlation and volatility is positively correlated.

Credit derivatives

Credit derivatives include index, single-name and multi-name CDS in addition to more complex structured credit products. Vanilla products are valued using industry standard models and inputs that are generally market observable including credit spread and recovery rate.

Complex structured credit derivatives are valued using proprietary models requiring inputs such as correlation, credit spread, funding spread, loss severity, prepayment rate and recovery rate. These inputs are generally implied from available market observable data.

Other trading assets

Other trading assets primarily include life settlement and premium finance instruments and RMBS loans. Life settlement and premium finance instruments are valued using proprietary models with several inputs. The significant unobservable inputs of the fair

value for life settlement and premium finance instruments is the estimate of market implied life expectancy, while for RMBS loans it is market comparable price.

For life settlement and premium finance instruments, individual life expectancy rates are typically obtained by multiplying a base mortality curve for the general insured population provided by a professional actuarial organization together with an individual-specific multiplier. Individual-specific multipliers are determined based on data from third-party life expectancy data providers, which examine the insured individual’s medical conditions, family history and other factors to arrive at a life expectancy estimate.

For RMBS loans, the use of market comparable price varies depending upon each specific loan. For some loans, similar to unobservable RMBS securities, prices from similar observable instruments are used to calculate implied inputs which are then used to value unobservable instruments using discounted cash flow. The discounted cash flow price is then compared to the unobservable prices and assessed for reasonableness. For other RMBS loans, the loans are categorized by specific characteristics, such as loan-to-value ratio, average account balance, loan type (single or multi-family), lien, seasoning, coupon, FICO score, locality, delinquency status, cash flow velocity, roll rates, loan purpose, occupancy, servicers advance agreement type, modification status, Federal Housing Administration insurance, property value and documentation quality. Loans with unobservable prices are put into consistent buckets which are then compared to market observable comparable prices in order to assess the reasonableness of those unobservable prices.

Other investments

Private equity funds, hedge funds and equity method investment funds

Equity method investment funds principally include equity investments in the form of a) direct investments in third-party hedge funds, private equity funds and funds of funds, b) equity method investments where the Group has the ability to significantly influence the operating and financial policies of the investee, and c) direct investments in non-marketable equity securities.

Direct investments in third-party hedge funds, private equity funds and funds of funds are measured at fair value based on their published NAVs as permitted by ASC Topic 820 – Fair Value Measurement. In some cases, NAVs may be adjusted where there is sufficient evidence that the NAV published by the investment manager is not in line with the fund’s observable market data, it is probable that the investment will be sold for an amount other than NAV or other circumstances exist that would require an adjustment to the published NAV. Although rarely adjusted, significant judgment is involved in making any adjustments to the published NAVs. The investments for which the fair value is measured using the NAV practical expedient are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy.

Direct investments in non-marketable equity securities consist of both real estate investments and non-real estate investments. Equity-method investments and direct investments in non-marketable equity securities are initially measured at their transaction price, as this is the best estimate of fair value. Thereafter, these investments are individually measured at fair value based upon a number of factors that include any recent rounds of financing involving third-party investors, comparable company transactions, multiple analyses of cash flows or book values, or discounted cash flow analyses. The availability of information used in these modeling techniques is often limited and involves significant judgment in evaluating these different factors over time. As a result, these investments are included in level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Life finance instruments

Life finance instruments include single premium immediate annuities (SPIA) and other premium finance instruments. Life finance instruments are valued in a similar manner as described for life settlement and premium finance instruments under the other trading assets section above.

Loans

The Group’s loan portfolio which is measured at fair value primarily consists of commercial and industrial loans and loans to financial institutions. Within these categories, loans measured at fair value include commercial loans, real estate loans, corporate loans, leverage finance loans and emerging market loans. Fair value is based on recent transactions and quoted prices, where available. Where recent transactions and quoted prices are not available, fair value may be determined by relative value benchmarking (which includes pricing based upon another position in the same capital structure, other comparable loan issues, generic industry credit spreads, implied credit spreads derived from CDS for the specific borrower, and enterprise valuations) or calculated based on the exit price of the collateral, based on current market conditions.

Both the funded and unfunded portion of revolving credit lines on the corporate lending portfolio are valued using a loan pricing model, which requires estimates of significant inputs including credit conversion factors, credit spreads, recovery rates and weighted average life of the loan. Significant unobservable inputs may include credit spread and price.

The Group’s other assets and liabilities include mortgage loans held in conjunction with securitization activities and assets and liabilities of VIEs and mortgage securitizations that do not meet the criteria for sale treatment under US GAAP. The fair value of mortgage loans held in conjunction with securitization activities is determined on a whole-loan basis and is consistent with the valuation of RMBS loans discussed in “Other trading assets” above. Whole-loan valuations are calculated based on the exit price reflecting the current market conditions. The fair value of assets and liabilities of VIEs and mortgage securitizations that do not meet the criteria for sale treatment under US GAAP are determined based on the quoted prices for securitized bonds, where available, or on cash flow analyses for securitized bonds, when quoted prices are not available. The fair value of the consolidated

financial assets of RMBS and CMBS securitization vehicles, which qualify as collateralized financing entities, are measured on the basis of the more observable fair value of the VIEs’ financial liabilities.

Short-term borrowings and long-term debt

The Group’s short-term borrowings and long-term debt include structured notes (hybrid financial instruments that are both bifurcatable and non-bifurcatable) and vanilla debt. The fair value of structured notes is based on quoted prices, where available. When quoted prices are not available, fair value is determined by using a discounted cash flow model incorporating the Group’s credit spreads, the value of derivatives embedded in the debt and the residual term of the issuance based on call options. Derivatives structured into the issued debt are valued consistently with the Group’s stand-alone derivative contracts held for trading purposes or used in hedge accounting relationships as discussed above. The fair value of structured debt is heavily influenced by the combined call options and performance of the underlying derivative returns. Significant unobservable inputs for short-term borrowings and long-term debt include buyback probability, correlation, credit spread, gap risk, mean reversion, price, recovery rate and volatility.

Generally, the interrelationships between correlation, credit spread, gap risk and volatility inputs are positively correlated.

Other liabilities

Failed sales

These liabilities represent the financing of assets that did not achieve sale accounting treatment under US GAAP. Failed sales are valued in a manner consistent with the related underlying financial instruments.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

end of 2022		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting impact	1	Assets measured at net asset value per share	2	Total
Assets (CHF million)
Cash and due from banks		0		198		0		–		–		198
Interest-bearing deposits with banks		0		14		0		–		–		14
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		100		40,693		0		–		–		40,793
Securities received as collateral		2,318		660		0		–		–		2,978
Trading assets		33,697		104,234		3,828		(76,841)		543		65,461
of which debt securities		13,084		22,862		1,211		–		31		37,188
of which foreign governments		10,117		5,597		86		–		–		15,800
of which corporates		2,718		4,572		413		–		31		7,734
of which RMBS		5		10,417		444		–		–		10,866
of which CDO		197		941		216		–		–		1,354
of which equity securities		11,745		676		222		–		512		13,155
of which derivatives		7,571		78,710		1,661		(76,841)		–		11,101
of which interest rate products		1,617		31,051		671		–		–		–
of which foreign exchange products		24		25,466		17		–		–		–
of which equity/index-related products		5,927		18,669		295		–		–		–
of which credit derivatives		0		3,059		130		–		–		–
of which other derivatives		0		196		548		–		–		–
of which other trading assets		1,297		1,986		734		–		–		4,017
Investment securities		2		795		0		–		–		797
Other investments		0		17		3,312		–		401		3,730
of which other equity investments		0		17		2,724		–		328		3,069
of which life finance instruments		0		0		587		–		–		587
Loans		0		6,318		1,040		–		–		7,358
of which commercial and industrial loans		0		2,381		300		–		–		2,681
of which financial institutions		0		2,591		398		–		–		2,989
of which government and public institutions		0		1,112		254		–		–		1,366
Other intangible assets (mortgage servicing rights)		0		44		359		–		–		403
Other assets		78		8,315		773		(220)		–		8,946
of which failed purchases		54		664		12		–		–		730
of which loans held-for-sale		0		7,165		648		–		–		7,813
Total assets at fair value		36,195		161,288		9,312		(77,061)		944		130,678
1 Derivative contracts are reported on a gross basis by level. The impact of netting represents legally enforceable master netting agreements.
2 In accordance with US GAAP, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (continued)

end of 2022		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting impact	1	Liabilities measured at net asset value per share	2	Total
Liabilities (CHF million)
Due to banks		0		490		0		–		–		490
Customer deposits		0		2,212		252		–		–		2,464
Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions		0		14,042		0		–		–		14,042
Obligation to return securities received as collateral		2,318		660		0		–		–		2,978
Trading liabilities		13,131		83,348		1,881		(80,022)		–		18,338
of which short positions		6,557		2,595		16		–		–		9,168
of which debt securities		3,229		2,232		1		–		–		5,462
of which foreign governments		3,150		272		0		–		–		3,422
of which corporates		53		1,957		1		–		–		2,011
of which equity securities		3,328		363		15		–		–		3,706
of which derivatives		6,574		80,753		1,640		(80,022)		–		8,945
of which interest rate products		1,566		30,288		118		–		–		–
of which foreign exchange products		20		26,176		1		–		–		–
of which equity/index-related products		4,981		20,731		1,083		–		–		–
of which credit derivatives		0		3,157		242		–		–		–
of which other derivatives		4		211		196		–		–		–
of which other trading liabilities		0		0		225		–		–		225
Short-term borrowings		0		6,330		453		–		–		6,783
Long-term debt		0		52,014		6,707		–		–		58,721
of which structured notes over one year and up to two years		0		10,697		439		–		–		11,136
of which structured notes over two years		0		23,409		4,307		–		–		27,716
of which other debt instruments over two years		0		2,961		1,728		–		–		4,689
of which high-trigger instruments		0		7,528		0		–		–		7,528
Other liabilities		133		3,808		203		(1,844)		–		2,300
Total liabilities at fair value		15,582		162,904		9,496		(81,866)		–		106,116
1 Derivative contracts are reported on a gross basis by level. The impact of netting represents legally enforceable master netting agreements.
2 In accordance with US GAAP, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (continued)

