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Taxation
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2024
Income taxes paid (refund) [abstract]  
Taxation
4.Taxation
The effective tax rate for the first half is 28.6% compared with 26.9% in 2023. The tax rate is calculated by dividing the tax charge by pre-tax profit excluding the contribution of joint ventures and associates.
Tax effects of components of other comprehensive income were as follows:
First half
20242023
€ millionBefore taxTax (charge)/creditAfter taxBefore taxTax (charge)/creditAfter tax
Gains/(losses) on:
Equity instruments at fair value through other comprehensive income31 – 31 (34)– (34)
Cash flow hedges63 (5)58 (20)(2)(22)
Remeasurements of defined benefit pension plans242 (41)201 (90)43 (47)
Currency retranslation gains/(losses)772 (16)756 (535)(20)(555)
Other comprehensive income1,108 (62)1,046 (679)21 (658)