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1

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission File Number: 001-41446

ADTRAN Holdings, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Delaware | 87-2164282
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
901 Explorer Boulevard Huntsville, Alabama | 35806-2807
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (256) 963-8000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par Value $0.01 per share |  | ADTN |  | The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☒
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 1, 2025, the registrant had 79,977,574 shares o f common stock, $0.01 par value per share, outstanding.

1

ADTRAN Holdings, Inc.

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

For the three months ended March 31, 2025

Table of Contents

Item Number |  |  |  | Page Number
|  | Glossary of Selected Terms |  | 3
|  | General |  | 4
|  | Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements |  | 4
|  | PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |
1 |  | Financial Statements: |  |
|  | Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 - (Unaudited) |  | 7
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Restated) – (Unaudited) |  | 8
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Restated) – (Unaudited) |  | 9
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Restated) (Unaudited) |  | 10
|  | Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Restated) – (Unaudited) |  | 12
|  | Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – (Unaudited) |  | 13
2 |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 37
3 |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  | 52
4 |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 53
|  | PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |  |
1 |  | Legal Proceedings |  | 55
1A |  | Risk Factors |  | 55
2 |  | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 57
5 |  | Other Information |  | 57
6 |  | Exhibits |  | 57
|  | SIGNATURE |  | 59

2

GLOSSARY OF SELECTED TERMS

Below are certain acronyms, concepts and defined terms commonly used in our industry and in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, along with their meanings:

Acronym/Concept/ |
Defined Term | Meaning
AI | Artificial intelligence
DPLTA | Domination and Profit and Loss Transfer Agreement
DSO | Days Sales Outstanding
EURIBOR | Euro Interbank Offered Rate
ISDA | International Swaps and Derivatives Association
MSO | Multiple System Operator
ODM | Original Design Manufacturing
RNCI | Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest
SaaS | Software as a Service
SEC | Securities and Exchange Commission
SLA | Service Level Agreement
SMB | Small and Mid-Sized Business
SOFR | Secured Overnight Financing Rate
U.S. | United States of America

3

GENERAL

Unless the context otherwise indicates or requires, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “Adtran,” the “Company,” “we”, “us” and “our” refer to ADTRAN, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries prior to the merger of Acorn MergeCo, Inc., a subsidiary of ADTRAN Holdings, Inc., with and into ADTRAN, Inc., on July 8, 2022, after which ADTRAN, Inc. became a wholly-owned direct subsidiary of ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. (“Merger”), and to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries following the Merger. Furthermore, unless the context otherwise indicates or requires, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “Adtran Networks” refer to Adtran Networks SE (formerly ADVA Optical Networking SE).

CAUTIONARY NOTE REG ARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of Adtran. Adtran and its representatives may from time to time make written or oral forward-looking statements, including statements contained in this report, our other filings with the SEC and other communications with our stockholders. Any statement that does not directly relate to a historical or current fact is a forward-looking statement. Generally, the words “believe”, “expect”, “intend”, “estimate”, “anticipate”, “would”, “will”, “may”, “might”, “could”, “should”, “can”, “future”, “assume”, “plan”, “seek”, “predict”, “potential”, “objective”, “expect”, “target”, “project”, “outlook”, “forecast” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. We caution you that any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf are subject to uncertainties and other factors that could affect the accuracy of such statements. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations, as well as certain assumptions and estimates made by, and information available to, management at the time the statements are made. Those statements are based on general assumptions and are subject to various risks, and because they also relate to the future, they are likewise subject to inherent uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from the views, beliefs and projections expressed in such statements. The following are some of the risks that could affect our financial performance or could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in our forward-looking statements:

Risks related to our financial results and Company success

•
We are obligated to comply with covenants related to our Wells Fargo Credit Agreement that could restrict our operating activities, and the failure to comply with such covenants could result in defaults that accelerate our debt obligations.
•
We have experienced significant fluctuations in revenue and such fluctuations may continue. Fluctuations in revenue can cause our operating results in a given reporting period to be higher or lower than expected.
•
Accurately matching necessary inventory levels to customer demand within the current environment is challenging, and we may incur additional costs or be required to write off significant inventory that would adversely impact our results of operations.
•
The lengthy sales and approval process required by Service Providers for new products has resulted in fluctuations in our revenue and may result in future revenue fluctuations.
•
We require a significant amount of cash to service our indebtedness, our payment obligations to Adtran Networks shareholders under the DPLTA, and other obligations.
•
The terms of the DPLTA may have a material adverse effect on our financial results and condition.
•
Our significant indebtedness exposes us to various risks.
•
We depend heavily on sales to certain customers; the loss of any of these customers or a significant project would significantly reduce our revenue and net income.
•
Our exposure to the credit risks of our customers and distributors may make it difficult to collect accounts receivable and could adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and cash flows.
•
We expect gross margins to continue to vary over time, and our levels of product and services gross margins may not be sustainable.
•
Our dependence on a limited number of suppliers for certain raw materials, key components and ODM products, combined with supply shortages, has prevented and may continue to prevent us from delivering our products on a timely basis, which has had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on operating results and could have a material adverse effect on customer relations.
•
We compete in markets that have become increasingly competitive, which may result in reduced gross profit margins and market share.
•
Our estimates regarding future warranty obligations may change due to product failure rates, installation and shipment volumes, field service repair obligations and other rework costs incurred in correcting product failures. If our estimates change, our liability for warranty obligations may increase or decrease, impacting future cost of revenue.

4

•
Managing our inventory is complex and has included and may continue to include write downs of excess or obsolete inventory.
•
Our international operations have and may continue to expose us to additional risks, increase our costs and adversely affect our operating results, financial condition and cash flows.
•
Our success depends on attracting and retaining key personnel.
•
We are exposed to adverse currency exchange rate fluctuations in jurisdictions where we transact in local currency, which could harm our financial results and cash flows.
•
We have recognized impairment charges related to goodwill and other intangible assets in the past and may be required to do so in the future.
•
We may be unable to successfully and effectively manage and integrate acquisitions, divestitures and other significant transactions, which could harm our operating results, business and prospects.
•
Ongoing inflationary pressures have negatively impacted our revenue and profitability.

Risks related to our control environment

•
We have had to restate our previously issued consolidated financial statements and, as part of that process, have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to develop and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
•
We may face litigation and other risks as a result of our material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and any resulting restatement of our previously issued consolidated financial statements.
•
Breaches of our information systems and cyberattacks could compromise our intellectual property and cause significant damage to our business and reputation.

Risks related to the telecommunications industry

•
We must continue to update and improve our products and develop new products to compete and to keep pace with improvements in communications technology.
•
Our failure or the failure of our contract manufacturers to comply with applicable environmental regulations could adversely impact our results of operations.
•
If our products do not interoperate with our customers’ networks, installations may be delayed or canceled, which could harm our business.
•
We engage in research and development activities to develop new, innovative solutions and to improve the application of developed technologies, and as a consequence may miss certain market opportunities enjoyed by larger companies with substantially greater research and development efforts and which may focus on more leading-edge development.
•
Our strategy of outsourcing a portion of our manufacturing requirements to subcontractors located in various international regions may result in us not meeting our cost, quality or performance standards.
•
Our failure to maintain rights to intellectual property used in our business could adversely affect the development, functionality and commercial value of our products.
•
Third party hardware or software that is used with our portfolios may not continue to be available or at commercially reasonable terms.
•
Our use of open source software could impose limitations on our ability to commercialize our products.
•
We may incur legal related liabilities or become subject to litigation that would have a material effect on our business.
•
If we are unable to successfully develop and maintain relationships with SIs, Service Providers and enterprise value-added resellers, our revenue may be negatively affected.
•
We depend on a third-party cloud platform provider to host our Mosaic One SaaS network and other operating platforms, and if we were to experience a material disruption or interference in service, our business and reputation could suffer.

5

Risks related to the Company's stock price

•
Our financial performance and operating results historically have fluctuated and are likely to continue to fluctuate in future periods, which may adversely affect our stock price.
•
Future issuances of additional equity securities could result in dilution of existing stockholders’ equity ownership.
•
The price of our common stock has been volatile and may continue to fluctuate significantly.

Risks related to the regulatory environments in which we do business

•
We are subject to complex and evolving U.S. and foreign laws, regulations and standards governing the conduct of our business. Violations of these laws and regulations may harm our business, subject us to penalties and to other adverse consequences.
•
Changes in trade policy in the U.S. and other countries, including the imposition of additional tariffs and the resulting consequences, may adversely impact our gross profits, gross margins, results of operations and financial condition.
•
New or revised tax regulations, changes in our effective tax rate, recognition of a valuation allowance or assessments arising from tax audits may have an adverse impact on our results.
•
Interest rate fluctuations could increase our costs of borrowing money and negatively impact our financial condition and future operations.
•
Expectations relating to environmental, social and governance considerations expose the Company to potential liabilities, increased costs, reputational harm, and other adverse effects on the Company’s business.
•
Further downgrades of the U.S. credit rating, automatic spending cuts or a government shutdown could negatively impact our liquidity, financial condition and earnings.

The foregoing list of risks is not exclusive. For a more detailed description of the risk factors associated with our business, see Part I, Item 1A of Amendment No. 1 to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on May 20, 2025 (the "2024 Form 10-K/A"), as well as the risk factors set forth in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. We caution investors that other factors may prove to be important in the future in affecting our operating results. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of these factors, nor can we assess the impact each factor, or a combination of factors, may have on our business.

You are further cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements because they speak only of our views as of the date that the statements were made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

6

PART I. FINANCI AL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ADTRAN Holdings, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 101,321 |  |  | $ | 76,021 |
Accounts receivable, less allowance for credit losses of $1,212 and $1,300 as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | 166,519 |  |  |  | 178,030 |
Other receivables |  |  | 9,613 |  |  |  | 9,775 |
Income tax receivable |  |  | 6,632 |  |  |  | 5,461 |
Inventory, net |  |  | 253,639 |  |  |  | 261,557 |
Assets held for sale |  |  | 11,901 |  |  |  | 11,901 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 62,222 |  |  |  | 56,395 |
Total Current Assets |  |  | 611,847 |  |  |  | 599,140 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 109,609 |  |  |  | 106,454 |
Deferred tax assets |  |  | 17,826 |  |  |  | 17,826 |
Goodwill |  |  | 55,261 |  |  |  | 52,918 |
Intangibles, net |  |  | 293,064 |  |  |  | 284,893 |
Other non-current assets |  |  | 75,659 |  |  |  | 78,128 |
Long-term investments |  |  | 29,973 |  |  |  | 32,060 |
Total Assets |  | $ | 1,193,239 |  |  | $ | 1,171,419 |
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 171,912 |  |  | $ | 171,825 |
Unearned revenue |  |  | 66,459 |  |  |  | 52,701 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 38,161 |  |  |  | 34,158 |
Accrued wages and benefits |  |  | 25,910 |  |  |  | 32,853 |
Income tax payable |  |  | 999 |  |  |  | 1,936 |
Total Current Liabilities |  |  | 303,441 |  |  |  | 293,473 |
Non-current revolving credit agreement outstanding |  |  | 190,085 |  |  |  | 189,576 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 30,735 |  |  |  | 30,372 |
Non-current unearned revenue |  |  | 24,082 |  |  |  | 22,065 |
Non-current pension liability |  |  | 8,886 |  |  |  | 8,983 |
Deferred compensation liability |  |  | 31,283 |  |  |  | 33,203 |
Non-current lease obligations |  |  | 26,369 |  |  |  | 25,925 |
Other non-current liabilities |  |  | 16,531 |  |  |  | 17,928 |
Total Liabilities |  |  | 631,412 |  |  |  | 621,525 |
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 16) |  |  |  |  |  |
Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest |  |  | 422,934 |  |  |  | 422,943 |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 200,000 shares authorized; 79,969 shares issued and 79,707 outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and 79,483 shares issued and 79,218 outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | 795 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 812,071 |  |  |  | 808,913 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 31,632 |  |  |  | 11,254 |
Retained deficit |  |  | (700,502 | ) |  |  | (688,813 | )
Less treasury stock at cost: 262 and 266 shares as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | (5,108 | ) |  |  | (5,198 | )
Total Equity |  |  | 138,893 |  |  |  | 126,951 |
Total Liabilities and Equity |  | $ | 1,193,239 |  |  | $ | 1,171,419 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

7

ADTRAN Holdings, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STA TEMENTS OF LOSS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |
Network Solutions |  | $ | 202,217 |  |  | $ | 181,273 |
Services & Support |  |  | 45,527 |  |  |  | 44,900 |
Total Revenue |  |  | 247,744 |  |  |  | 226,173 |
Cost of Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |
Network Solutions |  |  | 134,241 |  |  |  | 128,266 |
Network Solutions - charges and inventory write-down |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,782 |
Services & Support |  |  | 18,327 |  |  |  | 18,810 |
Total Cost of Revenue |  |  | 152,568 |  |  |  | 155,858 |
Gross Profit |  |  | 95,176 |  |  |  | 70,315 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 50,285 |  |  |  | 58,991 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 48,859 |  |  |  | 60,215 |
Goodwill impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 297,353 |
Operating Loss |  |  | (3,968 | ) |  |  | (346,244 | )
Interest and dividend income |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | 397 |
Interest expense |  |  | (4,761 | ) |  |  | (4,598 | )
Net investment (loss) gain |  |  | (1,686 | ) |  |  | 2,253 |
Other income, net |  |  | 944 |  |  |  | 1,310 |
Loss Before Income Taxes |  |  | (9,345 | ) |  |  | (346,882 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  | 397 |  |  |  | 18,647 |
Net Loss |  | $ | (8,948 | ) |  | $ | (328,235 | )
Less: Net Income attributable to non-controlling interest(1) |  |  | 2,319 |  |  |  | 2,530 |
Net Loss attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. |  | $ | (11,267 | ) |  | $ | (330,765 | )
Weighted average shares outstanding – basic |  |  | 79,534 |  |  |  | 78,814 |
Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted |  |  | 79,534 |  |  |  | 78,814 |
Loss per common share attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. – basic |  | $ | (0.14 | ) | (2) | $ | (4.20 | )
Loss per common share attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. – diluted |  | $ | (0.14 | ) | (2) | $ | (4.20 | )

(1) For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we accrued $2.4 million net income attributable to non-controlling interest, representing the recurring cash compensation earned by non-controlling interest shareholders post-DPLTA. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recognized $2.5 million of net gain attributable to non-controlling interest, representing the recurring cash compensation earned by non-controlling interest shareholders post DPTLA.

(2) Loss per common share attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. - basic and diluted - reflects a $(3) thousand effect of redemption of RNCI for the three months ended March 31, 2025. See Note 14 for additional information.

