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Financial instruments - Fair values and risk management (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [abstract]  
Disclosure of financial assets
The following table shows the carrying amounts and fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities, including their levels in the fair value hierarchy. It does not include fair value information for financial assets and financial liabilities not measured at fair value if the carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value, such as trade and other receivables and payables.
 Carrying amountFair value
(in thousands of USD)Fair value - Hedging instrumentsFinancial assets at amortized costOther financial liabilitiesTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
December 31, 2023
Financial assets measured at fair value
Forward exchange contracts (Note 13/17)
1,515 — — 1,515 — 1,515 — 1,515 
Interest rate swaps (Note 13)
1,286 — — 1,286 — 1,286 — 1,286 
2,801   2,801 
Financial assets not measured at fair value
Non-current receivables (Note 11)— 1,625 — 1,625 — — 1,536 1,536 
Lease receivables (Note 11/13)
— 2,854 — 2,854 — 2,268 — 2,268 
Trade and other receivables * (Note 13)— 279,775 — 279,775 — — — — 
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 14)— 429,370 — 429,370 — — — — 
  713,624  713,624 
Financial liabilities measured at fair value
Interest rate swaps (Note 19)146 — — 146 — 146 — 146 
146   146 
Financial liabilities not measured at fair value
Secured bank loans (Note 17)— — 528,359 528,359 — 540,096 — 540,096 
Unsecured other notes (Note 17)— — 201,952 201,952 196,563 — — 196,563 
Other borrowings (Note 17)— — 163,546 163,546 — 164,261 — 164,261 
Lease liabilities (Note 17)— — 36,856 36,856 — 33,359 — 33,359 
Trade and other payables * (Note 19)— — 106,613 106,613 — — — — 
 1,037,326 1,037,326 
Carrying amountFair value
Fair value - Hedging instrumentsFinancial assets at amortized costOther financial liabilitiesTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
December 31, 2024
Financial assets measured at fair value
Interest rate swaps (Note 11/13)
2,145 — — 2,145 — 2,145 — 2,145 
2,145   2,145 
Financial assets not measured at fair value
Non-current receivables (Note 11)— 73,797 — 73,797 — — 73,797 73,797 
Lease receivables (Note 13)
— 1,263 — 1,263 — 2,268 — 2,268 
Trade and other receivables * (Note 13)— 184,409 — 184,409 — — — — 
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 14)— 38,869 — 38,869 — — — — 
 298,338  298,338 
Financial liabilities measured at fair value
Forward exchange contracts (Note 17)1,373 — — 1,373 — 1,373 — 1,373 
1,373   1,373 
Financial liabilities not measured at fair value
Secured bank loans (Note 17)— — 1,622,703 1,622,703 — 1,648,136 — 1,648,136 
Unsecured bank loans (Note 17)
— — 30,103 30,103 — 30,103 — 30,103 
Unsecured other notes (Note 17)— — 202,620 202,620 202,225 — — 202,225 
Other borrowings (Note 17)— — 763,085 763,085 — 771,798 — 771,798 
Lease liabilities (Note 17)— — 3,744 3,744 — 3,383 — 3,383 
Trade and other payables * (Note 19)— — 50,700 50,700 — — — — 
  2,672,955 2,672,955 
* Deferred charges, deferred fulfillment costs and VAT receivables (included in other receivables) (see Note 13), deferred income and VAT payables (included in other payables) (see Note 19), which are not financial assets (liabilities) are not included.
Disclosure of financial liabilities
The following table shows the carrying amounts and fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities, including their levels in the fair value hierarchy. It does not include fair value information for financial assets and financial liabilities not measured at fair value if the carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value, such as trade and other receivables and payables.
