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Rio Tinto financial information by business unit (Tables) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Disclosure Of Financial Information By Business Unit [Abstract] |
Schedule of financial information by business unit |
Strategic Report |  | Governance Report |  | Financial Statements |  | Production, Reserves and Operations |  | Additional Information
|  |  |  | Gross revenue (a) |  | EBITDA (b) |  | Net earnings (c) |
|  |  |  | for the year ended 31 December |  | for the year ended 31 December |  | for the year ended 31 December |
| Rio Tinto |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| interest |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
| % |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |
Iron Ore |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pilbara | (d) |  |  | 18,143 |  |  | 14,530 |  |  | 13,886 |  |  | 11,383 |  |  | 8,558 |  |  | 7,730 |  |  | 6,576 |  |  | 4,662 |  |  | 4,013 |
Evaluation projects/other |  |  |  |  | 108 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 137 |  |  | (32 | ) |  | (55 | ) |  | 116 |  |  | (51 | ) |  | (73 | )
Total Iron Ore |  |  |  |  | 18,251 |  |  | 14,605 |  |  | 13,952 |  |  | 11,520 |  |  | 8,526 |  |  | 7,675 |  |  | 6,692 |  |  | 4,611 |  |  | 3,940 |
Aluminium | (e) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bauxite |  |  |  |  | 2,019 |  |  | 1,913 |  |  | 2,057 |  |  | 804 |  |  | 848 |  |  | 937 |  |  | 463 |  |  | 493 |  |  | 542 |
Alumina |  |  |  |  | 2,661 |  |  | 2,118 |  |  | 2,145 |  |  | 454 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (47 | ) |  | 180 |  |  | (121 | ) |  | (187 | )
Intrasegment |  |  |  |  | (790 | ) |  | (786 | ) |  | (849 | ) |  | (25 | ) |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (17 | ) |  | - |  |  | - |
Bauxite & Alumina |  |  |  |  | 3,890 |  |  | 3,245 |  |  | 3,353 |  |  | 1,233 |  |  | 875 |  |  | 890 |  |  | 626 |  |  | 372 |  |  | 355 |
Primary Metal |  |  |  |  | 5,808 |  |  | 4,913 |  |  | 4,931 |  |  | 1,762 |  |  | 1,258 |  |  | 1,245 |  |  | 778 |  |  | 402 |  |  | 446 |
Pacific Aluminium |  |  |  |  | 2,305 |  |  | 1,971 |  |  | 2,254 |  |  | 453 |  |  | 264 |  |  | 408 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 147 |
Intersegment & Other |  |  |  |  | (2,321 | ) |  | (1,822 | ) |  | (1,876 | ) |  | (19 | ) |  | (50 | ) |  | 132 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | 92 |
Integrated Operations |  |  |  |  | 9,682 |  |  | 8,307 |  |  | 8,662 |  |  | 3,429 |  |  | 2,347 |  |  | 2,675 |  |  | 1,568 |  |  | 823 |  |  | 1,040 |
Other Product Group Items |  |  |  |  | 1,214 |  |  | 1,075 |  |  | 1,374 |  |  | (132 | ) |  | (42 | ) |  | (76 | ) |  | (100 | ) |  | (30 | ) |  | (50 | )
Product group operations |  |  |  |  | 10,896 |  |  | 9,382 |  |  | 10,036 |  |  | 3,297 |  |  | 2,305 |  |  | 2,599 |  |  | 1,468 |  |  | 793 |  |  | 990 |
Evaluation projects/other |  |  |  |  | 109 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 167 |  |  | 143 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 154 |  |  | 128 |
Total Aluminium |  |  |  |  | 11,005 |  |  | 9,458 |  |  | 10,117 |  |  | 3,423 |  |  | 2,472 |  |  | 2,742 |  |  | 1,583 |  |  | 947 |  |  | 1,118 |
Copper & Diamonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rio Tinto Kennecott |  | 100.0 |  |  | 1,352 |  |  | 1,243 |  |  | 1,403 |  |  | 539 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 437 |  |  | 78 |  |  | (228 | ) |  | 44 |
Escondida |  | 30.0 |  |  | 1,811 |  |  | 1,465 |  |  | 1,855 |  |  | 1,030 |  |  | 793 |  |  | 760 |  |  | 325 |  |  | 270 |  |  | 281 |
Grasberg joint venture | (f) |  |  | 33 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | (17 | ) |  | (169 | ) |  | (64 | ) |  | (34 | )
Oyu Tolgoi & Turquoise Hill | (g) |  |  | 940 |  |  | 1,203 |  |  | 1,636 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 436 |  |  | 501 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 57 |