end of 2021		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting impact	1	Assets measured at net asset value per share	2	Total
Assets (CHF million)
Cash and due from banks		0		308		0		–		–		308
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		0		68,623		0		–		–		68,623
Securities received as collateral		13,848		1,155		14		–		–		15,017
Trading assets		54,085		146,521		4,503		(94,633)		665		111,141
of which debt securities		12,191		40,700		1,225		–		82		54,198
of which foreign governments		11,996		11,377		35		–		–		23,408
of which corporates		72		8,958		478		–		82		9,590
of which RMBS		0		17,033		424		–		–		17,457
of which equity securities		34,282		1,486		195		–		583		36,546
of which derivatives		6,224		103,781		2,187		(94,633)		–		17,559
of which interest rate products		721		47,934		624		–		–		–
of which foreign exchange products		123		20,686		53		–		–		–
of which equity/index-related products		5,348		29,808		212		–		–		–
of which other derivatives		0		196		1,034		–		–		–
of which other trading assets		1,388		554		896		–		–		2,838
Investment securities		2		1,003		0		–		–		1,005
Other investments		0		23		3,666		–		405		4,094
of which other equity investments		0		23		2,863		–		351		3,237
of which life finance instruments		0		0		789		–		–		789
Loans		0		8,709		1,534		–		–		10,243
of which commercial and industrial loans		0		2,267		717		–		–		2,984
of which financial institutions		0		3,840		465		–		–		4,305
of which government and public institutions		0		1,747		289		–		–		2,036
Other intangible assets (mortgage servicing rights)		0		57		167		–		–		224
Other assets		121		8,750		694		(381)		–		9,184
of which failed purchases		98		1,135		11		–		–		1,244
of which loans held-for-sale		0		6,818		562		–		–		7,380
Total assets at fair value		68,056		235,149		10,578		(95,014)		1,070		219,839
1 Derivative contracts are reported on a gross basis by level. The impact of netting represents legally enforceable master netting agreements.
2 In accordance with US GAAP, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (continued)

end of 2021		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting impact	1	Liabilities measured at net asset value per share	2	Total
Liabilities (CHF million)
Due to banks		0		477		0		–		–		477
Customer deposits		0		3,306		394		–		–		3,700
Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions		0		13,213		0		–		–		13,213
Obligation to return securities received as collateral		13,848		1,155		14		–		–		15,017
Trading liabilities		19,419		105,828		2,809		(100,522)		1		27,535
of which short positions		11,689		4,974		25		–		1		16,689
of which debt securities		2,809		4,865		3		–		–		7,677
of which foreign governments		2,667		968		0		–		–		3,635
of which corporates		113		3,839		3		–		–		3,955
of which equity securities		8,880		109		22		–		1		9,012
of which derivatives		7,730		100,854		2,542		(100,522)		–		10,604
of which interest rate products		776		44,003		26		–		–		–
of which foreign exchange products		133		22,646		57		–		–		–
of which equity/index-related products		6,812		27,919		1,787		–		–		–
of which other trading liabilities		0		0		242		–		–		242
Short-term borrowings		0		9,658		1,032		–		–		10,690
Long-term debt		0		59,046		9,676		–		–		68,722
of which structured notes over one year and up to two years		0		11,036		1,464		–		–		12,500
of which structured notes over two years		0		24,168		6,318		–		–		30,486
of which other debt instruments over two years		0		3,223		1,854		–		–		5,077
of which high-trigger instruments		0		10,702		0		–		–		10,702
Other liabilities		348		2,031		518		(305)		–		2,592
Total liabilities at fair value		33,615		194,714		14,443		(100,827)		1		141,946
1 Derivative contracts are reported on a gross basis by level. The impact of netting represents legally enforceable master netting agreements.
2 In accordance with US GAAP, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for level 3
																Trading revenues				Other revenues				Accumulated other comprehensive income
2022		Balance at beginning of period		Transfers in		Transfers out		Purchases		Sales		Issuances		Settlements		On transfers out		On all other		On transfers out		On all other		On transfers out		On all other		Foreign currency translation impact		Balance at end of period		Changes in unrealized gains/losses	1
Assets (CHF million)
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		0		0		0		0		0		3		(3)		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Securities received as collateral		14		0		0		0		(14)		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Trading assets		4,503		1,818		(2,057)		5,563		(5,184)		967		(1,076)		83		(847)		0		(9)		0		0		67		3,828		(193)
of which debt securities		1,225		1,206		(1,090)		4,622		(4,185)		0		0		(106)		(499)		0		(9)		0		0		47		1,211		215
of which corporates		478		452		(582)		3,933		(3,342)		0		0		(97)		(464)		0		0		0		0		35		413		226
of which RMBS		424		312		(179)		306		(564)		0		0		3		133		0		0		0		0		9		444		4
of which CDO		245		201		(138)		103		(148)		0		0		(5)		(39)		0		(9)		0		0		6		216		(6)
of which derivatives		2,187		406		(824)		0		0		967		(918)		144		(301)		0		0		0		0		0		1,661		(328)
of which interest rate products		624		11		(182)		0		0		89		(66)		(5)		229		0		0		0		0		(29)		671		166
of which equity/index-related products		212		262		(416)		0		0		473		(284)		106		(55)		0		0		0		0		(3)		295		2
of which credit derivatives		264		115		(189)		0		0		65		(142)		31		(19)		0		0		0		0		5		130		1
of which other derivatives		1,034		9		(4)		0		0		330		(317)		4		(537)		0		0		0		0		29		548		(489)
of which other trading assets		896		27		(51)		827		(923)		0		(158)		6		94		0		0		0		0		16		734		(123)
Other investments		3,666		69		(13)		65		(207)		0		0		0		(253)		0		(57)		0		0		42		3,312		(95)
of which other equity investments		2,863		69		0		37		(17)		0		0		0		(190)		0		(65)		0		0		27		2,724		(50)
of which life finance instruments		789		0		0		28		(182)		0		0		0		(63)		0		0		0		0		15		587		(45)
Loans		1,534		566		(470)		16		(45)		63		(667)		39		(46)		0		(6)		0		0		56		1,040		(92)
of which commercial and industrial loans		717		163		(327)		0		(18)		4		(218)		12		(50)		0		(6)		0		0		23		300		(74)
of which financial institutions		465		141		(41)		15		(15)		58		(293)		16		29		0		0		0		0		23		398		9
of which government and public institutions		289		91		(39)		1		0		1		(72)		1		(24)		0		0		0		0		6		254		(25)
Other intangible assets (mortgage servicing rights)		167		187		0		0		0		0		0		0		4		0		0		0		0		1		359		4
Other assets		694		452		(289)		743		(593)		157		(417)		46		(49)		0		3		0		0		26		773		(31)
of which loans held-for-sale		562		379		(232)		724		(591)		157		(415)		15		26		0		0		0		0		23		648		(15)
Total assets at fair value		10,578		3,092		(2,829)		6,387		(6,043)		1,190		(2,163)		168		(1,191)		0		(69)		0		0		192		9,312		(407)
Liabilities (CHF million)
Customer deposits		394		0		0		0		0		0		(18)		0		(49)		0		0		0		(57)		(18)		252		(120)
Obligation to return securities received as collateral		14		0		0		0		(14)		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Trading liabilities		2,809		1,784		(1,381)		33		(106)		844		(2,066)		52		(165)		0		0		0		0		77		1,881		224
of which derivatives		2,542		1,651		(1,353)		0		0		844		(2,066)		51		(98)		0		0		0		0		69		1,640		216
of which equity/index-related products		1,787		615		(1,027)		0		0		476		(520)		(5)		(273)		0		0		0		0		30		1,083		(38)
of which credit derivatives		374		991		(201)		0		0		176		(1,329)		26		172		0		0		0		0		33		242		152
of which other derivatives		298		0		(5)		0		0		143		(174)		3		(79)		0		0		0		0		10		196		(5)
Short-term borrowings		1,032		204		(684)		0		0		785		(815)		(75)		(8)		0		0		0		0		14		453		9
Long-term debt		9,676		3,088		(6,609)		0		0		7,730		(5,575)		(557)		(785)		0		0		(51)		(350)		140		6,707		(422)
of which structured notes over two years		6,318		2,502		(4,930)		0		0		6,589		(4,729)		(418)		(737)		0		0		(49)		(344)		105		4,307		(487)
of which other debt instruments over two years		1,854		0		0		0		0		166		(279)		0		(38)		0		0		0		0		25		1,728		83
Other liabilities		518		126		(305)		22		(89)		110		(136)		82		(90)		(46)		1		0		0		10		203		11
Total liabilities at fair value		14,443		5,202		(8,979)		55		(209)		9,469		(8,610)		(498)		(1,097)		(46)		1		(51)		(407)		223		9,496		(298)
Net assets/(liabilities) at fair value		(3,865)		(2,110)		6,150		6,332		(5,834)		(8,279)		6,447		666		(94)		46		(70)		51		407		(31)		(184)		(109)
1 Changes in unrealized gains/(losses) on total assets at fair value and changes in unrealized (gains)/losses on total liabilities at fair value relating to assets and liabilities held at period end are included in net revenues or accumulated other comprehensive income. As of 2022, changes in net unrealized gains/(losses) of CHF (472) million and CHF (50) million were recorded in trading revenues and other revenues, respectively, and changes in unrealized (gains)/losses of CHF 413 million were recorded in gains/(losses) on liabilities relating to credit risk in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss).

