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Taxation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2024
Taxation [abstract] |
Taxation | 33 Taxation Statement of financial position – Deferred tax Deferred taxes are recognised on all temporary differences under the liability method using tax rates applicable in the jurisdictions in which ING Group is subject to taxation.
Changes in deferred tax
in EUR million 2024 | Net liability (-) Net asset (+) opening balance | Change through equity | Change through net result | Exchange rate differences | Changes in the composition of the group and other changes | Net liability (-) Net asset (+) ending balance
Financial assets at FVOCI | 64 |  | 70 |  | -8 |  |  |  |  |  | 126 |
Financial assets and liabilities at FVPL | -1,461 |  |  | 441 |  | 12 |  |  |  | -1,008 |
Depreciation | -13 |  |  |  | -9 |  |  |  |  |  | -22 |
Cash flow hedges | 502 |  | -138 |  |  |  | -1 |  |  |  | 363 |
Pension and post-employment benefits | -33 |  | 6 |  | 1 |  | -5 |  | -1 |  | -32 |
Other provisions | 48 |  |  |  | 12 |  | 1 |  | 1 |  | 62 |
Loans and advances | 475 |  |  |  | -49 |  |  |  |  |  | 427 |
Unused tax losses carried forward | 209 |  |  |  | -128 |  | 3 |  |  |  | 85 |
Other | -154 |  | -41 |  | -9 |  | -5 |  | 1 |  | -208 |
Total | -362 |  | -103 |  | 251 |  | 6 |  |  |  | -208 |
Presented in the statement of financial position as: |  |  |  |  |  |
– Deferred tax liabilities | -1,447 |  |  |  |  |  | -1,209 |
– Deferred tax assets | 1,085 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,001 |
| -362 |  |  |  |  |  | -208 |
The above table shows netted deferred tax amounts related to right-of-use assets and lease liabilities included in the row ‘Other’, and includes a deferred tax amount for right-of-use assets of EUR 178 million (2023: EUR 195 million and 2022: EUR 205 million) and a deferred tax amount for lease liabilities of EUR 197 million (2023: EUR 217 million and 2022: EUR 231 million). The changes in Deferred tax on financial assets and liabilities at FVPL in 2024 amounting to EUR 441 million (2023: EUR 1,264 million) is mainly driven by interest yield developments related to derivatives that are under IFRS-EU used in portfolio based hedging strategies for retail mortgages and savings. These portfolio hedging strategies are not allowed under IFRS-IASB and is referred to as the EU IAS39 carve out adjustment for which we refer to Note 1.2.2 Reconciliation between IFRS-EU and IFRS-IASB. The deferred tax on cash flow hedges relate to floating rate lending with interest rate swaps. Due to decreased (longer-term) interest rate yield curve in 2024 there was a positive revaluation of the cash flow hedge through other comprehensive income. This resulted in a decline in the deferred tax asset by EUR-138 million compared to the decline in deferred tax assets in 2023 by EUR -251 million due to the decline in the interest yield curve. The deferred tax asset in cash flow hedges decreased from EUR 502 million in 2023 to EUR 363 million in 2024. The deferred tax on Loans and advances changes through net result in 2024 EUR -49 million (2023: EUR -140 million) relates mainly to valuation changes of collectively assessed expected credit losses. Unused tax losses carried forward declined by EUR 124 million mainly due to realised results on derivatives used in Cash flow hedging which in previous years led to a tax loss in Poland. The deferred tax changes through equity - Other in 2024 of EUR -41 million (2023: EUR 13 million) is due to FX developments following the USD appreciation and the application of IAS 29 Hyperinflation in Türkiye, and also due to the decline in the Credit liability Reserve due to credit spread tightening.
Changes in deferred tax
in EUR million 2023 | Net liability (-) Net asset (+) opening balance | Change through equity | Change through net result | Exchange rate differences | Changes in the composition of the group and other changes | Net liability (-) Net asset (+) ending balance
Financial assets at FVOCI | 81 |  | -10 |  | -3 |  | -4 |  |  |  | 64 |
Financial assets and liabilities at FVPL | -2,739 |  |  | 1,264 |  | 13 |  |  |  | -1,461 |
Depreciation | -13 |  |  |  | -6 |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | -13 |
Cash flow hedges | 752 |  | -251 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 502 |
Pension and post-employment benefits | -54 |  | 31 |  | -7 |  | -4 |  |  |  | -33 |
Other provisions | 59 |  |  |  | -12 |  | -3 |  | 4 |  | 48 |
Loans and advances | 612 |  | 8 |  | -140 |  | -6 |  | 2 |  | 475 |
Unused tax losses carried forward | 327 |  |  |  | -128 |  | 11 |  | -1 |  | 209 |
Other | -251 |  | 13 |  | 90 |  | -2 |  | -4 |  | -154 |
Total | -1,227 |  | -209 |  | 1,059 |  | 10 |  | 5 |  | -362 |
Presented in the statement of financial position as: |  |  |  |  |  |
– deferred tax liabilities | -2,652 |  |  |  |  |  | -1,447 |
– deferred tax assets | 1,425 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,085 |
| -1,227 |  |  |  |  |  | -362 |
Deferred tax in connection with unused tax losses carried forward
in EUR million | 2024 | 2023
Total unused tax losses carried forward | 1,345 |  | 1,870 |
Unused tax losses carried forward not recognised as a deferred tax asset | 951 |  | 815 |
Unused tax losses carried forward recognised as a deferred tax asset | 394 |  | 1,055 |
Average tax rate | 21.6 | % | 19.9 | %
Deferred tax asset | 85 |  | 209 |
Total unused tax losses carried forward analysed by expiry terms
| No deferred tax asset recognised | Deferred tax asset recognised
in EUR million | 2024 | 2023 | 2024 | 2023
