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Pensions - History of defined benefit schemes (Details) - GBP (£) £ in Millions | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022 | Dec. 31, 2021 | Dec. 31, 2020 | Dec. 31, 2019 | Dec. 31, 2018
Pensions |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets | £ 37,598 | £ 57,787 | £ 57,249 | £ 51,925 | £ 48,752
Present value of plan obligations | (27,601) | (46,808) | (48,864) | (44,115) | (39,607)
Net surplus | 9,997 | 10,979 | 8,385 | 7,810 | 9,145
Actual return on plan assets | £ (19,285) | £ 1,667 | £ 7,064 | £ 4,930 | £ (848)
Actual return on plan assets - % | (33.40%) | 2.90% | 13.60% | 10.10% | (1.70%)
Plan liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Pensions |  |  |  |  |
Experience (losses)/gains | £ (2,137) | £ 237 | £ 455 | £ 279 | £ (81)
Plan assets |  |  |  |  |
Pensions |  |  |  |  |
Experience (losses)/gains | (20,326) | 872 | 6,027 | 3,556 | (2,090)
Main Scheme |  |  |  |  |
Pensions |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets | 34,016 | 52,021 | 51,323 | 46,555 | 43,806
Present value of plan obligations | (24,733) | (42,020) | (43,870) | (39,669) | (35,466)
Net surplus | 9,283 | 10,001 | 7,453 | 6,886 | 8,340
Actual return on plan assets | £ (17,248) | £ 1,554 | £ 6,422 | £ 4,266 | £ (768)
Actual return on plan assets - % | (33.20%) | 3.00% | 13.80% | 9.70% | (1.70%)
Main Scheme | Plan liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Pensions |  |  |  |  |
Experience (losses)/gains | £ (2,053) | £ 241 | £ 427 | £ 275 | £ (122)
Main Scheme | Plan assets |  |  |  |  |
Pensions |  |  |  |  |
Experience (losses)/gains | £ (18,180) | £ 841 | £ 5,486 | £ 3,021 | £ (1,891)

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- Definition The amount of other comprehensive income, before tax, resulting from actuarial gains (losses) arising from experience adjustments that result in remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability (asset). Experience adjustments deal with the effects of differences between the previous actuarial assumptions and what has actually occurred. [Refer: Other comprehensive income, before tax, gains (losses) on remeasurements of defined benefit plans] [Contrast: Decrease (increase) in net defined benefit liability (asset) resulting from actuarial gains (losses) arising from experience adjustments] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 19 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 135 -Subparagraph b -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=19&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_135_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 + Details
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- Definition The present value, without deducting any plan assets, of expected future payments required to settle the obligation resulting from employee service in the current and prior periods. [Refer: Plan assets, at fair value] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 19 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 57 -Subparagraph a -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=19&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_57_a&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 + Details
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- Definition The fair value of defined benefit plan assets. Plan assets comprise assets held by a long-term employee benefit fund and qualifying insurance policies. [Refer: At fair value [member]] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 19 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 57 -Subparagraph a -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=19&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_57_a&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 + Details
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- Definition The amount of other comprehensive income, before tax, resulting from the return on plan assets, excluding amounts included in interest expense (income) arising from defined benefit plans. The return on plan assets is interest, dividends and other revenue derived from the plan assets, together with realised and unrealised gains or losses on the plan assets, less any costs of managing plan assets and less any tax payable by the plan itself, other than tax included in the actuarial assumptions used to measure the present value of the defined benefit obligation. [Refer: Other comprehensive income; Defined benefit plans [member]; Plan assets [member]; Other comprehensive income, before tax, gains (losses) on remeasurements of defined benefit plans] [Contrast: Decrease (increase) in net defined benefit liability (asset) resulting from return on plan assets excluding interest income or expense] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 19 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 135 -Subparagraph b -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=19&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_135_b&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 + Details
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- Definition The fair value of any plan assets, less the present value of the defined benefit obligation. [Refer: Plan assets [member]] + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef -Name IAS -Number 19 -IssueDate 2022-03-24 -Paragraph 57 -Subparagraph a -URI https://taxonomy.ifrs.org/xifrs-link?type=IAS&num=19&code=ifrs-tx-2022-en-r&anchor=para_57_a&doctype=Standard -URIDate 2022-03-24 + Details
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