19. PROVISIONS

Provisions are recognised where a legal or constructive obligation exists at the balance sheet date, as a result of a past event, where the amount of the obligation can be reliably estimated and where the outflow of economic benefit is probable.


	€ million		€ million
Provisions	2018		2017
Due within one year		624		525
Due after one year		697		794

Total provisions		1,321		1,319

€ million

Brazil

Movements during 2018

Restructuring

Legal

indirect taxes

Other

Total

1 January 2018

352

192

356

419

1,319

Income Statement:

Charges

320

164

600

Releases

(51

)

(10

)

(55

)

(116

)

(232

)

Reclassification ^(a)

)

(85

)

—

Utilisation

(161

)

(130

)

(10

)

(26

)

(327

)

Currency translation

)

(15

)

(29

)

(39

)

31 December 2018

445

143

203

530

1,321

^(a)	Includes amounts transferred between classes of provisions

Restructuring provisions primarily include people costs such as redundancy costs and cost of compensation where manufacturing, distribution, service or selling agreements are to be terminated. The group expects these provisions to be substantially utilised within the next few years.

The Group is involved from time to time in legal and arbitration proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. As previously disclosed, along with other consumer products companies and retail customers, Unilever is involved in a number of ongoing investigations by national competition authorities. These proceedings and investigations are at various stages and concern a variety of product markets. Where specific issues arise, provisions are made to the extent appropriate. Due to the nature of the legal cases, the timing of utilisation of these provisions is uncertain.

In 2018 the group paid €104 million for legal cases in relation to investigations by national competition authorities, of which €76 million was provided in previous years.

Provisions for Brazil indirect taxes are comprised of disputes with Brazilian authorities, in particular relating to tax credits that can be taken for the PIS and COFINS indirect taxes. These provisions are separate from the matters listed as contingent liabilities in note 20; Unilever does not have provisions and contingent liabilities for the same matters. Due to the nature of disputed indirect taxes the timing of utilisation of these provisions is uncertain.