 Carrying amountFair value
(in thousands of USD)Fair value - Hedging instrumentsFinancial assets at amortized costOther financial liabilitiesTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
December 31, 2023
Financial assets measured at fair value
Forward exchange contracts (Note 13/17)
1,515 — — 1,515 — 1,515 — 1,515 
Interest rate swaps (Note 13)
1,286 — — 1,286 — 1,286 — 1,286 
2,801   2,801 
Financial assets not measured at fair value
Non-current receivables (Note 11)— 1,625 — 1,625 — — 1,536 1,536 
Lease receivables (Note 11/13)
— 2,854 — 2,854 — 2,268 — 2,268 
Trade and other receivables * (Note 13)— 279,775 — 279,775 — — — — 
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 14)— 429,370 — 429,370 — — — — 
  713,624  713,624 
Financial liabilities measured at fair value
Interest rate swaps (Note 19)146 — — 146 — 146 — 146 
146   146 
Financial liabilities not measured at fair value
Secured bank loans (Note 17)— — 528,359 528,359 — 540,096 — 540,096 
Unsecured other notes (Note 17)— — 201,952 201,952 196,563 — — 196,563 
Other borrowings (Note 17)— — 163,546 163,546 — 164,261 — 164,261 
Lease liabilities (Note 17)— — 36,856 36,856 — 33,359 — 33,359 
Trade and other payables * (Note 19)— — 106,613 106,613 — — — — 
 1,037,326 1,037,326 
Carrying amountFair value
Fair value - Hedging instrumentsFinancial assets at amortized costOther financial liabilitiesTotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3Total
December 31, 2024
Financial assets measured at fair value
Interest rate swaps (Note 11/13)
2,145 — — 2,145 — 2,145 — 2,145 
2,145   2,145 
Financial assets not measured at fair value
Non-current receivables (Note 11)— 73,797 — 73,797 — — 73,797 73,797 
Lease receivables (Note 13)
— 1,263 — 1,263 — 2,268 — 2,268 
Trade and other receivables * (Note 13)— 184,409 — 184,409 — — — — 
Cash and cash equivalents (Note 14)— 38,869 — 38,869 — — — — 
 298,338  298,338 
Financial liabilities measured at fair value
Forward exchange contracts (Note 17)1,373 — — 1,373 — 1,373 — 1,373 
1,373   1,373 
Financial liabilities not measured at fair value
Secured bank loans (Note 17)— — 1,622,703 1,622,703 — 1,648,136 — 1,648,136 
Unsecured bank loans (Note 17)
— — 30,103 30,103 — 30,103 — 30,103 
Unsecured other notes (Note 17)— — 202,620 202,620 202,225 — — 202,225 
Other borrowings (Note 17)— — 763,085 763,085 — 771,798 — 771,798 
Lease liabilities (Note 17)— — 3,744 3,744 — 3,383 — 3,383 
Trade and other payables * (Note 19)— — 50,700 50,700 — — — — 
  2,672,955 2,672,955 
* Deferred charges, deferred fulfillment costs and VAT receivables (included in other receivables) (see Note 13), deferred income and VAT payables (included in other payables) (see Note 19), which are not financial assets (liabilities) are not included.
Disclosure of financial instruments not measured at fair value The following tables show the valuation techniques used in measuring Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 fair values, as well as the significant unobservable inputs used.
Financial instruments measured at fair value
Type
Valuation Techniques
Significant unobservable inputs
Forward exchange contracts
Forward pricing: the fair value is determined using quoted forward exchange rates at the reporting date and present value calculations based on high credit quality yield curve in the respective currencies.
Not applicable
Interest rate swaps
Swap models: the fair value is calculated as the present value of the estimated future cash flows. Estimates of future floating-rate cash flows are based on quoted swap rates, futures prices and interbank borrowing rates.
