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Intangible assets | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Disclosure of detailed information about intangible assets [abstract] |
Intangible assets | 10 Intangible assets
Changes in intangible assets
| Goodwill | Software | Other | Total
in EUR million | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022 | 2023 | 2022
Opening balance as at 1 January | 464 | 472 | 636 | 682 | 2 | 2 | 1,102 | 1,156
Opening balance adjustment 1 |  | 25 |  |  |  |  |  | 25
Additions |  |  | 64 | 54 |  |  | 64 | 54
Capitalised expenses |  |  | 246 | 144 |  |  | 246 | 144
Amortisation |  |  | -213 | -226 |  |  | -213 | -226
Impairments 1 2 |  | -32 | -5 | -22 |  |  | -5 | -54
Exchange rate differences | 5 | -1 | 2 | 4 |  |  | 7 | 2
Disposals |  |  | -10 | -3 |  |  | -10 | -3
Changes in the composition of the group and other changes |  |  | 8 | 3 | 1 |  | 8 | 3
Closing balance | 469 | 464 | 727 | 636 | 2 | 2 | 1,198 | 1,102
Gross carrying amount | 469 | 464 | 2,646 | 2,491 | 8 | 8 | 3,123 | 2,962
Accumulated amortisation |  |  | -1,876 | -1,787 | -4 | -4 | -1,879 | -1,790
Accumulated impairments |  |  | -43 | -69 | -2 | -2 | -45 | -70
Net carrying value | 469 | 464 | 727 | 636 | 2 | 2 | 1,198 | 1,102
1 In 2022, the allocated goodwill to Türkiye cash generating unit after first being adjusted for hyperinflation accounting for EUR 25 million, was fully impaired for the amount of EUR 32 million (based on discount rate 24.04% and terminal growth rate 10.40% as per 1 January 2022). Türkiye is part of the Retail Other segment. 2 Impairments of intangible assets are presented within Other operating expenses in the statement of Profit or Loss. Goodwill Goodwill is allocated to groups of cash generating units (CGUs) as follows:
Goodwill allocation to group of CGUs
in EUR million | Method used for recoverable amount | Discount rate | Terminal growth rate | Goodwill | Goodwill
Group of CGU’s |  |  |  | 2023 | 2022
Retail Netherlands | Value in use | 8.80% | 2.20% | 30 | 30
Retail Germany | Value in use | 8.68% | 2.00% | 349 | 349
Retail Poland | Value in use | 10.44% | 2.40% | 75 | 69
Retail Romania | Value in use | 12.72% | 2.60% | 15 | 15
|  |  |  | 469 | 464
Impairment testing Goodwill is tested for impairment annually in the fourth quarter by comparing the recoverable amount of each goodwill-carrying CGU with its carrying amount. The key assumptions used in the calculation of the recoverable amounts are included in the table above. Furthermore, ING Group tests goodwill whenever a triggering event is identified. At the annual impairment test in the fourth quarter, the recoverable amount exceeds the carrying value of the CGUs as at 31 December 2023 and therefore no impairment is required (31 December 2022: EUR 32 million for Türkiye CGU). Methodology In line with IFRS, the recoverable amount is determined as the higher of the fair value less costs of disposal and Value in Use (VIU). The VIU calculation is based on a Dividend Discount model using three year management approved plans, updated for expected changes in the macroeconomic environment. When estimating the VIU of a CGU, local conditions and requirements determine the capital requirements, discount rates, and terminal growth rates. These local conditions and requirements determine the ability to upstream excess capital and profits to ING Group. The discount rate calculation includes other inputs such as equity market premium, country risk premium, and long term inflation which are based on market sources and management’s judgement. The long term growth rate is based on the long term inflation rate obtained from market sources. The impacts of climate risk are included to the extent that they are observable in discount rates and assets prices. Sensitivity of key assumptions Key assumptions in the goodwill impairment test model are the projected locally available cash flows (based on local capital requirements and projected profits), discount rates (cost of equity), and long-term growth rates. The recoverable amounts of the CGUs are sensitive to the above key assumptions. A decrease in the available cash flows of 10%, an increase in the discount rate of 1 percent point or a reduction of future growth rate to zero are considered reasonably possible changes in key assumptions. If the aforementioned changes occur to one of the above key assumptions holding the other key assumptions constant, goodwill of the remaining CGUs will continue to be recoverable. Software Software includes internally developed software amounting to EUR 628 million (2022: EUR 540 million). Software is reviewed for indicators of impairment. Irrespective of whether there is an indication of impairment, software under development is tested annually for impairment. In 2023, individually immaterial items were impaired for an amount of EUR 5 million (31 December 2022: 22 million).

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