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

8

ADTRAN Holdings, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |
Net Loss |  | $ | (8,948 | ) |  | $ | (328,235 | )
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |
Defined benefit plan adjustments |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | (60 | )
Foreign currency translation gain (loss) |  |  | 20,247 |  |  |  | (17,773 | )
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax |  |  | 20,378 |  |  |  | (17,833 | )
Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of tax |  |  | 11,430 |  |  |  | (346,068 | )
Less: Comprehensive Income attributable to non-controlling interest |  |  | 2,319 |  |  |  | 2,531 |
Comprehensive Income (Loss) attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc., net of tax |  | $ | 9,111 |  |  | $ | (348,599 | )

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

9

ADTRAN Holdings, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | Common Shares |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  | Retained Deficit |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  |  | Total Equity |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  |  | 79,483 |  |  | $ | 795 |  |  | $ | 808,913 |  |  | $ | (688,813 | ) |  | $ | (5,198 | ) |  | $ | 11,254 |  |  | $ | 126,951 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,948 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,948 | )
Annual recurring compensation earned |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,319 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,319 | )
Other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,378 |  |  |  | 20,378 |
Deferred compensation adjustments, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (52 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38 |
ADTRAN RSUs and restricted stock vested |  |  | 373 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,174 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,170 | )
ADTRAN stock options exercised |  |  | 113 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 755 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 756 |
ADTRAN stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,062 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,062 |
Redemption of redeemable non-controlling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3 | )
Adtran Networks stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,148 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,148 |
Balance as of March 31, 2025 |  |  | 79,969 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | 812,071 |  |  | $ | (700,502 | ) |  | $ | (5,108 | ) |  | $ | 31,632 |  |  | $ | 138,893 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

10

ADTRAN Holdings, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

|  | Common Shares |  |  | Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In Capital |  |  | Retained Deficit |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  |  | Non-controlling interest |  |  | Total Equity |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  |  | 78,970 |  |  | $ | 790 |  |  | $ | 794,468 |  |  | $ | (231,706 | ) |  | $ | (5,825 | ) |  | $ | 47,530 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 605,257 |
Net loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (328,235 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (328,235 | )
Annual recurring compensation earned |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,531 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,531 | )
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,833 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | (17,833 | )
Deferred compensation adjustments, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (368 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 627 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 262 |
ADTRAN RSUs and restricted stock vested |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (243 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (242 | )
ADTRAN stock options exercised |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 219 |
ADTRAN stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,957 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,957 |
Redemption of redeemable non-controlling interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Adtran Networks stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6 | )
Balance as of March 31, 2024 (Restated) |  |  | 79,116 |  |  | $ | 791 |  |  | $ | 798,051 |  |  | $ | (562,492 | ) |  | $ | (5,198 | ) |  | $ | 29,697 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 260,849 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

11

ADTRAN Holdings, Inc.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED S TATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)

|  | March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 (Restated) |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (8,948 | ) |  | $ | (328,235 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 21,596 |  |  |  | 22,390 |
Goodwill impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 297,353 |
Amortization of debt issuance cost |  |  | 320 |  |  |  | 1,013 |
Loss (gain) on investments, net |  |  | 1,631 |  |  |  | (2,621 | )
Net loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 150 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 3,210 |  |  |  | 3,954 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  | (157 | ) |  |  | (19,738 | )
Other, net |  |  | — |  |  |  | 545 |
Inventory write down - business efficiency program |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,992 |
Inventory reserves |  |  | 3,339 |  |  |  | 1,837 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  | — |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  | 16,011 |  |  |  | 22,504 |
Other receivables |  |  | (1,141 | ) |  |  | 5,605 |
Income taxes receivable, net |  |  | (690 | ) |  |  | 3,439 |
Inventory |  |  | 10,345 |  |  |  | 32,366 |
Prepaid expenses, other current assets and other assets |  |  | 1,504 |  |  |  | (19,290 | )
Accounts payable |  |  | (4,222 | ) |  |  | 553 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  | 352 |  |  |  | 10,953 |
Income taxes payable |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 1,155 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 43,181 |  |  |  | 37,925 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  | (7,399 | ) |  |  | (13,510 | )
Purchases of intangibles - developed technologies |  |  | (11,296 | ) |  |  | (1,191 | )
Proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale investments |  |  | 660 |  |  |  | 873 |
Payments for beneficial interests in securitized accounts receivable |  |  | (133 | ) |  |  | — |
Purchases of available-for-sale investments |  |  | (170 | ) |  |  | (44 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (18,338 | ) |  |  | (13,872 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax withholdings related to stock-based compensation settlements |  |  | (420 | ) |  |  | (176 | )
Proceeds from stock option exercises |  |  | 756 |  |  |  | 219 |
Proceeds from receivables purchase agreement |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,231 |
Repayments on receivables purchase agreement |  |  | — |  |  |  | (32,437 | )
Payment for redemption of redeemable non-controlling interest |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (5 | )
Payment of debt issuance cost |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,994 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | (4,162 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 25,167 |  |  |  | 19,891 |
Effect of exchange rate changes |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | (301 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  |  | 76,021 |  |  |  | 87,167 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 101,321 |  |  | $ | 106,757 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  | $ | 4,129 |  |  | $ | 5,243 |
Cash paid for income taxes |  | $ | 2,367 |  |  | $ | 596 |
Cash used in operating activities related to operating leases |  | $ | 2,696 |  |  | $ | 2,384 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Redemption of redeemable non-controlling interest |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | — |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations |  | $ | 1,893 |  |  | $ | 842 |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment included in accounts payable |  | $ | 1,162 |  |  | $ | 1,689 |

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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ADTRAN Holdings, Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

GENERAL

ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. (“Adtran” or the “Company”) is a leading global provider of networking and communications platforms, software, systems and services focused on the broadband access market, serving a diverse domestic and international customer base in multiple countries that includes large, medium and small Service Providers, alternative Service Providers, such as utilities, municipalities and fiber overbuilders, cable/MSOs, SMBs and distributed enterprises, including Fortune 500 companies with sophisticated business continuity applications; and federal, state and local government agencies. Our innovative solutions and services enable voice, data, video and internet-communications across a variety of network infrastructures and are currently in use by millions worldwide. We support our customers through our direct global sales organization and distribution networks. Our success depends upon our ability to increase unit volume and market share through the introduction of new products and succeeding generations of products having optimal selling prices and increased functionality as compared to both the prior generation of a product and to the products of competitors in order to gain market share. To service our customers and grow revenue, we are continually conducting research and developing new products addressing customer needs and testing those products for the specific requirements of the particular customers. We offer a broad portfolio of flexible software and hardware network solutions and services that enable Service Providers to meet today’s service demands, while enabling them to transition to the fully converged, scalable, highly-automated, cloud-controlled voice, data, internet and video network of the future. In addition to our global headquarters in Huntsville, Alabama, and our European headquarters in Munich, Germany, we have sales and research and development facilities in strategic global locations.

The Company solely owns ADTRAN, Inc. and is the majority shareholder of Adtran Networks SE (“Adtran Networks”). ADTRAN, Inc. is a leading global provider of open, disaggregated networking and communications solutions. Adtran Networks is a global provider of network solutions for data, storage, voice and video services. We believe that the combined technology portfolio can best address current and future customer needs for high-speed connectivity from the network core to the end consumer, especially upon the convergence of solutions at the network edge.

Liquidity, Domination and Profit and Loss Transfer Agreement and Credit Facility

The DPLTA between the Company, as the controlling company, and Adtran Networks, as the controlled company, which was executed on December 1, 2022, became effective on January 16, 2023, as a result of its registration with the commercial register (Handelsregister) of the local court (Amtsgericht) at the registered seat of Adtran Networks (Jena).

Under the DPLTA, subject to certain limitations pursuant to applicable law and the specific terms of the DPLTA, (i) the Company is entitled to issue binding instructions to the management board of Adtran Networks, (ii) Adtran Networks will transfer its annual profit to the Company, subject to, among other things, the creation or dissolution of certain reserves, and (iii) the Company will absorb the annual net loss incurred by Adtran Networks. The Company’s payment obligation in satisfaction of the requirement that it absorb Adtran Networks’ annual net loss applies to the net loss generated by Adtran Networks in 2024 and it will apply to any net loss generated by Adtran Networks in 2025.

Pursuant to the terms of the DPLTA, each Adtran Networks shareholder (other than the Company) has received an offer to elect either (1) to remain an Adtran Networks shareholder and receive from us an Annual Recurring Compensation payment, or (2) to receive Exit Compensation plus guaranteed interest. The guaranteed interest under the Exit Compensation is calculated from the effective date of the DPLTA to the date the shares are tendered, less any Annual Recurring Compensation paid. The guaranteed interest rate is 5.0% plus a variable component (according to the German Civil Code) that was 2.27% as of March 31, 2025. Assuming all the minority holders of currently outstanding Adtran Networks shares were to elect the second option, we would be obligated to make aggregate Exit Compensation payments, including guaranteed interest, of approximately €338.5 million or approximately $366.1 million, b ased on an exchange rate as of March 31, 2025, and reflecting interest accrued through March 31, 2025 during the pendency of the appraisal proceedings discussed below. Shareholders electing the first option of Annual Recurring Compensation may later elect the second option. The opportunity for outside Adtran Networks shareholders to tender Adtran Networks shares in exchange for Exit Compensation had been scheduled to expire on March 16, 2023. However, due to the appraisal proceedings that were initiated in 2023 in accordance with applicable German law, this time period for tendering shares has been extended pursuant to the German Stock Corporation Act (Aktiengesetz) and will end two months after the date on which a final decision in such appraisal proceedings has been published in the Federal Gazette (Bundesanzeiger). The Company expects to receive a ruling on a procedural matter in the DPLTA appraisal proceedings during the latter half of 2025 or 2026, which ruling, depending on outcome, will likely be appealed and may take 6-12 months to be decided on appeal. The Company does not expect that a trial on the merits of the DPLTA appraisal proceedings will commence until the procedural matter has been resolved. The proceeding for the trial on the merits of the DPLTA will likely take a minimum of 12 months for a ruling and such ruling may likewise be appealed, which would be expected to take an additional 12-24 months to be resolved. Accordingly, the Company does not expect a final decision on the DPLTA appraisal proceedings to be rendered and published prior to 2027, and most likely not until 2028 or beyond.

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Additionally, our obligation to pay Annual Recurring Compensation under the DPLTA is a continuing payment obligation, which will amount to approximately €8.9 million (or $9.7 million based on the current exchange rate) per year assuming none of the minority Adtran Networks shareholders as of March 31, 2025 were to elect Exit Compensation. The foregoing amounts do not reflect any potential increase in payment obligations that we may have depending on the outcome of ongoing appraisal proceedings in Germany. The Annual Recurring Compensation is due on the third banking day following the ordinary general shareholders’ meeting of Adtran Networks for the respective preceding fiscal year (but in any event within eight months following expiration of the fiscal year). With respect to the 2023 fiscal year, Adtran Networks’ ordinary general shareholders’ meeting occurred on June 28, 2024 and, therefore, the Annual Recurring Compensation was paid on July 3, 2024. With respect to the 2024 fiscal year, Adtran Networks’ ordinary general shareholder meeting is scheduled for June 27, 2025 and, therefore, the Annual Recurring Compensation will be due on July 2, 2025. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we accrued $2.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively, in Annual Recurring Compensation. The Annual Recurring Compensation is reflected as an increase to retained deficit in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

On October 18, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the Company to purchase additional shares of Adtran Networks through open market purchases not to exceed 15,346,544 shares.

On July 18, 2022, ADTRAN, Inc., as the borrower, and ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. entered into a credit agreement with a syndicate of banks, including Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (“Administrative Agent”), and the other lenders named therein (“Credit Agreement”), which has since been amended four times. The Company had access to $180.7 million on its Credit Facility for future borrowings; however, as of March 31, 2025 and the date of this filing the Company was limited t o additional borrowings of $25.8 million based on debt covenant compliance metrics. The financial covenants under the Credit Agreement, as amended, require the Company to maintain a Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio of 5.00 x, a Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio of 3.25 x (4.0 x to 3.5 x during a Springing Covenant Period) and a Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of 1.25 x. See Note 10, Revolving Credit Agreements for additional information regarding the terms of the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement.

As of March 31, 2025, and as of the date of issuance of these financial statements, the Company does not have sufficient liquidity to meet the substantial majority of its payment obligations under the DPLTA pertaining to Exit Compensation. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, less than one thousand shares of Adtran Networks stock were tendered to the Company and Exit Compensation payments of approximately €12 thousand and €4 thousand, respectively, or approximately $13 thousand and $5 thousand based on the applicable exchange rates at the time of the transaction, were paid to Adtran Networks shareholders. On April 14, 2025, 0.4 million shares of Adtran Networks stock were tendered to the Company and Exit Compensation payments of approximately €7.0 million or approximately $7.5 million, based on the applicable exchange rate at the time of the transaction, will be paid to Adtran Networks shareholders. We believe the probability that more than a small minority of Adtran Networks shareholders elect to receive Exit Compensation in the next twelve months is remote based on the following factors: (i) the shareholders can exercise their right to receive the Exit Compensation until two months after publication of the final decision in the appraisal proceedings and we do not expect the final decision to be published within the next 12 months; (ii) the diverse base of shareholders that must make this election on an individual shareholder basis; (iii) the fact that the Company expects to receive a procedural decision during 2025 or 2026 that will likely be appealed and, while the date of a decision by the court on the merits of the case is uncertain, it will likely take a minimum of 12 months for a ruling and, thereafter, an expected appeal process will take a further 12-24 months to resolve; (iv) the current guaranteed Annual Recurring Compensation payment; and (v) the current trading value of Adtran Networks shares.

The Company experienced revenue declines in the year ended December 31, 2024. However, customers have started to replenish their inventories to meet increasing demand and management expects orders and billings to increase during the remainder of 2025. The Company continues to implement plans to preserve cash liquidity to maintain compliance with the Company’s covenants in case of further impacts related to customer inventory reduction initiatives and uncertain macroeconomic conditions. Additionally, the Company suspended dividend payments and effectuated a business efficiency program (the "Business Efficiency Program"), which targeted the reduction of ongoing operating expenses and focused on enhancing capital efficiency. The Business Efficiency Program was completed as of December 31, 2024, other than the Company's aim of selling its headquarters. The Company has determined that it is probable that the sale of its headquarters in Huntsville will occur within the next twelve months after December 31, 2024. The Company may need to further reduce capital expenditures and/or take other steps to preserve working capital in order to ensure that it can meet its needs and obligations and maintain compliance with its debt covenants.

In summary, the Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents, investments, working capital management initiatives and availability to access cash under the Wells Fargo credit facility will be adequate to meet our business operating requirements, our capital expenditures and our expected obligations under the DPLTA, including anticipated levels of Exit Compensation and to support our ability to continue to comply with our debt covenants under the Credit Facility and continue as a going concern, for at least the next twelve months, from the issuance of these financial statements. See Note 10, Revolving Credit Agreements, for additional information regarding the terms of the Wells Fargo Credit agreement.

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1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements of ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC applicable to interim financial information presented in Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and notes required by generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for complete financial statements are not included herein. The December 31, 2024, Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet is derived from audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP for annual financial statements.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary to fairly state these interim statements have been recorded and are of a normal and recurring nature. The results of operations for an interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for the full year. The interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. Amendment No. 1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on May 20, 2025 (the "2024 Form 10-K/A").

Restatement of Previously Issued Financial Statements

As discussed in the financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in our amended 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, we identified errors in our previously issued financial statements. In addition, on May 13, 2025, the Company announced that it needed additional time to complete its quarterly reporting process as a result of the restatements to the annual periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 and for the interim periods ended March 31, 2024, June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2024, as well as to complete its evaluation of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 as a result of errors related to the historical accounting for certain inventory and cost of goods sold transactions in its Adtran Networks SE subsidiary (the “Adjustment”). As a result, the Company filed a Form 12b-25 with the SEC and delayed the filing of this report.

In connection with the identification of the Adjustment, the Audit Committee has overseen an internal investigation into the circumstances surrounding the Adjustment and its impact on the Company’s historical financial statements. Based on the findings of the internal investigation, which is substantially complete, it has been determined that the underlying errors giving rise to the Adjustment were not properly addressed in the Company’s previously filed financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and was not communicated to the Audit Committee or the independent auditors prior to the filing of the initial 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K. As described in Part I, Item 4 of this report, the Company is taking certain remedial actions to address the material weaknesses in its internal controls associated with these findings.

The identified errors impacted the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2024, among other periods as previously disclosed. Below is a summary description of the significant errors in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the quarter ended March 31, 2024:

ADJ 1 - Pursuant to the terms of the DPLTA, each Adtran Networks shareholder (other than the Company) is entitled to receive from us an Annual Recurring Compensation payment of €0.52 per share. The Company erroneously accrued this liability every quarter at €0.59 per share, overstating the associated accrual, the net income attributable to non-controlling interest and the net loss attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. for fiscal periods beginning with the quarter ended March 31, 2023 through the quarter ended June 30, 2024.

ADJ 2 - For the periods beginning with the quarter ended March 31, 2023 through the quarter ended June 30, 2024 the Company remeasured the redeemable non-controlling interest each quarter-end at the current exchange rate of euros to U.S. Dollar. The Company treated the redeemable non-controlling interest as a monetary mezzanine equity instrument but should have treated it as a non-monetary mezzanine equity instrument not subject to remeasurement.

ADJ 3 - For the year ended December 31, 2023 through the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company understated cost of revenue and overstated inventory in the Company's Adtran Networks subsidiary due to a system error. In addition, there were adjustments in the Company's U.S and Australian subsidiaries related to inventory reserves that were understated.

ADJ 4 - For the year ended December 31, 2023 through the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company understated goodwill and overstated income tax receivable. The understatement was attributable to corrections to goodwill and deferred income tax associated with goodwill for an internal divestiture of a wholly owned subsidiary required by statutory laws in Europe.

In addition to the misstatements identified above, the Company has corrected other immaterial errors. These other errors are quantitatively and qualitatively immaterial, individually and in the aggregate. However, the Company has corrected these other errors as part of the correction for the significant errors described above.