Not applicable
Commodity derivativesFair value is determined based on the present value of the quoted forward price.Not applicable
Financial instruments not measured at fair value
TypeValuation TechniquesSignificant unobservable inputs
Non-current receivables (consisting primarily of shareholders' loans and cash security deposits)
Discounted cash flowDiscount rate and forecasted cash flows
Lease receivablesDiscounted cash flowDiscount rate
Other financial liabilities (consisting of secured and unsecured bank loans and lease liabilities)
Discounted cash flowDiscount rate
Other financial notes (consisting of unsecured notes)List priceNot applicable
Disclosure of financial assets that are either past due or impaired
The ageing of current trade and other receivables is as follows:
(in thousands of USD)20242023
Not past due172,334 266,613 
Past due 0-30 days15,247 12,060 
Past due 31-365 days45,779 26,781 
More than one year2,523 1,656 
Total trade and other receivables235,883 307,111 
Schedule and maturity of non-derivative liabilities
(in thousands of USD)Bank loansOther notesLease liabilitiesOther borrowingsTotal
More than 5 years221,304 — 41 — 221,345 
Between 1 and 5 years1,042,938 197,556 5,783 71,011 1,317,288 
More than 1 year1,264,242 197,556 5,824 71,011 1,538,633 
Less than 1 year68,941 — 22,855 65,851 157,647 
At January 1, 20231,333,183 197,556 28,679 136,862 1,696,280 
New loans2,124,850 — 2,312 569,277 2,696,439 
Scheduled repayments(72,644)— (21,311)(544,856)(638,811)
Early repayments (2,861,080)— — — (2,861,080)
Remeasurement
— — 27,158 — 27,158 
Other changes4,050 4,396 — (346)8,100 
Translation differences— — 18 2,609 2,627 
Balance at December 31, 2023528,359 201,952 36,856 163,546 930,713 
More than 5 years30,203 — 206 52,337 82,746 
Between 1 and 5 years332,032 198,219 3,157 18,911 552,319 
More than 1 year362,235 198,219 3,363 71,248 635,065 
Less than 1 year166,124 3,733 33,493 92,298 295,648 
Balance at December 31, 2023528,359 201,952 36,856 163,546 930,713 
 Bank loansOther notesLease liabilitiesOther borrowingsTotal
More than 5 years30,203 — 206 52,337 82,746 
Between 1 and 5 years332,032 198,219 3,157 18,911 552,319 
More than 1 year362,235 198,219 3,363 71,248 635,065 
Less than 1 year166,124 3,733 33,493 92,298 295,648 
At January 1, 2024528,359 201,952 36,856 163,546 930,713 
New loans1,971,542 — 332 750,983 2,722,857 
Scheduled repayments(177,638)— (33,604)(377,540)(588,782)
Early repayments (999,690)— — — (999,690)
Acquisitions through business combinations (Note 26)
332,529 — 1,500 234,491 568,520 
Other changes(1,429)668 (171)(4,057)(4,989)
Disposals through sale of subsidiary— — (1,137)— (1,137)
Translation differences(867)— (32)(4,338)(5,237)
Balance at December 31, 20241,652,806 202,620 3,744 763,085 2,622,255 
More than 5 years360,928 — 184 528,109 889,221 
Between 1 and 5 years1,089,941 198,887 1,267 139,252 1,429,347 
More than 1 year1,450,869 198,887 1,451 667,361 2,318,568 
Less than 1 year201,937 3,733 2,293 95,724 303,687 
Balance at December 31, 20241,652,806 202,620 3,744 763,085 2,622,255 
The following are the remaining contractual maturities of financial liabilities:
 Contractual cash flows December 31, 2023
(in thousands of USD)Carrying AmountTotalLess than 1 yearBetween 1 and 5 yearsMore than 5 years
Non derivative financial liabilities     
Bank loans and other notes (Note 17)730,311 837,126 217,328 587,681 32,117 
Other borrowings (Note 17)163,546 214,641 99,058 40,363 75,220 
Lease liabilities (Note 17)36,856 37,732 33,806 3,651 276 
Current trade and other payables * (Note 19)106,613 106,613 106,613 — — 
 1,037,326 1,196,112 456,805 631,694 107,613 
Derivative financial liabilities
Interest rate swaps (Note 19)146 (9)(876)797 70 
 146 (9)(876)797 70 
 Contractual cash flows December 31, 2024
 Carrying AmountTotalLess than 1 yearBetween 1 and 5 yearsMore than 5 years
Non derivative financial liabilities     
Bank loans and other notes (Note 17)1,855,426 2,429,845 313,873 1,603,373 512,598 
Other borrowings (Note 17)763,085 1,111,977 143,799 292,668 675,510 
Lease liabilities (Note 17)3,744 4,138 2,397 1,517 224 
Current trade and other payables * (Note 19)52,073 52,073 52,073 — — 
 2,674,328 3,598,033 512,143 1,897,558 1,188,332 
* Deferred income and VAT payables (included in other payables) (see Note 19), which are not financial liabilities, are not included.
