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Deferred taxation - Deferred tax liabilities and assets, prior to offsetting of balances (Detail) - USD ($)
$ in Millions
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Dec. 31, 2023
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets $ 8,450 $ 8,107
Deferred tax liabilities (7,069) (7,067)
Credited/(charged) to the income statement 393 1,260
Deferred tax assets 4,016 3,624
Research an development and investment tax credits and allowances 540 583
Deferred tax is not recognised on the unremitted earnings of subsidiaries and joint ventures 2,152 2,249
Tax payable on unremitted earnings 99 110
Tax losses    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 1,461 1,474
Credited/(charged) to the income statement 98 531
Provisions and other liabilities    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 4,710 3,835
Credited/(charged) to the income statement 785 133
Capital allowances    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 1,024 961
Deferred tax liabilities (5,378) (5,407)
Credited/(charged) to the income statement (323) 628
Post-retirement benefits    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 187 210
Deferred tax liabilities (50) (72)
Credited/(charged) to the income statement 28 (48)
Unrealised exchange gains (losses)    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 157 194
Deferred tax liabilities (13) (15)
Credited/(charged) to the income statement (11) (2)
Other temporary differences    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 911 1,433
Deferred tax liabilities (471) (875)
Credited/(charged) to the income statement (184) 13
Unremitted earnings    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax liabilities (391) (394)
Capitalised and accrued interest    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax liabilities (766) (304)
Tax on unremitted earnings    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Credited/(charged) to the income statement 0 5
Unused tax losses    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets 1,293 1,182
Unused tax losses | Expire within one year    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets $ 66 0
Deferred tax loss recovery period 1 year  
Unused tax losses | Expire within one to five years    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets $ 93 140
Unused tax losses | Expire within one to five years | Minimum    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax loss recovery period 1 year  
Unused tax losses | Expire within one to five years | Maximum    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax loss recovery period 5 years  
Unused tax losses | Later than five years    
Disclosure of temporary difference, unused tax losses and unused tax credits [Line Items]    
Deferred tax assets $ 1,134 $ 1,042
Deferred tax loss recovery period 5 years