We assessed the materiality of the errors on prior period consolidated financial statements in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99, “Materiality,” codified in ASC Topic 250, Accounting Changes and Error Corrections. Based on this assessment, we concluded that the errors, in the aggregate, are material to the March 31, 2024 financial statements and therefore, we are restating those financial statements herein. Furthermore, we made adjustments to correct for other previously identified immaterial errors. The

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Company has also restated impacted amounts within the accompanying footnotes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. See Note 18 for further information about the restatement.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Significant estimates include allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable and contract assets, excess and obsolete inventory reserves, warranty reserves, customer rebates, determination and accrual of the deferred revenue related to performance obligations under contracts with customers, estimated costs to complete obligations associated with deferred and accrued revenue and network installations, estimated income tax provision and income tax contingencies, fair value of stock-based compensation, assessment of goodwill and other intangibles for impairment, estimated lives of intangible assets, estimates of intangible assets upon measurement, estimated pension liability and fair value of investments and estimated contingent liabilities. Actual amounts could differ significantly from these estimates.

We assessed certain accounting matters that generally require consideration of forecasted financial information in context with the information reasonably available to us and the unknown future impacts of ongoing inflationary pressures, continued elevated interest rates, currency fluctuations and political tensions as of March 31, 2025, and through the date of this report. These conditions could result in further impacts to the Company's consolidated financial statements in future reporting periods. The accounting matters assessed included, but were not limited to, the allowance for credit losses, stock-based compensation, carrying value of goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets, financial assets, valuation allowances for tax as sets, revenue recognition and costs of revenue.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2024-03, "Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (DISE) (Topic 220): Improvements to Income Statement Disclosures", which applies to all public business entities (PBEs) and is intended to enhance disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented on the face of the income statement as well as disclosures about selling expenses. The amendments are effective prospectively for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that adoption of ASU 2024-03 will have on our disclosures.

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures", which is intended to enhance the transparency, decision usefulness and effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in this ASU require a public entity to disclose a tabular tax rate reconciliation, using both percentages and currency, with specific categories. A public entity is also required to provide a qualitative description of the states and local jurisdictions that make up the majority of the effect of the state and local income tax category and the net amount of income taxes paid, disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes and also disaggregated by individual jurisdictions. The amendments also remove certain disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial. The amendments are effective prospectively for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have on our disclosures.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

There are currently no recently adopted accounting pronouncements that are expected to have a material effect on the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Reclassification of Prior Year Presentation

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified for consistency with current year presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on reported results of operations. An adjustment has been made to the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the quarter ended March 31, 2024, to reclassify between Property, Plant and Equipment and Intangible Assets.

2. REVENUE

The following is a description of the principal activities from which revenue is generated by reportable segment:

Network Solutions Segment - Includes hardware and software products that enable a digital future which support the Company's Subscriber, Access & Aggregation, and Optical Networking Solutions.

Services & Support Segment - Includes network design, implementation, maintenance and cloud-hosted services supporting the Company's Subscriber, Access & Aggregation, and Optical Networking Solutions.

Revenue by Category

In addition to the Company's reportable segments, revenue is also reported for the following three categories – Subscriber Solutions, Access & Aggregation Solutions and Optical Networking Solutions.

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Our Subscriber Solutions portfolio is used by Service Providers to terminate their access services infrastructure at the customer premises while providing an immersive and interactive experience for residential, business and wholesale subscribers. This revenue category includes hardware- and software-based products and services. These solutions include fiber termination solutions for residential, business and wholesale subscribers, Wi-Fi access solutions for residential and business subscribers, Ethernet switching and network edge virtualization solutions for business subscribers, and cloud software solutions covering a mix of subscriber types.

Our Optical Networking Solutions are used by communications Service Providers, internet content providers and large-scale enterprises to securely interconnect metro and regional networks over fiber. This revenue category includes hardware- and software-based products and services. Our solutions within this category include open optical terminals, open line systems, optical subsystems and modules, network infrastructure assurance systems, and automation platforms that are used to build high-scale, secure and assured optical networks.

Our Access & Aggregation Solutions are solutions that are used by communications Service Providers to connect residential subscribers, business subscribers and mobile radio networks to the Service Providers’ metro network, primarily through fiber-based connectivity. This revenue category includes hardware- and software-based products and services. Our solutions within this category are a mix of fiber access and aggregation platforms, precision network synchronization and timing solutions, and access orchestration solutions that ensure highly reliable and efficient network performance.

The following tables disaggregate revenue by reportable segment and revenue category:

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Network Solutions |  |  | Services & Support |  |  | Total |  |  | Network Solutions |  |  | Services & Support |  |  | Total |
Subscriber Solutions |  | $ | 71,748 |  |  | $ | 8,662 |  |  | $ | 80,410 |  |  | $ | 60,369 |  |  | $ | 9,399 |  |  | $ | 69,767 |
Access & Aggregation Solutions |  |  | 75,847 |  |  |  | 13,289 |  |  |  | 89,136 |  |  |  | 67,777 |  |  |  | 13,535 |  |  |  | 81,312 |
Optical Networking Solutions |  |  | 54,622 |  |  |  | 23,576 |  |  |  | 78,198 |  |  |  | 53,127 |  |  |  | 21,966 |  |  |  | 75,094 |
Total |  | $ | 202,217 |  |  | $ | 45,527 |  |  | $ | 247,744 |  |  | $ | 181,273 |  |  | $ | 44,900 |  |  | $ | 226,173 |

The aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations that have not been satisfied as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 related to contractual main tenance agreements, contractual SaaS and subscription services, and hardware contracts that exceed one year in duration amounted to $274.3 million and $325.7 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2025, approximately 69% is expected to be recognized over the next 12 months and the remainder recognized thereafter. The majority of the Company's remaining performance obligations as of March 31, 2025, are related to contracts or orders that have an original expected duration of one year or less and are excluded from the transaction price related to these future obligations. The Company will generally satisfy the remaining performance obligations as we transfer control of the products ordered or services to our customers, excluding maintenance services, which are satisfied over time.

The following table provides information about accounts receivable, contract assets and unearned revenue from contracts with customers:

|  | As of |  |  | As of |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Accounts receivable, net |  | $ | 166,519 |  |  | $ | 178,030 |
Contract assets(1) |  | $ | 431 |  |  | $ | 631 |
Unearned revenue |  | $ | 66,459 |  |  | $ | 52,701 |
Non-current unearned revenue |  | $ | 24,082 |  |  | $ | 22,065 |

(1) Included in other receivables on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Accounts Receivable

The allowance for credit losses was $1.2 million and $1.3 million as of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, related to accounts receivable.

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Receivables Purchase Agreements

On July 1, 2024, the Company entered into a receivables purchase agreement (the “Factoring Agreement”) with a third-party financial institution (the “Factor”), which accelerates receivable collection and helps to better manage cash flow. Total accounts receivables factored as of the end of March 3 1, 2025, totaled $11.2 million of which $3.7 million was retained pursuant to the Factoring Agreement in the reserve account. The Factoring Agreement provides for up to $40.0 million in factoring capacity, subject to eligible receivables and reserve requirements, secured by the receivables. The balance in the reserve account is included in other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The cost of the Factoring Agreement is included in interest expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss and totaled $0.3 million for the three mont hs ended March 31, 2025.

On December 19, 2023, the Company entered into a receivables purchase agreement (the "Prior Factoring Agreement") with a third-party financial institution which qualified for treatment as a secured borrowing with a pledge of collateral under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 810, Consolidation. The Prior Factoring Agreement was terminated on July 1, 2024. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, the Company incurred program fee expenses of $0.3 million.

Contract Assets

No allowance for credit losses was recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, related to contract assets.

Unearned Revenue

Of the outstanding unearned revenue balances as of December 31, 2024, $21.9 million were recognized as revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2025. Of the $65.1 million of outstanding unearned revenue balances as of December 31, 2023, $19.7 million were recognized as revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

3. INCOME TAXES

The Company’s effective tax rate changed from a benefit of 5.4% of pre-tax loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to a benefit of 4.2% of pre-tax loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The change in the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was driven primarily by loss jurisdictions for which the recognition of tax benefits on pre-tax losses incurred during the first quarter of 2025 were limited due to valuation allowance.

The Company continually reviews the adequacy of its valuation allowance and recognizes the benefits of deferred tax assets only as the assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be recognized in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had net deferred tax assets totaling $102.8 million, and a valuation allowance totaling $115.7 million against those deferred tax assets. Our assessment of the realizability of our deferred tax assets includes the evaluation of historical operating results, as well as the evaluatio n of evidence which requires significant judgment, including the evaluation of our three-year cumulative income position, future taxable income projections and tax planning strategies. Should management’s conclusion change in the future and an additional valuation allowance, or a partial or full release of the valuation allowance becomes necessary, it may have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements.

4. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

2024 Stock Incentive Plans

At the annual meeting of stockholders held on May 8, 2024, the Company’s stockholders approved, upon recommendation of the Board of Directors, the adoption of the ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. 2024 Employee Stock Incentive Plan (“2024 Employee Plan”) and the ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. 2024 Directors Stock Plan (“2024 Directors Plan”). No additional awards will be granted under the Company’s previous stock incentive plans, including the 2020 Employee Stock Incentive Plan, the 2020 Directors Stock Plan, or the 2015 Employee Stock Incentive Plan. Outstanding awards granted under the Company's prior equity incentive plans will remain subject to the terms of such applicable plans, and shares under such plans that are cancelled or forfeited will be available for issuance under the 2024 Employee Plan or the 2024 Directors Plan, as applicable.

Under the 2024 Employee Plan, the Company is authorized to is sue 4.0 million sh ares of common stock to certain employees, key service providers and advisors through incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, RSUs and restricted stock, any of which may be subject to performance-based conditions. RSUs and restricted stock granted under the 2024 Employee Plan will typically vest pursuant to a four-year vesting schedule beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date. Stock options granted under the 2024 Employee Plan will typically become exercisable beginning after one year of continued employment, normally pursuant to a four-year vesting schedule beginning on the first anniversary of the grant date and have a ten-year contractual term. Stock options, RSUs and restricted stock granted under the 2024 Employee Plan reduce the shares authorized for issuance under the 2024 Employee Plan by one share of common stock for each share underlying the award. Forfeitures, cancellations and expirations of awards granted under the prior employee stock incentive plans increase the shares authorized for issuance under the 2024 Employee Plan by one share of common stock for each share underlying the award.

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Under the 2024 Directors Plan, the Company is authorized to issue 0.7 million shares of common stock through stock options, restricted stock and RSUs to non-employee directors. Stock awards issued under the 2024 Directors Plan typically will become vested in full on the first anniversary of the grant date. Stock options issued under the 2024 Directors Plan will have a ten-year contractual term. Stock options, restricted stock and RSUs granted under the 2024 Directors Plan reduce the shares authorized for issuance under the 2024 Directors Plan by one share of common stock for each share underlying the award. Forfeitures, cancellations and expirations of awards granted under the prior directors stock plan increase the shares authorized for issuance under the 2024 Directors Plan by one share of common stock for each share underlying the award.

As of March 31, 2025, 3.9 m illion shares were available for issuance pursuant to awards that may be made in the future under shareholder-approved equity plans.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, stock-based compensation expense was $3.2 million and $4.0 million, respectively.

PSUs, RSUs and Restricted Stock

The following table summarizes the PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock outstanding as of December 31, 2024, and March 31, 2025 and the changes that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2025:

|  | Number of Shares (in thousands) |  |  | Weighted Avg. Grant Date Fair Value (per share) |
Unvested PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock outstanding, December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,335 |  |  | $ | 13.22 |
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock granted |  |  | 1,276 |  |  | $ | 10.36 |
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock vested |  |  | (491 | ) |  | $ | 11.40 |
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock forfeited |  |  | (17 | ) |  | $ | 14.80 |
Unvested PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock outstanding, March 31, 2025 |  |  | 3,103 |  |  |  | 11.60 |

The fair value of PSUs with performance conditions, RSUs and restricted stock is equal to the closing price of the Company's stock on the date of grant. The fair value of PSUs with market conditions is calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation method.

As of March 31, 2025, total unrecognized compensation expense related to non-vested portion of performance-based PSUs (considered probable), market-based PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock was approximately $20.9 million, which will be recognized over the remaining weighted-average period of 2.1 years. As of March 31, 2025, there was $11.0 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested performance-based PSUs (not-considered probable), which will be recognized over the remaining requisite service period of 0.8 years if achievement of the performance obligation becomes probable. Unrecognized compensation expense will be adjusted for actual forfeitures.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes the ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. stock options outstanding as of December 31, 2024, and March 31, 2025, and the changes that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2025:

|  | Number of Stock Options (in thousands) |  |  | Weighted Avg. Exercise Price (per share) |  |  | Weighted Avg. Remaining Contractual Life (in years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) |
Stock options outstanding, December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,944 |  |  | $ | 9.86 |  |  |  | 4.98 |  |  | $ | 3,762 |
Stock options exercised |  |  | (113 | ) |  | $ | 6.71 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options forfeited |  |  | (23 | ) |  | $ | 8.07 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options expired |  |  | (13 | ) |  | $ | 15.33 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options outstanding, March 31, 2025 |  |  | 2,795 |  |  | $ | 9.98 |  |  |  | 4.70 |  |  | $ | 4,034 |
Stock options exercisable, March 31, 2025 |  |  | 1,339 |  |  | $ | 8.83 |  |  |  | 3.82 |  |  | $ | 2,052 |

As of March 31, 2025, there was $2.1 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options which will be recognized over the remaining weighted-average period of 0.8 years.

The determination of the fair value of stock options assumed or granted by Adtran was estimated using the Monte Carlo method and is affected by its stock price, as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables that may have a significant impact on the fair value estimate. The stock option pricing model requires the use of several assumptions that impact the fair value estimate. These variables include, but are not limited to, the volatility of the Company's stock price and employee exercise behaviors.

All of the options were previously issued at exercise prices that approximated fair market value at the date of grant.

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The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the Company's closing stock price on the last trading day of the quarter and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on March 31, 2025. The amount of aggregate intrinsic value was $4.0 million as of March 31, 2025, which will change based on the fair market value of the Company's stock. The total pre-tax intrinsic value of options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024 was $0.4 million and $34 thousand, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, no stock options vested.

5. INVESTMENTS

The Company has cash equivalents and investments which are held at fair value as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements as of March 31, 2025 Using |
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Market for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 5,539 |  |  | $ | 5,539 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Marketable equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable equity securities – various industries |  |  | 970 |  |  |  | 970 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Deferred compensation plan assets |  |  | 29,003 |  |  |  | 29,003 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 35,512 |  |  | $ | 35,512 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

|  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements as of December 31, 2024 Using |
(In thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Quoted Prices in Active Market for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |
Cash equivalents |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Money market funds |  | $ | 5,538 |  |  | $ | 5,538 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Marketable equity securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Marketable equity securities – various industries |  |  | 1,068 |  |  |  | 1,068 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Deferred compensation plan assets |  |  | 30,991 |  |  |  | 30,991 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 37,597 |  |  | $ | 37,597 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

Market prices are obtained from a variety of industry standard data providers, large financial institutions and other third-party sources. These multiple market prices are used as inputs into a distribution-curve-based algorithm to determine the daily market value of each security.

U.S. GAAP establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy based upon observable and unobservable inputs for fair value measurement of financial instruments:

• Level 1 – Observable outputs; values based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market;

• Level 2 – Significant inputs that are observable; values based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or model inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly and

• Level 3 – Significant unobservable inputs; values based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs could include information supplied by investees.

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6. INVENTORY

Inventory consisted of the following:

|  | As of |  |  | As of |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Raw materials |  | $ | 103,450 |  |  | $ | 106,384 |
Work in process |  |  | 11,746 |  |  |  | 9,724 |
Finished goods |  |  | 138,443 |  |  |  | 145,449 |
Total inventory, net |  | $ | 253,639 |  |  | $ | 261,557 |

Inventory reserves are established for estimated excess and obsolete inventory equal to the difference between the cost of the inventory and the estimated net realizable value of the inventory based on estimated reserve percentages, which considers historical usage, known trends, inventory age and market conditions.

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded an inventory write-down of $8.6 million, as a result of a strategy shift which included discontinuance of certain product lines in connection with the Business Efficiency Program of which $4.1 million relates to inventory write-downs and $4.5 million relates to other charges all of which are included in cost of revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss.

7. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:

|  | As of |  |  | As of |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
|  |  |  |  | (Restated) |
Engineering and other equipment |  | $ | 188,982 |  |  | $ | 184,694 |
Building |  |  | 51,447 |  |  |  | 50,871 |
Computer hardware and software |  |  | 119,041 |  |  |  | 113,241 |
Building and land improvements |  |  | 41,377 |  |  |  | 39,979 |
Furniture and fixtures |  |  | 21,021 |  |  |  | 20,994 |
Land |  |  | 3,016 |  |  |  | 2,989 |
Total property, plant and equipment |  |  | 424,884 |  |  |  | 412,768 |
Less: accumulated depreciation |  |  | (315,275 | ) |  |  | (306,314 | )
Total property, plant and equipment, net |  | $ | 109,609 |  |  | $ | 106,454 |

Long-lived assets used in operations are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable and the undiscounted cash flows estimated to be generated by the asset are less than the asset’s carrying value.

Depreciation expense was $6.9 million and $7.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, which is recorded in cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss.

Assets Held For Sale

On December 31, 2024, the Company determined it met the held for sale criteria pursuant to ASC 360, "Impairment and Disposal of Long-Live Assets" on the Company's property located at the North and South Towers in its Huntsville, Alabama campus and ceased recording depreciation on the assets. The Company expects to dispose of the property within the next twelve months.

The Company records assets held for sale at the lower of their carrying value or fair value. The total carrying value of assets held for sale was $11.9 million as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is separately recorded on the balance sheet.

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8. GOODWILL

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the three months ended March 31, 2025, are as follows:

(In thousands) |  | Services & Support |
As of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 52,918 |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | 2,343 |
As of March 31, 2025 |  | $ | 55,261 |

During the first quarter of 2024, qualitative factors such as a decrease in the Company’s market capitalization, lower service provider spending and delayed holding patterns of inventory with respect to customers caused us to reduce our forecasts, triggering a quantitative impairment assessment for our reporting units. The Company determined the fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of an income approach and a market-based peer group analysis. The significant inputs and assumptions used in the determination of the fair value of our reporting units based on future cash flows for the reporting units, requires significant judgment and the use of estimates and assumptions related to cash flow projections, discount rate, peer group determination and market multiple selection. The Company determined upon its quantitative impairment assessment to recognize a $297.4 million non-cash goodwill impairment charge for the Network Solutions reporting unit. The quantitative impairment analysis indicated there was no impairment of the Services & Support goodwill during the first quarter of 2024.

No impairment of goodwill was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2025. As of March 31, 2025, accumulated goodwill impairment losses tot aled $335.3 millio n.

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9. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Intangible assets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, consisted of the following:

|  |  |  | As of March 31, 2025 |  |  | As of December 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) | Weighted Average Useful Life (in years) |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Book Value |  |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Net Book Value |
Customer relationships |  | 11.0 |  |  | $ | 52,849 |  |  | $ | (20,509 | ) |  | $ | 32,340 |  |  | $ | 51,165 |  |  | $ | (18,778 | ) |  | $ | 32,387 |
Backlog |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 56,242 |  |  |  | (55,262 | ) |  |  | 980 |  |  |  | 53,839 |  |  |  | (52,258 | ) |  |  | 1,581 |
Developed technology |  | 7.7 |  |  |  | 372,948 |  |  |  | (116,133 | ) |  |  | 256,815 |  |  |  | 346,923 |  |  |  | (99,588 | ) |  |  | 247,335 |
Licensed technology |  | 9.0 |  |  |  | 5,900 |  |  |  | (4,616 | ) |  |  | 1,284 |  |  |  | 5,900 |  |  |  | (4,452 | ) |  |  | 1,448 |
Licensed agreements |  | 8.5 |  |  |  | 560 |  |  |  | (417 | ) |  |  | 143 |  |  |  | 560 |  |  |  | (407 | ) |  |  | 153 |
Trade names |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 29,094 |  |  |  | (27,592 | ) |  |  | 1,502 |  |  |  | 27,851 |  |  |  | (25,862 | ) |  |  | 1,989 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 517,593 |  |  | $ | (224,529 | ) |  | $ | 293,064 |  |  | $ | 486,238 |  |  | $ | (201,345 | ) |  | $ | 284,893 |

No impairment losses of intangible assets were recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Amortization expense was $14.9 million and $14.6 million in the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and was included in cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss.

Estimated future amortization expense of intangible assets is as follows:

|  | As of |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |
2025 |  | $ | 44,939 |
2026 |  |  | 58,284 |
2027 |  |  | 52,352 |
2028 |  |  | 43,429 |
2029 |  |  | 42,170 |
Thereafter |  |  | 51,890 |
Total |  | $ | 293,064 |

10. CREDIT AGREEMENTS

The carrying amounts of the Company's non-current revolving credit facility in its Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets were as follows:

|  | As of |  |  | As of |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Wells Fargo credit agreement |  | $ | 190,085 |  |  | $ | 189,576 |
Total non-current revolving credit facility |  | $ | 190,085 |  |  | $ | 189,576 |

Wells Fargo Credit Facility

On July 18, 2022, ADTRAN, Inc., as the borrower ("U.S. Borrower"), and the Company entered into a credit agreement with a syndicate of banks, including Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (“Administrative Agent”), and the other lenders named therein (the “Original Credit Agreement”), as amended by the First Amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated August 9, 2023, 2021 (“Amendment No. 1”), the Second Amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated January 16, 2024 (“Amendment No. 2”), the Third Amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated March 12, 2024 (“Amendment No. 3”), and the Fourth Amendment to the Credit Amendment, dated June 4, 2024 (“Amendment No. 4” and, collectively with Amendment No. 1, Amendment No. 2, and Amendment No. 3, the “Credit Agreement Amendments”; and the Original Credit Agreement, as amended by the Credit Agreement Amendments, the “Amended Credit Agreement”). As of the date of this filing, the Amended Credit Agreement provided for a secured revolving credit facility of up to $374.0 million of borrowings, $74.0 million of which is solely available to Adtran Networks as borrower pursuant to the Subline (as defined and further described below.

As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s borrowings under the revolving line of credit were $190.1 million, of which approximately $141.0 million were borrowed by the U.S. Borrower and $49.1 million were borrowed under the Subline by Adtran Networks (as defined below), who became a party to the Amended Credit Agreement in June 2024. The credit facilities provided under the Amended Credit Agreement mature in July 2027, but the U.S. Borrower may request extensions subject to customary conditions. In addition, the U.S. Borrower may utilize up to $50.0 million of the $374.0 million total revolving facility for the issuance of letters of credit. As of March 31, 2025, the U.S. Borrower had a total of $3.2 million in letters of credit under the Amended Credit Agreement, leaving a net amount (after giving effect to the $190.1 million of outstanding borrowings described above) of $180.7 million available for future borrowings;

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however, as of March 31, 2025 and the date of this filing the Company was limited to additional borrowings of $25.8 million based on debt covenant compliance metrics. Any future credit extensions under the Amended Credit Agreement are subject to customary conditions precedent. The proceeds of any loans are expected to be used for general corporate purposes and to pay a portion of the Exchange Offer consideration.

Moreover, the Amended Credit Agreement provides for a sublimit under the existing $374.0 million revolving commitments in an aggregate amount of $100.0 million (“Subline”), which Subline is available for borrowings by Adtran Networks. Prepayments of outstanding loans under the Subline that result in the remaining outstanding loans under the Subline being less than the German Commitment Reduction Threshold (as defined below) will result in a permanent partial reduction of the commitments in respect of the Subline. The German Commitment Reduction Threshold was initially $75.0 million and may be lowered from time to time pursuant to the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement. The existing swing line sublimit and letter of credit sublimit under the Amended Credit Agreement remain available to the U.S. Borrower (and not to Adtran Networks). Otherwise, the loans under the Subline are subject to substantially the same terms and conditions under the Amended Credit Agreement (including with respect to the interest rate and maturity date) as the other existing revolving commitments.

All U.S. borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate tied to the Base Rate (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement) or SOFR, at the Company’s option, and all E.U. borrowings bear interest at a rate tied to the Euro Interbank Offered Rate as administered by the European Money Markets Institute (or a comparable or successor administrator approved by the Administrative Agent), in each case plus applicable margins which vary based on the consolidated net leverage ratio of the Company and its subsidiaries as determined pursuant to the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement. Default interest is 2.00% per annum in excess of the rate otherwise applicable. As of March 31, 2025, the weighted average interest rate on our revolving credit agreements was 8.55%.

The Company made certain representations and warranties to the lenders in the Amended Credit Agreement that are customary for credit arrangements of this type. The Company also agreed to maintain a Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio of 5.00 x, a Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio of 3.25 x (4.0 x to 3.5 x during a “Springing Covenant Period,” as defined below) and a Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of 1.25 x (as such ratios are defined in the Amended Credit Agreement). A “Springing Covenant Event” occurs when at least sixty percent (60.0%) of the outstanding shares of Adtran Networks that were not owned by the Company and its subsidiaries as of August 9, 2023 have been tendered and purchased by the Company. Upon the occurrence of a Springing Covenant Event, the Company will enter a “Springing Covenant Period”, defined as the fiscal quarter in which a Springing Covenant Event occurs and the three (3) consecutive fiscal quarters thereafter. During a Springing Covenant Period, the Company’s leverage ratios are increased. In addition, the cash and cash equivalents of the credit parties must be at least $50.0 million and the cash and cash equivalents of the Company and its subsidiaries must be at least $70.0 million. As of March 31, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all covenants.

The Amended Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default, such as misrepresentation and a default in the performance or observance of any covenant (subject to customary cure periods and materiality thresholds). Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, the Administrative Agent is entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of all amounts due under the Amended Credit Agreement.

All obligations under the Amended Credit Agreement (including under the Subline) are guaranteed by the U.S. Borrower and certain subsidiaries of the U.S. Borrower (“Full Facility Guarantors”). To secure such guarantees, the U.S. Borrower and the Full Facility Guarantors have granted security interests in favor of the Administrative Agent over substantially all of their tangible and intangible assets, and the U.S. Borrower has granted mortgages in favor of the Administrative Agent over certain owned real estate assets. Certain of Adtran Networks' subsidiaries (the “Subline Guarantors”) have also provided a guarantee solely of the obligations in respect of the Subline. Furthermore, to secure such guarantees, Adtran Networks and the Subline Guarantors have granted security interests in favor of the Administrative Agent over substantially all of their tangible and intangible assets. Upon repayment in full and termination of the Subline, the guarantees by the Subline Guarantors and the liens granted by Adtran Networks and the Subline Guarantors to secure obligations under the Subline will be released.

11. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

Pension Benefit Plan

We maintain a defined benefit pension plan covering employees in certain foreign countries. The net amounts recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for the unfunded pension liability as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

|  |  |  | As of |  |  | As of |
(In thousands) |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Non-current pension asset |  | Other non-current assets |  | $ | 540 |  |  | $ | 517 |
Current pension liability |  | Accrued wages and benefits |  |  | (317 | ) |  |  | (303 | )
Non-current pension liability |  | Non-current pension liability |  |  | (8,886 | ) |  |  | (8,983 | )
Total |  |  |  | $ | (8,663 | ) |  | $ | (8,769 | )

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The Company's defined benefit pension liability represents the projected benefit obligation, which is the actuarial present value of the vested benefits to which the employee is currently entitled based on the employee's expected date of retirement.

The following table summarizes the components of net periodic pension cost related to the Company's defined benefit pension plans:

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Service cost |  | $ | 389 |  |  | $ | 340 |
Interest cost |  |  | 486 |  |  |  | 285 |
Expected return on plan assets |  |  | (588 | ) |  |  | (360 | )
Amortization of actuarial losses |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 2 |
Net periodic pension cost |  | $ | 298 |  |  | $ | 267 |

The components of net periodic pension cost, other than the service cost component, are included in other income, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss. Service cost is included in cost of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss. The Company made contributions to the defined benefit pension plans totaling $1.1 million and $1.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Contributions to the defined benefit pension plans for the remainder of 2025 will be limited to benefit payments to retirees which are paid out of the operating cash flows of the Company and are expected to be approximately $2.1 million.

12. EQUITY

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following tables present the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, by component:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |
(In thousands) |  | Unrealized (Losses) Gains on Available- for-Sale Securities |  |  | Defined Benefit Plan Adjustments |  |  | Foreign Currency Adjustments |  |  | ASU 2018-02 Adoption |  |  | Total |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | (382 | ) |  | $ | (1,027 | ) |  | $ | 12,278 |  |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | 11,254 |
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,247 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,295 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |  |  | (48 | ) |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 83 |
Net current period other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | 20,247 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,378 |
Balance as of March 31, 2025 |  | $ | (382 | ) |  | $ | (896 | ) |  | $ | 32,525 |  |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | 31,632 |

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Unrealized (Losses) Gains on Available- for-Sale Securities |  |  | Defined Benefit Plan Adjustments |  |  | Foreign Currency Adjustments |  |  | ASU 2018-02 Adoption |  |  | Total |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | (382 | ) |  | $ | (2,506 | ) |  | $ | 50,033 |  |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | 47,530 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications |  |  | (119 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,773 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,892 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 119 |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 59 |
Net current period other comprehensive loss |  |  | — |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | (17,773 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,833 | )
Balance as of March 31, 2024 (restated) |  | $ | (382 | ) |  | $ | (2,566 | ) |  | $ | 32,260 |  |  | $ | 385 |  |  | $ | 29,697 |

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The following tables present the details of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025
(In thousands) |  | Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Loss Is Presented
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |
Net realized loss on sales of securities |  | $ | (65 | ) |  | Net investment (loss) gain
Defined benefit plan adjustments – actuarial gain |  |  | 190 |  |  | (1)
Total reclassifications for the period, before tax |  |  | 125 |  |  |
Tax expense |  |  | (42 | ) |  |
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax |  | $ | 83 |  |  |

(1)
A part of the computation of net periodic pension cost, which is included in other income, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024
(In thousands) |  | Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  | Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Loss Is Presented
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities: |  |  |  |  |
Net realized gain on sales of securities |  | $ | 161 |  |  | Net investment (loss) gain
Defined benefit plan adjustments – actuarial loss |  |  | (87 | ) |  | (1)
Total reclassifications for the period, before tax |  |  | 74 |  |  |
Tax expense |  |  | (15 | ) |  |
Total reclassifications for the period, net of tax |  | $ | 59 |  |  |

(1)
A part of the computation of net periodic pension cost, which is included in other income, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss.

The following table presents the tax effects related to the change in each component of other comprehensive income (loss):

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Before-Tax Amount |  |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  |  | Net-of-Tax Amount |  |  | Before-Tax Amount |  |  | Tax (Expense) Benefit |  |  | Net-of-Tax Amount |
Unrealized gain (loss) on available-for-sale securities |  | $ | 65 |  |  | $ | (17 | ) |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | (161 | ) |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | (119 | )
Reclassification adjustment for amounts related to available-for-sale investments included in net (loss) gain |  |  | (65 | ) |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | (48 | ) |  |  | 161 |  |  |  | (42 | ) |  |  | 119 |
Reclassification adjustment for amounts related to defined benefit plan adjustments included in net gain (loss) |  |  | 190 |  |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | (87 | ) |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | (60 | )
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  |  | 20,247 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20,247 |  |  |  | (17,773 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,773 | )
Total Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | $ | 20,437 |  |  | $ | (59 | ) |  | $ | 20,378 |  |  | $ | (17,860 | ) |  | $ | 27 |  |  | $ | (17,833 | )

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13. REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the non-controlling Adtran Networks stockholders’ equity ownership percentage in Adtran Networks was approximately 33.0%.

The following table summarizes the redeemable non-controlling interest activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and for the year ended December 31, 2024:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |  | For the Year Ended |  |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 422,943 |  | (1) | $ | 443,327 |  |
Redemption of redeemable non-controlling interest |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (20,384 | ) |
Net income attributable to redeemable non-controlling interests |  |  | 2,319 |  |  |  | 9,824 |  |
Annual recurring compensation earned |  |  | (2,319 | ) |  |  | (9,824 | ) |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 422,934 |  |  | $ | 422,943 |  |

(1) During the third quarter of 2024, the Company identified errors primarily impacting the carrying values of the redeemable non-controlling interest, retained deficit, the net income attributable to the non-controlling interest and the net loss attributable to the Company and, as a consequence, of the loss per common share attributable to the Company.

