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Commitments and Contingent Liabilities | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
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Commitments and Contingent Liabilities | 20. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership. All other leases are classified as operating leases. Assets held under finance leases are initially recognised at the lower of fair value at the date of commencement of the lease and the present value of the minimum lease payments. Subsequent to initial recognition, these assets are accounted for in accordance with the accounting policy relating to that specific asset. The corresponding liability is included in the balance sheet as a finance lease obligation. Lease payments are apportioned between finance costs in the income statement and reduction of the lease obligation so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Lease payments under operating leases are charged to the income statement on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Contingent liabilities are either possible obligations that will probably not require a transfer of economic benefits, or present obligations that may, but probably will not, require a transfer of economic benefits. It is not appropriate to make provisions for contingent liabilities, but there is a chance that they will result in an obligation in the future. Assessing the amount of liabilities that are not probable is highly judgemental so contingent liabilities are disclosed on the basis of the known maximum exposure.
|  | € million |  |  | € million |  |  | € million |  |  | € million |  |  | € million |  |  | € million |
|  | Future |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Future |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | minimum |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | minimum |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | lease |  |  | Finance |  |  | Present |  |  | lease |  |  | Finance |  |  | Present |
|  | payments |  |  | Cost |  |  | value |  |  | payments |  |  | cost |  |  | value |
Long-term finance lease commitments |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2017 |
Buildings(a) |  |  | 174 |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | 117 |  |  |  | 195 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 120 |
Plant and machinery |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |
|  |  | 187 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 128 |  |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 131 |
The commitments fall due as follows: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Within 1 year |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 11 |
Later than 1 year but not later than 5 years |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 45 |
Later than 5 years |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 75 |
|  |  | 187 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 128 |  |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | 131 |
(a) | All leased land is classified as operating leases.
The table below shows the net book value of property, plant and equipment under a number of finance lease agreements.
|  | € million |  |  | € million |  |  | € million |
|  |  |  |  | Plant and |  |  |  |
Net book value |  | Buildings |  |  | equipment |  |  | Total |
Cost |  |  | 216 |  |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 322 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (94 | ) |  |  | (95 | ) |  |  | (189 | )
31 December 2018 |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 133 |
Cost |  |  | 206 |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 331 |
Accumulated depreciation |  |  | (84 | ) |  |  | (108 | ) |  |  | (192 | )
31 December 2017 |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 139 |
The Group has sublet part of the leased properties under finance leases. Future minimum sublease payments of €26 million (2017: €29 million) are expected to be received.
|  | € million |  |  | € million |
Long-term operating lease commitments |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Land and buildings |  |  | 1,803 |  |  |  | 1,885 |
Plant and machinery |  |  | 661 |  |  |  | 569 |
|  |  | 2,464 |  |  |  | 2,454 |
|  | €million |  |  | €million |  |  | €million |  |  | €million |
|  | Operating |  |  | Operating |  |  | Other |  |  | Other |
|  | leases |  |  | leases |  |  | commitments |  |  | commitments |
Operating lease and other commitments fall due as follows: |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Within 1 year |  |  | 481 |  |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | 1,099 |  |  |  | 1,274 |
Later than 1 year but not later than 5 years |  |  | 1,259 |  |  |  | 1,250 |  |  |  | 780 |  |  |  | 935 |
Later than 5 years |  |  | 724 |  |  |  | 786 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 31 |
|  |  | 2,464 |  |  |  | 2,454 |  |  |  | 1,910 |  |  |  | 2,240 |
The Group has sublet part of the leased properties under operating leases. Future minimum sublease payments of €10 million (2017: €12 million) are expected to be received. Other commitments principally comprise commitments under contracts to purchase materials and services. They do not include commitments to purchase property, plant and equipment, which are reported in note 10 on pages 100 and 101. CONTINGENT LIABILITIES Contingent liabilities are possible obligations that are not probable. They arise in respect of litigation against group companies, investigations by competition, regulatory and fiscal authorities and obligations arising under environmental legislation. In many markets, there is a high degree of complexity involved in the local tax regimes. The majority of contingent liabilities are in respect of fiscal matters in Brazil. Assessing the amount of liabilities that are not probable is highly judgemental. Contingent liabilities are disclosed on the basis of the known maximum exposure. In the case of fiscal matters the known maximum exposure is the amount included on a tax assessment. A summary of our contingent liabilities is shown in the table below:
|  | € million |  |  | € million |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
Corporate reorganisation – IPI, PIS and COFINS taxes and penalties(a) |  |  | 2,032 |  |  |  | 2,092 |
Inputs for PIS and COFINS taxes |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 16 |
Goodwill amortisation |  |  | 177 |  |  |  | 121 |
Other tax assessments – approximately 600 cases |  |  | 916 |  |  |  | 1,095 |
Total Brazil Tax |  |  | 3,177 |  |  |  | 3,324 |
Brazil other |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 19 |
Contingent liabilities outside Brazil |  |  | 414 |  |  |  | 324 |
Total contingent liabilities |  |  | 3,658 |  |  |  | 3,667 |
(a) | During 2004, and in common with many other businesses operating in Brazil, one of our Brazilian subsidiaries received a notice of infringement from the Federal Revenue Service in respect of indirect taxes. The notice alleges that a 2001 reorganisation of our local corporate structure was undertaken without valid business purpose. The 2001 reorganisation was comparable with restructurings done by many companies in Brazil. The original dispute was resolved in the courts in the Group’s favour. However, in 2013 a new assessment was raised in respect of a similar matter. Additionally, during the course of 2014 and again in 2017 and in 2018 other notices of infringement were issued based on the same grounds argued in the previous assessments. The total amount of the tax assessments in respect of this matter is €2,032 million (2017: €2,092 million). The judicial process in Brazil is likely to take a number of years to conclude.
The Group believes that the likelihood that the tax authorities will ultimately prevail is low, however there can be no guarantee of success in court. In each case we believe our position is strong so they have not been provided for and are considered to be contingent liabilities. Due to the fiscal environment in Brazil the possibility of further tax assessments related to the same matters cannot be ruled out. The contingent liabilities reported for indirect taxes relating to disputes with the Brazilian authorities are separate from the provisions listed in note 19; Unilever does not have provision and contingent liabilities for the same matters.

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