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for level 3 (continued)
																Trading revenues				Other revenues				Accumulated other comprehensive income
2021		Balance at beginning of period		Transfers in		Transfers out		Purchases		Sales		Issuances		Settlements		On transfers out		On all other		On transfers out		On all other		On transfers out		On all other		Foreign currency translation impact		Balance at end of period		Changes in unrealized gains/losses	1
Assets (CHF million)
Securities received as collateral		101		0		0		73		(164)		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		4		14		0
Trading assets		7,535		1,345		(3,413)		4,867		(5,685)		874		(1,629)		(133)		509		0		(1)		0		0		234		4,503		52
of which debt securities		2,253		878		(1,701)		3,668		(4,141)		0		0		(331)		509		0		(1)		0		0		91		1,225		103
of which corporates		1,270		471		(747)		2,753		(3,483)		0		0		(321)		472		0		0		0		0		63		478		154
of which RMBS		557		158		(615)		654		(385)		0		0		(25)		59		0		0		0		0		21		424		(15)
of which derivatives		3,911		314		(1,551)		0		0		874		(1,514)		79		(16)		0		0		0		0		90		2,187		116
of which interest rate products		733		58		(222)		0		0		175		(79)		(8)		(14)		0		0		0		0		(19)		624		141
of which other derivatives		1,079		1		0		0		0		311		(325)		0		(73)		0		0		0		0		41		1,034		(81)
of which other trading assets		1,247		31		(90)		1,035		(1,371)		0		(115)		62		49		0		0		0		0		48		896		(96)
Other investments		3,054		99		(758)		1,517		(663)		0		0		0		86		0		267		0		0		64		3,666		120
of which other equity investments		2,132		65		(757)		1,482		(448)		0		0		0		96		0		263		0		0		30		2,863		80
of which life finance instruments		920		0		0		33		(188)		0		0		0		(10)		0		0		0		0		34		789		39
Loans		3,669		257		(1,315)		362		(194)		207		(1,620)		7		55		0		(3)		0		0		109		1,534		(59)
of which commercial and industrial loans		1,347		213		(364)		10		(133)		162		(643)		19		74		0		(3)		0		0		35		717		6
of which financial institutions		1,082		43		(340)		0		(42)		34		(409)		1		70		0		0		0		0		26		465		27
of which government and public institutions		729		1		(298)		0		(1)		(1)		(68)		(12)		(88)		0		0		0		0		27		289		(87)
Other intangible assets (mortgage servicing rights)		180		0		0		22		0		0		0		0		0		0		(42)		0		0		7		167		(42)
Other assets		1,825		370		(902)		3,447		(3,269)		120		(924)		14		(41)		0		0		0		0		54		694		(137)
of which loans held-for-sale		1,576		360		(855)		3,394		(3,222)		120		(921)		25		41		0		0		0		0		44		562		(104)
Total assets at fair value		16,364		2,071		(6,388)		10,288		(9,975)		1,201		(4,173)		(112)		609		0		221		0		0		472		10,578		(66)
Liabilities (CHF million)
Customer deposits		448		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		(18)		0		0		0		(14)		(22)		394		(29)
Obligation to return securities received as collateral		101		0		0		73		(164)		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		4		14		0
Trading liabilities		4,246		1,007		(2,703)		45		(56)		1,135		(1,498)		340		138		0		0		0		0		155		2,809		653
of which derivatives		3,937		838		(2,553)		0		0		1,135		(1,498)		340		201		0		0		0		0		142		2,542		644
of which equity/index-related products		2,010		562		(1,498)		0		0		581		(644)		353		352		0		0		0		0		71		1,787		712
Short-term borrowings		701		359		(550)		0		0		1,766		(1,363)		(35)		128		0		0		0		0		26		1,032		72
Long-term debt		7,268		4,767		(6,677)		0		0		11,323		(6,863)		(38)		(316)		0		(5)		0		(50)		267		9,676		(32)
of which structured notes over one year and up to two years		1,133		1,802		(1,979)		0		0		2,052		(1,663)		(26)		104		0		0		(1)		(1)		43		1,464		(2)
of which structured notes over two years		5,526		2,965		(4,314)		0		0		7,540		(5,038)		11		(528)		0		0		1		(47)		202		6,318		(312)
of which other debt instruments over two years		165		0		(2)		0		0		1,616		(36)		0		105		0		0		0		0		6		1,854		306
Other liabilities		1,271		21		(556)		51		(89)		116		(501)		10		(28)		113		66		0		0		44		518		26
Total liabilities at fair value		14,035		6,154		(10,486)		169		(309)		14,340		(10,225)		277		(96)		113		61		0		(64)		474		14,443		690
Net assets/(liabilities) at fair value		2,329		(4,083)		4,098		10,119		(9,666)		(13,139)		6,052		(389)		705		(113)		160		0		64		(2)		(3,865)		(756)
1 Changes in unrealized gains/(losses) on total assets at fair value and changes in unrealized (gains)/losses on total liabilities at fair value relating to assets and liabilities held at period end are included in net revenues or accumulated other comprehensive income. As of 2021, changes in net unrealized gains/(losses) of CHF (841) million and CHF 82 million were recorded in trading revenues and other revenues, respectively, and changes in unrealized (gains)/losses of CHF 3 million were recorded in gains/(losses) on liabilities relating to credit risk in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss).

Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair value of positions that have been classified within level 3. As a result, the unrealized gains and losses for assets and liabilities within level 3 presented in the table above may include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable and unobservable inputs.

The Group employs various economic hedging techniques in order to manage risks, including risks in level 3 positions. Such techniques may include the purchase or sale of financial instruments that are classified in levels 1 and/or 2. The realized and unrealized gains and losses for assets and liabilities in level 3 presented in the table above do not reflect the related realized or unrealized gains and losses arising on economic hedging instruments classified in levels 1 and/or 2.

The Group typically uses nonfinancial assets measured at fair value on a recurring or nonrecurring basis in a manner that reflects their highest and best use.

Transfers in and out of level 3

Transfers into level 3 assets during 2022 were CHF 3,092 million, primarily from trading assets, loans and loans held-for-sale. The transfers were primarily in the GTS, securitized products and APAC Financing Group businesses due to limited observability of pricing data and reduced pricing information from external providers. Transfers out of level 3 assets during 2022 were CHF 2,829 million, primarily in trading assets, loans and loans held-for-sale. The transfers out of level 3 assets were primarily in the GTS and securitized products businesses due to improved observability of pricing data and increased availability of pricing information from external providers.

Transfers into level 3 liabilities during 2022 were CHF 5,202 million, primarily from long-term debt and trading liabilities. These transfers were primarily in structured notes over two years and derivatives arising from a change in the observability of pricing data. Transfers out of level 3 liabilities of CHF 8,979 million in 2022 were primarily from long-term debt and trading liabilities. These transfers were primarily in structured notes over two years and derivatives arising from a change in the observability of pricing data.

Transfers into level 3 assets during 2021 were CHF 2,071 million, primarily from trading assets and loans held-for-sale. The transfers were primarily in the GTS, credit and securitized products businesses due to limited observability of pricing data and reduced pricing information from external providers. Transfers out of level 3 assets during 2021 were CHF 6,388 million, primarily in trading assets, loans and loans held-for-sale. The transfers out of level 3 assets were primarily in the GTS, securitized products and Asia Pacific strategic products businesses due to improved observability of pricing data and increased availability of pricing information from external providers.

Uncertainty of fair value measurements at the reporting date from the use of significant unobservable inputs

For level 3 assets with a significant unobservable input of buyback probability, contingent probability, dividend yield, funding spread, mortality rate, price, recovery rate, UK mortality, unadjusted NAV and volatility, in general, an increase in the significant unobservable input would increase the fair value. For level 3 assets with a significant unobservable input of correlation, credit spread, default rate, discount rate, fund gap risk, gap risk, market implied life expectancy (for life settlement and premium finance instruments), mean reversion, prepayment rate and tax swap rate, in general, an increase in the significant unobservable input would decrease the fair value.

For level 3 liabilities, in general, an increase in the related significant unobservable inputs would have the inverse impact on fair value. An increase in the significant unobservable input contingent probability, credit spread, fund gap risk, gap risk, market implied life expectancy (for life settlement and premium finance instruments), mortality rate and price would increase the fair value. An increase in the significant unobservable input buyback probability, correlation, discount rate, dividend yield, mean reversion, prepayment rate, recovery rate, UK mortality, unadjusted NAV and volatility would decrease the fair value.

Interrelationships between significant unobservable inputs

Except as noted above, there are no material interrelationships between the significant unobservable inputs for the financial instruments. As the significant unobservable inputs move independently, generally an increase or decrease in one significant unobservable input will have no impact on the other significant unobservable inputs.

Quantitative disclosures of valuation techniques

The following tables provide the representative range of minimum and maximum values and the associated weighted averages of each significant unobservable input for level 3 assets and liabilities by the related valuation technique most significant to the related financial instrument.

Quantitative information about level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis

end of 2022		Fair value		Valuation technique		Unobservable input		Minimum value		Maximum value		Weighted average	1
CHF million, except where indicated
Trading assets		3,828
of which debt securities		1,211
of which corporates		413
of which		118		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		10		7,589		620
						Price, in %		0		101		53
of which		75		Market comparable		Price, in %		0		101		51
						Price, in actuals		1		218		29
of which		216		Price		Price, in %		30		126		87
						Price, in actuals		0		11,640		2,203
of which RMBS		444		Discounted cash flow		Discount rate, in %		3		33		12
of which derivatives		1,661
of which interest rate products		671
of which		1		Discounted cash flow		Volatility, in %		95		110		103
of which		662		Option model		Contingent probability, in %		95		95		95
						Correlation, in %		(4)		100		73
						Mean reversion, in %	2	25		25		25
						Prepayment rate, in %		14		19		17
						Volatility, in %		(3)		1		(1)
of which other derivatives		548		Discounted cash flow		Market implied life expectancy, in years		2		13		6
						UK Mortality, in %		74		139		99
of which other trading assets		734
of which		458		Discounted cash flow		Market implied life expectancy, in years		3		13		6
						Tax swap rate, in %		30		30		30
of which		251		Market comparable		Price, in %		0		109		27
of which		25		Option model		Mortality rate, in %		0		70		6
Other investments		3,312
of which other equity investments		2,724
of which		2,443		Market comparable		Price, in actuals		0		275		109
of which		174		Price		Price, in actuals		1		15		13
of which		46		Discounted cash flow		Discount rate, in %		8		8		8
of which life finance instruments		587		Discounted cash flow		Market implied life expectancy, in years		2		15		6
Loans		1,040
of which commercial and industrial loans		300
of which		124		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		280		2,596		756
of which		22		Market comparable		Price, in %		74		74		74
of which		153		Price		Price, in %		6		100		53
of which financial institutions		398
of which		282		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		242		1,278		497
of which		115		Price		Price, in %		22		72		66
of which government and public institutions		254
of which		158		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		534		1,339		680
of which		96		Price		Price, in %		35		42		36
Other assets		773
of which loans held-for-sale		648
of which		258		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		299		594		368
						Recovery rate, in %		55		55		55
of which		363		Market comparable		Price, in %		0		145		78
of which		14		Price		Price, in %		0		79		59
1 Weighted average is calculated based on the fair value of the instruments.
2 Management's best estimate of the speed at which interest rates will revert to the long-term average.

Quantitative information about level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis (continued)

end of 2021		Fair value		Valuation technique		Unobservable input		Minimum value		Maximum value		Weighted average	1
CHF million, except where indicated
Trading assets		4,503
of which debt securities		1,225
of which corporates		478
of which		124		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		50		1,290		701
						Price, in %		0		100		47
						Recovery rate, in %		39		39		1
of which		107		Market comparable		Price, in %		0		110		63
of which		55		Option model		Correlation, in %		(50)		100		68
						Fund gap risk, in %	2	0		3		1
						Volatility, in %		0		163		17
of which		69		Price		Price, in %		35		120		92
of which		145		Vendor price		Price, in actuals		0		123		79
of which RMBS		424		Discounted cash flow		Discount rate, in %		1		29		13
of which derivatives		2,187
of which interest rate products		624
of which		6		Discounted cash flow		Funding spread, in bp		109		166		127
						Volatility, in %		0		100		97
of which		612		Option model		Correlation, in %		(4)		100		9
						Mean reversion, in %	3	(55)		(8)		0
						Prepayment rate, in %		0		21		17
						Volatility, in %		(3)		1		0
of which other derivatives		1,034		Discounted cash flow		Market implied life expectancy, in years		2		14		6
						Mortality rate, in %		73		138		99
of which other trading assets		896
of which		611		Discounted cash flow		Market implied life expectancy, in years		3		14		7
						Tax swap rate, in %		30		30		30
of which		189		Market comparable		Price, in %		0		130		34
of which		93		Option model		Mortality rate, in %		0		70		6
Other investments		3,666
of which other equity investments		2,863
of which		929		Adjusted NAV		Price, in actuals		287		287		287
of which		1,919		Price		Price, in actuals		1		1,292		54
of which life finance instruments		789		Discounted cash flow		Market implied life expectancy, in years		2		16		6
Loans		1,534
of which commercial and industrial loans		717
of which		474		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		184		3,325		809
of which		6		Market comparable		Price, in %		19		19		19
of which		209		Price		Price, in %		0		100		50
of which financial institutions		465
of which		327		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		0		3,212		921
of which		158		Price		Price, in %		14		76		31
Other assets		694
of which loans held-for-sale		562
of which		281		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		0		563		314
of which		254		Market comparable		Price, in %		0		139		67
of which		16		Price		Price, in %		0		75		54
1 Weighted average is calculated based on the fair value of the instruments.
2 Risk of unexpected large declines in the underlying values occurring between collateral settlement dates.
3 Management's best estimate of the speed at which interest rates will revert to the long-term average.

