11. OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS

Joint ventures are undertakings in which the Group has an interest and which are jointly controlled by the Group and one or more other parties. Associates are undertakings where the Group has an investment in which it does not have control or joint control but can exercise significant influence.

Interests in joint ventures and associates are accounted for using the equity method and are stated in the consolidated balance sheet at cost, adjusted for the movement in the Group’s share of their net assets and liabilities. The Group’s share of the profit or loss after tax of joint ventures and associates is included in the Group’s consolidated profit before taxation.

Where the Group’s share of losses exceeds its interest in the equity accounted investee, the carrying amount of the investment is reduced to zero and the recognition of further losses is discontinued, except to the extent that the Group has an obligation to make payments on behalf of the investee.

Biological assets are measured at fair value less costs to sell with any changes recognised in the income statement.


	€ million 2018		€ million 2017
Interest in net assets of joint ventures		14		32
Interest in net assets of associates		40		44
Long-term trade and other receivables^(a)		307		265
Operating lease prepayments for land		118		116
Fair value of biological assets		18		17
Other non-current assets^(b)		151		83

		648		557

^(a)	Mainly relates to indirect tax receivables where we do not have the contractual right to receive payment within 12 months.

^(b)	Mainly relates to tax assets.


Movements during 2018 and 2017	€ million 2018			€ million 2017
Joint ventures^(a)
1 January		32			36
Additions		5			—
Dividends received/reductions^(b)		(216	)		(155	)
Share of net profit/(loss)		190			155
Currency retranslation		3			(4	)

31 December		14			32

Associates^(c)
1 January		44			51
Additions		3			5
Dividend received/reductions		—			(10	)
Share of net profit/(loss)		(5	)		—
Currency retranslation		(2	)		(2	)

31 December		40			44

^(a)	Our principal joint ventures are Unilever FIMA LDA for Portugal, the Pepsi/Lipton Partnership for the US and Pepsi Lipton International for the rest of the world.

^(b)	In 2018, includes capital reduction in joint venture of Unilever FIMA LDA for €64 million.

^(c)	Associates as at 31 December 2018 primarily comprise our investments in Langholm Capital Partners.

The joint ventures and associates have no contingent liabilities to which the Group is exposed, and the Group has no contingent liabilities in relation to its interests in the joint ventures and associates.

The Group has no outstanding capital commitments to joint ventures.

Outstanding balances with joint ventures and associates are shown in note 23 on page 126.