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Income taxes - Reconciliation between statutory tax and effective tax charge (Details) - EUR (€) € in Millions | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | Dec. 31, 2019
Income Taxes |  |  |
Profit (loss) before taxation | € 10,685 | € (5,978) | € 5,746
Tax rate (IRES) (%) | 24.00% | 24.00% | 24.00%
Statutory corporation tax charge (credit) on profit or loss | € 2,564 | € (1,435) | € 1,379
Increase (decrease) resulting from: |  |  |
- higher tax charges related to subsidiaries outside Italy | 2,301 | 1,980 | 2,934
- effect of the valuation of the investments under the equity method | 180 | 97 | 9
- Italian regional income tax (IRAP) | 140 | 107 | 25
- effect additional tax law no 7/2009 | 97 |  |
- impact pursuant to foreign tax effects of italian entities | 108 | 108 | 105
- tax effects related to previous years | 52 | (30) | 147
- effect due to the tax regime provided for intercompany dividends | 54 | 96 | 65
- impact pursuant to the write-down of deferred tax assets | (666) | 1,785 | 938
- other adjustments | 15 | (58) | (11)
Net tax effect | 2,281 | 4,085 | 4,212
Income tax expense | 4,845 | 2,650 | 5,591
Exploration & Production |  |  |
Increase (decrease) resulting from: |  |  |
- higher tax charges related to subsidiaries outside Italy | € 2,040 | € 1,777 | € 2,934

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