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Stock-Based Compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2017
Disclosure Of Compensation Related Costs Sharebased Payments [Abstract] |
Stock-Based Compensation | Note 3 – Stock-Based Compensation Stock Incentive Program Descriptions On January 23, 2006, the Board of Directors adopted the ADTRAN, Inc. 2006 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (2006 Plan), which authorized 13.0 million shares of common stock for issuance to certain employees and officers through incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSUs and restricted stock. The 2006 Plan was adopted by stockholder approval at our annual meeting of stockholders held on May 9, 2006. Options granted under the 2006 Plan typically become exercisable beginning after one year of continued employment, normally pursuant to a four-year vesting schedule beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date, and have a ten-year contractual term. The 2006 Plan was replaced on May 13, 2015 by the ADTRAN, Inc. 2015 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (2015 Plan). Expiration dates of options outstanding at December 31, 2017 under the 2006 Plan range from 2018 to 2024. Our stockholders approved the 2010 Directors Stock Plan (2010 Directors Plan) on May 5, 2010, under which 0.5 million shares of common stock have been reserved. This plan replaces the 2005 Directors Stock Option Plan. Under the 2010 Directors Plan, the Company may issue stock options, restricted stock and RSUs to our non-employee directors. Stock awards issued under the 2010 Directors Plan normally become vested in full on the first anniversary of the grant date. Options issued under the 2010 Directors Plan have a ten-year contractual term. Expiration dates of options outstanding at December 31, 2017 under the 2010 Directors Plan range from 2018 to 2019. On January 20, 2015, the Board of Directors adopted the ADTRAN, Inc. 2015 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (2015 Plan), which authorizes 7.7 million shares of common stock for issuance to certain employees and officers through incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock. The 2015 Plan was adopted by stockholder approval at our annual meeting of stockholders held on May 13, 2015. PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock granted under the 2015 Plan reduce the shares authorized for issuance under the 2015 Plan by 2.5 shares of common stock for each share underlying the award. Options granted under the 2015 Plan typically become exercisable beginning after one year of continued employment, normally pursuant to a four-year vesting schedule beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date, and have a ten-year contractual term. Expiration dates of options outstanding at December 31, 2017 under the 2015 Plan range from 2025 to 2026. The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, which was recognized as follows:
(In thousands) |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Stock-based compensation expense included in cost of sales |  | $ | 379 |  |  | $ | 389 |  |  | $ | 280 |
Selling, general and administrative expense |  |  | 4,063 |  |  |  | 3,341 |  |  |  | 3,261 |
Research and development expense |  |  | 2,991 |  |  |  | 2,965 |  |  |  | 3,171 |
Stock-based compensation expense included in operating expenses |  |  | 7,054 |  |  |  | 6,306 |  |  |  | 6,432 |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 7,433 |  |  |  | 6,695 |  |  |  | 6,712 |
Tax benefit for expense associated with non-qualified options, PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock |  |  | (1,699 | ) |  |  | (963 | ) |  |  | (862 | )
Total stock-based compensation expense, net of tax |  | $ | 5,734 |  |  | $ | 5,732 |  |  | $ | 5,850 |
With our adoption of ASU 2016-09 Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting in January 2017, we elected to discontinue our past practice of estimating forfeitures and now account for forfeitures as they occur. Stock Options The following table is a summary of our stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2017 and the changes that occurred during 2017:
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |  | Number of Options |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Avg. Remaining Contractual Life in Years |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Stock options outstanding, December 31, 2016 |  |  | 6,338 |  |  | $ | 22.14 |  |  |  | 5.63 |  |  | $ | 16,972 |
Stock options granted |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options exercised |  |  | (742 | ) |  | $ | 18.08 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options forfeited |  |  | (70 | ) |  | $ | 17.29 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options expired |  |  | (378 | ) |  | $ | 24.14 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options outstanding, December 31, 2017 |  |  | 5,148 |  |  | $ | 22.65 |  |  |  | 4.87 |  |  | $ | 6,109 |
Stock options vested and expected to vest, December 31, 2017 |  |  | 5,148 |  |  | $ | 22.65 |  |  |  | 4.87 |  |  | $ | 6,109 |
Stock options exercisable, December 31, 2017 |  |  | 4,351 |  |  | $ | 23.78 |  |  |  | 4.37 |  |  | $ | 3,810 |
At December 31, 2017, total compensation cost related to non-vested stock options not yet recognized was approximately $3.2 million, which is expected to be recognized over an average remaining recognition period of 1.5 years. All of the options above were issued at exercise prices that approximated fair market value at the date of grant. At December 31, 2017, 3.5 million options were available for grant under the shareholder approved plans. The aggregate intrinsic values in the table above represent the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between ADTRAN’s closing stock price on the last trading day of 2017 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2017. The amount of aggregate intrinsic value will change based on the fair market value of ADTRAN’s stock. The total pre-tax intrinsic value of options exercised during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $3.4 million, $1.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The fair value of options fully vesting during 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $4.3 million, $5.7 million and $6.6 million, respectively. The following table further describes our stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2017:
|  | Options Outstanding |  |  | Options Exercisable |
Range of Exercise Prices |  | Options Outstanding at 12/31/17 (In thousands) |  |  | Weighted Avg. Remaining Contractual Life in Years |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Options Exercisable at 12/31/17 (In thousands) |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |
$14.88 – 18.96 |  |  | 1,623 |  |  |  | 6.02 |  |  | $ | 15.77 |  |  |  | 1,063 |  |  | $ | 15.96 |
$18.97 – 23.45 |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | 6.68 |  |  | $ | 19.11 |  |  |  | 565 |  |  | $ | 19.17 |
$23.46 – 30.35 |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | 4.16 |  |  | $ | 23.85 |  |  |  | 1,399 |  |  | $ | 23.85 |
$30.36 – 41.92 |  |  | 1,324 |  |  |  | 3.29 |  |  | $ | 31.94 |  |  |  | 1,324 |  |  | $ | 31.94 |
|  |  | 5,148 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,351 |  |  |  |  |
