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Group statement of changes in equity - USD ($) $ in Millions | Total | Share capital [member] | Share premium [Member] | Other reserves [Member] | Retained earnings [Member] | Total [member] | Non-controlling interests [Member]
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Opening balance at Dec. 31, 2016 |  | $ 45,730 | $ 4,139 | $ 4,304 | $ 9,216 | $ 21,631 | $ 39,290 | $ 6,440
Total comprehensive income/(loss) |  | 11,939 |  |  | 3,078 | 8,613 | 11,691 | 248
Currency translation arising on Rio Tinto Limited's share capital | [1] | (310) | (310) |  |  |  | (310) |
Dividends |  | (4,653) |  |  |  | (4,250) | (4,250) | (403)
Share buy-back | [2] | (2,397) | (89) |  | 4 | (2,312) | (2,397) | 0
Companies No Longer Consolidated |  | (2) |  |  | (124) | 130 | 6 | (8)
Own shares purchased from Rio Tinto shareholders to satisfy share options | [3] | (82) |  |  | (64) | (18) | (82) |
Change in equity interest held by Rio Tinto |  | 0 |  |  | 0 | 43 | 43 | (43)
Treasury shares reissued and other movements |  | 2 |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Equity issued to holders of non-controlling interests |  | 170 |  |  |  |  |  | 170
Employee share options and other IFRS 2 charges to the income statement |  | 98 |  |  | 41 | 57 | 98 |
Transfers and other movements |  | 0 |  |  | 133 | (133) |  |
Closing balance at Dec. 31, 2017 |  | 51,115 | 4,360 | 4,306 | 12,284 | 23,761 | 44,711 | 6,404
Total comprehensive income/(loss) | [4] | 10,786 |  |  | (3,600) | 14,263 | 10,663 | 123
Currency translation arising on Rio Tinto Limited's share capital |  | 382 | 382 |  |  |  | 382 |
Dividends |  | (5,771) |  |  |  | (5,356) | (5,356) | (415)
Share buy-back | [2] | 5,704 | (290) |  | 9 | (5,423) | (5,704) |
Own shares purchased from Rio Tinto shareholders to satisfy share options | [3] | (254) |  |  | (114) | (140) | (254) |
Change in equity interest held by Rio Tinto |  |  |  |  |  | 60 | 60 | (60)
Treasury shares reissued and other movements |  | 6 |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Equity issued to holders of non-controlling interests |  | 85 |  |  |  |  |  | 85
Employee share options and other IFRS 2 charges to the income statement |  | 111 |  |  | 50 | 61 | 111 |
Transfers and other movements |  |  |  |  | 22 | (22) |  |
Closing balance at Dec. 31, 2018 |  | 49,823 | 3,688 | 4,312 | 8,661 | 27,025 | 43,686 | 6,137
Total comprehensive income/(loss) | [4] | 7,318 |  |  | 519 | 7,832 | 8,351 | (1,033)
Currency translation arising on Rio Tinto Limited's share capital | [1] | 29 | 29 |  |  |  | 29 |
Dividends |  | (10,710) |  |  |  | (10,334) | (10,334) | (376)
Share buy-back | [2] | 1,135 | (4) |  | 4 | (1,135) | (1,135) |
Companies No Longer Consolidated |  | (32) |  |  |  |  |  | (32)
Own shares purchased from Rio Tinto shareholders to satisfy share options | [3] | (106) |  |  | (63) | (43) | (106) |
Change in equity interest held by Rio Tinto |  |  |  |  |  | 85 | 85 | (85)
Treasury shares reissued and other movements |  | 1 |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Equity issued to holders of non-controlling interests |  | 101 |  |  |  |  |  | 101
Employee share options and other IFRS 2 charges to the income statement |  | 126 |  |  | 56 | 70 | 126 |
Closing balance at Dec. 31, 2019 |  | $ 45,242 | $ 3,655 | $ 4,313 | $ 9,177 | $ 23,387 | $ 40,532 | $ 4,710
[1] | Refer to note 1(d).
[2] | In 2019, the total amount of US$1,135 million (2018: US$5,704 million, 2017: US$2,397 million) includes own shares purchased from the owners of Rio Tinto as per the cash flow statement of US$1,552 million (2018: US$5,386 million, 2017: US$2,083 million) and a financial liability recognised in respect of an irrevocable contract in place as at the reporting date to cover the share buy-back programme, less amounts paid during the year in respect of a similar irrevocable contract in place at the beginning of the year.
[3] | Net of contributions received from employees for share options.
[4] | Refer to Group statement of comprehensive income for further details. Adjustments to other reserves include currency translation attributable to owners of Rio Tinto, other than that arising on Rio Tinto Limited’s share capital.

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