Schedule and maturity of derivative liabilities
The following are the remaining contractual maturities of financial liabilities:
 Contractual cash flows December 31, 2023
(in thousands of USD)Carrying AmountTotalLess than 1 yearBetween 1 and 5 yearsMore than 5 years
Non derivative financial liabilities     
Bank loans and other notes (Note 17)730,311 837,126 217,328 587,681 32,117 
Other borrowings (Note 17)163,546 214,641 99,058 40,363 75,220 
Lease liabilities (Note 17)36,856 37,732 33,806 3,651 276 
Current trade and other payables * (Note 19)106,613 106,613 106,613 — — 
 1,037,326 1,196,112 456,805 631,694 107,613 
Derivative financial liabilities
Interest rate swaps (Note 19)146 (9)(876)797 70 
 146 (9)(876)797 70 
 Contractual cash flows December 31, 2024
 Carrying AmountTotalLess than 1 yearBetween 1 and 5 yearsMore than 5 years
Non derivative financial liabilities     
Bank loans and other notes (Note 17)1,855,426 2,429,845 313,873 1,603,373 512,598 
Other borrowings (Note 17)763,085 1,111,977 143,799 292,668 675,510 
Lease liabilities (Note 17)3,744 4,138 2,397 1,517 224 
Current trade and other payables * (Note 19)52,073 52,073 52,073 — — 
 2,674,328 3,598,033 512,143 1,897,558 1,188,332 
* Deferred income and VAT payables (included in other payables) (see Note 19), which are not financial liabilities, are not included.
Schedule of sensitivity analysis
Every increase (decrease) of $1,000 on the spot freight market (VLCC, Suezmax, Newcastlemax, Coaster, Container, Chemical tanker and CSOV) per day would have increased (decreased) profit or loss by the amounts shown below:
(effect in thousands of USD)202420232022
Profit or lossProfit or lossProfit or loss
$1,000$1,000$1,000$1,000$1,000$1,000
IncreaseDecreaseIncreaseDecreaseIncreaseDecrease
14,521 (14,521)20,252 (20,252)21,348 (21,348)
This analysis assumes that all other variables, in particular foreign currency rates, remain constant.
 Profit or LossEquity
 50 BP50 BP50 BP50 BP
(effect in thousands of USD)IncreaseDecreaseIncreaseDecrease
December 31, 2022    
Variable rate instruments(7,784)6,466 — — 
Interest rate swaps— — 4,710 (6,839)
Cash Flow Sensitivity (Net)(7,784)6,466 4,710 (6,839)
December 31, 2023    
Variable rate instruments(7,130)7,129 — — 
Interest rate swaps— — 1,376 (1,376)
Cash Flow Sensitivity (Net)(7,130)7,129 1,376 (1,376)
December 31, 2024    
Variable rate instruments(6,999)6,999 — — 
Interest rate swaps— — 1,486 (1,514)
Cash Flow Sensitivity (Net)(6,999)6,999 1,486 (1,514)
This analysis assumes that all other variables, in particular interest rates, remain constant.
(in thousands of USD)202420232022
Equity554 607 648 
Profit or loss(19,726)(13,356)(10,994)
Disclosure of financial instruments by type of interest rate
At the reporting date the interest rate profile of the Group's interest-bearing financial instruments was:
(in thousands of USD)20242023
FIXED RATE INSTRUMENTS  
Financial assets13,681 850 
Financial liabilities344,731 238,808 
358,412 239,658 
VARIABLE RATE INSTRUMENTS
Financial assets
3,688 — 
Financial liabilities2,277,524 691,905 
 2,281,212 691,905 
Schedule of currency risk related to operating expenses
The Group's exposure to currency risk is related to its operating expenses expressed in Euros and to Bank loans and Treasury Notes denominated in Euros. In 2024 about 29.6% (2023: 18.6% and 2022: 15.4%) of the Group's total operating expenses were incurred in Euros. Revenue and borrowings are expressed in USD only, except for instruments issued under the Treasury Notes Program (Note 17).
