General information / summary of general accounting policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2024

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of preparation

The accompanying Consolidated financial statements are stated in millions of euros unless indicated otherwise.

The accompanying Consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with US GAAP.

Use of estimates

The preparation of our Consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to

make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of

contingent assets and liabilities on the balance sheet dates, and the reported amounts of net sales and costs for the

reported periods. The inputs into our estimates and assumptions consider economic implications including supply

chain constraints, inflation and uncertainty in the macroeconomic environment. We believe that the critical

accounting estimates and assumptions are appropriate. ASML will continue to monitor the impacts of economic

implications and incorporate them into accounting estimates. We evaluate our estimates on a regular basis and we

base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable

under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates if the assumptions prove incorrect. To the

extent there are material differences between actual results and these estimates, our future results could be

materially and adversely affected.

We believe that the accounting policies described below require us to make significant judgments and estimates in

the preparation of our Consolidated financial statements. Our most critical accounting estimates relate to revenue

recognition (see Note 2 Revenue from contracts with customers). Although still considered an accounting estimate,

the recoverability of deferred tax assets for capitalized R&D costs is no longer considered a critical accounting

estimate. This is as the majority of our R&D expenses at US level are no longer eligible for capitalization for tax

purposes, resulting now in the related deferred tax asset balance decreasing over time due to amortization.

Principles of consolidation

The Consolidated financial statements include the Financial statements of ASML Holding NV and all of its

subsidiaries. Subsidiaries are all entities over which ASML controls the financial and operating activities, generally

accompanying a shareholding of more than 50.0% of the outstanding voting rights. Subsidiaries are fully

consolidated from the date on which control is obtained by ASML. All intercompany transactions, balances and

unrealized results on transactions with subsidiaries are eliminated. We also assess if we are the primary beneficiary

of, and thus should consolidate, any variable interest entity (VIE).

Foreign currency translation

The financial information for subsidiaries with a functional currency outside the Eurozone is measured using a mix of

local currencies or the euro as the functional currency. The Financial statements of those foreign subsidiaries with a

functional currency different than the euro are translated into euros in the preparation of ASML’s Consolidated

financial statements. Assets and liabilities are translated into euros at the exchange rate on the respective balance

sheet dates, and income and costs are translated into euros based on the average exchange rate for the

corresponding period. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded directly in shareholders’ equity.

New US GAAP accounting pronouncements adopted and issued but not adopted

New US GAAP accounting pronouncements adopted

During 2024, there were no new US GAAP accounting pronouncements that were adopted which have a material

impact on our Consolidated financial statements.

New US GAAP accounting pronouncements issued but not adopted

For 2024, there are no new US GAAP accounting pronouncements issued which have not yet been adopted and are

expected to have a material impact on our Consolidated financial statements.

Revenue from contracts with customers

Accounting policy

We measure revenue based on the consideration specified in the contracts with our customers, adjusted for any

significant financing components, and excluding any taxes collected on behalf of third parties. We recognize revenue

when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control over a good or service to our customer. We bill our

customers for, and recognize as revenue, charges for shipping and handling costs.

Depending on the contract, we generally obtain a right to payment for our systems through a reservation of a

production slot and/or upon delivery of our systems, with the remaining portion upon final acceptance of our

systems. Right to payment for our service and field options occurs upon delivery or completion of the service unless

described otherwise. The payment is typically due 15–45 days after the aforementioned events. Our contracts

typically include cancellation penalties that provide economic protection from the risk of customer cancellation. The

costs related to our sales are recognized as cost of sales.

We generate revenue from the sale of integrated patterning solutions for the semiconductor industry, which mainly

consist of systems, system-related options and upgrades, other holistic lithography solutions and customer services.

The main portion of our net sales is derived from volume purchase agreements with our customers that have multiple

performance obligations, which mainly include the sales of our systems, system-related options, installation, training,

and extended and enhanced warranties. In our volume purchase agreements we offer customers discounts in the

normal course of sales negotiations. As part of these volume purchase agreements, we may also offer free goods or

services and credits that can be used toward future purchases. Occasionally, systems, with the related extended and

enhanced warranties, installation and training services, are ordered individually. Our sales agreements do not include

a right of return for any reason other than not meeting the agreed-upon specifications.

