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Income taxes - Reconciliation between statutory tax and effective tax charge (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2020 | Dec. 31, 2019 | Dec. 31, 2018
Income Taxes |  |  |
Profit (loss) before taxation | € (5,978) | € 5,746 | € 10,107
Tax rate (IRES) (%) | 24.00% | 24.00% | 24.00%
Statutory corporation tax charge (credit) on profit or loss | € (1,435) | € 1,379 | € 2,426
Increase (decrease) resulting from: |  |  |
- higher tax charges related to subsidiaries outside Italy | 1,980 | 2,934 | 3,096
- impact pursuant to the write-down of deferred tax assets and recalculation of tax rates | 1,785 | 938 | 261
- impact pursuant to foreign tax effects of italian entities | 108 | 105 | 46
- Italian regional income tax (IRAP) | 107 | 25 | 50
- effect due to the tax regime provided for intercompany dividends | 96 | 65 | 47
- tax effects related to previous years | (30) | 147 | (24)
- other adjustments | 39 | (2) | 68
Net tax effect | 4,085 | 4,212 | 3,544
Income tax expense | 2,650 | 5,591 | 5,970
Exploration & Production |  |  |
Increase (decrease) resulting from: |  |  |
- higher tax charges related to subsidiaries outside Italy | € 1,777 | € 2,934 | € 3,014

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- Definition The amount that represents the difference between the tax expense (income) and the product of the accounting profit multiplied by the applicable tax rate(s) that relates to the tax regime provided for intercompany dividends. + References No definition available. + Details
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