Diamonds | (h) |  |  | 706 |  |  | 613 |  |  | 698 |  |  | 287 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 79 |
Product group operations |  |  |  |  | 4,842 |  |  | 4,524 |  |  | 5,592 |  |  | 2,109 |  |  | 1,577 |  |  | 1,974 |  |  | 362 |  |  | 77 |  |  | 427 |
Evaluation projects/other |  |  |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (205 | ) |  | (190 | ) |  | (141 | ) |  | (99 | ) |  | (95 | ) |  | (57 | )
Total Copper & Diamonds |  |  |  |  | 4,842 |  |  | 4,524 |  |  | 5,592 |  |  | 1,904 |  |  | 1,387 |  |  | 1,833 |  |  | 263 |  |  | (18 | ) |  | 370 |
Energy & Minerals |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rio Tinto Coal Australia | (i) |  |  | 2,829 |  |  | 2,634 |  |  | 2,757 |  |  | 1,223 |  |  | 893 |  |  | 497 |  |  | 716 |  |  | 382 |  |  | 48 |
Iron Ore Company of Canada |  | 58.7 |  |  | 1,867 |  |  | 1,324 |  |  | 1,353 |  |  | 770 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 197 |  |  | 235 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 12 |
Rio Tinto Iron & Titanium | (j) |  |  | 1,763 |  |  | 1,419 |  |  | 1,571 |  |  | 546 |  |  | 370 |  |  | 435 |  |  | 201 |  |  | 86 |  |  | 116 |
Rio Tinto Borates |  | 100.0 |  |  | 630 |  |  | 620 |  |  | 624 |  |  | 244 |  |  | 213 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 117 |  |  | 103 |
Dampier Salt |  | 68.4 |  |  | 215 |  |  | 259 |  |  | 306 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 74 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 24 |
Uranium | (k) |  |  | 417 |  |  | 456 |  |  | 474 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 54 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (26 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | (42 | )
Product group operations |  |  |  |  | 7,721 |  |  | 6,712 |  |  | 7,085 |  |  | 2,825 |  |  | 1,939 |  |  | 1,379 |  |  | 1,255 |  |  | 684 |  |  | 261 |
Simandou iron ore project | (l) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (13 | ) |  | (102 | ) |  | (87 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (47 | ) |  | (41 | )
Evaluation projects/other |  |  |  |  | 43 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 55 |  |  | (9 | ) |  | (31 | ) |  | (55 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (25 | ) |  | (43 | )
Total Energy & Minerals |  |  |  |  | 7,764 |  |  | 6,734 |  |  | 7,140 |  |  | 2,803 |  |  | 1,806 |  |  | 1,237 |  |  | 1,242 |  |  | 612 |  |  | 177 |
Other Operations | (m) |  |  | 10 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 18 |  |  | (116 | ) |  | (95 | ) |  | (83 | ) |  | (138 | ) |  | (88 | ) |  | (90 | )
Intersegment transactions |  |  |  |  | (15 | ) |  | (11 | ) |  | (34 | ) |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Product group Total |  |  |  |  | 41,857 |  |  | 35,318 |  |  | 36,785 |  |  | 19,534 |  |  | 14,096 |  |  | 13,404 |  |  | 9,642 |  |  | 6,064 |  |  | 5,515 |
Other items | (n) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (736 | ) |  | (411 | ) |  | (546 | ) |  | (483 | ) |  | (241 | ) |  | (375 | )
Exploration and evaluation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (218 | ) |  | (175 | ) |  | (237 | ) |  | (178 | ) |  | (147 | ) |  | (211 | )
Net interest |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (354 | ) |  | (576 | ) |  | (389 | )
Underlying EBITDA/earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,580 |  |  | 13,510 |  |  | 12,621 |  |  | 8,627 |  |  | 5,100 |  |  | 4,540 |
Items excluded from underlying EBITDA/earnings |  |  |  |  | 10 |  |  | 18 |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 1,912 |  |  | (687 | ) |  | (563 | ) |  | 135 |  |  | (483 | ) |  | (5,406 | )
EBITDA/net earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,492 |  |  | 12,823 |  |  | 12,058 |  |  | 8,762 |  |  | 4,617 |  |  | (866 | )
Reconciliation to Group income statement |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share of equity accounted unit sales and |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
