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Group statement of changes in equity - USD ($) $ in Millions | Total | Share capital [member] | Share premium [Member] | Other reserves [Member] | Retained earnings [Member] | Total [member] | Non-controlling interests [Member]
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Opening balance at Dec. 31, 2016 |  | $ 45,730 | $ 4,139 | $ 4,304 | $ 9,216 | $ 21,631 | $ 39,290 | $ 6,440
Total comprehensive (loss)/income for the period |  | 5,360 |  |  | 2,014 | 3,243 | 5,257 | 103
Current translation arising on Rio Tinto Limited's Share Capital |  | 243 | 243 |  |  |  | 243 |
Dividends |  | (2,380) |  |  |  | (2,248) | (2,248) | (132)
Share buyback | [1] | (300) | (1) |  | 1 | (300) | (300) |
Own shares purchased from Rio Tinto shareholders to satisfy share options | [2] | (26) |  |  | (17) | (9) | (26) |
Change in equity held by Rio Tinto |  |  |  |  |  | 20 | 20 | (20)
Treasury shares reissued and other movements |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Equity issued to holders of non-controlling interests |  | 143 |  |  |  |  |  | 143
Employee share options and other IFRS 2 charges to the income statement |  | 54 |  |  | 26 | 28 | 54 |
Closing balance at Jun. 30, 2017 |  | 48,825 | 4,381 | 4,305 | 11,240 | 22,365 | 42,291 | 6,534
Opening balance (Previously Stated [Member]) at Dec. 31, 2017 |  | 51,115 | 4,360 | 4,306 | 12,284 | 23,761 | 44,711 | 6,404
Opening balance (Restated [Member]) at Dec. 31, 2017 |  | 50,946 | 4,360 | 4,306 | 12,294 | 23,582 | 44,542 | 6,404
Opening balance at Dec. 31, 2017 |  | 51,115 |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustment for transition to new accounting standards | Increase (decrease) due to changes in accounting policy required by IFRSs [Member] | [3] | (169) |  |  | 10 | (179) | (169) |
Total comprehensive (loss)/income for the period | [4] | 2,663 |  |  | (2,188) | 4,828 | 2,640 | 23
Current translation arising on Rio Tinto Limited's Share Capital |  | (231) | (231) |  |  |  | (231) |
Dividends |  | (3,331) |  |  |  | (3,177) | (3,177) | (154)
Share buyback | [5] | (1,444) | (4) |  | 4 | (1,444) | (1,444) |
Own shares purchased from Rio Tinto shareholders to satisfy share options | [2] | (82) |  |  | (26) | (56) | (82) |
Change in equity held by Rio Tinto |  |  |  |  |  | 28 | 28 | (28)
Treasury shares reissued and other movements |  | 5 |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |
Equity issued to holders of non-controlling interests |  | 38 |  |  |  |  |  | 38
Employee share options and other IFRS 2 charges to the income statement |  | 52 |  |  | 24 | 28 | 52 |
Transfers and other movements |  |  |  |  | 34 | (34) |  |
Closing balance at Jun. 30, 2018 |  | $ 48,616 | $ 4,125 | $ 4,311 | $ 10,142 | $ 23,755 | $ 42,333 | $ 6,283
[1] | Total amount of US$300 million includes own shares purchased from owners of Rio Tinto plc as per the cash flow statement of US$252 million and a financial liability recognised in respect of an irrevocable contract in place as at 30 June 2017 to cover the share buy-back programme.
[2] | Net of contributions received from employees for share options.
[3] | The impact of the transition to new accounting standards; IFRS 9 ‘Financial Instruments’ and IFRS 15 ‘Revenue from contracts with customers’ on 1 January 2018 is discussed on pages F-12 to F-21.
[4] | Refer to Group statement of comprehensive income for further details.
[5] | Total amount of US$1,444 million includes own shares purchased from owners of Rio Tinto plc as per the cash flow statement of US$1,501 million adjusted for the movement in a financial liability recognised in respect of irrevocable contracts in place as at 30 June 2018 and 31 December 2017 to cover the share buy-back programme.

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