Annual recurring compensation payable on untendered outstanding shares under the DPLTA must be recognized as it is accrued. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, we accrued $2.4 million and for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company accrued $9.8 million, representing the portion of the annual recurring cash compensation to the non-controlling shareholders du ring such periods. The 2024 Annual Recurring Compensation accrual will be paid after the ordinary general shareholders' meeting of Adtran Networks in 2025. The 2025 Annual Recurring Compensation accrual will be paid after the ordinary general shareholders' meeting of Adtran Networks in 2026.

14. LOSS PER SHARE

The calculation of basic and diluted loss per share is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
(In thousands, except per share amounts) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  |  |  |  | (Restated) |
Numerator |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. |  | $ | (11,267 | ) |  | $ | (330,765 | )
Effect of redemption of RNCI |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | — |
Net loss attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. common stockholders |  | $ | (11,270 | ) |  | $ | (330,765 | )
Denominator |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average number of shares – basic |  |  | 79,534 |  |  |  | 78,814 |
Effect of dilutive securities |  |  |  |  |  |
Stock options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Weighted average number of shares – diluted |  |  | 79,534 |  |  |  | 78,814 |
Loss per share attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. – basic |  | $ | (0.14 | ) |  | $ | (4.20 | )
Loss per share attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. – diluted |  | $ | (0.14 | ) |  | $ | (4.20 | )

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, 0.2 million and 1.1 million shares, respectively, of unvested PSUs, RSUs and restricted stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share due to their anti-dilutive effect.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, 0.7 million and 3.5 million stock options, respectively, were outstanding but were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share. Thes e stock options were excluded because their exercise prices were greater than the average market price of the common shares during the applicable period, making them anti-dilutive under the treasury stock method.

27

15. SEGMENT INFORMATION

The chief operating decision maker is the Company's Chief Executive Officer who regularly reviews the Company’s financial performance based on two reportable segments: (1) Network Solutions and (2) Services & Support.

The Network Solutions segment includes hardware and software products that enable a digital future which support the Company's Subscriber, Access & Aggregation, and Optical Networking Solutions. The Company's cloud-managed Wi-Fi gateways, virtualization software, and switches provide a mix of wired and wireless connectivity at the customer premises. In addition, its Carrier Ethernet products support a variety of applications at the network edge ranging from mobile backhaul to connecting enterprise customers (“Subscriber Solutions"). The Company's portfolio includes products for multi-gigabit service delivery over fiber or alternative media to homes and businesses.

The Services & Support segment offers a comprehensive portfolio of network design, implementation, maintenance and cloud-hosted services supporting its Subscriber, Access & Aggregation, and Optical Networking Solutions. These services assist operators in the deployment of multi-vendor networks while reducing their cost to maintain these networks. The cloud-hosted services include a suite of SaaS applications under the Company's Mosaic One platform that manages end-to-end network and service optimization for both fiber access infrastructure and mesh Wi-Fi connectivity. The Company backs these services with a global support organization that offers on-site and off-site support services with varying SLAs.

The performance of these segments is evaluated based on revenue, gross profit and gross margin; therefore, selling, general and administrative expenses, research and development expenses, interest and dividend income, interest expense, net investment (loss) gain, other income, net and income tax are reported on a consolidated basis only. There is no inter-segment revenue. Asset information by reportable segment is not produced and, therefore, is not reported.

The following tables present information about the revenue and gross profit of the Company's reportable segments:

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | March 31, 2024 |
(In thousands) |  | Revenue |  |  | Cost Of Revenue |  |  | Gross Profit |  |  | Revenue |  |  | Cost of Revenue |  |  | Gross Profit |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Restated) |  |  | (Restated) |
Network Solutions |  | $ | 202,217 |  |  | $ | 134,241 |  |  | $ | 67,976 |  |  | $ | 181,273 |  |  | $ | 137,048 |  |  | $ | 44,225 |
Services & Support |  |  | 45,527 |  |  |  | 18,327 |  |  |  | 27,200 |  |  |  | 44,900 |  |  |  | 18,810 |  |  |  | 26,090 |
Total |  | $ | 247,744 |  |  | $ | 152,568 |  |  | $ | 95,176 |  |  | $ | 226,173 |  |  | $ | 155,858 |  |  | $ | 70,315 |

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, $1.3 million and $1.6 million, respectively, of depreciation expense was included in gross profit for our Network Solutions segment. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, $19 thousand and $8 thousand, respectively, of depreciation expense was included in gross profit for our Services & Support segment.

Revenue by Geographic Area

The following table presents revenue information by geographic area:

|  | Three Months Ended |  |
|  | March 31, |  |
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |
United States |  | $ | 103,189 |  |  | $ | 83,290 |  |
United Kingdom |  |  | 62,909 |  |  |  | 52,740 |  |
Germany |  |  | 27,188 |  |  |  | 39,741 |  |
Other international |  |  | 54,458 |  |  |  | 50,402 |  |
Total |  | $ | 247,744 |  |  | $ | 226,173 |  |

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16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Legal Matters

From time to time, the Company is subject to or otherwise involved in various lawsuits, claims, investigations and legal proceedings that arise out of or are incidental to the conduct of our business (collectively, “Legal Matters”), including those relating to employment matters, patent rights, regulatory compliance matters, stockholder claims, and contractual and other commercial disputes. Such Legal Matters, even if not meritorious, could result in the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources. Additionally, an unfavorable outcome in a legal matter, including in a patent dispute, could require the Company to pay damages, entitle claimants to other relief, such as royalties, or could prevent the Company from selling some of its products in certain jurisdictions. The Company records an accrual for any Legal Matters that arise whenever it considers that it is probable that it is exposed to a loss contingency and the amount of the loss contingency can be reasonably estimated. Although the ultimate disposition of asserted claims cannot be predicted with certainty, it is our belief that the outcome of any such claims, either individually or on a combined basis, will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position.

DPLTA Appraisal Proceedings

In addition to such Legal Matters, the Company is a party to appraisal proceedings relating to the DPLTA which were originally filed with the Landgericht Meiningen (Meiningen District Court) on February 3, 2023. The DPLTA provides that Adtran Networks shareholders (other than the Company) be offered, at their election, (i) to put their Adtran Networks shares to the Company in exchange for compensation in cash of €17.21 per share, plus guaranteed interest or (ii) to remain Adtran Networks shareholders and receive recurring cash compensation of €0.52 per share for each full fiscal year of Adtran Networks. The appraisal proceedings, which were initiated by certain minority shareholders of Adtran Networks, challenge the adequacy of both forms of compensation. While the Company believes that the compensation offered in connection with the DPLTA is fair, it notes that German courts often adjudicate increases of the cash compensation to plaintiffs in varying amounts in connection with German appraisal proceedings. Therefore, the Company cannot rule out that the first instance court or an appellate court may increase the cash compensation owed to the minority Adtran Networks shareholders. Given the stage of the appraisal proceedings, the Company is currently unable to predict the likely outcome or estimate the potential financial impact, if any, of the appraisal proceedings. If a ruling were to occur and be upheld upon appeal that required the Company to pay significant additional cash compensation to the Adtran Networks minority shareholders, there exists the possibility of a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations for the period in which the ruling occurs or future periods.

DPLTA Exit and Recurring Compensation Costs and the Absorption of Adtran Network's Annual Net Loss

Pursuant to the terms of the DPLTA, each Adtran Networks shareholder (other than the Company) has received an offer to elect either (1) to remain an Adtran Networks shareholder and receive from us an Annual Recurring Compensation payment, or (2) to receive Exit Compensation plus guaranteed interest. The guaranteed interest under the Exit Compensation is calculated from the effective date of the DPLTA to the date the shares are tendered, less any Annual Recurring Compensation paid. The guaranteed interest rate is 5.0% plus a variable component (according to the German Civil Code) that was 2.27% as of March 31, 2025. Assuming all the minority holders of currently outstanding Adtran Networks shares were to elect the second option, the Company would be obligated to make aggregate Exit Compensation payments, including guaranteed interest, of approximately €338.5 million or approximately $366.1 million, based on an exchange rate as of March 31, 2025, and reflecting interest accrued through March 31, 2025, during the pendency of the appraisal proceedings discussed below. Shareholders electing the first option of Annual Recurring Compensation may later elect the second option. The opportunity for outside Adtran Networks shareholders to tender Adtran Networks shares in exchange for Exit Compensation had been scheduled to expire on March 16, 2023. However, due to the appraisal proceedings that were initiated in 2023 in accordance with applicable German law, this time period for tendering shares has been extended pursuant to the German Stock Corporation Act (Aktiengesetz) and will end two months after the date on which a final decision in such appraisal proceedings has been published in the Federal Gazette (Bundesanzeiger). The Company expects to receive a ruling on a procedural matter in the DPLTA appraisal proceedings during the latter half of 2025 or 2026, which ruling, depending on outcome, will likely be appealed and may take 6-12 months to be decided on appeal. The Company does not expect that a trial on the merits of the DPLTA appraisal proceedings will commence until the procedural matter has been resolved. The proceeding for the trial on the merits of the DPLTA will likely take a minimum of 12 months for a ruling and such ruling may likewise be appealed, which would be expected to take an additional 12-24 months to be resolved. Accordingly, the Company does not expect a final decision on the DPLTA appraisal proceedings to be rendered and published prior to 2027, and most likely not until 2028 or beyond.

29

Our obligation to pay Annual Recurring Compensation under the DPLTA is a continuing payment obligation, which will amount to approximately €8.9 million (or $9.7 million based on the current exchange rate) per year assuming none of the minority Adtran Networks shareholders were to elect Exit Compensation. The foregoing amounts do not reflect any potential increase in payment obligations that we may have depending on the outcome of ongoing appraisal proceedings in Germany. The Annual Recurring Compensation is due on the third banking day following the ordinary general shareholders’ meeting of Adtran Networks for the respective preceding fiscal year (but in any event within eight months following expiration of the fiscal year). With respect to the 2024 fiscal year, Adtran Networks’ ordinary general shareholders meeting is scheduled for June 27, 2025 and, therefore, the Annual Recurring Compensation will be due on July 2, 2025. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we accrued $2.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively, in Annual Recurring Compensation, which was reflected as an increase to retained deficit.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, less than one thousand shares of Adtran Networks stock were tendered to the Company and Exit Compensation payments of approximately €12 thousand and €4 thousand, respectively, or approximately $13 thousand and $5 thousand based on the applicable exchange rates at the time of the transactions, were paid to Adtran Networks shareholders.

In addition, under the DPLTA, subject to certain limitations pursuant to applicable law and the specific terms of the DPLTA, (i) the Company is entitled to issue binding instructions to the management board of Adtran Networks, (ii) Adtran Networks will transfer its annual profit to the Company, subject to, among other things, the creation or dissolution of certain reserves, and (iii) the Company will absorb the annual net loss incurred by Adtran Networks. The Company’s payment obligation in satisfaction of the requirement that it absorb Adtran Networks’ annual net loss applies to the net loss generated by Adtran Networks in 2024 and it will apply to any net loss generated by Adtran Networks in 2025.

Performance Bonds

Certain contracts, customers and jurisdictions in which we do business require us to provide various guarantees of performance such as bid bonds, performance bonds and customs bonds. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had commitments related to these bonds totaling $15.2 milli on and $15.7 million, respectively, which expire at various dates through April 2029. In general, we would only be liable for the amount of these guarantees in the event of default under each contract, the probability of which we believe is remote.

Purchase Obligations

The Company purchases components from a variety of suppliers and uses contract manufacturers to provide manufacturing services for our products. Our inventory purchase obligations are for product manufacturing requirements, as well as for commitments to suppliers to secure manufacturing capacity. Certain of our inventory purchase obligations with contract manufacturers and suppliers relate to arrangements to secure supply and pricing for certain product components for multi-year periods. As of March 31, 2025, purchase obligations totale d $203.9 mi llion.

17. RESTRUCTURING

On November 6, 2023, due to the uncertainty around the then current macroeconomic environment and its impact on customer spending levels, the Company’s management decided to implement a Business Efficiency Program targeting the reduction of ongoing operating expenses and focusing on capital efficiency. This included certain salary reductions, an early retirement program, a site consolidation plan to include lease impairments and the sale of owned real estate (including the sale of our headquarters in Huntsville), inventory write downs from product discontinuances, and the suspension of the quarterly dividend. Other than the Company's aim of selling its headquarters, the Business Efficiency Program was completed as of December 31, 2024.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recognized $17.1 million of costs related to the Business Efficiency Program. The costs recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2024, included total other renegotiated charges and inventory write-down of $8.8 million as a result of a strategy shift which included discontinuance of certain items in connection with the Business Efficiency Program, of which, $4.0 million relates to inventory write-downs and $4.8 million relates to other charges, and are included in cost of revenue in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss. We did no t incur any Business Efficiency Program costs during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending restructuring liabilities, which is included in accrued wages and benefits and accounts payable in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, is as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended |
(In thousands) |  | March 31, 2025 |
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 10,336 |
Plus: Amounts charged to cost and expense |  |  | — |
Less: Amounts paid |  |  | (7,272 | )
Balance as of March 31, 2025 |  | $ | 3,064 |

30

|  | The Year Ended |
(In thousands) |  | December 31, 2024 |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 8,309 |
Plus: Amounts charged to cost and expense |  |  | 40,545 |
Less: Amounts paid |  |  | (38,518 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 10,336 |

Restructuring expenses included in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss are for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Network Solutions - Cost of revenue |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,318 |
Network Solutions - charges and inventory write-down |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,782 |
Services & Support - Cost of revenue |  |  | — |  |  |  | 148 |
Cost of revenue |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,248 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,801 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,061 |
Total restructuring expenses |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,110 |

The following table represents the components of restructuring expenses by geographic area for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
(In thousands) |  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
United States |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,060 |
International |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,050 |
Total restructuring expenses |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 17,110 |

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18. RESTATEMENT OF QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

As previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A and as discussed in Note 1 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”, the following tables reflect the impact of errors and other previously identified immaterial errors to the specific line items presented in our previously reported (a) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet; (b) Condensed Consolidated Statement of Loss and Condensed Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss; (c) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity and; (d) Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2024.

|  |  | As of March 31, 2024 |
ASSETS | Adj Reference |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustment |  |  | As Restated |
Current Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | $ | 106,757 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 106,757 |
Accounts receivable, less allowance for credit losses of $367 as of March 31, 2024 |  |  |  | 187,554 |  |  |  | 3,498 |  |  |  | 191,052 |
Other receivables |  |  |  | 12,116 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12,116 |
Income tax receivable | ADJ 4 |  |  | 8,717 |  |  |  | (4,735 | ) |  |  | 3,982 |
Inventory, net | ADJ 3 |  |  | 322,147 |  |  |  | (3,894 | ) |  |  | 318,253 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  |  | 59,667 |  |  |  | (3,889 | ) |  |  | 55,778 |
Total Current Assets |  |  |  | 696,958 |  |  |  | (9,020 | ) |  |  | 687,938 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  |  | 126,969 |  |  |  | 4,040 |  |  |  | 131,009 |
Deferred tax assets | ADJ 4 |  |  | 25,421 |  |  |  | 4,015 |  |  |  | 29,436 |
Goodwill | ADJ 4 |  |  | 55,129 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 55,129 |
Intangibles, net |  |  |  | 306,448 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 306,448 |
Other non-current assets |  |  |  | 87,729 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 87,729 |
Long-term investments |  |  |  | 29,252 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29,252 |
Total Assets |  |  | $ | 1,327,906 |  |  | $ | (965 | ) |  | $ | 1,326,941 |
LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST AND EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  |  | $ | 159,083 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 159,083 |
Unearned revenue |  |  |  | 55,124 |  |  |  | 3,121 |  |  |  | 58,245 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities | ADJ 1 |  |  | 36,404 |  |  |  | (1,403 | ) |  |  | 35,001 |
Accrued wages and benefits |  |  |  | 25,869 |  |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 25,987 |
Income tax payable, net |  |  |  | 6,266 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6,266 |
Total Current Liabilities |  |  |  | 282,746 |  |  |  | 1,836 |  |  |  | 284,582 |
Non-current revolving credit agreement outstanding |  |  |  | 195,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 195,000 |
Deferred tax liabilities | ADJ 4 |  |  | 15,414 |  |  |  | 420 |  |  |  | 15,834 |
Non-current unearned revenue |  |  |  | 22,884 |  |  |  | 377 |  |  |  | 23,261 |
Non-current pension liability |  |  |  | 11,692 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,692 |
Deferred compensation liability |  |  |  | 29,709 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 29,709 |
Non-current lease obligations |  |  |  | 27,668 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 27,668 |
Other non-current liabilities | ADJ 1 |  |  | 35,375 |  |  |  | (350 | ) |  |  | 35,025 |
Total Liabilities |  |  |  | 620,488 |  |  |  | 2,283 |  |  |  | 622,771 |
Commitments and contingencies (see Note 16) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest | ADJ 2 |  |  | 441,635 |  |  |  | 1,686 |  |  |  | 443,321 |
Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 200,000 shares authorized; 79,116 shares issued and 78,850 outstanding as of March 31, 2024 |  |  |  | 791 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 791 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  | 798,897 |  |  |  | (846 | ) |  |  | 798,051 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income | ADJ 1, 3, 4 |  |  | 29,656 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 29,697 |
Retained deficit | ADJ 2, 3, 4 |  |  | (558,363 | ) |  |  | (4,129 | ) |  |  | (562,492 | )
Treasury stock at cost: 265 as of March 31, 2024 |  |  |  | (5,198 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5,198 | )
Total Equity |  |  |  | 265,783 |  |  |  | (4,934 | ) |  |  | 260,849 |
Total Liabilities, Redeemable Non-Controlling Interest and Equity |  |  | $ | 1,327,906 |  |  | $ | (965 | ) |  | $ | 1,326,941 |

