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Deferred taxation - Deferred tax liabilities and assets, prior to offsetting of balances (Detail) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Dec. 31, 2022
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets $ 8,107 $ 7,119
Deferred tax liabilities (7,067) (7,487)
Credited/(charged) to the income statement 1,260 (763)
Deferred tax assets 3,624 2,796 [1]
Research an development and investment tax credits and allowances 583 491
Deferred tax is not recognised on the unremitted earnings of subsidiaries and joint ventures 2,249 2,730
Tax payable on unremitted earnings 110 140
Tax losses    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 1,474 922
Credited/(charged) to the income statement 531 (525)
Provisions and other liabilities    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 3,835 3,637
Credited/(charged) to the income statement 133 3
Capital allowances    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 961 927
Deferred tax liabilities (5,407) (5,935)
Credited/(charged) to the income statement 628 48
Post-retirement benefits    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 210 179
Deferred tax liabilities (72) (149)
Credited/(charged) to the income statement (48) (59)
Unrealised exchange gains (losses)    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 194 189
Deferred tax liabilities (15) (11)
Credited/(charged) to the income statement (2) 2
Other temporary differences    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 1,433 1,265
Deferred tax liabilities (875) (690)
Credited/(charged) to the income statement 13 (235)
Unremitted earnings    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax liabilities (394) (372)
Capitalised interest    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax liabilities (304) (330)
Tax on unremitted earnings    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Credited/(charged) to the income statement 5 3
Unused tax losses    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 1,182 868
Unused tax losses | Expire within one year    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets $ 0 0
Deferred tax loss recovery period 1 year  
Unused tax losses | Expire within one to five years    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets $ 140 105
Unused tax losses | Expire within one to five years | Minimum    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax loss recovery period 1 year  
Unused tax losses | Expire within one to five years | Maximum    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax loss recovery period 5 years  
Unused tax losses | Later than five years    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets $ 1,042 $ 763
Deferred tax loss recovery period 5 years  
[1] Comparative information has been restated to reflect the adoption of narrow-scope amendments to IAS 12. Refer to page 166 for details.