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Related party transactions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Disclosure of transactions between related parties [abstract]

23. Related party transactions

A related party is a person or entity that is related to the Group. These include both people and entities that have, or are subject to, the influence or control of the Group.

Joint ventures

The following related party balances existed with joint venture businesses at 31 December:


	€ million	€ million
	2022	2021
Related party balances	Total	Total
Sales to joint ventures	1,158	1,060
Purchases from joint ventures	134	127
Receivables from joint ventures	78	71
Payables to joint ventures	33	36
Loans to joint ventures	226	241
Royalties and service fees	22	20

Significant joint ventures are Unilever FIMA LDA in Portugal, Binzagr Unilever Distribution in the Middle East, the Pepsi Lipton Tea Partnership in the US and Pepsi Lipton International Ltd for the rest of the world.

Associates

There are no trading balances due to or from associates.

Langholm Capital II was launched in 2009. Unilever has invested €65 million in Langholm II, with an outstanding commitment at the end of 2022 of €1 million (2021: €1 million). During 2022, Unilever received €1 million (2021: €32 million) from its investment in Langholm Capital II.