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Intangible assets, net (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2025
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
Finite-lived intangible assets useful lives | The following table shows the respective useful lives for intangible assets:
Category | Estimated useful life
Brands | 20 years
Intellectual property | 3–10 years
Developed technology | 6–15 years
Customer relationships | 8–18 years
Other | 2–10 years
Finite-lived other intangible assets | As of December 31, 2025, intangible asse ts consist mainly of brands, intellectual property, developed technology, customer relationships obtained from the acquisitions of Cymer (2013) and HMI (2016) as well as capitalized costs relating to internal use software:
€, in millions | Brands | Intellectual property | Developed technology | Customer relationships | Other | Total
Cost |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2024 | 38.9 | 147.1 | 1,220.2 | 228.6 | 260.1 | 1,894.9
Additions | — | — | — | — | 14.3 | 14.3
Disposals | — | — | — | — | (0.6) | (0.6)
Effect of changes in exchange rates | — | — | — | — | (0.1) | (0.1)
Balance at December 31, 2024 | 38.9 | 147.1 | 1,220.2 | 228.6 | 273.7 | 1,908.5
Additions | — | — | — | — | 58.5 | 58.5
Disposals | — | — | — | — | (11.6) | (11.6)
Effect of changes in exchange rates | — | — | — | — | 0.9 | 0.9
Balance at December 31, 2025 | 38.9 | 147.1 | 1,220.2 | 228.6 | 321.5 | 1,956.3
Accumulated amortization and impairment |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2024 | 16.8 | 104.1 | 754.2 | 134.0 | 144.1 | 1,153.2
Amortization | 1.9 | 8.3 | 74.5 | 12.6 | 28.7 | 126.0
Impairment charges | — | — | — | — | 8.0 | 8.0
Disposals | — | — | — | — | (0.5) | (0.5)
Effect of changes in exchange rates | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | 0.5
Balance at December 31, 2024 | 18.7 | 112.4 | 828.7 | 146.6 | 180.8 | 1,287.2
Amortization | 1.9 | 8.1 | 74.5 | 12.6 | 26.4 | 123.5
Impairment charges | — | 6.5 | — | — | — | 6.5
Disposals | — | — | — | — | (0.1) | (0.1)
Effect of changes in exchange rates | — | — | — | — | (0.9) | (0.9)
Balance at December 31, 2025 | 20.6 | 127.0 | 903.2 | 159.2 | 206.2 | 1,416.2
Carrying amount |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2024 | 20.2 | 34.7 | 391.5 | 82.0 | 92.9 | 621.3
December 31, 2025 | 18.3 | 20.1 | 317.0 | 69.4 | 115.3 | 540.1
Finite-lived intangible assets amortization expense | The Consolidated statements of operations include the following amortization charges:
Year ended December 31 (€, in millions) | 2023 | 2024 |  | 2025
Cost of sales | 102.7 | 103.8 |  | 94.2
R&D costs | 19.5 | 20.8 |  | 24.8
SG&A | 5.4 | 1.4 |  | 4.5
Total amortization | 127.6 | 126.0 |  | 123.5
Future amortization expenses | As of December 31, 2025, the estimated amortization expenses for intangible assets for the next five years an d thereafter are as follows:
€, in millions | Amount
2026 | 116.6
2027 | 113.6
2028 | 90.8
2029 | 59.4
2030 | 54.4
Thereafter | 51.0
Total | 485.8

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