Quantitative information about level 3 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

end of 2022		Fair value		Valuation technique		Unobservable input		Minimum value		Maximum value		Weighted average	1
CHF million, except where indicated
Trading liabilities		1,881
of which derivatives		1,640
of which equity/index-related products		1,083
of which		1,040		Option model		Correlation, in %		(50)		100		71
						Dividend yield, in %		0		13		5
						Fund gap risk, in %	2	0		2		0
						Volatility, in %		5		148		29
of which		31		Price		Price, in actuals		0		1,197		34
of which credit derivatives		242
of which		162		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		3		2,149		341
						Discount rate, in %		6		17		11
						Recovery rate, in %		10		100		69
of which		9		Market comparable		Price, in %		71		101		86
of which		10		Option model		Credit spread, in bp		47		1,528		194
of which		3		Price		Price, in %		74		102		101
of which other derivatives		196		Discounted cash flow		Market implied life expectancy, in years		2		18		6
						UK Mortality, in %		74		103		97
Short-term borrowings		453
of which		8		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		142		276		267
of which		338		Option model		Correlation, in %		(50)		100		75
						Buyback probability, in %	3	50		100		76
						Volatility, in %		5		148		27
of which		94		Price		Price, in %		20		20		20
						Price, in actuals		1,296		1,296		1,296
Long-term debt		6,707
of which structured notes over two years		4,307
of which		508		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		10		430		142
of which		3,793		Option model		Buyback probability, in %	3	50		100		76
						Correlation, in %		(50)		100		75
						Credit spread, in bp		27		358		326
						Fund gap risk, in %	2	0		2		0
						Mean reversion, in %	4	25		25		25
						Unadjusted NAV, in actuals		389		416		412
						Volatility, in %		0		148		27
of which		6		Price		Price, in %		17		17		17
of which other debt instruments over two years		1,728
of which		358		Option model		Buyback probability, in %	3	50		100		76
						Credit spread, in bp		50		770		317
						Price, in actuals		8		8		8
of which		1,370		Price		Price, in actuals		8		8		8
1 Weighted average is calculated based on the fair value of the instruments.
2 Risk of unexpected large declines in the underlying values occurring between collateral settlement dates.
3 Estimate of probability of structured notes being put back to the Group at the option of the investor over the remaining life of the financial instruments.
4 Management's best estimate of the speed at which interest rates will revert to the long-term average.

Quantitative information about level 3 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (continued)

end of 2021		Fair value		Valuation technique		Unobservable input		Minimum value		Maximum value		Weighted average	1
CHF million, except where indicated
Trading liabilities		2,809
of which derivatives		2,542
of which equity/index-related products		1,787
of which		1,696		Option model		Buyback probability, in %	2	50		100		72
						Correlation, in %		(50)		100		67
						Dividend yield, in %		0		7		4
						Unadjusted NAV, in actuals		101		440		358
						Volatility, in %		(1)		163		17
of which		63		Price		Price, in actuals		0		849		2
Short-term borrowings		1,032
of which		24		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		0		181		51
of which		905		Option model		Buyback probability, in %	2	50		100		72
						Correlation, in %		(50)		100		70
						Fund gap risk, in %	3	0		3		1
						Gap risk, in %	3	0		3		1
						Unadjusted NAV, in actuals		101		440		358
						Volatility, in %		0		163		16
of which		73		Price		Price, in %		34		120		94
Long-term debt		9,676
of which structured notes over one year and    up to two years		1,464		Option model		Buyback probability, in %	2	50		100		72
						Correlation, in %		(50)		100		69
						Fund gap risk, in %	3	0		3		1
						Gap risk, in %	3	0		3		1
						Unadjusted NAV, in actuals		101		440		358
						Volatility, in %		0		163		16
of which structured notes over two years		6,318
of which		474		Discounted cash flow		Credit spread, in bp		8		702		72
of which		5,813		Option model		Buyback probability, in %	2	50		100		72
						Correlation, in %		(50)		100		75
						Credit spread, in bp		3		92		75
						Fund gap risk, in %	3	0		3		1
						Unadjusted NAV, in actuals		101		440		358
						Volatility, in %		0		163		19
of which		9		Price		Price, in %		26		26		26
of which other debt instruments over two years		1,854
of which		382		Option model		Buyback probability, in %	2	50		100		72
						Correlation, in %		16		30		24
						Price, in actuals		9		9		9
of which		1,472		Price		Price, in actuals		9		35		9
1 Weighted average is calculated based on the fair value of the instruments.
2 Estimate of probability of structured notes being put back to the Group at the option of the investor over the remaining life of the financial instruments.
3 Risk of unexpected large declines in the underlying values occurring between collateral settlement dates.

Qualitative discussion of the ranges of significant unobservable inputs

The following sections provide further information about the ranges of significant unobservable inputs included in the tables above. The level of aggregation and diversity within the financial instruments disclosed in the tables above results in certain ranges of significant inputs being wide and unevenly distributed across asset and liability categories.

Basis spread

Basis spread is the primary significant unobservable input for non-callable constant maturity treasury-constant maturity swap (CMS) products and is used to determine interest rate risk as a result of differing lending and borrowing rates.

Buyback probability

Buyback probability is the probability assigned to structured notes being unwound prior to their legal maturity.

CDS scale

CDS scale is a valuation parameter which scales the referenced credit curve (base currency) to reflect a new credit curve representing the currency of the trade.

Contingent probability

Contingent probability is the primary significant unobservable input for contingent foreign exchange forward trades where the delivery or exercise and the premium payment are contingent on an event such as completion of an M&A deal or regulatory approval for a product.

Correlation

There are many different types of correlation inputs, including credit correlation, cross-asset correlation (such as equity-interest rate correlation) and same-asset correlation (such as interest rate-interest rate correlation). Correlation inputs are generally used to value hybrid and exotic instruments. Due to the complex and unique nature of these instruments, the ranges for correlation inputs can vary widely across portfolios.

Credit spread and recovery rate

For financial instruments where credit spread is the significant unobservable input, the wide range represents positions with varying levels of risk. The lower end of the credit spread range typically represents shorter-dated instruments and/or those with better perceived credit risk. The higher end of the range typically comprises longer-dated financial instruments or those referencing non-performing, distressed or impaired reference credits. Similarly, the spread between the reference credit and an index can vary significantly based on the risk of the instrument. The spread will be positive for instruments that have a higher risk of default than the index (which is based on a weighted average of its components) and negative for instruments that have a lower risk of default than the index.

Similarly, recovery rates can vary significantly depending upon the specific assets and terms of each transaction. Transactions with higher seniority or more valuable collateral will have higher recovery rates, while those transactions which are more subordinated or with less valuable collateral will have lower recovery rates.

Default rate and loss severity

For financial instruments backed by residential real estate or other assets, diversity in the portfolio is reflected in a wide range for loss severity due to varying levels of default. The lower end of the range represents high performing or government guaranteed collateral with a low PD or guaranteed timely payment of principal and interest, while the higher end of the range relates to collateral with a greater risk of default.

Discount rate

The discount rate is the rate of interest used to calculate the present value of the expected cash flows of a financial instrument. There are multiple factors that will impact the discount rate for any given financial instrument including the coupon on the instrument, the term and the underlying risk of the expected cash flows. Two instruments of similar term and expected cash flows may have significantly different discount rates because the coupons on the instruments are different.

Dividend yield

An equity forward price is a material component for measuring the fair value of a contract using forward, swap or option pricing models. The forward is generally constructed from expected future dividend payments and their timing, as well as the relevant funding rate for the given asset. Dividend yields are generally quoted as annualized percentages.

EBITDA multiple

EBITDA multiple is a primary significant unobservable input for some equity deals which are benchmarked using industry comparables. The EBITDA multiple may be preferred over other measures because it is normalized for differences between the accounting policies of similar companies.

Funding gap risk and gap risk

Gap risk is a significant unobservable input for structures that exhibit market risk to jumps in a reference asset, generally related to certain financing or principal protection trade features.

Funding spread

Funding spread is the primary significant unobservable input for special purpose vehicle funding facilities. Synthetic funding curves which represent the assets pledged as collateral are used to value structured financing transactions. The curves provide an estimate of where secured funding can be sourced and are expressed as a basis point spread in relation to the referenced benchmark rate.

Market implied life expectancy

Market implied life expectancy is the primary significant unobservable input on such products as life settlement, premium finance and SPIA, and represents the estimated mortality rate for the underlying insured for each contract. This estimate may vary depending upon multiple factors including the age and specific health characteristics of the insured.

Market price of risk

The market price of risk (MPR) is a significant unobservable input for synthetic credit products where the trades are valued using the rating-based historical default probabilities. MPR is an exponent applied to the historic default probabilities in order to bring the initial swap valuation to zero.

Mean reversion

Mean reversion is the primary significant unobservable input for callable CMS spread exotics and represents the idea that prices and returns eventually move back towards the historical average.

Mortality rate

Mortality rate is the primary significant unobservable input for pension swaps. The expected present value of future cash flow of the trades depend on the mortality of individuals in the pension fund who are grouped into categories such as gender, age, pension amount and other factors. In some cases mortality rates include a “scaler” (also referred to as a loading or multiplier) that align mortality projections with historical experience and calibrate to exit level.

Pre-IPO intrinsic option

Pre-IPO intrinsic option represents the share price of a company in advance of its listing on a public exchange. It is typically a discounted price from the IPO price.

Prepayment rate

Prepayment rates may vary from collateral pool to collateral pool, and are driven by a variety of collateral-specific factors, including the type and location of the underlying borrower, the remaining tenor of the obligation and the level and type (e.g., fixed or floating) of interest rate being paid by the borrower.

Price

Bond equivalent price is a primary significant unobservable input for multiple products. Where market prices are not available for an instrument, benchmarking may be utilized to identify comparable issues (same industry and similar product mixes) while adjustments are considered for differences in deal terms and performance.