intra-subsidiary/equity accounted units sales |  |  |  |  | (1,837 | ) |  | (1,555 | ) |  | (1,955 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation & amortisation in subsidiaries |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
excluding capitalised depreciation |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,302 | ) |  | (4,691 | ) |  | (4,553 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment charges, net of reversals |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (796 | ) |  | (249 | ) |  | (2,791 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation & amortisation in equity accounted units |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (648 | ) |  | (526 | ) |  | (462 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxation and finance items in equity accounted units |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (272 | ) |  | (241 | ) |  | (276 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated sales revenue/profit on |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ordinary activities before finance items and tax |  |  |  |  | 40,030 |  |  | 33,781 |  |  | 34,829 |  |  | 14,474 |  |  | 7,116 |  |  | 3,976 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Depreciation & |  | Operating assets (p) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  | Capital expenditure (o) |  | amortisation |  | as at |  | Employees |
|  |  |  | for the year ended 31 December |  | for the year ended 31 December |  | for the year ended 31 December |  | for the year ended 31 December |
| Rio Tinto |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| interest |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
| % |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | US$m |  | Number |  | Number |  | Number |
Iron Ore |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pilbara | (d) |  |  | 1,201 |  |  | 868 |  |  | 1,608 |  |  | 1,645 |  |  | 1,645 |  |  | 1,744 |  |  | 16,535 |  |  | 16,357 |  |  | 16,870 |  |  | 10,159 |  |  | 10,424 |  |  | 11,097 |
Evaluation projects/other |  |  |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Total Iron Ore |  |  |  |  | 1,201 |  |  | 868 |  |  | 1,608 |  |  | 1,645 |  |  | 1,645 |  |  | 1,744 |  |  | 16,537 |  |  | 16,359 |  |  | 16,872 |  |  | 10,159 |  |  | 10,424 |  |  | 11,097 |
Aluminium | (e) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bauxite |  |  |  |  | 825 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 123 |  |  | 110 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 1,897 |  |  | 1,278 |  |  | 1,050 |  |  | 2,534 |  |  | 2,592 |  |  | 2,603 |
Alumina |  |  |  |  | 108 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 209 |  |  | 206 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 2,733 |  |  | 2,588 |  |  | 2,698 |  |  | 2,012 |  |  | 2,139 |  |  | 2,287 |
Intrasegment |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bauxite & Alumina |  |  |  |  | 933 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 317 |  |  | 332 |  |  | 316 |  |  | 319 |  |  | 4,612 |  |  | 3,866 |  |  | 3,748 |  |  | 4,546 |  |  | 4,731 |  |  | 4,890 |
Primary Metal |  |  |  |  | 389 |  |  | 394 |  |  | 1,249 |  |  | 665 |  |  | 716 |  |  | 629 |  |  | 9,946 |  |  | 10,701 |  |  | 10,326 |  |  | 6,404 |  |  | 6,799 |  |  | 7,980 |
Pacific Aluminium |  |  |  |  | 109 |  |  | 91 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 196 |  |  | 193 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 1,016 |  |  | 1,044 |  |  | 1,198 |  |  | 2,173 |  |  | 2,276 |  |  | 2,339 |
Intersegment and Other |  |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 6 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 12 |  |  | 772 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 677 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 231 |  |  | 210 |