Within 1 year |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
More than 1 year but less than 5 years | 135 |  | 126 |  | 14 |  | 633 |
More than 5 years but less than 10 years | 9 |  | 9 |  | 66 |  | 2 |
More than 10 years but less than 20 years |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unlimited | 808 |  | 681 |  | 313 |  | 421 |
| 951 |  | 815 |  | 394 |  | 1,055 |
Deferred tax assets are recognised for temporary deductible differences, for tax losses carried forward and unused tax credits only to the extent that realisation of the related tax benefit is probable
Breakdown of certain net deferred tax asset positions by jurisdiction
in EUR million | 2024 | 2023
Poland |  | 244 |
Slovakia |  | 1 |
China | 9 |  | 2 |
Australia | 1 |  | 1 |
Hong Kong | 5 |  | 8 |
United States of America | 1 |  |
Türkiye | 40 |  | 41 |
Taiwan | 10 |  | 11 |
| 66 |  | 308 |
The table above includes a breakdown of certain net deferred tax asset positions by jurisdiction for which the utilisation of the deferred tax asset is dependent on future taxable profits in excess of the profits arising from the reversal of existing taxable temporary differences whilst the related entities have incurred losses in either the current or the preceding year. In 2024 as in 2023, ING Bank Slaski (Poland) realised a tax profit following the value changes of the cash flow hedge derivatives which are settled net via a central clearing party, whereas in the years before, ING Bank Slaski incurred a tax loss following the large value changes of the cash flow hedge derivatives. In 2024 ING Slaski utilised the tax assets related to the 2023 unused tax losses carried forward. At 31 December 2024 and 2023, ING Group had no significant temporary differences associated with the parent company’s investments in subsidiaries and associates as any economic benefit from those investments will not be taxable at parent company-level. Statement of profit or loss – Taxation
Taxation by type
| Netherlands | Rest of the world | Total
in EUR million | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2024 | 2023 | 2022
Current taxation | 454 |  | 601 |  | 498 |  | 1,977 |  | 2,121 |  | 1,510 |  | 2,432 |  | 2,722 |  | 2,008 |
Deferred taxation | 65 |  | -141 |  | 901 |  | -315 |  | -918 |  | 2,221 |  | -251 |  | -1,059 |  | 3,122 |
| 519 |  | 460 |  | 1,399 |  | 1,662 |  | 1,202 |  | 3,731 |  | 2,181 |  | 1,662 |  | 5,130 |
Reconciliation of the weighted average statutory income tax rate to ING Group’s effective income tax rate
in EUR million | 2024 | 2023 | 2022
Result before tax from continuing operations | 7,772 |  | 6,037 |  | 17,358 |
Weighted average statutory tax rate | 24.0 | % | 22.7 | % | 27.5 | %
Weighted average statutory tax amount | 1,864 |  | 1,371 |  | 4,770 |
Permanent differences affecting current tax |  |  |
Participation exemption | -87 |  | -43 |  | -64 |
Other income not subject to tax | -64 |  | -68 |  | -40 |
Expenses not deductible for tax purposes | 424 |  | 398 |  | 403 |
Current tax from previously unrecognised amounts | -1 |  | 1 |  | 10 |
State and local taxes | 77 |  | 99 |  | 68 |
Adjustments to prior periods | -34 |  | -72 |  | -29 |
Differences affecting deferred tax |  |  |
Impact on deferred tax from change in tax rates | -1 |  | 2 |  | 5 |
Deferred tax benefit from previously unrecognised amounts | -1 |  | -30 |  | -3 |
Write-off/reversal of deferred tax assets | 4 |  | 4 |  | 10 |
Effective tax amount | 2,181 |  | 1,662 |  | 5,130 |
Effective tax rate | 28.1 | % | 27.5 | % | 29.6 | %
The effective tax rate of 28.1% in 2024 is higher than the weighted average statutory tax rate This is mainly caused by the impact in 2024 of the following non-deductible items for income tax purposes: hyperinflation accounting loss in Türkiye, interest expenses, and bank- and local taxes in various countries. State and local taxes mainly relate to Base Erosion and anti-Abuse Tax (BEAT) in the United States of America and top-up Tax based on Global Anti-Base Erosion Model Rules (Pillar Two). The effective tax rate of 27.5% ín 2023 was higher than the weighted average statutory tax rate. This is mainly caused by the impact in 2023 of the following non-deductible items for income tax purposes: hyperinflation accounting loss in Türkiye, interest expenses, and bank- and local taxes in various countries. Adjustments to prior periods mainly relate to a tax refund in Spain. The effective tax rate of 29.6% in 2022 was higher than the weighted average statutory tax rate. This is mainly caused by the impact in 2022 of the following non-deductible items for income tax purposes: hyperinflation accounting loss in Türkiye, impairments on TTB, and interest expenses in various countries. Equity - Other comprehensive income
Income tax related to components of other comprehensive income
in EUR million | 2024 | 2023 | 2022
Unrealised revaluations of financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income and other revaluations | 99 |  | -7 |  | 142 |
Realised gains/losses transferred to the statement of profit or loss (reclassifications from equity to profit or loss) | -29 |  | -3 |  | 8 |
Changes in cash flow hedge reserve | -138 |  | -251 |  | 875 |
Remeasurement of the net defined benefit asset/liability | 6 |  | 31 |  | 6 |
Changes in fair value of own credit risk of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss | 5 |  | 2 |  | 19 |
Exchange rate differences and other | -46 |  | 19 |  | -141 |
Total income tax related to components of other comprehensive income | -103 |  | -209 |  | 910 |

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