Settlement lag extension

For synthetic ABS CDO single tranche trades, settlement lag extension is an unobservable input that represents the delay that may occur between protection buyer calling a credit event and physically receiving the settlement cash from the swap counterparty.

Tax swap rate

The tax swap rate parameter is the interest rate applicable to tax refunds from the Italian tax office, determined annually by the Italian tax authorities and payable to the claimant when refund is made.

Terminal growth rate

The terminal growth rate is the rate at which free cash flows are expected to grow in perpetuity as part of an overall firm valuation process. The terminal growth rate typically parallels the historical inflation rate (2-3%) and is applied to the discounted cash flow model to represent mature stage company valuation.

UK Mortality

UK Mortality is marked using Day-1 Mortality improvements, Mortality Base Tables, and Mortality floor calibrated to reinsurance exit PV by set of Qx Scalars or Multipliers. UK Mortality is updated annually based on changes to ‘Multipliers’ calibrated to actual vs expected pensioner maturities observed for respective pension scheme.

Unadjusted NAV

NAV values are used to price fund units and as an input into fund derivatives. They are considered unobservable when based on NAV statements or estimates received directly from the fund, as opposed to published on a broad market platform, or with a lag to the reporting date.

Volatility and volatility skew

Volatility and its skew are both impacted by the underlying risk, term and strike price of the derivative. In the case of interest rate derivatives, volatility may vary significantly between different underlying currencies and expiration dates on the options. Similarly, in the case of equity derivatives, the volatility attributed to a structure may vary depending upon the underlying reference name on the derivative.

Investment funds measured at net asset value per share

Investments in funds held in trading assets and trading liabilities primarily include positions held in equity funds of funds as an economic hedge for structured notes and derivatives issued to clients that reference the same underlying risk and liquidity terms of the fund. A majority of these funds have limitations imposed on the amount of withdrawals from the fund during the redemption period due to illiquidity of the investments. In other instances, the withdrawal amounts may vary depending on the redemption notice period and are usually larger for the longer redemption notice periods. In addition, penalties may apply if redemption is within a certain time period from initial investment.

Investments in funds held in other investments principally involves private equity securities and, to a lesser extent, publicly traded securities and fund of funds. Several of these investments have redemption restrictions subject to the discretion of the board of directors of the fund and/or redemption is permitted without restriction, but is limited to a certain percentage of total assets or only after a certain date.

The following table pertains to investments in certain entities that calculate NAV per share or its equivalent, primarily private equity and hedge funds. These investments do not have a readily determinable fair value and are measured at fair value using NAV.

Fair value, unfunded commitments and term of redemption conditions of investment funds measured at NAV per share

		2022								2021
end of		Non- redeemable		Redeemable		Total fair value		Unfunded commit- ments		Non- redeemable		Redeemable		Total fair value		Unfunded commit- ments
Fair value of investment funds and unfunded commitments (CHF million)
Funds held in trading assets and trading liabilities		128		415		543		14		193		471		664		24
Private equity funds		59		0		59		48		40		0		40		42
Hedge funds		13		1		14		1		12		2		14		1
Equity method investment funds		315		13		328		114		336		15		351		124
Funds held in other investments		387		14		401		163		388		17		405		167
Total fair value of investment funds and unfunded commitments		515	1	429	2	944		177		581	3	488	4	1,069		191
1 CHF 276 million of the underlying assets had known liquidation periods and for CHF 239 million, the timing of liquidation was unknown.
2 CHF 234 million was redeemable on demand with a notice period of primarily less than 30 days.
3 CHF 339 million of the underlying assets had known liquidation periods and for CHF 242 million, the timing of liquidation was unknown.
4 CHF 304 million was redeemable on demand with a notice period of primarily less than 30 days.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis

Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis; that is, they are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances. Nonrecurring measurements reported are as of the end of the period, unless otherwise stated. The market value for loans held-for-sale and commitments held-for-sale is determined by benchmarking to comparable instruments.

The following table provides the fair value and the fair value hierarchy of all assets and liabilities that were held as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, for which a nonrecurring fair value measurement was recorded.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis

end of 2022		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets (CHF million)
Other investments		0		259		106		365
of which equity method investments		0		0		78		78
of which equity securities (without a readily determinable fair value)		0		259		28		287
Net loans		0		14		1		15
Other assets		0		39		44		83
of which loans held-for-sale		0		39		32		71
of which real estate held-for-sale		0		0		12		12
Total assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis		0		312		151		463
Liabilities (CHF million)
Other liabilities		0		2		21		23
of which commitments held-for-sale		0		2		21		23
Total liabilities recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis		0		2		21		23
end of 2021
Assets (CHF million)
Other investments		0		0		152		152
of which equity method investments		0		0		118		118
of which equity securities (without a readily determinable fair value)		0		0		21		21
Net loans		0		12		5		17
Other assets		0		29		110		139
of which loans held-for-sale		0		28		45		73
of which premises, equipment and right-of-use assets		0		1		60		61
Total assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis		0		41		267		308
Liabilities (CHF million)
Other liabilities		0		0		21		21
of which commitments held-for-sale		0		0		21		21
Total liabilities recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis		0		0		21		21

The following table provides the representative range of minimum and maximum values and the associated weighted averages of each significant unobservable input for level 3 assets and liabilities by the related valuation technique most significant to the related financial instrument that were held as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, for which a nonrecurring fair value measurement was recorded.

Quantitative information about level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis

end of 2022		Fair value		Valuation technique		Unobservable input		Minimum value		Maximum value		Weighted average	1
Assets (CHF million, except where indicated)
Other investments		106
of which equity method investments		78		Discounted cash flow		Discount rate, in %		8		18		15
of which equity securities    (without a readily determinable fair value)		28
of which		13		Discounted cash flow		Discount rate, in %		12		16		14
of which		13		Market comparable		Price, in actuals		3		6,181		1,310
Other assets		44
of which loans held-for-sale		32		Market comparable		Price, in %		90		90		90
of which real estate held-for-sale		12		Market comparable		Price, in actuals		0		144		55
Liabilities (CHF million, except where indicated)
Other liabilities		21
of which commitments held-for-sale		21		Market comparable		Price, in %		87		96		90
end of 2021
Assets (CHF million, except where indicated)
Other investments		152
of which equity method investments		118		Discounted cash flow		Discount rate, in %		8		13		13
of which equity securities    (without a readily determinable fair value)		21
of which		16		Discounted cash flow		Discount rate, in %		12		16		14
of which		5		Market comparable		Price per share, in actuals		5		6,003		2,441
Other assets		110
of which loans held-for-sale		45		Market comparable		Price, in %		80		100		88
of which premises, equipment and right-of-use assets		60		Market comparable		Price, in actuals		60		60		60
Liabilities (CHF million, except where indicated)
Other liabilities		21
of which commitments held-for-sale		21		Market comparable		Price, in %		80		97		83
1 Weighted average is calculated based on the fair value of the instruments.

Fair value option

The Group has availed itself of the simplification in accounting offered under the fair value option. This has been accomplished generally by electing the fair value option, both at initial adoption and for subsequent transactions, on items impacted by the hedge accounting requirements of US GAAP. For instruments for which hedge accounting could not be achieved but for which the Group is economically hedged, the Group has generally elected the fair value option. Where the Group manages an activity on a fair value basis but previously has been unable to achieve fair value accounting, the Group has generally utilized the fair value option to align its financial accounting to its risk management reporting.

The Group elected fair value for certain of its financial statement captions as follows:

Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions

The Group has elected to account for structured resale agreements and most matched book resale agreements at fair value. These activities are managed on a fair value basis; thus, fair value accounting is deemed more appropriate for reporting purposes. The Group did not elect the fair value option for firm financing resale agreements as these agreements are generally overnight agreements which approximate fair value, but which are not managed on a fair value basis.

Other investments

The Group has elected to account for certain equity method investments at fair value. These activities are managed on a fair value basis; thus, fair value accounting is deemed more appropriate for reporting purposes.

Loans

The Group has elected to account for substantially all commercial loans and loan commitments from the investment banking businesses and certain emerging market loans from the investment banking businesses at fair value. These activities are managed on a fair value basis and fair value accounting was deemed more appropriate for reporting purposes. Additionally, recognition on a fair value basis eliminates the mismatch that existed due to the economic hedging the Group employs to manage these loans. Certain similar loans, such as project finance, lease finance, cash collateralized and some bridge loans, which were eligible for the fair value option, were not elected due to the lack of currently available infrastructure to fair value such loans and/or the inability to economically hedge such loans. Additionally, the Group elected not to account for loans granted by its private, corporate and institutional banking businesses at fair value, such as domestic consumer lending, mortgages and corporate loans, as these loans are not managed on a fair value basis.

Other assets

The Group elected the fair value option for loans held-for-sale, due to the short period over which such loans are held and the intention to sell such loans in the near term. Other assets also include assets of VIEs and mortgage securitizations which do not meet the criteria for sale treatment under US GAAP. The Group did elect the fair value option for these types of transactions.

Due to banks and customer deposits

The Group elected the fair value option for certain time deposits associated with its emerging markets activities. The Group’s customer deposits include fund-linked deposits. The Group elected the fair value option for these fund-linked deposits. Fund-linked products are managed on a fair value basis and fair value accounting was deemed more appropriate for reporting purposes.

Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions

The Group has elected to account for structured repurchase agreements and most matched book repurchase agreements at fair value. These activities are managed on a fair value basis and fair value accounting was deemed more appropriate for reporting purposes. The Group did not elect the fair value option for firm financing repurchase agreements as these agreements are generally overnight agreements which approximate fair value, but which are not managed on a fair value basis.

Short-term borrowings

The Group’s short-term borrowings include hybrid debt instruments with embedded derivative features. Some of these embedded derivative features create bifurcatable debt instruments. The Group elected the fair value option for some of these instruments as of January 1, 2006, in accordance with the provisions of US GAAP. New bifurcatable debt instruments which were entered into in 2006 are carried at fair value. Some hybrid debt instruments do not result in bifurcatable debt instruments. US GAAP permits the Group to elect fair value accounting for non-bifurcatable hybrid debt instruments. With the exception of certain bifurcatable hybrid debt instruments which the Group did not elect to account for at fair value, the Group has elected to account for all hybrid debt instruments held as of January 1, 2007, and hybrid debt instruments originated after January 1, 2007, at fair value. These activities are managed on a fair value basis and fair value accounting was deemed appropriate for reporting purposes. There are two main populations of similar instruments for which fair value accounting was not elected. The first relates to the lending business transacted by the Group’s private, corporate and institutional banking businesses, which includes structured deposits and similar investment products. These are managed on a bifurcated or accrual basis and fair value accounting was not considered appropriate. The second is where the instruments were or will be maturing in the near term and their fair value will be realized at that time.