We account for individual goods and services as separate and distinct performance obligations, including the free or

discounted goods or services, if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items and if a customer can

benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. Options to buy goods or

services in addition to the purchase commitment are assessed to determine if they provide a material right to the

customer that they would not have received if they had not entered into this contract. Each option to buy additional

goods or services provided at a discount from the standalone selling price is considered a material right, for which

the likelihood that the option will be exercised is evaluated based on the customer roadmap and their requirements.

The consideration paid for our performance obligations is typically fixed. However, most of our volume purchase

agreements with customers contain some component of variable consideration, typically dependent on the final

volume of systems ordered by the customer or the system performance. Variable consideration is estimated at

contract inception for each performance obligation based on communication with the customer to understand their

requirements and roadmap. This is subsequently updated each quarter, using either the expected value method or

the most likely amount method, whichever is determined to best predict the consideration to be collected from the

customer. Variable consideration is only included in the transaction price if it is considered probable that a significant

revenue reversal will not occur.

In certain scenarios when entering into a volume purchase agreement, free goods or services are provided directly or

through a voucher that can be used on future contracts. Consideration from the contract will be allocated to these

performance obligations and revenue recognized when control transfers based on the nature of the goods or

services provided.

As a practical expedient, we do not record a significant financing component when we expect, at contract inception,

that the period between the transfer of the products or services to the customer and customer payment for the

products or services will be one year or less. In addition, most of our contracts require our customers to pay a down

payment on systems to be shipped. We do not record a significant financing component for down payments, as the

timing difference between when the consideration is paid and when the system is transferred to the customer arises

from reasons other than financing.

The total consideration of the contract is allocated between all distinct performance obligations in the contract

based on their standalone selling prices. The standalone selling prices are determined based on other standalone

sales that are directly observable, when possible. However, for the majority of our performance obligations these are

not available. If no directly observable evidence is available, the standalone selling price is determined using the

adjusted market assessment approach, which requires judgment and is based on multiple factors including, but not

limited to, historical pricing practices and discounting trends for products and services.

For options to buy goods or services that are considered a material right, the discount offered from the standalone

selling price will be allocated from the consideration of the other goods and services in the contract if it is

determined the customer will exercise the option to buy, adjusted for the likelihood. Revenue will be recognized in

line with the nature of the related goods or services. If it is subsequently determined that the customer will not

exercise the option to buy, or the option expires, revenue will be recognized.

Occasionally we enter into bill-and-hold transactions, where we invoice a customer for a system that is ready for

delivery but not shipped to the customer until a later date, based on the customer’s request. Transfer of control is

determined to have occurred only when there is a substantive reason for the arrangement, the system is separately

identified as belonging to the customer, the good has been accepted by the customer and is ready for delivery, and

we do not have the ability to direct the use of the system.

We generate revenue from lessor agreements, which we classify as a sales-type lease when the lease meets any of

the following criteria at lease commencement:

•The lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee by the end of the lease term;

•The lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the underlying asset, that the lessee is reasonably certain to

exercise;

•The lease term is for the major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset. However, if the

commencement date falls at or near the end of the economic life of the underlying asset, this criterion shall not be

used for the purposes of classifying the lease;

•The present value of the sum of the lease payments and any residual value guaranteed by the lessee that is not

already reflected in the lease payments equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset;

•The underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at

the end of the lease term.

For sales-type leases where substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an asset are transferred

to the lessee, revenue is recognized at commencement of the lease. If material, the difference between the gross

finance receivable and the present value of the minimum lease payments is initially recognized as unearned interest

and presented as a deduction to the gross finance receivable. Interest income is recognized in the Consolidated

statements of operations over the term of the lease contract using the effective interest method.