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock Under the 2015 Plan, awards other than stock options, including PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock, may be granted to certain employees and officers. Under our market-based PSU program, the number of shares of common stock earned by a recipient pursuant to the PSUs is subject to a market condition based on ADTRAN’s relative total shareholder return against all companies in the NASDAQ Telecommunications Index at the end of a three-year performance period. Depending on the relative total shareholder return over the performance period, the recipient may earn from 0% to 150% of the shares underlying the PSUs, with the shares earned distributed upon the vesting of the PSUs at the end of the three-year performance period. The fair value of the award is based on the market price of our common stock on the date of grant, adjusted for the expected outcome of the impact of market conditions using a Monte Carlo Simulation valuation method. A portion of the granted PSUs also vest and the underlying shares become deliverable upon the death or disability of the recipient or upon a change of control of ADTRAN, as defined by the 2015 Plan. The recipients of the PSUs receive dividend credits based on the shares of common stock underlying the PSUs. The dividend credits are vested and earned in the same manner as the PSUs and are paid in cash upon the issuance of common stock for the PSUs. During the first quarter of 2017, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors approved a PSU grant of 0.5 million shares that contain performance conditions. The fair value of these performance-based PSU awards was equal to the closing price of our stock on the date of grant. The fair value of RSUs and restricted stock is equal to the closing price of our stock on the business day immediately preceding the grant date. RSUs and restricted stock vest ratably over four year and one year periods, respectively. The following table is a summary of our PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock outstanding as of December 31, 2016 and 2017 and the changes that occurred during 2017. The unvested awards outstanding as of December 31, 2016 have been adjusted for the actual shares vested in 2017 for our market-based PSUs.
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |  | Number of shares |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Unvested PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock outstanding, December 31, 2016 |  |  | 527 |  |  | $ | 20.53 |
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock granted |  |  | 950 |  |  | $ | 21.69 |
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock vested |  |  | (154 | ) |  | $ | 20.84 |
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock forfeited |  |  | (31 | ) |  | $ | 20.99 |
Unvested RSUs and restricted stock outstanding, December 31, 2017 |  |  | 1,292 |  |  | $ | 21.33 |
At December 31, 2017, total compensation cost related to the non-vested portion of market-based PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock not yet recognized was approximately $13.9 million, which is expected to be recognized over an average remaining recognition period of 3.2 years. In addition, there was $11.4 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested performance-based PSUs, which will be recognized over the requisite service period of three years as achievement of the performance obligation becomes probable. For the year ended 2017, no compensation expense was recognized related to these performance-based PSUs. Valuation and Expense Information We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model (Black-Scholes Model) for the purpose of determining the estimated fair value of stock option awards on the date of grant. The Black-Scholes Model requires the input of certain assumptions that involve judgment. Because our stock options have characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, existing models may not provide reliable measures of fair value of our stock options. We use a Monte Carlo Simulation valuation method to value our market-based PSUs. The fair value of our performance-based PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock issued is equal to the closing price of our stock on the date of grant. We will continue to assess the assumptions and methodologies used to calculate the estimated fair value of stock-based compensation. If circumstances change, and additional data becomes available over time, we may change our assumptions and methodologies, which may materially impact our fair value determination. The stock option pricing model requires the use of several assumptions that impact the fair value estimate. These variables include, but are not limited to, the volatility of our stock price and employee exercise behaviors. There were no stock option grants in 2017. The weighted-average estimated fair value of stock options granted to employees during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $5.22 per share and $4.28 per share, respectively, with the following weighted-average assumptions:
|  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Expected volatility |  |  | 34.79 | % |  |  | 34.57 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 1.36 | % |  |  | 1.81 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 1.98 | % |  |  | 2.35 | %
Expected life (in years) |  |  | 6.25 |  |  |  | 6.23 |
We based our estimate of expected volatility for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 on the sequential historical daily trading data of our common stock for a period equal to the expected life of the options granted. The selection of the historical volatility method was based on available data indicating our historical volatility is as equally representative of our future stock price trends as is our implied volatility. We have no reason to believe the future volatility of our stock price is likely to differ from its past volatility. The risk-free interest rate assumption is based upon implied yields of U.S. Treasury zero-coupon bonds on the date of grant having a remaining term equal to the expected life of the options granted. The dividend yield is based on our historical and expected dividend payouts. The expected life of our stock options is based upon historical exercise and forfeiture activity of our previous stock-based grants with a ten-year contractual term. The PSU pricing model also requires the use of several significant assumptions that impact the fair value estimate. The estimated fair value of the PSUs granted to employees during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $24.17 per share, $23.50 per share and $17.64 per share, respectively, with the following assumptions:
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |
Expected volatility |  |  | 27.03 | % |  |  | 29.79 | % |  |  | 31.34 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 1.78 | % |  |  | 1.17 | % |  |  | 1.20 | %
Expected dividend yield |  |  | 1.74 | % |  |  | 1.80 | % |  |  | 2.35 | %

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- Definition The entire disclosure for compensation-related costs for equity-based compensation, which may include disclosure of policies, compensation plan details, allocation of equity compensation, incentive distributions, equity-based arrangements to obtain goods and services, deferred compensation arrangements, employee stock ownership plan details and employee stock purchase plan details. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/subtopic&trid=2208855 + Details
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