Total Aluminium |  |  |  |  | 1,436 |  |  | 916 |  |  | 1,682 |  |  | 1,199 |  |  | 1,250 |  |  | 1,172 |  |  | 16,346 |  |  | 15,782 |  |  | 15,949 |  |  | 13,345 |  |  | 14,037 |  |  | 15,419 |
Copper & Diamonds |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rio Tinto Kennecott |  | 100.0 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 333 |  |  | 408 |  |  | 422 |  |  | 530 |  |  | 344 |  |  | 1,936 |  |  | 2,189 |  |  | 2,441 |  |  | 1,734 |  |  | 1,638 |  |  | 1,793 |
Escondida |  | 30.0 |  |  | 248 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 770 |  |  | 507 |  |  | 364 |  |  | 293 |  |  | 3,369 |  |  | 3,565 |  |  | 3,485 |  |  | 1,079 |  |  | 1,230 |  |  | 1,159 |
Grasberg joint venture | (f) |  |  | 138 |  |  | 174 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 89 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 1,137 |  |  | 1,151 |  |  | 1,016 |  |  | 1,642 |  |  | 2,859 |  |  | 2,868 |
Oyu Tolgoi & Turquoise Hill | (g) |  |  | 901 |  |  | 322 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 344 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 416 |  |  | 4,725 |  |  | 3,804 |  |  | 3,597 |  |  | 2,835 |  |  | 2,728 |  |  | 2,798 |
Diamonds | (h) |  |  | 85 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 124 |  |  | 132 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 159 |  |  | 441 |  |  | 655 |  |  | 857 |  |  | 922 |  |  | 907 |  |  | 1,118 |
Product group operations |  |  |  |  | 1,621 |  |  | 1,443 |  |  | 1,573 |  |  | 1,447 |  |  | 1,597 |  |  | 1,255 |  |  | 11,608 |  |  | 11,364 |  |  | 11,396 |  |  | 8,212 |  |  | 9,362 |  |  | 9,736 |
Evaluation projects/other |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 135 |  |  | 166 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 127 |  |  | 160 |
Total Copper & Diamonds |  |  |  |  | 1,622 |  |  | 1,441 |  |  | 1,576 |  |  | 1,452 |  |  | 1,601 |  |  | 1,261 |  |  | 11,743 |  |  | 11,530 |  |  | 11,551 |  |  | 8,354 |  |  | 9,489 |  |  | 9,896 |
Energy & Minerals |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rio Tinto Coal Australia | (i)/(q) |  |  | 84 |  |  | (107 | ) |  | 108 |  |  | 152 |  |  | 297 |  |  | 336 |  |  | 1,040 |  |  | 1,807 |  |  | 2,137 |  |  | 1,924 |  |  | 3,049 |  |  | 3,157 |
Iron Ore Company of Canada |  | 58.7 |  |  | 202 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 118 |  |  | 157 |  |  | 151 |  |  | 162 |  |  | 988 |  |  | 1,018 |  |  | 1,152 |  |  | 2,382 |  |  | 2,308 |  |  | 2,316 |
Rio Tinto Iron & Titanium | (j) |  |  | 119 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 3,881 |  |  | 3,662 |  |  | 3,554 |  |  | 4,048 |  |  | 4,094 |  |  | 4,507 |
Rio Tinto Borates |  | 100.0 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 523 |  |  | 508 |  |  | 585 |  |  | 936 |  |  | 984 |  |  | 987 |
Dampier Salt |  | 68.4 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 22 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 146 |  |  | 140 |  |  | 232 |  |  | 317 |  |  | 394 |
Uranium | (k) |  |  | 21 |  |  | 30 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 65 |  |  | (327 | ) |  | (143 | ) |  | (216 | ) |  | 1,307 |  |  | 1,303 |  |  | 1,329 |
Product group operations |  |  |  |  | 467 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 457 |  |  | 652 |  |  | 738 |  |  | 824 |  |  | 6,255 |  |  | 6,998 |  |  | 7,352 |  |  | 10,829 |  |  | 12,055 |  |  | 12,690 |
Simandou iron ore project | (l) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 91 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (10 | ) |  | 10 |  |  | 635 |  |  | 912 |
Evaluation projects/other |  |  |  |  | - |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |  |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 39 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 763 |  |  | 855 |
Total Energy & Minerals |  |  |  |  | 467 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 552 |  |  | 652 |  |  | 739 |  |  | 830 |  |  | 6,313 |  |  | 7,049 |  |  | 7,381 |  |  | 10,864 |  |  | 13,453 |  |  | 14,457 |