Leases that are not a sales-type lease are operating lease arrangements. If we have offered the customer an

operating lease arrangement, the system is included in Property, plant and equipment upon commencement of the

lease. Revenue from operating lease arrangements is recognized in the Consolidated statements of operations on a

straight-line basis over the term of the lease contract.


Goods or services		Nature, timing of satisfying the performance obligations and significant payment terms
New systems		New systems sales include i-line, KrF, ArF dry, ArF immersion, NXE and EXE-related systems, along with the related factory options ordered with the base system, as well as metrology and inspection systems.
		Prior to shipment, the majority of our systems undergo a factory acceptance test (FAT) in our cleanroom facilities, effectively replicating the operating conditions that will be present on the customer’s site, in order to verify whether the system meets its standard specifications and any additional technical and performance criteria agreed with the customer.
		A system undergoing FAT is shipped only after all contractual specifications are met or discrepancies from agreed-upon specifications are waived and customer sign-off is received for delivery. Each system’s performance is re-tested through a site acceptance test (SAT) after installation at the customer site. We have never failed to successfully complete installation of a system at a customer’s premises; therefore, acceptance at FAT is considered to be proven for established technologies with a history of successful customer acceptances at SAT (equal or better than FAT).
		Transfer of control and recognition of revenue of a system undergoing a FAT, and for which customer acceptance at FAT is proven, will occur upon delivery of the system.
		Transfer of control and recognition of revenue of a system not undergoing a FAT, or for which customer acceptance at FAT is not proven, will occur after successful installation upon customer acceptance of the system at SAT.
		New system sales do not meet the requirements for over time revenue recognition because our customers do not simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided by our performance, or control the asset throughout any stage of our production process, or the systems are considered to have alternative use.
Used systems		We have no repurchase commitments in our general sales terms and conditions; however, we occasionally repurchase systems that we previously manufactured and sold, in order to refurbish and resell the system to a different customer. This repurchase decision is mainly driven by market demand expressed by other customers.
Used systems		Transfer of control of a used system, and recognition of revenue, follow the same logic as for our ‘New systems’.


Goods or services		Nature, timing of satisfying the performance obligations and significant payment terms
Field upgrades and options (system enhancements)		Field upgrades and options mainly relate to goods and services that are delivered for systems already installed in the customer factories. Certain upgrades require significant installation efforts, enhancing an asset the customer controls, and therefore resulting in transfer of control over the period of installation. The method of measuring progress is based on what best depicts the satisfaction of our obligation in transferring control. This is generally based on either the cost incurred method, which is estimated using labor hours, or the value transferred method, which is estimated using system performance measurements. For the options and other upgrades for which the customer receives and consumes the benefit at the moment of delivery, the transfer of control and recognition of revenue will occur upon delivery.
Field upgrades and options (system enhancements)		As long as we are not able to make a reliable estimate of the total efforts needed to complete the upgrade, we only recognize revenue to cover costs incurred. Margin will be realized at the earlier of us being able to make a reliable estimate or completion of the upgrade.
New product introduction		If the installation of new products is determined not to be a separate performance obligation or if there is not a sufficient established history of acceptance on FAT, a new product is considered to be a “new product introduction".
New product introduction		Transfer of control and revenue recognition for new product introductions occurs after successful installation and customer acceptance at SAT. Once there is an established history of successful installation and customer acceptance, revenue will be recognized consistent with other systems and goods after transfer of control.
Installation		Installation is provided within the selling price of a system. Installation is considered to be distinct if it does not significantly modify the system being purchased and the customer or a third party could be capable of performing the installation themselves, if desired. Transfer of control takes place over the period of installation from delivery through SAT, measured on a straight-line basis, as our performance is satisfied evenly over this period of time. Installation is not considered to be distinct when recognition of revenue related to a system occurs upon customer acceptance of the system at SAT after installation is complete.
Warranties		We provide standard warranty coverage on our systems for 12 months, providing labor and non-consumable parts necessary to repair our systems during these warranty periods. These standard warranties cannot be purchased and do not provide a service in addition to the general assurance the system will perform as promised. As a result, no revenue is allocated to these standard warranties.
Warranties		Both the extended and enhanced warranties on our systems are accounted for as a separate performance obligation, with transfer of control taking place over the warranty period, measured on a straight-line basis, as this is a stand-ready obligation.