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|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
| Adj Reference |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustment |  |  | As Restated |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Network Solutions |  |  | $ | 181,273 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 181,273 |
Services & Support |  |  |  | 44,900 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 44,900 |
Total Revenue |  |  |  | 226,173 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 226,173 |
Cost of Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Network Solutions | ADJ 3 |  |  | 126,326 |  |  |  | 1,940 |  |  |  | 128,266 |
Network Solutions - inventory write-down and other charges |  |  |  | 8,782 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,782 |
Services & Support |  |  |  | 18,810 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,810 |
Total Cost of Revenue |  |  |  | 153,918 |  |  |  | 1,940 |  |  |  | 155,858 |
Gross Profit |  |  |  | 72,255 |  |  |  | (1,940 | ) |  |  | 70,315 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  |  | 59,100 |  |  |  | (109 | ) |  |  | 58,991 |
Research and development expenses |  |  |  | 60,251 |  |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | 60,215 |
Goodwill impairment | ADJ 4 |  |  | 292,583 |  |  |  | 4,770 |  |  |  | 297,353 |
Operating Loss |  |  |  | (339,679 | ) |  |  | (6,565 | ) |  |  | (346,244 | )
Interest and dividend income |  |  |  | 397 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 397 |
Interest expense |  |  |  | (4,598 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,598 | )
Net investment gain |  |  |  | 2,253 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,253 |
Other income, net |  |  |  | 1,310 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,310 |
Loss Before Income Taxes |  |  |  | (340,317 | ) |  |  | (6,565 | ) |  |  | (346,882 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  |  | 18,647 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,647 |
Net Loss |  |  | $ | (321,670 | ) |  | $ | (6,565 | ) |  | $ | (328,235 | )
Less: Net Income attributable to non-controlling interest(1) | ADJ 1 |  |  | 2,880 |  |  |  | (350 | ) |  |  | 2,530 |
Net Loss attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. |  |  | $ | (324,550 | ) |  | $ | (6,215 | ) |  | $ | (330,765 | )
Weighted average shares outstanding – basic |  |  |  | 78,814 |  |  |  | 78,814 |  |  |  | 78,814 |
Weighted average shares outstanding – diluted |  |  |  | 78,814 |  |  |  | 78,814 |  |  |  | 78,814 |
Loss per common share attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. – basic |  |  | $ | (4.12 | ) |  | $ | (0.08 | ) |  | $ | (4.20 | )
Loss per common share attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. – diluted |  |  | $ | (4.12 | ) |  | $ | (0.08 | ) |  | $ | (4.20 | )
Net Loss |  |  | $ | (321,670 | ) |  | $ | (6,565 | ) |  | $ | (328,235 | )
Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Defined benefit plan adjustments |  |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (60 | )
Foreign currency translation loss | ADJ 1, 3 |  |  | (17,745 | ) |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | (17,773 | )
Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax |  |  |  | (17,805 | ) |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | (17,833 | )
Comprehensive Loss, net of tax |  |  |  | (339,475 | ) |  |  | (6,593 | ) |  |  | (346,068 | )
Less: Comprehensive Income attributable to non-controlling interest, net of tax | ADJ 1 |  |  | 2,880 |  |  |  | (349 | ) |  |  | 2,531 |
Comprehensive Loss attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc., net of tax |  |  | $ | (342,355 | ) |  | $ | (6,244 | ) |  | $ | (348,599 | )

33

|  | Retained Deficit |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  |  | Additional paid-in capital |
(In thousands) |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustment |  |  | As Restated |  |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustment |  |  | As Restated |  |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustment |  |  | As Restated |
Balance as of December 31, 2023 |  | $ | (243,908 | ) |  | $ | 12,202 |  |  | $ | (231,706 | ) |  | $ | 47,461 |  |  | $ | 69 |  |  | $ | 47,530 |  |  | $ | 795,304 |  |  | $ | (836 | ) |  | $ | 794,468 |
Net loss |  |  | (321,670 | ) |  |  | (6,565 | ) |  |  | (328,235 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Annual recurring compensation earned |  |  | (2,880 | ) |  |  | 349 |  |  |  | (2,531 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (17,805 | ) |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | (17,833 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Deferred compensation adjustments, net of tax |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (368 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (368 | )
ADTRAN RSUs and restricted stock vested |  |  | (243 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (243 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
ADTRAN stock options exercised |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
ADTRAN stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,957 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,957 |
Redemption of redeemable non-controlling interest |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Foreign currency remeasurement of redeemable non-controlling interest |  |  | 10,115 |  |  |  | (10,115 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Adtran Networks stock-based compensation expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | (6 | )
Balance as of March 31, 2024 |  | $ | (558,363 | ) |  | $ | (4,129 | ) |  | $ | (562,492 | ) |  | $ | 29,656 |  |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | 29,697 |  |  | $ | 798,897 |  |  | $ | (846 | ) |  | $ | 798,051 |

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|  |  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 |
| Adj Reference |  | As Reported |  |  | Adjustment |  |  | As Restated |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  |  | $ | (321,670 | ) |  | $ | (6,565 | ) |  | $ | (328,235 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  |  | 22,528 |  |  |  | (138 | ) |  |  | 22,390 |
Goodwill Impairment | ADJ 4 |  |  | 292,583 |  |  |  | 4,770 |  |  |  | 297,353 |
Amortization of debt issuance cost |  |  |  | 1,013 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,013 |
Gain on investments, net |  |  |  | (2,621 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,621 | )
Net loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  | 150 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 150 |
Stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  | 3,957 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 3,954 |
Deferred income taxes |  |  |  | (19,738 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (19,738 | )
Other, net |  |  |  | 545 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 545 |
Inventory write down |  |  |  | 3,992 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,992 |
Inventory reserves |  |  |  | 1,837 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,837 |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  |  |  | 26,002 |  |  |  | (3,498 | ) |  |  | 22,504 |
Other receivables |  |  |  | 5,605 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,605 |
Income taxes receivable, net | ADJ 4 |  |  | (1,296 | ) |  |  | 4,735 |  |  |  | 3,439 |
Inventory |  |  |  | 30,426 |  |  |  | 1,940 |  |  |  | 32,366 |
Prepaid expenses, other current assets and other assets |  |  |  | (15,882 | ) |  |  | (3,408 | ) |  |  | (19,290 | )
Accounts payable |  |  |  | 553 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 553 |
Accrued expenses and other liabilities |  |  |  | 7,459 |  |  |  | 3,494 |  |  |  | 10,953 |
Income taxes payable, net |  |  |  | 1,155 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,155 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  | 36,598 |  |  |  | 1,327 |  |  |  | 37,925 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment |  |  |  | (12,183 | ) |  |  | (1,327 | ) |  |  | (13,510 | )
Purchases of intangibles - developed technology |  |  |  | (1,191 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,191 | )
Proceeds from sales and maturities of available-for-sale investments |  |  |  | 873 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 873 |
Purchases of available-for-sale investments |  |  |  | (44 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (44 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  |  | (12,545 | ) |  |  | (1,327 | ) |  |  | (13,872 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax withholdings related to stock-based compensation settlements |  |  |  | (176 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (176 | )
Proceeds from stock option exercises |  |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 219 |
Proceeds from receivables purchase agreement |  |  |  | 30,231 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,231 |
Repayments on receivables purchase agreement |  |  |  | (32,437 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (32,437 | )
Payment for redemption of redeemable non-controlling interest |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (5 | )
Payment of debt issuance cost |  |  |  | (1,994 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,994 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  |  | (4,162 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,162 | )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  |  | 19,891 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 19,891 |
Effect of exchange rate changes |  |  |  | (301 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (301 | )
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |  |  |  | 87,167 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 87,167 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  |  | $ | 106,757 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 106,757 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid for interest |  |  | $ | 5,243 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,243 |
Cash paid for income taxes |  |  | $ | 596 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 596 |
Cash used in operating activities related to operating leases |  |  | $ | 2,384 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,384 |
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations |  |  | $ | 842 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 842 |
Purchases of property, plant and equipment included in accounts payable |  |  | $ | 1,689 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,689 |

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19. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

Exit Compensation Payments

On April 14, 2025, 0.4 million shares of Adtran Networks stock were tendered to the Company and Exit Compensation payments of approximately €7.0 million or approximately $7.5 million, based on the applicable exchange rate at the time of the transaction, was paid to Adtran Networks shareholders.

Fifth Amendment to Wells Fargo Credit Agreement

On May 6, 2025, the Company, ADTRAN, Inc., and Adtran Networks entered into a fifth amendment to the Credit Agreement ("Amendment No. 5"). Amendment No. 5, together with a substantially concurrent prepayment by the German Borrower of outstanding revolving loans under the German Borrower Sublimit (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement, which term includes Amendment No. 5 for the purposes of this note) in the amount of $24.0 million, among other things, resulted in (i) a permanent partial reduction in the total commitments under the Amended Credit Agreement from $374.0 million to $350.0 million, (ii) a reduction of the German Borrower Sublimit from $74.0 million to $50.0 million, and (iii) a reduction of the German Commitment Reduction Threshold (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement) to $25.0 million. The lenders also waived certain events of default related to among others, inaccuracies in the financial statements that were previously delivered to the lenders by the Company with respect to the fiscal quarters ended June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2024, and breaches of the Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement) financial covenant for the fiscal quarters ended June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2024.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes that appear in Part I, Item 1 of this document. In addition, the following discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024, Part II, Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, and Part I, Item 1, Business, included in Amendment No. 1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on May 20, 2025 (the "2024 Form 10-K/A").

As discussed in the financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in our 2024 Form 10-K/A, we identified errors in our previously issued financial statements. The identified errors impacted the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2024, among other periods as previously disclosed. See Note 1 and 18 to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item, 1 for additional information.

This discussion is designed to provide the reader with information that will assist in understanding our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, the changes in certain key items in those financial statements from period to period, and the primary factors that accounted for those changes, as well as how certain accounting principles affect our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” on page 5 of this report for a description of important factors that could cause actual results to differ from expected results. See also Part 1, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of the 2024 Form 10‑K/A and Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors of this Form 10-Q.

Unless the context otherwise indicates or requires, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to "Adtran", the “Company,” “we”, “us” and “our” refer to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Furthermore, unless the context otherwise indicates or requires, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “Adtran Networks” refer to Adtran Networks SE (formerly ADVA Optical Networking SE).

OVERVIEW

The Company is a leading global provider of networking and communications platforms, software, systems and services focused on carrier networks, private enterprise networks and mission critical infrastructure. It is serving a diverse domestic and international customer base in multiple countries that includes Large, Medium and Small Service Providers, alternative Service Providers, such as utilities, municipalities and fiber overbuilders; cable/MSOs; SMBs; distributed enterprises, including Fortune 500 companies with sophisticated business continuity applications; and federal, state and local government agencies.

Our innovative solutions and services enable voice, data, video and internet-communications across a variety of network infrastructures and are currently in use by millions worldwide. We support our customers through our direct global sales organization and our distribution networks. Our success depends upon our ability to have customers adopt our technology, increase unit volume and market share through the introduction of new products and succeeding generations of products having optimal selling prices and increased functionality as compared to both the prior generation of a product and the products of competitors in order to gain market share. To service our customers and grow revenue, we are continually conducting research and developing new products addressing customer needs and testing those products for the specific requirements of the particular customers. We offer a broad portfolio of flexible software and hardware network solutions and services that enable Service Providers to meet today’s service demands while enabling them to transition to the fully converged, scalable, highly-automated, cloud-controlled voice, data, internet and video network of the future. In addition to our global headquarters in Huntsville, Alabama, and our European headquarters in Munich, Germany, we have sales and research and development facilities in multiple strategic global locations.

The Company solely owns ADTRAN, Inc. and is the majority shareholder of Adtran Networks (formerly ADVA Optical Networking SE). Adtran is a leading global provider of open, disaggregated networking and communications solutions. Adtran Networks is a global provider of network solutions for wholesale mobile and data center interconnect services. We believe that the combined technology portfolio can best address current and future customer needs for high-speed connectivity from the network core to the end consumer, especially upon the convergence of solutions at the network edge.

The chief operating decision maker regularly reviews the Company’s financial performance based on two reportable segments: (1) Network Solutions and (2) Services & Support. In addition to operating under two reportable segments, the Company also reports revenue across three categories – Subscriber Solutions, Access & Aggregation Solutions and Optical Networking Solutions.

Our Subscriber Solutions portfolio is used by Service Providers to terminate their access services infrastructure at customers' premises while providing an immersive and interactive experience for residential, business and wholesale subscribers. This revenue category includes hardware- and software-based products and services. These solutions include our Mosaic One SaaS applications, fiber termination solutions for residential, business and wholesale subscribers, Wi-Fi access solutions for residential and business subscribers, Ethernet switching and network edge virtualization solutions for business subscribers and cloud software solutions covering a mix of subscriber types.

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Our Access & Aggregation Solutions are solutions that are used by communications Service Providers to connect residential subscribers, business subscribers and mobile radio networks to the Service Providers’ metro network, primarily through fiber-based connectivity. This revenue category includes hardware- and software-based products and services. Our solutions within this category are a mix of fiber access and aggregation platforms, precision network synchronization and timing solutions and access orchestration solutions that ensure highly reliable and efficient network performance.

Our Optical Networking Solutions are used by communications Service Providers, internet content providers and large-scale enterprises to securely interconnect metro and regional networks over fiber. This revenue category includes hardware- and software-based products and services. Our solutions within this category include open optical terminals, open line systems, optical subsystems and modules, network infrastructure assurance systems and automation platforms that are used to build high-scale, secure and assured optical networks.

ADTRAN NETWORKS DOMINATION AND PROFIT AND LOSS TRANSFER AGREEMENT

The DPLTA between the Company, as the controlling company, and Adtran Networks, as the controlled company, which was executed on December 1, 2022, became effective on January 16, 2023, as a result of its registration with the commercial register (Handelsregister) of the local court (Amtsgericht) at the registered seat of Adtran Networks (Jena).

Under the DPLTA, subject to certain limitations pursuant to applicable law and the specific terms of the DPLTA, (i) the Company is
entitled to issue binding instructions to the management board of Adtran Networks, (ii) Adtran Networks will transfer its annual profit to the Company, subject to, among other things, the creation or dissolution of certain reserves, and (iii) the Company will absorb the annual net loss incurred by Adtran Networks. The Company’s payment obligation in satisfaction of the requirement that it absorb Adtran Networks’ annual net loss applied to the net loss generated by Adtran Networks in 2024, and it will apply to any net loss generated by Adtran Networks in 2025.

