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Intangible assets, net | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2025
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
Intangible assets, net | Intangible assets, net Accounting policy I ntangible assets include brands, intellectual property, developed technology, customer relationships and other intangible assets not yet available for use. These finite-lived intangible assets are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment losses. Amortization is calculated using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets. Finite-lived intangible assets are assessed for impairment annually, or whenever there is an indication that the balance sheet carrying amount may not be recoverable using cash flow projections for the useful life. The following table shows the respective useful lives for intangible assets:
Category | Estimated useful life
Brands | 20 years
Intellectual property | 3–10 years
Developed technology | 6–15 years
Customer relationships | 8–18 years
Other | 2–10 years
As of December 31, 2025, intangible asse ts consist mainly of brands, intellectual property, developed technology, customer relationships obtained from the acquisitions of Cymer (2013) and HMI (2016) as well as capitalized costs relating to internal use software:
€, in millions | Brands | Intellectual property | Developed technology | Customer relationships | Other | Total
Cost |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2024 | 38.9 | 147.1 | 1,220.2 | 228.6 | 260.1 | 1,894.9
Additions | — | — | — | — | 14.3 | 14.3
Disposals | — | — | — | — | (0.6) | (0.6)
Effect of changes in exchange rates | — | — | — | — | (0.1) | (0.1)
Balance at December 31, 2024 | 38.9 | 147.1 | 1,220.2 | 228.6 | 273.7 | 1,908.5
Additions | — | — | — | — | 58.5 | 58.5
Disposals | — | — | — | — | (11.6) | (11.6)
Effect of changes in exchange rates | — | — | — | — | 0.9 | 0.9
Balance at December 31, 2025 | 38.9 | 147.1 | 1,220.2 | 228.6 | 321.5 | 1,956.3
Accumulated amortization and impairment |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2024 | 16.8 | 104.1 | 754.2 | 134.0 | 144.1 | 1,153.2
Amortization | 1.9 | 8.3 | 74.5 | 12.6 | 28.7 | 126.0
Impairment charges | — | — | — | — | 8.0 | 8.0
Disposals | — | — | — | — | (0.5) | (0.5)
Effect of changes in exchange rates | — | — | — | — | 0.5 | 0.5
Balance at December 31, 2024 | 18.7 | 112.4 | 828.7 | 146.6 | 180.8 | 1,287.2
Amortization | 1.9 | 8.1 | 74.5 | 12.6 | 26.4 | 123.5
Impairment charges | — | 6.5 | — | — | — | 6.5
Disposals | — | — | — | — | (0.1) | (0.1)
Effect of changes in exchange rates | — | — | — | — | (0.9) | (0.9)
Balance at December 31, 2025 | 20.6 | 127.0 | 903.2 | 159.2 | 206.2 | 1,416.2
Carrying amount |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2024 | 20.2 | 34.7 | 391.5 | 82.0 | 92.9 | 621.3
December 31, 2025 | 18.3 | 20.1 | 317.0 | 69.4 | 115.3 | 540.1
The Consolidated statements of operations include the following amortization charges:
Year ended December 31 (€, in millions) | 2023 | 2024 |  | 2025
Cost of sales | 102.7 | 103.8 |  | 94.2
R&D costs | 19.5 | 20.8 |  | 24.8
SG&A | 5.4 | 1.4 |  | 4.5
Total amortization | 127.6 | 126.0 |  | 123.5
As of December 31, 2025, the intangible assets not yet available for use, as included in Other, amount t o €54.3 million (2024: €11.8 million) and are allocated to reporting unit ASML. As of December 31, 2025, the estimated amortization expenses for intangible assets for the next five years an d thereafter are as follows:
€, in millions | Amount
2026 | 116.6
2027 | 113.6
2028 | 90.8
2029 | 59.4
2030 | 54.4
Thereafter | 51.0
Total | 485.8

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