Other Operations | (m) |  |  | (35 | ) |  | (11 | ) |  | (36 | ) |  | 32 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 32 |  |  | (328 | ) |  | 203 |  |  | (33 | ) |  | 203 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 299 |
Product group Total |  |  |  |  | 4,691 |  |  | 3,355 |  |  | 5,382 |  |  | 4,980 |  |  | 5,269 |  |  | 5,039 |  |  | 50,611 |  |  | 50,923 |  |  | 51,720 |  |  | 42,925 |  |  | 47,652 |  |  | 51,168 |
Intersegment transactions |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 206 |  |  | 142 |  |  | 242 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net assets/(liabilities) of disposal groups held for sale | (r) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 370 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 182 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other items | (n) |  |  | 70 |  |  | (46 | ) |  | 65 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 68 |  |  | (2,631 | ) |  | (2,181 | ) |  | (1,012 | ) |  | 3,882 |  |  | 3,377 |  |  | 3,770 |
Less: equity accounted units |  |  |  |  | (417 | ) |  | (651 | ) |  | (859 | ) |  | (647 | ) |  | (526 | ) |  | (462 | ) |  |  |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  | - |
Total |  |  |  |  | 4,344 |  |  | 2,658 |  |  | 4,588 |  |  | 4,375 |  |  | 4,794 |  |  | 4,645 |  |  | 48,556 |  |  | 48,877 |  |  | 51,132 |  |  | 46,807 |  |  | 51,029 |  |  | 54,938 |
Add back: Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  |  | 138 |  |  | 354 |  |  | 97 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capital expenditure per cash flow statement |  |  |  |  | 4,482 |  |  | 3,012 |  |  | 4,685 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: Net debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,845 | ) |  | (9,587 | ) |  | (13,783 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Less: EAU funded balances excluded from net debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity attributable to owners of Rio Tinto |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 44,711 |  |  | 39,290 |  |  | 37,349 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Business units are classified according to the Group’s management structure. Certain comparative amounts have been reallocated to appropriately represent changes in management responsibility.
a) | Gross sales revenue includes the sales revenue of equity accounted units on a proportionately consolidated basis (after adjusting for sales to subsidiaries) in addition to consolidated sales. Consolidated sales revenue includes subsidiary sales to equity accounted units which are not included in gross sales revenue.
b) | EBITDA of subsidiaries and the Group's share of EBITDA relating to equity accounted units represents profit before: tax, net finance items, depreciation and amortisation charged to the income statement in the period. Underlying EBITDA excludes the same items that are excluded from underlying earnings.
c) | Represents profit after tax for the period attributable to the owners of the Rio Tinto Group. Business unit earnings are stated before finance items but after the amortisation of discount related to provisions. Earnings attributed to business units do not include amounts that are excluded in arriving at underlying earnings.
d) | Pilbara represents the Group’s 100 per cent holding in Hamersley, 50 per cent holding of Hope Downs Joint Venture and 65 per cent holding of Robe River Iron Associates. The Group’s net beneficial interest in Robe River Iron Associates is 53 per cent as 30 per cent is held through a 60 per cent owned subsidiary and 35 per cent is held through a 100 per cent owned subsidiary.
e) | Presented on an integrated operations basis splitting activities between Bauxite & Alumina, Primary Metal, Pacific Aluminium and Other integrated operations (which in total reflect the results of the integrated production of aluminium) and Other product group items which relate to other commercial activities.
