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Financial instruments fair value risk
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [abstract]  
Financial instruments fair value risk
18. Financial instruments fair value risk
The Group is exposed to the risk of changes in fair value of its financial assets and liabilities. The following table summarises the fair values and carrying amounts of financial instruments.
€ million€ million€ million€ million
Fair valueFair valueCarrying
amount		Carrying
amount
Fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities2022202120222021
Financial assets
Cash and cash equivalents4,326 3,415 4,326 3,415 
Financial assets at amortised cost1,004 958 1,004 958 
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income407 527 407 527 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss
   Derivatives289 128 289 128 
   Other889 741 889 741 
6,915 5,769 6,915 5,769 
Financial liabilities
Bank loans and overdrafts(519)(402)(519)(402)
Bonds and other loans(25,136)(29,133)(26,512)(27,621)
Lease liabilities(1,408)(1,649)(1,408)(1,649)
Derivatives(631)(184)(631)(184)
Other financial liabilities(418)(277)(418)(277)
(28,112)(31,645)(29,488)(30,133)
The fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities (excluding listed bonds) is considered to be the same as the carrying amount for 2022
and 2021. The fair value of trade receivables and payables is considered to be equal to the carrying amount of these items due to their
short-term nature.
Fair value hierarchy
The fair values shown in notes 15C and 17A have been classified into three categories depending on the inputs used in the valuation technique.
The categories used are as follows:
■Level 1: quoted prices for identical instruments;
■Level 2: directly or indirectly observable market inputs, other than Level 1 inputs; and
■Level 3: inputs which are not based on observable market data.
18. Financial instruments fair value risk continued
For assets and liabilities which are carried at fair value, the classification of fair value calculations by category is summarised below:
€ million€ million€ million€ million€ million€ million€ million€ million
Notes
Level 1
2022
Level 1
2021
Level 2
2022
Level 2
2021
Level 3
2022
Level 3
2021
Total fair
value
2022
Total fair
value
2021
Assets at fair value
Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income17A5 6 3 3 399 518 407 527 
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss:
    Derivatives(a)
16C– – 378 289 – – 378 289 
    Other 17A428 331 – – 461 410 889 741 
Liabilities at fair value
  Derivatives(b)
16C– – (784)(235)– – (784)(235)
  Contingent consideration14– – – – (164)(180)(164)(180)
(a)Includes €89 million (2021: €161 million) derivatives, reported within trade receivables, that hedge trading activities.
(b)Includes €(153) million (2021: €(51) million) derivatives, reported within trade payables, that hedge trading activities.
There were no significant changes in classification of fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities since 31 December 2021. There were also no significant movements between the fair value levels since 31 December 2021.
The impact in 2022 income statement due to Level 3 instruments is a gain of €11 million (2021: gain of €40 million).
Reconciliation of Level 3 fair value measurements of financial assets and financial liabilities is given below:
€ million€ million
Reconciliation of movements in Level 3 valuations20222021
1 January748 550 
Gains and losses recognised in income statement11 40 
Gains and losses recognised in other comprehensive income55 190 
Purchases and new issues94 30 
Sales and settlements*(212)(62)
31 December696 748 
* This includes €(157) million movement due to derecognition of Unilever Ventures' equity interest in Nutrafol before business combination (refer to note 21 for more details).
Significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair values
Assets valued using Level 3 techniques include €623 million (2021: €736 million) relating to a number of unlisted investments within Unilever Ventures companies, none of which are individually material; €122 million (2021: €115 million) of long-term cash receivables under life insurance policies and €41 million (2021: €43 million) for option to acquire non-controlling interest. Valuation techniques used are specific to each asset and for all assets a change in one or more of the inputs to reasonably possible alternative assumptions would not change the value significantly.
Calculation of fair values
The fair values of the financial assets and liabilities are defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Methods and assumptions used to estimate the fair values are consistent with those used in the year ended 31 December 2021.
Assets and liabilities carried at fair value
■The fair values of quoted investments falling into Level 1 are based on current bid prices.
■The fair values of unquoted financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income and at fair value through profit or loss are based on recent trades in liquid markets, observable market rates, discounted cash flow analysis and statistical modelling techniques such as the Monte Carlo simulation. If all significant inputs required to fair value an instrument are observable, the instrument is included in Level 2. If one or more of the significant inputs is not based on observable market data, the instrument is included in Level 3.
■Derivatives are valued using valuation techniques with market observable inputs. The models incorporate various inputs including the credit quality of counter-parties, foreign exchange spot and forward rates, interest rate curves and forward rate curves of the underlying commodities.
■For listed securities where the market is not liquid, and for unlisted securities, valuation techniques are used. These include the use of recent arm’s length transactions, reference to other instruments that are substantially the same and discounted cash flow calculations.
Other financial assets and liabilities (fair values for disclosure purposes only)
■Cash and cash equivalents, trade and other current receivables, bank loans and overdrafts, trade payables and other current liabilities have fair values that approximate to their carrying amounts due to their short-term nature.
■The fair values of listed bonds are based on their market value.
■Non-listed bonds, other loans, bank loans and non-current receivables and payables are based on the net present value of the anticipated future cash flows associated with these instruments using rates currently available for debt on similar terms, credit risk and remaining maturities.
Policies and processes used in relation to the calculation of Level 3 fair values
Assets valued using Level 3 valuation techniques are primarily made up of long-term cash receivables and unlisted investments. Valuation techniques used are specific to the circumstances involved. Unlisted investments include €623 million (2021: €736 million) of investments within Unilever Ventures companies.