Additionally, and subject to certain limitations pursuant to applicable law and the specific terms of the DPLTA, the DPLTA provides that Adtran Networks shareholders (other than us) be offered, at their election, (i) to put their Adtran Networks shares to the Company in exchange for compensation in cash of €17.21 per share plus guaranteed interest ("Exit Compensation"), or (ii) to remain Adtran Networks shareholders and receive a recurring compensation in cash of €0.52 per share for each full fiscal year of Adtran Networks (“Annual Recurring Compensation”). The guaranteed interest component under the Exit Compensation is calculated from the effective date of the DPLTA to the date the shares are tendered, less any Annual Recurring Compensation paid. The guaranteed interest rate is 5.0% plus a variable component that was 2.27% as of March 31, 2025. The Annual Recurring Compensation is due on the third banking day following the ordinary general shareholders’ meeting of Adtran Networks for the respective preceding fiscal year (but in any event within eight months following expiration of the fiscal year). With respect to the 2024 fiscal year, Adtran Networks’ ordinary general shareholder meeting is scheduled for June 27, 2025, and therefore, the Annual Recurring Compensation will be due on July 2, 2025. The adequacy of both forms of compensation has been challenged by minority shareholders of Adtran Networks via court-led appraisal proceedings under German law, and it is possible that the courts in such appraisal proceedings may adjudicate a higher Exit Compensation or Annual Recurring Compensation (in each case, including interest thereon) than agreed upon in the DPLTA.

The opportunity for outside Adtran Networks shareholders to tender Adtran Networks shares in exchange for Exit Compensation had been scheduled to expire on March 16, 2023. However, due to the appraisal proceedings that were initiated in 2023 in accordance with applicable German law, this time period for tendering shares has been extended pursuant to the German Stock Corporation Act (Aktiengesetz) and will end two months after the date on which a final decision in such appraisal proceedings has been published in the Federal Gazette (Bundesanzeiger). The Company expects to receive a ruling on a procedural matter in the DPLTA appraisal proceedings during the latter half of 2025 or 2026, which ruling, depending on outcome, will likely be appealed and may take 6-12 months to be decided on appeal. The Company does not expect that a trial on the merits of the DPLTA appraisal proceedings will commence until the procedural matter has been resolved. The proceeding for the trial on the merits of the DPLTA will likely take a minimum of 12 months for a ruling and such ruling may likewise be appealed, which would be expected to take an additional 12-24 months to be resolved. Accordingly, the Company does not expect a final decision on the DPLTA appraisal proceedings to be rendered and published prior to 2027, and most likely not until 2028 or beyond. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, less than one thousand shares of Adtran Networks stock were tendered to the Company and Exit Compensation payments of approximately €12 thousand and €4 thousand, respectively, or approximately $13 thousand and $5 thousand based on the applicable exchange rates at the time of the transaction, were paid to Adtran Networks shareholders. Between March 31, 2025 and the date of this report, 0.4 million shares of Adtran Networks stock were tendered to the Company and Exit Compensation payments of approximately €7.0 million, or approximately $7.5 million based on the applicable exchange rate at the time of the transactions, will be paid to Adtran Networks shareholders.

In addition to our cash and cash equivalents and the credit facility, we may fund a portion or all of the Exit Compensation through the sale of securities or additional alternative funding sources, if available. There can be no assurances that we would be successful in effecting these actions on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we cannot raise additional funds as needed, it could have a material adverse impact on our financial results and financial condition.

We currently hold 34,856,611 no-par value bearer shares of Adtran Networks, representing 67.0% of Adtran Networks outstanding shares as of March 31, 2025.

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The foregoing description of the DPLTA does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the DPLTA, a non-binding English translation of which is incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 included in our 2024 Form 10-K/A.

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE AND TRENDS

We ended the first quarter of 2025 with a year-over-year revenue increase of 9.5% as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024, driven by increased volume of sales activity due to a return of normalized customer spending, increased growth due to fiber expansion brought about by higher service provider spending, vendor consolidation due to a continuing shift away from high-risk vendors, increased demand for modernizing and upgrading critical infrastructure within governments, utilities, large enterprises, and applications, including AI. During the first quarter of 2025, we had one customer with revenues greater than 10.0%, which was an international Service Provider customer and our five largest customers comprised 38.9% of our revenue. Our year-over-year domestic revenue increased by 23.9% due to a return to normalized customer spending and fiber expansion. Internationally, our year-over-year revenue increased by 1.2%, primarily driven by fiber expansion. Our Access & Aggregation, Subscriber Solutions and Optical Networking revenue categories all experienced increased volume of sales activity due to growth across geographies, most product lines, and the continued expansion of our customer base.

Our revenues have fluctuated in recent years and they may continue to fluctuate going forward. However, during the first quarter of 2025, our operating results improved due to slowly stabilizing revenues, improving margins and tight operational cost controls. Additionally, we have taken steps to transform our business into a leaner, more efficient and more profitable company, including the completion of our Business Efficiency Program (other than our aim of selling our headquarters in Huntsville, which we expect to occur within the next 12 months). Nevertheless, our operating expenses are relatively fixed in the short term, and a shortfall in quarterly revenues consequently has previously impacted and may again in the future significantly impact our financial results in a given quarter.

Our operating results have significantly fluctuated and may do so in the future as a result of a number of other factors, including a decline in general economic and market conditions, foreign currency exchange rate movements, inflation, increased competition, customer order patterns, changes in product and services mix, trade policies, timing differences between price decreases and product cost reductions, product warranty returns, expediting costs, tariffs and announcements of new products by us or our competitors. Nevertheless, as stated above, our operating results improved due to slowly stabilizing revenues, improving margins and tight operational cost controls. In addition, we continue to support our customer demand for our products by working with our suppliers, contract manufacturers, distributors, and customers to address and to limit potential disruptions to our operations and order fulfillment. Moreover, maintaining sufficient inventory levels to assure prompt delivery of our products increases the amount of inventory that may become obsolete and increases the risk that the obsolescence of this inventory may have an additional adverse effect on our business and operating results beyond the effects of the most recent inventory write-downs. On the other hand, not maintaining sufficient inventory levels to ensure prompt delivery of our products may cause us to incur expediting costs to meet customer delivery requirements, which may negatively impact our operating results.

The anticipated near-term impact of the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (“BEAD”) Program has decreased following the announcement of a comprehensive federal agency review of BEAD Program priorities, including those related to project technology preferences, and associated delays in state BEAD Program grant awards.

Trade Policy/Tariffs

During the first quarter of 2025 and into May 2025, the U.S. introduced trade policy actions that have increased import tariffs across a wide range of countries at various rates, with certain exemptions. At this time, it remains unclear what additional actions, if any, will be taken by the U.S. or other governments with respect to international trade agreements, the imposition of tariffs on goods imported into the U.S. or exported to other countries, tax policy related to international commerce, increased export control, sanctions and investment restrictions, import or use of foreign communications equipment, or other trade matters. These changes in U.S. trade policy and subsequent retaliatory actions have the potential to materially increase various input costs for the Company. Moreover, related costs and the uncertainty arising from such changes in trade policy may result in shifts in customer behavior, such as decreased demand. These impacts could have a negative effect on our financial results, including our revenue and profitability. To help mitigate this, we have taken steps to diversify our supply chain, manufacturing locations and relationships with suppliers to give us added flexibility. See “Changes in trade policy in the U.S. and other countries, including the imposition of additional tariffs and the resulting consequences, may adversely impact our gross profits, gross margins, results of operations and financial condition,” in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this report for further discussion of the risks associated with the changes to U.S. and foreign trade policies.

Foreign Currency

We are exposed to changes in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, which are references to the differences between the foreign-exchanges rates we use to convert the financial results of our international operations from local currencies into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. This impact of foreign-exchange rate changes is calculated based on the difference between the current period’s currency exchange rates and that of the comparable prior period. Our primary exposures to foreign currency exchange rate movements are with the euro and the British pound. As a result of our global operations, our revenue, gross margin, operating expense and operating loss in some international markets has been and may continue to be affected by foreign currency fluctuations.

Goodwill Impairment

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The Company’s policy is to assess the realizability of assets (long-lived assets, intangibles and goodwill) held within our reporting units and to evaluate such assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable.

No impairment of goodwill was recognized during the three months ended March 31, 2025. During the first quarter of 2024, qualitative factors such as a decrease in the Company’s market capitalization, lower service provider spending and delayed holding patterns of inventory with respect to customers caused us to reduce our forecasts, triggering a quantitative impairment assessment for our reporting units. The Company determined the fair value of the Network Solutions reporting unit using a combination of an income approach and a market-based peer group analysis. The Company determined upon its quantitative impairment assessment to recognize a $297.4 million non-cash goodwill impairment charge for the Network Solutions reporting unit during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The quantitative impairment analysis indicated there was no impairment of the Services & Support goodwill during the three months ended March 31, 2024. There have been no triggering events identified affecting the valuation of goodwill in our Services & Support reporting unit since the first quarter of 2024.

Our historical financial performance is not necessarily a meaningful indicator of future results, and in general, management expects that our financial results may vary from period to period. Factors that could materially affect our business, financial condition or operating results are included in Part I, Item 1A of the 2024 Form 10-K/A and Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q.

BUSINESS EFFICIENCY PROGRAM

On November 6, 2023, due to the uncertainty around the then current macroeconomic environment and its impact on customer spending levels, the Company’s management decided to implement a Business Efficiency Program targeting the reduction of ongoing operating expenses and focusing on capital efficiency. This included certain salary reductions, an early retirement program, a site consolidation plan to include lease impairments and the sale of owned real estate (including the sale of our headquarters in Huntsville), inventory write downs from product discontinuances, and the suspension of the quarterly dividend. Other than the Company's aim of selling its headquarters, the Business Efficiency Program was completed as of December 31, 2024.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recognized $17.1 million of costs related to the Business Efficiency Program. We did not incur any Business Efficiency Program costs during the three months ended March 31, 2025. Future cash payments include previously accrued severance and outplacement fees as well as site consolidation costs that are anticipated to be approximately $3.1 million.

EFFECT OF RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 1 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on results of operations and financial condition, which is incorporated herein by reference.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS – THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2025, COMPARED TO THE THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2024

As discussed in the financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in our amended 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K/A, we identified errors in our previously issued financial statements. The identified errors impacted the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2024, among other periods as previously disclosed. See Note 1 and 18 to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item, 1 for additional information.

The following table presents selected financial information derived from our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss expressed as a percentage of revenue for the periods indicated. Amounts may not foot due to rounding.

|  | Three Months Ended |
|  | March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  |  |  |  | (Restated) |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |
Network Solutions |  |  | 81.6 |  | % |  | 80.1 |
Services & Support |  |  | 18.4 |  |  |  | 19.9 |
Total Revenue |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 100.0 |
Cost of Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |
Network Solutions |  |  | 54.2 |  |  |  | 56.7 |
Network Solutions - charges and inventory write-down |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3.9 |
Services & Support |  |  | 7.4 |  |  |  | 8.3 |
Total Cost of Revenue |  |  | 61.6 |  |  |  | 68.9 |
Gross Profit |  |  | 38.4 |  |  |  | 31.1 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 20.3 |  |  |  | 26.1 |
Research and development expenses |  |  | 19.7 |  |  |  | 26.6 |
Goodwill impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | 131.5 |
Operating Loss |  |  | (1.6 | ) |  |  | (153.1 | )
Interest and dividend income |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Interest expense |  |  | (1.9 | ) |  |  | (2.0 | )
Net investment (loss) gain |  |  | (0.7 | ) |  |  | 1.0 |
Other income, net |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | 0.6 |
Loss Before Income Taxes |  |  | (3.8 | ) |  |  | (153.4 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 8.2 |
Net Loss |  |  | (3.6 | ) | % |  | (145.1 | )
Less: Net Income attributable to non-controlling interest |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 1.1 |
Net Loss attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. |  |  | (4.5 | ) | % |  | (146.2 | )

Revenue

Our revenue increased 9.5% from $226.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to $247.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, the increase was driven by increased volume of sales activity due to a return of normalized customer spending, increased growth due to fiber expansion brought about by higher service provider spending, vendor consolidation due to a continuing shift away from high-risk vendors, increased demand for modernizing and upgrading critical infrastructure within governments, utilities, large enterprises, and applications, including AI. The increase in revenue by category for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was primarily attributable to a $10.6 million increase in Subscriber Solutions products, and a $7.8 million increase in Access & Aggregation revenue and a $3.1 million increase in Optical Networking Solutions products. All revenue categories experienced increased volume of sales activity due to growth across geographies, most product lines, and the continued expansion of our customer base.

Network Solutions segment revenue increased 11.6% from $181.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to $202.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase in Network Solutions revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was due to an increase of $11.4 million in volume of sales activity in Subscriber Solutions products, and an increase of $8.1 million in volume of sales activity in Access & Aggregation products and an increase of $1.5 million in volume of sales activity in Optical Networking Solutions products.

Services & Support segment revenue increased 1.4% from $44.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to $45.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase in revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was primarily attributable a $1.6 million increase in Optical Networking services, partially offset by a $0.7 million decrease for Subscriber Solutions and a $0.2 million decrease in Access & Aggregation.

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Domestic revenue increased by 23.9% from $83.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to $103.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase in domestic revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025, due to a return to normalized customer spending and fiber expansion.

International revenue, which is defined as revenue generated from the Network Solutions and Services & Support segments provided to a customer outside of the U.S., increased by 1.2% from $142.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $144.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. International revenue, as a percentage of total revenue, decreased from 63.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to 58.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase in international revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was primarily due to fiber expansion. While international revenue has decreased to approximately 58.3% and 63.2% of total revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, the mix of our Network Solutions and Services & Support segments as a percentage of total international revenue remains relatively linear. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024, changes in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar decreased our net revenue by approximately $1.5 million.

Our ADTRAN, Inc. international revenue is largely focused on broadband infrastructure and is consequently affected by the decisions of our customers as to timing for installation of new technologies, expansion of their networks and/or network upgrades. Our international customers must make these decisions in the regulatory and political environment in which they operate – both nationally and, in some instances, regionally – whether of a multi-country region or a more local region within a country. Our Adtran Networks international revenue is largely focused on the manufacture and selling of networking solutions that are based on three core areas of expertise: fiber-optic transmission technology (cloud interconnect), cloud access technology for rapid creation of innovative services around the network edge and solutions for precise timing and synchronization of networks. In addition, Adtran Networks international operations offers a comprehensive portfolio of network design, implementation and maintenance services to assist operators in the deployment of market-leading networks while reducing costs to maintain these networks.

Cost of Revenue

As a percentage of revenue, cost of revenue decreased from 68.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to 61.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The decrease for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was attributable to a 6.2% decrease in restructuring expense and labor cost efficiencies as a percentage of revenue in connection with our Business Efficiency Program which was completed as of December 31, 2024 (other than our aim of selling our headquarters in Huntsville, which we expect to occur within the next 12 months) a 0.5% decrease in expense as a percentage of revenue attributable to changes in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar and a 0.6% decrease in expense as a percentage of revenue attributable to changes in customer and product mix. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024, changes in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar decreased our cost of revenue by approximately $0.8 million.

Network Solutions cost of revenue, as a percentage of that segment’s revenue, decreased from 75.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to 66.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The decrease in cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was attributable to a 7.5% decrease in restructuring expense and labor cost efficiencies as a percentage of revenue in connection with our Business Efficiency Program which was completed as of December 31, 2024 (other than our aim of selling our headquarters in Huntsville, which we expect to occur within the next 12 months) a 0.5% decrease in expense as a percentage of revenue attributable to changes in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, and a 1.2% decrease in expense as a percentage of revenue attributable to changes in customer and product mix.

Services & Support cost of revenue, as a percentage of that segment’s revenue, decreased from 41.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to 40.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The decrease in cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was primarily attributable to a 1.0% decrease in restructuring expense and labor cost efficiencies as a percentage of revenue in connection with our Business Efficiency Program which was completed as of December 31, 2024 (other than our aim of selling our headquarters in Huntsville, which we expect to occur within the next 12 months) and a 0.3% decrease in expense as a percentage of revenue attributable to changes in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, and a 0.3% decrease in expense as a percentage of revenue attributable to changes in customer and product mix.

Services & Support revenue is comprised of network planning and implementation, maintenance, support and cloud-based management services, with network planning and implementation being the largest and fastest growing component in the long-term. Compared to our other services, such as maintenance, support and cloud-based management services, our network planning and implementation services typically utilize a higher percentage of internal and subcontracted engineers, professionals and contractors to perform the work for customers. The additional costs incurred to perform these infrastructure and labor-intensive services inherently result in lower average gross margins as compared to maintenance and support services. Within the Services & Support segment, we do expect variability in gross margins from quarter-to-quarter based on the mix of the services recognized.

