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Deferred taxation - Deferred tax liabilities and assets, prior to offsetting of balances (Detail) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2021
Dec. 31, 2020
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets $ 6,506 $ 6,465
Deferred tax liabilities (6,634) (6,319)
(Charged)/credited to the income statement (114) 178
Deferred tax assets 3,375 3,385
Recognised and unrecognised deferred tax assets 7,024 7,226
Unrecognised deferred tax assets 3,649 3,841
Deferred tax is not recognised on the unremitted earnings of subsidiaries and joint ventures 2,081 2,895
Tax payable on unremitted earnings 103 112
Tax losses    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 1,492 1,867
(Charged)/credited to the income statement (375) 12
Provisions    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 2,165 2,121
(Charged)/credited to the income statement 216 188
Capital allowances    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 784 529
Deferred tax liabilities (5,019) (4,966)
(Charged)/credited to the income statement (42) (82)
Post-retirement benefits    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 521 698
Deferred tax liabilities (327) (224)
(Charged)/credited to the income statement 21 9
Unrealised exchange losses (gains)    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 188 204
Deferred tax liabilities (3) (7)
(Charged)/credited to the income statement 0 25
Other temporary differences    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 1,356 1,046
Deferred tax liabilities (577) (369)
(Charged)/credited to the income statement 67 25
Unremitted earnings    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax liabilities (366) (402)
Capitalised interest    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax liabilities (342) (351)
Tax on unremitted earnings    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
(Charged)/credited to the income statement (1) 1
Unused tax losses    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 1,152 1,617
Unused tax losses | Expire within one year    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets $ 0 65
Deferred tax loss recovery period 1 year  
Unused tax losses | Expire within one to five years    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets $ 71 85
Unused tax losses | Expire within one to five years | Minimum    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax loss recovery period 1 year  
Unused tax losses | Expire within one to five years | Maximum    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax loss recovery period 5 years  
Unused tax losses | More than 5 years    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets $ 1,081 $ 1,467
Deferred tax loss recovery period 5 years