f) | Through a joint venture agreement with Freeport-McMoRan Inc. (Freeport), Rio Tinto is entitled to 40 per cent of material mined above an agreed threshold as a consequence of expansions and developments of the Grasberg facilities since 1998.
g) | Rio Tinto’s interest in Oyu Tolgoi is held indirectly through its 50.8 per cent investment in Turquoise Hill Resources Ltd (TRQ), where TRQ’s principal asset is its 66 per cent investment in Oyu Tolgoi LLC, which owns the Oyu Tolgoi copper-gold mine.
h) | Includes Rio Tinto’s interests in Argyle (100 per cent) and Diavik (60 per cent).
i) | On 1 September, 2017, Rio Tinto disposed of its 100 per cent shareholding in Coal & Allied Industries Limited to Yancoal Australia Limited.
As at 31 December 2016, this included Rio Tinto’s 100 per cent shareholding in Coal & Allied Industries Limited and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Rio Tinto as a 100 per cent owner of Coal & Allied held a 67.6 per cent, 80 per cent and 55.6 per cent respectively, with management rights, in Hunter Valley Operations, Mount Thorley and Warkworth. On 1 March 2016, Coal & Allied disposed of its 40 per cent interest in Bengalla Joint Venture and on 5 August 2016, Coal & Allied disposed of its 100 per cent interest in the Mount Pleasant project. Both were included up until their respective disposal dates.
j) | Includes Rio Tinto's interests in Rio Tinto Fer et Titane (100 per cent), QIT Madagascar Minerals (QMM, 80 per cent) and Richards Bay Minerals (attributable interest of 74 per cent).
k) | Includes Rio Tinto’s interests in Energy Resources of Australia (68.4 per cent) and Rössing Uranium Limited (68.6 per cent).
l) | Simfer Jersey Limited, a company incorporated in Jersey in which the Group has a 53 per cent interest, has an 85 per cent interest in Simfer S.A., the company that manages the Simandou project in Guinea. The Group therefore has a 45.05 per cent indirect interest in Simfer S.A. These entities are consolidated as subsidiaries and together referred to as the Simandou iron ore project.
m) | Other Operations include Rio Tinto’s 100 per cent interest in the curtailed Gove alumina refinery and Rio Tinto Marine.
n) | Central office costs, central Growth & Innovation costs and other central items are reported in Other items. The loss in Other items includes restructuring, project and other one off costs of US$177 million (pre-tax) in 2017. The increased loss also reflects an increase in Information Systems & Technology spend and further investment in the Commercial Centre in Singapore and capability to support the Group’s Mine to Market Productivity programme.
o) | Capital expenditure comprises the net cash outflow on purchases less disposals of property, plant and equipment, capitalised evaluation costs and purchases less disposals of other intangible assets. The details provided include 100 per cent of subsidiaries’ capital expenditure and Rio Tinto’s share of the capital expenditure of joint operations and equity accounted units.
p) | Operating assets of subsidiaries comprise net assets excluding post-retirement assets and liabilities, net of tax, and are before deducting net debt. Operating assets are stated after deduction of non-controlling interests, which are calculated by reference to the net assets of the relevant companies (ie inclusive of such companies’ debt and amounts due to or from Rio Tinto Group companies).
q) | Capital expenditure in 2016 for Rio Tinto Coal Australia includes net proceeds of US$192 million for the disposal of 100 per cent interest in the Mount Pleasant thermal coal project to MACH Energy Australia Pty Ltd on 5 August 2016.
r) | Assets and liabilities held for sale at 31 December 2017 comprise of Rio Tinto’s interest in the Dunkerque aluminium smelter and certain other separate assets.
Assets and liabilities held for sale at 31 December 2016 comprise Rio Tinto’s interests in the Blair Athol coal project and certain separate assets. Assets and liabilities held for sale at 31 December 2015 comprised Rio Tinto’s interests in the Blair Athol coal project, Carbone Savoie (disposed of on 31 March 2016), Bengalla (disposed of on 1 March 2016), and certain other separate assets. 1

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