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Income taxes - Reconciliation between statutory tax and effective tax charge (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019 | Dec. 31, 2018 | Dec. 31, 2017
Income Taxes |  |  |
Profit (loss) before taxation | € 5,746 | € 10,107 | € 6,844
Tax rate (IRES) (%) | 24.00% | 24.00% | 24.00%
Statutory corporation tax charge (credit) on profit or loss | € 1,379 | € 2,426 | € 1,643
Increase (decrease) resulting from: |  |  |
- higher tax charges related to subsidiaries outside Italy | 2,934 | 3,096 | 1,882
- impact pursuant to the write-down of deferred tax assets and recalculation of tax rates | 938 | 261 | (96)
- tax effects related to previous years | 147 | (24) | (1)
- impact pursuant to foreign tax effects of italian entities | 105 | 46 | 54
- effect due to the tax regime provided for intercompany dividends | 65 | 47 | 1
- Italian regional income tax (IRAP) | 25 | 50 | 77
- impact pursuant to redetermination of the Italian Windfall Corporate tax as per Law 7/2009 |  |  | 61
- effect due to non-taxable gains/losses on sales of investments |  | (1) | (177)
- other adjustments | (2) | 69 | 23
Net tax effect | 4,212 | 3,544 | 1,824
Income tax expense | 5,591 | 5,970 | 3,467
Exploration & Production |  |  |
Increase (decrease) resulting from: |  |  |
- higher tax charges related to subsidiaries outside Italy | € 2,934 | € 3,014 | € 1,811

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