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Inventories
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Text Block [Abstract]  
Inventories
12. Inventories
Inventories are valued at the lower of weighted average cost and net realisable value. Cost comprises direct costs and, where appropriate, a proportion of attributable production overheads. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price less the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
 
Inventories
  
€ million
2020
   € million
2019		 
Raw materials and consumables
  
 
1,523
 
   1,399 
Finished goods and goods for resale
  
 
3,223
 
   3,053 
Total inventories
  
 
4,746
 
   4,452 
Provision for inventories
  
 
(284
) 
   (288) 
   
 
4,462
 
   4,164 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
Provisions for inventories
  
€ million
2020
   € million
2019		 
1 January
  
 
288
 
   205 
Charge to income statement
  
 
116
 
   153 
Reduction/releases
  
 
(97
) 
   (71) 
Currency translations
  
 
(26
) 
   —   
Others(a)
  
 
3
 
   1 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
31
 
December
  
 
284
 
   288 
   
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
(a)
Others include the amount relating to the acquisition/disposal of businesses.
Inventories with a value of €204 million (2019: €159 million) are carried at net realisable value, this being lower than cost. During 2020, a total expense of €381 million (2019: €363 million) was recognised in the income statement for inventory write downs and losses.