Goods or services		Nature, timing of satisfying the performance obligations and significant payment terms
Time-based licenses and related services		Time-based licenses relate to software licenses and the related services which are sold for a period of time. The licenses and the related services are not considered to be individually distinct, as the support services are integral to the customer’s ability to continue to use the software license in the rapidly changing technological environment. The transfer of control takes place over the license term, measured on a straight-line basis, as our performance is satisfied evenly over this period of time. Payments are generally made in installments throughout the license term.
Application projects		Application projects are node transition and consulting projects which at times may be provided as free service within a volume purchase agreement. Measuring satisfaction of this performance obligation is performed through an input method based on the labor hours expended relative to the estimated total labor hours, as this best depicts the transfer of control of these kind of services.
Service contracts		Service contracts are entered into with our customers to support our systems used in their ongoing operations during the systems life cycle, typically in the form of full-service agreements, limited manpower agreements, other labor agreements, parts availability or parts usage agreements. These services are for a specified period of time and typically have a fixed price. Control transfers over this period of time, measured on a straight-line basis, as these are stand-ready obligations. For service contracts where the price is not fixed, the transaction price has a variable component that is based on the performance of the system.
Billable parts and labor		Billable labor represents maintenance services to our systems installed in the customer’s factories while in operation, through purchase orders from our customer. Control over these services is transferred to the customer upon receipt of customer sign-off.
		Billable parts represent spare parts including optical components relating to our systems installed in the customer’s factories while in operation, through purchase orders from our customer.
		Billable parts can be:
		•Sold as direct spare parts, for which control transfers point in time upon delivery; or
		•Sold as part of maintenance services, where control transfers point in time upon receipt of customer sign-off.
Field projects (relocations)		Field projects represent mainly relocation services. Measuring satisfaction of this performance obligation is performed through an input method based on the labor hours expended relative to the estimated total labor hours, as this best depicts the transfer of control of our service.
OnPulse maintenance		OnPulse maintenance services are provided over a specified period of time on our light source systems. Payment is determined by the number of pulses counted from each light source system, which is variable. Invoicing is monthly based on the pulses counted. Revenue is recognized in line with invoicing using the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-55-18.

Contract assets and liabilities

The contract assets relate to our right to a consideration in exchange for goods or services delivered, when that

right is conditional on something other than the passage of time. The contract assets are transferred to the

receivables when the receivables become unconditional. The contract liabilities primarily relate to remaining

performance obligations for which consideration has been received for goods and services not yet recognized in

revenue, as well as deferred revenue from goods and services delivered, based on the allocation of the

consideration to the related performance obligations in the contract.

The majority of our customer contracts result in both asset and liability positions. At the end of each reporting

period, these positions are netted on a contract basis and presented as either an asset or a liability in the

Consolidated balance sheets. Consequently, a contract balance can change between periods from a net contract

asset balance to a net contract liability balance in the balance sheet, and vice versa.

Remaining performance obligations

Our customers generally commit to purchase systems, service or field options through separate sales orders and

service contracts. Typically the terms and conditions of these sales orders come from volume purchase agreements

with our customers which cover up to five years. The revenues for each committed performance obligation are

estimated based on the terms and conditions agreed through the volume purchase agreements.

When revenues will be recognized is mainly dependent on when systems are delivered or installed, as well as when

service projects and field upgrades are performed and completed. All of which is estimated based on contract terms

and communication with our customers, including the customer facility readiness to take delivery of our goods or

services, as well as applicable export control restrictions. The volume purchase agreements may be subject to

modifications or changes in estimates, impacting the amount and timing of revenue recognition for the anticipated

revenues.

Revenue from lessor agreements