Long-term debt

The Group’s long-term debt includes hybrid debt instruments with embedded derivative features as described above in short-term borrowings. The Group’s long-term debt also includes debt issuances managed by the Treasury department that do not contain derivative features (vanilla debt). The Group actively manages the interest rate risk on these instruments with derivatives. In particular, fixed-rate debt is hedged with receive-fixed, pay-floating interest rate swaps. The Group elected to fair value fixed-rate debt upon implementation of the fair value option on January 1, 2007, with changes in fair value recognized as a component of trading revenues. The Group did not elect to apply the fair value option to fixed-rate debt issued by the Group since January 1, 2008, but instead applies hedge accounting.

Other liabilities

Other liabilities include liabilities of VIEs and mortgage securitizations that do not meet the criteria for sale treatment under US GAAP. The Group elected the fair value option for these types of transactions.

Difference between the aggregate fair value and unpaid principal balances of fair value option-elected financial instruments

		2022						2021
end of		Aggregate fair value		Aggregate unpaid principal		Difference		Aggregate fair value		Aggregate unpaid principal		Difference
Financial instruments (CHF million)
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		40,793		40,665		128		68,623		68,565		58
Loans		7,358		8,241		(883)		10,243		11,035		(792)
Other assets 1		8,544		10,937		(2,393)		8,624		10,777		(2,153)
Due to banks and customer deposits		(458)		(562)		104		(493)		(442)		(51)
Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions		(14,042)		(13,933)		(109)		(13,213)		(13,212)		(1)
Short-term borrowings		(6,783)		(6,892)		109		(10,690)		(10,996)		306
Long-term debt 2		(58,721)		(72,788)		14,067		(68,722)		(71,833)		3,111
Other liabilities		(888)		(1,043)		155		(1,170)		(1,403)		233
Non-accrual loans 3, 4		733		2,213		(1,480)		843		2,657		(1,814)
1 Primarily loans held-for-sale.
2 Long-term debt includes both principal-protected and non-principal protected instruments. For non-principal-protected instruments, the original notional amount has been reported in the aggregate unpaid principal.
3 Generally, a loan is deemed non-accrual when the contractual payments of principal and/or interest are more than 90 days past due.
4 Included in loans or other assets.

Gains and losses on financial instruments

		2022		2021		2020
in		Net gains/ (losses)		Net gains/ (losses)		Net gains/ (losses)
Financial instruments (CHF million)
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		1,450	1	638	1	1,198	1
Other investments		(51)	2	304	2	397	2
of which related to credit risk		(3)		2		1
Loans		163	1	443	1	510	1
of which related to credit risk		(239)		(13)		(181)
Other assets		246	1	519	1	489	1
of which related to credit risk		(202)		133		(106)
Due to banks and customer deposits		(44)	3	(22)	3	(10)	3
of which related to credit risk		(1)		0		0
Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions		(156)	1	(43)	1	(58)	1
Short-term borrowings		1,916	3	98	3	(687)	3
of which related to credit risk		1		2		0
Long-term debt		6,935	3	(3,005)	3	(2,294)	3
of which related to credit risk		3		0		11
Other liabilities		54	2	171	3	(20)	3
of which related to credit risk		(164)		71		(15)
1 Primarily recognized in net interest income.
2 Primarily recognized in other revenues.
3 Primarily recognized in trading revenues.

The impact of credit risk on assets presented in the table above has been calculated as the component of the total change in fair value, excluding the impact of changes in base or risk-free interest rates. The impact of changes in own credit risk on liabilities presented in the table above has been calculated as the difference between the fair values of those instruments as of the reporting date and the theoretical fair values of those instruments calculated by using the yield curve prevailing at the end of the reporting period, adjusted up or down for changes in the Group’s own credit spreads from the transition date to the reporting date.

Interest income and expense, which are calculated based on contractual rates specified in the transactions, are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations depending on the nature of the instrument and its related market convention. When interest is included as a component of the change in the instrument’s fair value, it is included in trading revenues. Otherwise, it is included in interest and dividend income or interest expense. Interest and dividend income is recognized separately from trading revenues.

Gains and losses attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk on fair value option elected liabilities

The following table provides additional information regarding the gains and losses attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk on fair value option elected liabilities, which have been recorded in AOCI. The table includes both the amount of change during the period and the cumulative amount that were attributable to the changes in instrument-specific credit risk. In addition, the table includes the gains and losses related to instrument-specific credit risk, which were previously recorded in AOCI but have been transferred to net income during the period.

Gains/(losses) attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk

		Gains/(losses) recorded into AOCI					1	Gains/(losses) recorded in AOCI transferred to net income			1
in		2022		Cumulative		2021		2022		2021
Financial instruments (CHF million)
Customer deposits		57		0		14		0		0
Short-term borrowings		19		(25)		19		0		0
Long-term debt		6,934		4,751		266		(31)		103
of which treasury debt over two years		3,670		2,742		(129)		0		0
of which structured notes over two years		2,666		1,501		359		(31)		103
Total		7,010		4,726		299		(31)		103
1 Amounts are reflected gross of tax.

Financial instruments not carried at fair value

The following table provides the carrying value and fair value of financial instruments, which are not carried at fair value in the consolidated balance sheet. The disclosure excludes all non-financial instruments such as lease transactions, real estate, premises and equipment, equity method investments and pension and benefit obligations.

Carrying value and fair value of financial instruments not carried at fair value

		Carrying value		Fair value
end of				Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
2022 (CHF million)
Financial assets
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		18,005		0		18,005		0		18,005
Investment securities		921		911		0		0		911
Loans		252,886		0		237,101		12,743		249,844
Other financial assets 1		92,215		68,836		20,311		2,928		92,075
Financial liabilities
Due to banks and customer deposits		242,188		148,770		93,326		0		242,096
Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions		6,238		0		6,238		0		6,238
Short-term borrowings		5,631		0		5,629		0		5,629
Long-term debt		98,515		0		83,381		9,834		93,215
Other financial liabilities 2		8,411		0		7,866		527		8,393
2021 (CHF million)
Financial assets
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		35,283		0		35,283		0		35,283
Loans		277,766		0		272,527		13,722		286,249
Other financial assets 1		180,024		164,097		15,469		503		180,069
Financial liabilities
Due to banks and customer deposits		407,607		243,324		164,289		0		407,613
Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions		22,061		0		22,061		0		22,061
Short-term borrowings		8,703		0		8,702		0		8,702
Long-term debt		98,174		0		98,841		1,716		100,557
Other financial liabilities 2		12,460		1		12,021		443		12,465
1 Primarily includes cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks, loans held-for-sale, cash collateral on derivative instruments, interest and fee receivables and non-marketable equity securities.
2 Primarily includes cash collateral on derivative instruments and interest and fee payables.

Bank

Financial instruments

35 Financial instruments

> Refer to “Note 36 – Financial instruments” in VI – Consolidated financial statements – Credit Suisse Group for further information.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

end of 2022		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting impact	1	Assets measured at net asset value per share	2	Total
Assets (CHF million)
Cash and due from banks		0		198		0		–		–		198
Interest-bearing deposits with banks		0		14		0		–		–		14
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		100		40,693		0		–		–		40,793
Securities received as collateral		2,318		660		0		–		–		2,978
Trading assets		33,724		105,555		3,828		(77,695)		543		65,955
of which debt securities		13,084		23,288		1,211		–		31		37,614
of which foreign government		10,117		5,597		86		–		–		15,800
of which corporates		2,718		4,998		413		–		31		8,160
of which RMBS		5		10,417		444		–		–		10,866
of which CDO		197		941		216		–		–		1,354
of which equity securities		11,772		676		222		–		512		13,182
of which derivatives		7,571		79,606		1,661		(77,695)		–		11,143
of which interest rate products		1,617		31,900		671		–		–		–
of which foreign exchange products		24		25,512		17		–		–		–
of which equity/index-related products		5,927		18,669		295		–		–		–
of which credit derivatives		0		3,059		130		–		–		–
of which other derivatives		0		197		548		–		–		–
of which other trading assets		1,297		1,985		734		–		–		4,016
Investment securities		0		796		0		–		–		796
Other investments		0		17		3,313		–		400		3,730
of which other equity investments		0		17		2,725		–		328		3,070
of which life finance instruments		0		0		587		–		–		587
Loans		0		6,318		1,040		–		–		7,358
of which commercial and industrial loans		0		2,381		300		–		–		2,681
of which financial institutions		0		2,591		398		–		–		2,989
of which government and public institutions		0		1,112		254		–		–		1,366
Other intangible assets (mortgage servicing rights)		0		44		359		–		–		403
Other assets		78		8,316		773		(220)		–		8,947
of which failed purchases		54		664		12		–		–		730
of which loans held-for-sale		0		7,165		648		–		–		7,813
Total assets at fair value		36,220		162,611		9,313		(77,915)		943		131,172
1 Derivative contracts are reported on a gross basis by level. The impact of netting represents legally enforceable master netting agreements.
2 In accordance with US GAAP, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (continued)

end of 2022		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting impact	1	Liabilities measured at net asset value per share	2	Total
Liabilities (CHF million)
Due to banks		0		490		0		–		–		490
Customer deposits		0		2,212		252		–		–		2,464
Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions		0		14,133		0		–		–		14,133
Obligation to return securities received as collateral		2,318		660		0		–		–		2,978
Trading liabilities		13,131		83,351		1,881		(80,026)		–		18,337
of which short positions		6,556		2,595		16		–		–		9,167
of which debt securities		3,228		2,232		1		–		–		5,461
of which foreign government		3,150		272		0		–		–		3,422
of which corporates		53		1,957		1		–		–		2,011
of which equity securities		3,328		363		15		–		–		3,706
of which derivatives		6,575		80,756		1,640		(80,026)		–		8,945
of which interest rate products		1,566		30,288		118		–		–		–
of which foreign exchange products		20		26,180		1		–		–		–
of which equity/index-related products		4,981		20,731		1,083		–		–		–
of which credit derivatives		0		3,157		242		–		–		–
of which other derivatives		5		210		196		–		–		–
of which other trading liabilities		0		0		225		–		–		225
Short-term borrowings		0		6,330		453		–		–		6,783
Long-term debt		0		51,185		6,734		–		–		57,919
of which structured notes over one year and up to two years		0		10,697		439		–		–		11,136
of which structured notes over two years		0		23,409		4,307		–		–		27,716
of which other debt instruments over two years		0		2,961		1,728		–		–		4,689
of which high-trigger instruments		0		7,484		28		–		–		7,512
Other liabilities		133		3,794		203		(1,844)		–		2,286
Total liabilities at fair value		15,582		162,155		9,523		(81,870)		–		105,390
1 Derivative contracts are reported on a gross basis by level. The impact of netting represents legally enforceable master netting agreements.
2 In accordance with US GAAP, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (continued)