(in thousands of USD)December 31, 2024December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
EURUSDEURUSDEURUSD
Trade payables(4,188)(18,108)(5,888)(36,144)(6,653)(18,043)
Operating expenses(184,427)(439,046)(122,878)(538,317)(103,339)(568,357)
Bank loans
(176,605)(1,476,202)66 (528,426)265 (1,333,448)
Treasury Notes(63,009)— (87,106)(700)(50,664)— 
Disclosure of detailed information about hedging instruments
The hedging instruments were as follows:
2024
(in thousands of USD)Notional ValueFair Value - AssetsFair Value - Liabilities
Change in FV recognized in OCI
Recycled into P&L
Interest rate swaps
$161.1 million facility
111,545 2,145 — 1,005 — 
Total
111,545 2,145  1,005  
2023
(in thousands of USD)Notional ValueFair Value - AssetsFair Value - Liabilities
Change in FV recognized in OCI
Recycled into P&L
Interest rate swaps
$173.6 million facility - Cap Quebec and Cap Pembroke
— — — (314)(1,456)
$173.6 million facility - Cap Corpus Christi and Cap Port Arthur
— — — (1,256)(3,860)
$713.0 million facility
— — — (4,823)(12,599)
$73.5 million facility - Cedar and Cypres
— — — (298)(5,167)
$150.0 million facility
93,607 1,286 146 (1,108)— 
$447.0 million facility
— — — 1,635 (1,635)
Fx swaps
Fx Euro hedge— — — — (1,032)
Total
93,607 1,286 146 (6,164)(25,749)
At December 31, 2024, the Group held the following instruments to hedge exposures to changes in interest rates:
Maturity
(in thousands of USD)
1-6 months6-12 monthsMore than 1 year
Interest rate risk
Interest rate swaps
Net exposure(49,242)(46,055)(429,462)
Average fixed interest rate3.29 %3.29 %3.29 %

At December 31, 2023, the Group held the following instruments to hedge exposures to changes in interest rates:
Maturity
(in thousands of USD)
1-6 months6-12 monthsMore than 1 year
Interest rate risk
Interest rate swaps
Net exposure(22,916)(18,039)(50,392)
Average fixed interest rate3.26 %3.26 %3.26 %
The amounts at the reporting date relating to items designated as hedged items were as follows:
December 31, 2024December 31, 2023
(in thousands of USD)
Change in value used for calculating hedge ineffectiveness
Recycled into P&L
Cash flow hedge reserveChange in value used for calculating hedge ineffectiveness
Recycled into P&L
Cash flow hedge reserve
Interest rate risk
Variable-rate instruments(1,005)— 2,145 6,164 24,717 1,140 
Fx rate risk
Fx Swaps
— — — — 1,032 — 

The amounts relating to items designated as hedging instruments and hedge ineffectiveness were as follows:
2024
During the period 2024
(in thousands of USD)
Nominal amountCarrying amount - AssetsCarrying amount - LiabilitiesLine item in the statement of financial position where the hedging instrument is includedChanges in the value of the hedging instrument recognized in OCI
Recycled into P&L
Hedge ineffectiveness recognized in profit or lossLine item in profit or loss that includes hedge ineffectiveness
Interest rate risk
Interest rate swaps111,545 2,145 — Non-current receivables, Trade and other current receivables1,005 — — Finance expenses
    
2023
During the period 2023
(in thousands of USD)
Nominal amountCarrying amount - AssetsCarrying amount - LiabilitiesLine item in the statement of financial position where the hedging instrument is includedChanges in the value of the hedging instrument recognized in OCI
Recycled into P&L
Hedge ineffectiveness recognized in profit or lossLine item in profit or loss that includes hedge ineffectiveness
Interest rate risk
Interest rate swaps93,607 1,286 146  Trade and other current receivables, Non-current other payables(6,164)(24,717)37 Finance expenses
Fx rate risk
Fx swaps— — — Trade and other current receivables— (1,032)— Finance expenses
The following table provides a reconciliation by risk category of components of equity and analysis of OCI items, net of tax, resulting from cash flow hedge accounting:
(in thousands of USD)
Hedging reserve
Balance at January 1, 20241,140 
Cash flow hedges
Change in fair value interest rate risk
1,005 
Balance at December 31, 20242,145 
Balance at January 1, 202333,053 
Cash flow hedges
Change in fair value interest rate risk
(6,164)
Recycled into P&L
(25,749)
Balance at December 31, 20231,140