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Other reserves and retained earnings - Summary of other reserves and retained earnings (Detail) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Dec. 31, 2018
Dec. 31, 2017
Disclosure Of Other Reserves And Retained Earnings [Line Items]      
Beginning balance $ 8,661    
Own shares purchased from Rio Tinto Limited shareholders to satisfy share options     $ 0
Employee share options: value of services [1] (106) $ (254) (82)
Companies no longer consolidated (32)   (2)
Ending balance 9,177 8,661  
Parent and subsidiaries currency translation and exchange adjustments 65 (213)  
Beginning balance 27,025    
Equity accounted units' profit after tax for the year 301 513 339
Tax relating to components of other comprehensive income 77 (325) (153)
Dividends (10,710) (5,771) (4,653)
Employee share options and other IFRS 2 charges to the income statement 126 111 98
Ending balance 23,387 27,025  
Capital redemption reserve [Member]      
Disclosure Of Other Reserves And Retained Earnings [Line Items]      
Beginning balance 47 38 34
Own shares purchased and cancelled 4 9 4
Ending balance 51 47 38
Cash flow hedge reserve      
Disclosure Of Other Reserves And Retained Earnings [Line Items]      
Beginning balance 195 32 32
Adjustment for transition to new accounting standards (note 45) 0 (4) 0
Cash flow hedge gains/(losses) 12 156 62
Cash flow hedge losses/(gains) transferred to the income statement (41) 40 (62)
Tax on the above (6) (54) 0
Transfers and other movements 0 25 0
Ending balance 160 195 32
Available for sale revaluation reserves [member]      
Disclosure Of Other Reserves And Retained Earnings [Line Items]      
Beginning balance 0 20 (126)
Adjustment for transition to new accounting standards (note 45) 0 (20) 0
Gains on available for sale securities 0 0 19
Losses on available for sale securities transferred to the income statement 0 0 6
Tax on the above 0 0 (1)
Transfers and other movements 0 0 122
Ending balance 0 0 20
Fair Value through Other Comprehensive Income reserve [member]      
Disclosure Of Other Reserves And Retained Earnings [Line Items]      
Beginning balance (6) 0 0
Adjustment for transition to new accounting standards (note 45) 0 8 0
Losses on equity investments (5) (11) 0
Transfers to retained earnings 0 (3) 0
Ending balance (11) (6) 0
Cost of Hedging Reserve [Member]      
Disclosure Of Other Reserves And Retained Earnings [Line Items]      
Beginning balance (13) 0 0
Adjustment for transition to new accounting standards (note 45) 0 26 0
Cost of hedging deferred to reserves during the year 3 (36) 0
Transfer of cost of hedging to the income statement 0 (3) 0
Ending balance (10) (13) 0
Other reserves [member]      
Disclosure Of Other Reserves And Retained Earnings [Line Items]      
Beginning balance 11,650 11,714 11,861
Own shares purchased from Rio Tinto Limited shareholders to satisfy share options (63) (114) (64)
Employee share options: value of services 52 52 31
Deferred tax on share options 4 (2) 10
Companies no longer consolidated 0 0 (124)
Ending balance 11,643 11,650 11,714
Foreign currency translation reserve [member]      
Disclosure Of Other Reserves And Retained Earnings [Line Items]      
Beginning balance 8,661 12,284  
Ending balance 9,177 8,661 12,284
Beginning balance (3,212) 480 (2,585)
Parent and subsidiaries currency translation and exchange adjustments 331 (3,658) 2,942
Equity accounted units currency translation adjustments 10 (48) 34
Currency translation reclassified on disposal 215 14 78
Transfers and other movements 0 0 11
Ending balance (2,656) (3,212) 480
Retained earnings [Member]      
Disclosure Of Other Reserves And Retained Earnings [Line Items]      
Own shares purchased from Rio Tinto Limited shareholders to satisfy share options   (22) (133)
Employee share options: value of services [1] (43) (140) (18)
Companies no longer consolidated     130
Beginning balance 27,025 23,761 21,631
Adjustment for transition to new accounting standards (note 45) (113) (179) 0
Parent and subsidiaries' profit for the year 7,709 13,125 8,423
Equity accounted units' profit after tax for the year 301 513 339
Actuarial gains/(losses) (259) 894 1
Tax relating to components of other comprehensive income 81 (269) (150)
Total comprehensive income for the year 7,832 14,263 8,613
Share buy-back programme (1,135) (5,423) (2,312)
Dividends (10,334) (5,356) (4,250)
Companies no longer consolidated 0 0 130
Increase (decrease) through other changes, equity (43) (140) (18)
Employee share options and other IFRS 2 charges to the income statement 70 61 57
Transfer from FVOCI reserve 0 3 0
Transfers and other movements 0 (25) (133)
Ending balance $ 23,387 $ 27,025 $ 23,761
[1] Net of contributions received from employees for share options.