		2017			2016			2015
	US$m			US$m			US$m
Capital redemption reserve ^(a)
At 1 January		34			34			28
Own shares purchased and cancelled		4			-			6
At 31 December		38			34			34
Hedging reserves
At 1 January		32			-			12
Parent and subsidiaries' net cash flow hedge fair value gains/(losses)		62			(88	)		(41	)
Parent and subsidiaries' net cash flow hedge (gains)/losses transferred to the income statement		(62	)		116			32
Tax on the above		-			4			(3	)
At 31 December		32			32			-
Available for sale revaluation reserves
At 1 January		(126	)		(139	)		(130	)
Gains/(losses) on available for sale securities		19			13			(16	)
Losses on available for sale securities transferred to the income statement		6			-			7
Tax on the above		(1	)		-			-
Transfers and other movements		122			-			-
At 31 December		20			(126	)		(139	)
Other reserves^(b)
At 1 January		11,861			11,735			11,704
Change in equity interest held by Rio Tinto		-			108			-
Own shares purchased from Rio Tinto Limited shareholders to satisfy share options		(64	)		(43	)		(25	)
Employee share options: value of services		31			58			58
Deferred tax on share options		10			3			(2	)
Companies no longer consolidated		(124	)		-			-
At 31 December		11,714			11,861			11,735

Foreign currency translation reserve ^(c)
At 1 January		(2,585	)		(2,491	)		(492	)
Parent and subsidiaries currency translation and exchange adjustments		2,942			(204	)		(1,940	)
Equity accounted units currency translation adjustments		34			11			(57	)
Currency translation reclassified on disposal		78			99			(2	)
Transfers and other movements		11			-			-
At 31 December		480			(2,585	)		(2,491	)

Total other reserves per balance sheet		12,284			9,216			9,139

		2017			2016			2015
	US$m			US$m			US$m
Retained earnings^(d)
At 1 January		21,631			19,736			26,110
Parent and subsidiaries' profit/(loss) for the year		8,423			4,298			(1,218	)
Equity accounted units' profit after tax for the year		339			319			352
Actuarial gains/(losses) ^(e)		1			(94	)		616
Tax relating to components of other comprehensive income		(150	)		30			(173	)
Total comprehensive income/(loss) for the year		8,613			4,553			(423	)
Share buy-back programme		(2,312	)		-			(1,946	)
Dividends paid		(4,250	)		(2,725	)		(4,076	)
Change in equity interest held by Rio Tinto		43			40			20
Companies no longer consolidated		130			-			-
Own shares purchased/treasury shares reissued for share options and other movements		(18	)		(37	)		(27	)
Employee share options and other IFRS 2 charges taken to the income statement		57			64			78
Transfer and other movements		(133	)		-			-
At 31 December		23,761			21,631			19,736

(a)

The capital redemption reserve was set up to comply with section 733 of the UK Companies Act 2006 (previously section 170 of the UK Companies Act 1985) when shares of a company are redeemed or purchased wholly out of the company’s profits. Balances reflect the amount by which the Company’s issued share capital is diminished in accordance with this section.

(b)

Other reserves includes US$11,936 million which represents the difference between the nominal value and issue price of the shares issued arising from Rio Tinto plc’s rights issue completed in July 2009. No share premium was recorded in the Rio Tinto plc financial statements through the operation of the merger relief provisions of the UK Companies Act 1985.

Other reserves also include the cumulative amount recognised under IFRS 2 in respect of options granted but not exercised to acquire shares in Rio Tinto Limited, less, where applicable, the cost of shares purchased to satisfy share options exercised. The cumulative amount recognised under IFRS 2 in respect of options granted but not exercised to acquire shares in Rio Tinto plc is recorded in retained earnings.

(c)

Exchange differences arising on the translation of the Group’s net investment in foreign controlled companies are taken to the foreign currency translation reserve, as described in note 1(d). The cumulative differences relating to an investment are transferred to the income statement when the investment is disposed of.

(d)	Retained earnings and movements in reserves of subsidiaries include those arising from the Group’s share of joint operations.

(e)	There were no actuarial losses relating to equity accounted units in 2017, 2016 or 2015