end of 2021		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting impact	1	Assets measured at net asset value per share	2	Total
Assets (CHF million)
Cash and due from banks		0		308		0		–		–		308
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		0		68,623		0		–		–		68,623
Securities received as collateral		13,848		1,155		14		–		–		15,017
Trading assets		54,145		146,768		4,503		(94,782)		665		111,299
of which debt securities		12,191		40,799		1,225		–		82		54,297
of which foreign government		11,996		11,377		35		–		–		23,408
of which corporates		72		9,057		478		–		82		9,689
of which RMBS		0		17,033		424		–		–		17,457
of which equity securities		34,342		1,486		195		–		583		36,606
of which derivatives		6,224		103,930		2,187		(94,782)		–		17,559
of which interest rate products		721		48,083		624		–		–		–
of which foreign exchange products		123		20,686		53		–		–		–
of which equity/index-related products		5,348		29,808		212		–		–		–
of which other derivatives		0		196		1,034		–		–		–
of which other trading assets		1,388		553		896		–		–		2,837
Investment securities		0		1,003		0		–		–		1,003
Other investments		0		23		3,666		–		404		4,093
of which other equity investments		0		23		2,863		–		351		3,237
of which life finance instruments		0		0		789		–		–		789
Loans		0		8,709		1,534		–		–		10,243
of which commercial and industrial loans		0		2,267		717		–		–		2,984
of which financial institutions		0		3,840		465		–		–		4,305
of which government and public institutions		0		1,747		289		–		–		2,036
Other intangible assets (mortgage servicing rights)		0		57		167		–		–		224
Other assets		121		8,750		694		(381)		–		9,184
of which failed purchases		98		1,135		11		–		–		1,244
of which loans held-for-sale		0		6,818		562		–		–		7,380
Total assets at fair value		68,114		235,396		10,578		(95,163)		1,069		219,994
1 Derivative contracts are reported on a gross basis by level. The impact of netting represents legally enforceable master netting agreements.
2 In accordance with US GAAP, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis (continued)

end of 2021		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Netting impact	1	Liabilities measured at net asset value per share	2	Total
Liabilities (CHF million)
Due to banks		0		477		0		–		–		477
Customer deposits		0		3,306		394		–		–		3,700
Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions		0		13,307		0		–		–		13,307
Obligation to return securities received as collateral		13,848		1,155		14		–		–		15,017
Trading liabilities		19,423		105,865		2,809		(100,559)		1		27,539
of which short positions		11,693		4,974		25		–		1		16,693
of which debt securities		2,809		4,865		3		–		–		7,677
of which foreign government		2,667		968		0		–		–		3,635
of which corporates		113		3,839		3		–		–		3,955
of which equity securities		8,884		109		22		–		1		9,016
of which derivatives		7,730		100,891		2,542		(100,559)		–		10,604
of which interest rate products		776		44,039		26		–		–		–
of which foreign exchange products		133		22,646		57		–		–		–
of which equity/index-related products		6,812		27,919		1,787		–		–		–
of which other trading liabilities		0		0		242		–		–		242
Short-term borrowings		0		9,658		1,032		–		–		10,690
Long-term debt		0		58,112		9,676		–		–		67,788
of which structured notes over one year and up to two years		0		11,036		1,464		–		–		12,500
of which structured notes over two years		0		24,168		6,318		–		–		30,486
of which other debt instruments over two years		0		3,223		1,854		–		–		5,077
of which high-trigger instruments		0		10,708		0		–		–		10,708
of which other subordinated bonds		0		7,133		0		–		–		7,133
Other liabilities		348		2,008		517		(305)		–		2,568
Total liabilities at fair value		33,619		193,888		14,442		(100,864)		1		141,086
1 Derivative contracts are reported on a gross basis by level. The impact of netting represents legally enforceable master netting agreements.
2 In accordance with US GAAP, certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the amounts presented in the consolidated balance sheet.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for level 3

																Trading revenues				Other revenues				Accumulated other comprehensive income
2022		Balance at beginning of period		Transfers in		Transfers out		Purchases		Sales		Issuances		Settlements		On transfers out		On all other		On transfers out		On all other		On transfers out		On all other		Foreign currency translation impact		Balance at end of period		Changes in unrealized gains/losses	1
Assets (CHF million)
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		0		0		0		0		0		3		(3)		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Securities received as collateral		14		0		0		0		(14)		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Trading assets		4,503		1,818		(2,057)		5,563		(5,184)		967		(1,076)		83		(847)		0		(9)		0		0		67		3,828		(193)
of which debt securities		1,225		1,206		(1,090)		4,622		(4,185)		0		0		(106)		(499)		0		(9)		0		0		47		1,211		215
of which corporates		478		452		(582)		3,933		(3,342)		0		0		(97)		(464)		0		0		0		0		35		413		226
of which RMBS		424		312		(179)		306		(564)		0		0		3		133		0		0		0		0		9		444		4
of which CDO		245		201		(138)		103		(148)		0		0		(5)		(39)		0		(9)		0		0		6		216		(6)
of which derivatives		2,187		406		(824)		0		0		967		(918)		144		(301)		0		0		0		0		0		1,661		(328)
of which interest rate products		624		11		(182)		0		0		89		(66)		(5)		229		0		0		0		0		(29)		671		166
of which equity/index-related products		212		262		(416)		0		0		473		(284)		106		(55)		0		0		0		0		(3)		295		2
of which credit derivatives		264		115		(189)		0		0		65		(142)		31		(19)		0		0		0		0		5		130		1
of which other derivatives		1,034		9		(4)		0		0		330		(317)		4		(537)		0		0		0		0		29		548		(489)
of which other trading assets		896		27		(51)		827		(923)		0		(158)		6		94		0		0		0		0		16		734		(123)
Other investments		3,666		69		(13)		65		(206)		0		0		0		(253)		0		(57)		0		0		42		3,313		(95)
of which other equity investments		2,863		69		0		37		(16)		0		0		0		(190)		0		(65)		0		0		27		2,725		(50)
of which life finance instruments		789		0		0		28		(182)		0		0		0		(63)		0		0		0		0		15		587		(45)
Loans		1,534		566		(470)		16		(45)		63		(667)		39		(46)		0		(6)		0		0		56		1,040		(92)
of which commercial and industrial loans		717		163		(327)		0		(18)		4		(218)		12		(50)		0		(6)		0		0		23		300		(74)
of which financial institutions		465		141		(41)		15		(15)		58		(293)		16		29		0		0		0		0		23		398		9
of which government and public institutions		289		91		(39)		1		0		1		(72)		1		(24)		0		0		0		0		6		254		(25)
Other intangible assets (mortgage servicing rights)		167		187		0		0		0		0		0		0		4		0		0		0		0		1		359		4
Other assets		694		452		(289)		743		(593)		157		(417)		46		(49)		0		3		0		0		26		773		(31)
of which loans held-for-sale		562		379		(232)		724		(591)		157		(415)		15		26		0		0		0		0		23		648		(15)
Total assets at fair value		10,578		3,092		(2,829)		6,387		(6,042)		1,190		(2,163)		168		(1,191)		0		(69)		0		0		192		9,313		(407)
Liabilities (CHF million)
Customer deposits		394		0		0		0		0		0		(18)		0		(49)		0		0		0		(57)		(18)		252		(120)
Obligation to return securities received as collateral		14		0		0		0		(14)		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0
Trading liabilities		2,809		1,784		(1,381)		33		(106)		844		(2,066)		52		(165)		0		0		0		0		77		1,881		224
of which derivatives		2,542		1,651		(1,353)		0		0		844		(2,066)		51		(98)		0		0		0		0		69		1,640		216
of which equity/index-related products		1,787		615		(1,027)		0		0		476		(520)		(5)		(273)		0		0		0		0		30		1,083		(38)
of which credit derivatives		374		991		(201)		0		0		176		(1,329)		26		172		0		0		0		0		33		242		152
of which other derivatives		298		0		(5)		0		0		143		(174)		3		(79)		0		0		0		0		10		196		(5)
Short-term borrowings		1,032		204		(684)		0		0		785		(815)		(75)		(8)		0		0		0		0		14		453		9
Long-term debt		9,676		3,116		(6,609)		0		0		7,730		(5,575)		(557)		(785)		0		0		(51)		(350)		139		6,734		(422)
of which structured notes over two years		6,318		2,502		(4,930)		0		0		6,589		(4,729)		(418)		(737)		0		0		(49)		(344)		105		4,307		(487)
of which other debt instruments over two years		1,854		0		0		0		0		166		(279)		0		(38)		0		0		0		0		25		1,728		83
Other liabilities		517		126		(305)		22		(89)		110		(136)		82		(90)		(46)		1		0		0		11		203		11
Total liabilities at fair value		14,442		5,230		(8,979)		55		(209)		9,469		(8,610)		(498)		(1,097)		(46)		1		(51)		(407)		223		9,523		(298)
Net assets/(liabilities) at fair value		(3,864)		(2,138)		6,150		6,332		(5,833)		(8,279)		6,447		666		(94)		46		(70)		51		407		(31)		(210)		(109)
1 Changes in unrealized gains/(losses) on total assets at fair value and changes in unrealized (gains)/losses on total liabilities at fair value relating to assets and liabilities held at period end are included in net revenues or accumulated other comprehensive income. As of 2022, changes in net unrealized gains/(losses) of CHF (472) million and CHF (50) million were recorded in trading revenues and other revenues, respectively, and changes in unrealized (gains)/losses of CHF 413 million were recorded in gains/(losses) on liabilities relating to credit risk in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss).

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for level 3 (continued)

																Trading revenues				Other revenues				Accumulated other comprehensive income
2021		Balance at beginning of period		Transfers in		Transfers out		Purchases		Sales		Issuances		Settlements		On transfers out		On all other		On transfers out		On all other		On transfers out		On all other		Foreign currency translation impact		Balance at end of period		Changes in unrealized gains/losses	1
Assets (CHF million)
Securities received as collateral		101		0		0		73		(164)		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		4		14		0
Trading assets		7,535		1,345		(3,413)		4,867		(5,685)		874		(1,629)		(133)		509		0		(1)		0		0		234		4,503		52
of which debt securities		2,253		878		(1,701)		3,668		(4,141)		0		0		(331)		509		0		(1)		0		0		91		1,225		103
of which corporates		1,270		471		(747)		2,753		(3,483)		0		0		(321)		472		0		0		0		0		63		478		154
of which RMBS		557		158		(615)		654		(385)		0		0		(25)		59		0		0		0		0		21		424		(15)
of which derivatives		3,911		314		(1,551)		0		0		874		(1,514)		79		(16)		0		0		0		0		90		2,187		116
of which interest rate products		733		58		(222)		0		0		175		(79)		(8)		(14)		0		0		0		0		(19)		624		141
of which other derivatives		1,079		1		0		0		0		311		(325)		0		(73)		0		0		0		0		41		1,034		(81)
of which other trading assets		1,247		31		(90)		1,035		(1,371)		0		(115)		62		49		0		0		0		0		48		896		(96)
Other investments		3,054		99		(758)		1,513		(658)		0		0		0		86		0		267		0		0		63		3,666		120
of which other equity investments		2,132		65		(757)		1,478		(443)		0		0		0		96		0		262		0		0		30		2,863		80
of which life finance instruments		920		0		0		33		(188)		0		0		0		(10)		0		0		0		0		34		789		39
Loans		3,669		257		(1,315)		362		(194)		207		(1,620)		7		55		0		(3)		0		0		109		1,534		(59)
of which commercial and industrial loans		1,347		213		(364)		10		(133)		162		(643)		19		74		0		(3)		0		0		35		717		6
of which financial institutions		1,082		43		(340)		0		(42)		34		(409)		1		70		0		0		0		0		26		465		27
of which government and public institutions		729		1		(298)		0		(1)		(1)		(68)		(12)		(88)		0		0		0		0		27		289		(87)
Other intangible assets (mortgage servicing rights)		180		0		0		22		0		0		0		0		0		0		(42)		0		0		7		167		(42)
Other assets		1,825		370		(902)		3,447		(3,269)		120		(924)		14		(41)		0		0		0		0		54		694		(137)
of which loans held-for-sale		1,576		360		(855)		3,394		(3,222)		120		(921)		25		41		0		0		0		0		44		562		(104)
Total assets at fair value		16,364		2,071		(6,388)		10,284		(9,970)		1,201		(4,173)		(112)		609		0		221		0		0		471		10,578		(66)
Liabilities (CHF million)
Customer deposits		448		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		(18)		0		0		0		(14)		(22)		394		(29)
Obligation to return securities received as collateral		101		0		0		73		(164)		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		0		4		14		0
Trading liabilities		4,246		1,007		(2,703)		45		(56)		1,135		(1,498)		340		138		0		0		0		0		155		2,809		653
of which derivatives		3,937		838		(2,553)		0		0		1,135		(1,498)		340		201		0		0		0		0		142		2,542		644
of which equity/index-related derivatives		2,010		562		(1,498)		0		0		581		(644)		353		352		0		0		0		0		71		1,787		712
Short-term borrowings		701		359		(550)		0		0		1,766		(1,363)		(35)		128		0		0		0		0		26		1,032		72
Long-term debt		7,286		4,767		(6,698)		0		0		11,323		(6,863)		(36)		(324)		0		0		0		(49)		270		9,676		(31)
of which structured notes over one year and up to two years		1,133		1,802		(1,979)		0		0		2,052		(1,663)		(26)		104		0		0		(1)		(1)		43		1,464		(2)
of which structured notes over two years		5,526		2,965		(4,314)		0		0		7,540		(5,038)		11		(528)		0		0		1		(47)		202		6,318		(312)
of which other debt instruments over two years		165		0		(2)		0		0		1,616		(36)		0		105		0		0		0		0		6		1,854		306
Other liabilities		1,250		21		(538)		51		(89)		116		(493)		10		(28)		109		66		0		0		42		517		26
Total liabilities at fair value		14,032		6,154		(10,489)		169		(309)		14,340		(10,217)		279		(104)		109		66		0		(63)		475		14,442		691
Net assets/(liabilities) at fair value		2,332		(4,083)		4,101		10,115		(9,661)		(13,139)		6,044		(391)		713		(109)		155		0		63		(4)		(3,864)		(757)
1 Changes in unrealized gains/(losses) on total assets at fair value and changes in unrealized (gains)/losses on total liabilities at fair value relating to assets and liabilities held at period end are included in net revenues or accumulated other comprehensive income. As of 2021, changes in net unrealized gains/(losses) of CHF (841) million and CHF 82 million were recorded in trading revenues and other revenues, respectively, and changes in unrealized (gains)/losses of CHF 2 million were recorded in gains/(losses) on liabilities relating to credit risk in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss).

> Refer to “Note 36 – Financial instruments” in VI – Consolidated financial statements – Credit Suisse Group for quantitative information about level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

Fair value, unfunded commitments and term of redemption conditions of investment funds measured at NAV per share

		2022								2021
end of		Non- redeemable		Redeemable		Total fair value		Unfunded commit- ments		Non- redeemable		Redeemable		Total fair value		Unfunded commit- ments
Fair value of investment funds and unfunded commitments (CHF million)
Funds held in trading assets and trading liabilities		128		415		543		14		193		471		664		24
Private equity funds		58		0		58		48		39		0		39		42
Hedge funds		13		1		14		1		12		2		14		1
Equity method investment funds		315		13		328		114		336		15		351		124
Funds held in other investments		386		14		400		163		387		17		404		167
Fair value of investment funds and unfunded commitments		514	1	429	2	943		177		580	3	488	4	1,068		191
1 CHF 276 million of the underlying assets had known liquidation periods and for CHF 238 million, the timing of liquidation was unknown.
2 CHF 234 million was redeemable on demand with a notice period of primarily less than 30 days.
3 CHF 339 million of the underlying assets had known liquidation periods and for CHF 241 million, the timing of liquidation was unknown.
4 CHF 304 million was redeemable on demand with a notice period of primarily less than 30 days.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis

end of 2022		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets (CHF million)
Other investments		0		259		106		365
of which equity method investments		0		0		78		78
of which equity securities (without a readily determinable fair value)		0		259		28		287
Net loans		0		14		1		15
Other assets		0		39		44		83
of which loans held-for-sale		0		39		32		71
of which real estate held-for-sale		0		0		12		12
Total assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis		0		312		151		463
Liabilities (CHF million)
Other liabilities		0		2		21		23
of which commitments held-for-sale		0		2		21		23
Total liabilities recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis		0		2		21		23
end of 2021
Assets (CHF million)
Other investments		0		0		152		152
of which equity method investments		0		0		118		118
of which equity securities (without a readily determinable fair value)		0		0		21		21
Net loans		0		12		5		17
Other assets		0		29		110		139
of which loans held-for-sale		0		28		45		73
of which premises, equipment and right-of-use assets		0		1		60		61
Total assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis		0		41		267		308
Liabilities (CHF million)
Other liabilities		0		0		21		21
of which commitments held-for-sale		0		0		21		21
Total liabilities recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis		0		0		21		21

> Refer to “Note 36 – Financial instruments” in VI – Consolidated financial statements – Credit Suisse Group for quantitative information about level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.

Difference between the aggregate fair value and unpaid principal balances of fair value option-elected financial instruments

		2022						2021
end of		Aggregate fair value		Aggregate unpaid principal		Difference		Aggregate fair value		Aggregate unpaid principal		Difference
Financial instruments (CHF million)
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		40,793		40,665		128		68,623		68,565		58
Loans		7,358		8,241		(883)		10,243		11,035		(792)
Other assets 1		8,544		10,937		(2,393)		8,624		10,777		(2,153)
Due to banks and customer deposits		(458)		(562)		104		(493)		(442)		(51)
Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions		(14,133)		(14,024)		(109)		(13,307)		(13,306)		(1)
Short-term borrowings		(6,783)		(6,892)		109		(10,690)		(10,996)		306
Long-term debt 2		(57,919)		(71,891)		13,972		(67,788)		(70,946)		3,158
Other liabilities		(888)		(1,043)		155		(1,170)		(1,403)		233
Non-accrual loans 3, 4		733		2,213		(1,480)		843		2,657		(1,814)
1 Primarily loans held-for-sale.
2 Long-term debt includes both principal-protected and non-principal protected instruments. For non-principal-protected instruments, the original notional amount has been reported in the aggregate unpaid principal.
3 Generally, a loan is deemed non-accrual when the contractual payments of principal and/or interest are more than 90 days past due.
4 Included in loans or other assets.

Gains and losses on financial instruments

		2022		2021		2020
in		Net gains/ (losses)		Net gains/ (losses)		Net gains/ (losses)
Financial instruments (CHF million)
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		1,450	1	638	1	1,198	1
Other investments		(51)	2	304	2	397	2
of which related to credit risk		(3)		2		1
Loans		163	1	443	1	510	1
of which related to credit risk		(239)		(13)		(181)
Other assets		246	1	519	1	489	1
of which related to credit risk		(202)		133		(106)
Due to banks and customer deposits		(44)	3	(22)	3	(10)	3
of which related to credit risk		(1)		0		0
Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions		(156)	1	(43)	1	(58)	1
Short-term borrowings		1,916	3	98	3	(687)	3
of which related to credit risk		1		2		0
Long-term debt		6,767	3	(2,644)	3	(2,349)	3
of which related to credit risk		3		0		11
Other liabilities		54	2	171	3	(20)	3
of which related to credit risk		(164)		71		(15)
1 Primarily recognized in net interest income.
2 Primarily recognized in other revenues.
3 Primarily recognized in trading revenues.

Gains/(losses) attributable to changes in instrument-specific credit risk

		Gains/(losses) recorded into AOCI					1	Gains/(losses) recorded in AOCI transferred to net income			1
in		2022		Cumulative		2021		2022		2021
Financial instruments (CHF million)
Customer deposits		57		0		14		0		0
Short-term borrowings		19		(25)		19		0		0
Long-term debt		6,787		4,656		263		(31)		103
of which treasury debt over two years		3,522		2,656		(134)		0		0
of which structured notes over two years		2,667		1,492		361		(31)		103
Total		6,863		4,631		296		(31)		103
1 Amounts are reflected gross of tax.

Carrying value and fair value of financial instruments not carried at fair value

		Carrying value		Fair value
end of				Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
2022 (CHF million)
Financial assets
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		18,005		0		18,005		0		18,005
Investment securities		921		911		0		0		911
Loans		256,825		0		241,035		12,743		253,778
Other financial assets 1		91,451		68,104		20,246		2,922		91,272
Financial liabilities
Due to banks and customer deposits		243,506		149,696		93,714		0		243,410
Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions		6,238		0		6,238		0		6,238
Short-term borrowings		7,705		0		7,703		0		7,703
Long-term debt		92,742		0		73,596		13,366		86,962
Other financial liabilities 2		8,551		0		7,984		523		8,507
2021 (CHF million)
Financial assets
Central bank funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowing transactions		35,283		0		35,283		0		35,283
Loans		286,438		0		281,195		13,722		294,917
Other financial assets 1		179,217		163,307		15,457		494		179,258
Financial liabilities
Due to banks and customer deposits		408,624		244,155		164,475		0		408,630
Central bank funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements and securities lending transactions		22,061		0		22,061		0		22,061
Short-term borrowings		14,646		0		14,646		0		14,646
Long-term debt		92,908		0		93,597		1,702		95,299
Other financial liabilities 2		12,542		0		12,105		441		12,546
1 Primarily includes cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with banks, loans held-for-sale, cash collateral on derivative instruments, interest and fee receivables and non-marketable equity securities.
2 Primarily includes cash collateral on derivative instruments and interest and fee payables.

X

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 820
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-URI https://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=126976982&loc=d3e19207-110258

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