Gross Profit

As a percentage of revenue, gross profit increased from 31.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to 38.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to a 6.2% decrease in restructuring expense and labor cost efficiencies as a percentage of revenue in connection with our Business Efficiency Program which

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was completed as of December 31, 2024 (other than our aim of selling our headquarters in Huntsville, which we expect to occur within the next 12 months), a 1.1% decrease in expense as a percentage of revenue attributable to changes in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar and a 14.6% increase in gross profit as a percentage of revenue attributable to changes in customer and product mix.

As a percentage of that segment's revenue, Network Solutions gross profit increased from 24.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to 33.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to a 7.5% decrease in restructuring expense and labor cost efficiencies as a percentage of revenue in connection with our Business Efficiency Program which was completed as of December 31, 2024 (other than our aim of selling our headquarters in Huntsville, which we expect to occur within the next 12 months), a 1.2% decrease in expense as a percentage of revenue attributable to changes in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar and a 17.9% increase in gross profit as a percentage of revenue attributable to changes in customer and product mix.

As a percentage of that segment's revenue, Services & Support gross profit increased from 58.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to 59.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase was primarily attributable to to a 1.0% decrease in restructuring expense and labor cost efficiencies as a percentage of revenue in connection with our Business Efficiency Program which was completed as of December 31, 2024 (other than our aim of selling our headquarters in Huntsville, which we expect to occur within the next 12 months) and a 0.7% decrease in expense as a percentage of revenue attributable to changes in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar, and a 3.3% increase in expense as a percentage of revenue attributable to changes in customer and product mix.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

As a percentage of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased from 26.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to 20.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2025. Selling, general and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue will generally fluctuate whenever there is a significant fluctuation in revenue for the periods being compared.

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased 14.7% from $59.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to $50.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. Selling, general and administrative expenses include personnel costs for management, accounting, information technology, human resources, sales and marketing, as well as independent auditor, tax and other professional fees, contract services and legal and litigation related costs. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024, was primarily attributable to the impact of the Company's Business Efficiency Program which was completed as of December 31, 2024 (other than our aim of selling our headquarters in Huntsville, which we expect to occur within the next 12 months) resulting in reduced employee-related costs of $6.7 million. Additionally, the decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses is attributable to a decrease of $2.2 million in the amortization of intangible assets related to the Business Combination with Adtran Networks. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024, changes in foreign currencies relative to the U.S dollar decreased our selling, general and administrative expenses by approximately $0.7 million.

Research and Development Expenses

As a percentage of revenue, research and development expenses decreased from 26.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to 19.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2025. Research and development expenses as a percentage of revenue will generally fluctuate whenever there are incremental product development activities or significant fluctuations in revenue for the periods being compared.

Research and development expenses decreased 18.9% from $60.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to $48.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The decrease in research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was primarily attributable to the impact of the Company's Business Efficiency Program which was completed as of December 31, 2024 (other than our aim of selling our headquarters in Huntsville, which we expect to occur within the next 12 months) resulting in reduced its employee-related costs of $8.5 million, reduced contract services of $0.7 million and reduced lease costs of $0.6 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024, changes in foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar decreased our research and development expenses by approximately $0.4 million.

Adtran Networks has arrangements with governmental entities for the purpose of obtaining funding for research and development activities. The Company classifies government grants received under these arrangements as a reduction to research and development expenses incurred. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company recognized $2.2 million and 1.9 million as a reduction of research and development expense, respectively.

We expect to continue to incur research and development expenses in connection with our new and existing products. We continually evaluate new product opportunities and engage in significant research and product development efforts, which provides for new product development, enhancement of existing products and product cost reductions. We may incur significant research and development expenses prior to the receipt of revenue from a major new product group.

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Goodwill Impairment

No goodwill impairment was recognized during the first quarter ended March 31, 2025. During the first quarter of 2024, qualitative factors such as a decrease in the Company’s market capitalization, cautious service provider spending due to economic uncertainty and continued customer focus on inventory adjustments, triggered a quantitative impairment assessment for our reporting units for goodwill and long-lived assets. The Company determined upon its quantitative impairment assessment to recognize a $297.4 million non-cash goodwill impairment charge for the Network Solutions reporting unit. For additional information, see Note 8 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report.

Interest and Dividend Income

Interest and dividend income decreased from $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The decrease in interest and dividend income is primarily attributable to fluctuations in investment balances and an increase in the rate of return on those investments due to interest rate movements.

Interest Expense

Interest expense increased from $4.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to $4.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase in interest expense during the three months ended March 31, 2025, was primarily driven by higher interest costs incurred related to the sale of accounts receivable related to our receivables purchase agreement. See Note 2 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional information.

Net Investment (Loss) Gain

We recognized a net investment gain of $2.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and a net investment loss of $1.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The fluctuations in our net investments were primarily attributable to changes in the fair value of our securities recognized during the period. We expect that any future market volatility could result in continued fluctuations in our investment portfolio. See Note 5 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part I, Item 1 of this report, and “Investing Activities” in “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for additional information.

Other Income, net

Other income, net, which primarily consisted of gains and losses on foreign currency transactions and income from excess material sales, decreased from income of $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 to income of $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Income Tax Benefit

The Company's effective tax rate changed from a benefit of 5.4% of pre-tax loss for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to a benefit of 4.2% of pre-tax loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025 The change in the effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2025, was driven primarily by loss jurisdictions for which the recognition of tax benefits on pre-tax losses incurred during the first quarter of 2025 were limited due to valuation allowance.

Net Loss Attributable To ADTRAN HOLDINGS, INC.

As a result of the above factors, net loss attributable to ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. decreased from net loss of $330.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, to a net loss of $11.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Liquidity

We have historically financed our ongoing business with existing cash, investments and cash flow from operations; however, we have increasingly relied upon our credit arrangements to manage our working capital needs. We had a positive cash flow from operating activities of $43.2 million in the three months ended March 31, 2025. We have used, and expect to continue to use, existing cash, credit arrangements and cash generated from operations for working capital and other general corporate purposes, including product development activities to enhance our existing products and develop new products, expand our sales and marketing activities and fund capital expenditures.

As of March 31, 2025, our cash on hand was $101.3 million of which $83.0 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries. As of March 31, 2025 and the date of this filing the Company had access to $25.8 million on its Credit Facility for future borrowings based on debt covenant compliance metrics. Generally, we intend to permanently reinvest funds held outside the U.S., except to the extent that any of these funds can be repatriated without withholding tax. As of December 31, 2024, our cash on hand was $76.0 million, of which $52.6 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries.

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Under the DPLTA, subject to certain limitations pursuant to applicable law and the specific terms of the DPLTA, (i) the Company is entitled to issue binding instructions to the management board of Adtran Networks, (ii) Adtran Networks will transfer its annual profit to the Company, subject to, among other things, the creation or dissolution of certain reserves, and (iii) the Company will absorb the annual net loss incurred by Adtran Networks. The Company’s payment obligation in satisfaction of the requirement that it absorb Adtran Networks’ annual net loss applies to the net loss generated by Adtran Networks in 2024, and it will apply to any net loss generated by Adtran Networks in 2025.

Pursuant to the terms of the DPLTA, each Adtran Networks shareholder (other than the Company) has received an offer to elect either (1) to remain an Adtran Networks shareholder and receive from us an Annual Recurring Compensation payment, or (2) to receive Exit Compensation plus guaranteed interest. The guaranteed interest under the Exit Compensation is calculated from the effective date of the DPLTA to the date the shares are tendered, less any Annual Recurring Compensation paid. The guaranteed interest rate is 5.0% plus a variable component (according to the German Civil Code) that was 2.27% as of March 31, 2025. Assuming all the minority holders of currently outstanding Adtran Networks shares were to elect the second option, we would be obligated to make aggregate Exit Compensation payments, including guaranteed interest, of approximately €338.5 million or approximately $366.1 million, based on an exchange rate as of March 31, 2025, and reflecting interest accrued through March 31, 2025, during the pendency of the appraisal proceedings discussed below. Shareholders electing the first option of Annual Recurring Compensation may later elect the second option. The opportunity for outside Adtran Networks shareholders to tender Adtran Networks shares in exchange for Exit Compensation had been scheduled to expire on March 16, 2023. However, due to the appraisal proceedings that were initiated in 2023 in accordance with applicable German law, this time period for tendering shares has been extended pursuant to the German Stock Corporation Act (Aktiengesetz) and will end two months after the date on which a final decision in such appraisal proceedings has been published in the Federal Gazette (Bundesanzeige r). The Company expects to receive a ruling on a procedural matter in the DPLTA appraisal proceedings during the latter half of 2025 or 2026, which ruling, depending on outcome, will likely be appealed and may take 6-12 months to be decided on appeal. The Company does not expect that a trial on the merits of the DPLTA appraisal proceedings will commence until the procedural matter has been resolved. The proceeding for the trial on the merits of the DPLTA will likely take a minimum of 12 months for a ruling and such ruling may likewise be appealed, which would be expected to take an additional 12-24 months to be resolved. Accordingly, the Company does not expect a final decision on the DPLTA appraisal proceedings to be rendered and published prior to 2027, and most likely not until 2028 or beyond.

Additionally, our obligation to pay Annual Recurring Compensation under the DPLTA is a continuing payment obligation, which will amount to approximately €8.9 million or $9.7 million (based on the current exchange rate) per year assuming none of the minority Adtran Networks shareholders were to elect Exit Compensation. The foregoing amounts do not reflect any potential increase in payment obligations that we may have depending on the outcome of ongoing appraisal proceedings in Germany. The Annual Recurring Compensation is due on the third banking day following the ordinary general shareholders’ meeting of Adtran Networks for the respective preceding fiscal year (but in any event within eight months following expiration of the fiscal year). With respect to the 2023 fiscal year, Adtran Networks’ ordinary general shareholders’ meeting occurred on June 28, 2024; therefore, the Annual Recurring Compensation was paid on July 3, 2024. With respect to the 2024 fiscal year, Adtran Networks’ ordinary general shareholder meeting is scheduled for June 27, 2025, and therefore, the Annual Recurring Compensation will be due on July 2, 2025. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we accrued $2.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively, in Annual Recurring Compensation which is reflected as an increase to retained deficit.

On July 18, 2022, ADTRAN, Inc., as the borrower, and ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. entered into a credit agreement with a syndicate of banks, including Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (“Administrative Agent”), and the other lenders named therein (“Credit Agreement”), which has since been amended four times. As of the date of this filing the Company had access to $25.8 million on its Credit Facility for future borrowings based on debt covenant compliance metrics. The financial covenants under the Credit Agreement, as amended, require the Company to maintain a Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio of 5.00x, a Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio of 3.25x (or 4.0x to 3.5x during a Springing Covenant Period), and a Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of 1.25x. See Note 10, Revolving Credit Agreements for additional information regarding the terms of the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement.

As of March 31, 2025, and as of the date of issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, the Company does not have sufficient liquidity to meet the substantial majority of its payment obligations under the DPLTA pertaining to Exit Compensation. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, less than one thousand shares of Adtran Networks stock were tendered to the Company and Exit Compensation payments of approximately €12 thousand and €4 thousand, respectively, or approximately $13 thousand and $5 thousand based on the applicable exchange rates at the time of the transactions, were paid to Adtran Networks shareholders. In addition, between March 31, 2025 and the date of this report, 0.4 million shares of Adtran Networks stock were tendered to the Company and Exit Compensation payments of approximately €7.0 million, or $7.5 million, based on the applicable exchange rate at the time of the transaction, will be paid to Adtran Networks shareholders. We believe the probability that more than a small minority of Adtran Networks shareholders elect to receive Exit Compensation in the next twelve months is remote based on the following factors: (i) the shareholders can exercise their right to receive the Exit Compensation until two months after publication of the final decision in the appraisal proceedings and we do not expect the final decision to be published within the next 12 months; (ii) the diverse base of shareholders that must make this election on an individual shareholder basis; (iii) the fact that the Company expects to receive a procedural decision during 2025 or 2026 that will likely be appealed and, while the date of a decision by

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the court on the merits of the case is uncertain, it will likely take a minimum of 12 months for a ruling and thereafter, an expected appeal process will take a further 12-24 months to resolve; (iv) the current guaranteed Annual Recurring Compensation payment; and (v) the current trading value of Adtran Networks shares.

The Company experienced revenue declines in the year ended December 31, 2024. However, customers have started to replenish their inventories to meet increasing demand and we expect orders and billings to increase during the remainder of 2025. The Company continues to implement plans to preserve cash liquidity to maintain compliance with the Company’s covenants in case of further we are impacted by customer inventory reduction initiatives and uncertain macroeconomic conditions. Additionally, the Company suspended dividend payments and effectuated a Business Efficiency Program, which targeted the reduction of ongoing operating expenses and focused on enhancing capital efficiency. The Business Efficiency Program was completed as of December 31, 2024, other than the Company's aim of selling its headquarters. The Company has determined that it is probable that the sale of its headquarters in Huntsville will occur within the next twelve months after December 31, 2024. The Company expects to use the proceeds of the sale to repay indebtedness. The Company may need to further reduce capital expenditures and/or take other steps to preserve working capital in order to ensure that it can meet its needs and obligations and maintain compliance with its debt covenants.

In summary, the Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents, working capital management initiatives and availability to access cash under the Wells Fargo Credit Facility (described below), will be adequate to meet our business operating requirements, our capital expenditures and our expected obligations under the DPLTA, including anticipated levels of Exit Compensation and ability to continue to comply with our debt covenants under the Credit Facility for at least the next twelve months, from the issuance of these condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q. See Note 10, Revolving Credit Agreements, for additional information regarding the terms of the Wells Fargo Credit agreement and Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item, 1 for additional information regarding the terms of the Wells Fargo Credit Agreement.

Wells Fargo Credit Facility

On July 18, 2022, ADTRAN, Inc., as the borrower ("U.S. Borrower"), and the Company entered into a credit agreement with a syndicate of banks, including Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent (“Administrative Agent”), and the other lenders named therein (the “Original Credit Agreement”), as amended by the First Amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated August 9, 2023, 2021 (“Amendment No. 1”), the Second Amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated January 16, 2024 (“Amendment No. 2”), the Third Amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated March 12, 2024 (“Amendment No. 3”), the Fourth Amendment to the Credit Amendment, dated June 4, 2024 (“Amendment No. 4”), and the Fifth Amendment to the Credit Agreement, dated May 6, 2025 (“Amendment No. 5” and, collectively with Amendment No. 1, Amendment No. 2, and Amendment No. 3, and Amendment No. 4, the “Credit Agreement Amendments”; and the Original Credit Agreement, as amended by the Credit Agreement Amendments, the “Amended Credit Agreement”). As of the date of this filing, the Amended Credit Agreement provided for a secured revolving credit facility of up to $350.0 million of borrowings, $50.0 million of which is solely available to Adtran Networks as borrower pursuant to the Subline (as defined and further described below).

As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s borrowings under the revolving line of credit were $190.1 million, of which approximately $141.0 million were borrowed by the U.S. Borrower and $49.1 million were borrowed under the Subline by Adtran Networks, who became a party to the Amended Credit Agreement in June 2024. As of the date of this filing, the Company’s borrowings under the revolving line of credit were $190.0 million, of which approximately $165.0 million were borrowed by the U.S. Borrower and $25.0 million were borrowed under the Subline by Adtran Networks. The credit facilities provided under the Amended Credit Agreement mature in July 2027, but the U.S. Borrower may request extensions subject to customary conditions. In addition, the U.S. Borrower may utilize up to $50.0 million of the $350.0 million total revolving facility for the issuance of letters of credit. As of March 31, 2025 and the date of this filing the Company was limited to additional borrowings of $25.8 million based on debt covenant compliance metrics. Any future credit extensions under the Amended Credit Agreement are subject to customary conditions precedent. The proceeds of any loans are expected to be used for general corporate purposes and to pay a portion of the Exchange Offer consideration.

Moreover, the Amended Credit Agreement provides for a sublimit under the existing $350.0 million revolving commitments in an aggregate amount of $50.0 million (“Subline”), which Subline is available for borrowings by Adtran Networks. Prepayments of outstanding loans under the Subline that result in the remaining outstanding loans under the Subline being less than the German Commitment Reduction Threshold (as defined below) will result in a permanent partial reduction of the commitments in respect of the Subline. The German Commitment Reduction Threshold was initially $75.0 million, but was reduced to $25.0 million as of the date of this filing and may be lowered from time to time pursuant to the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement. The existing swing line sublimit and letter of credit sublimit under the Amended Credit Agreement remain available to the U.S. Borrower (and not to Adtran Networks). Otherwise, the loans under the Subline are subject to substantially the same terms and conditions under the Amended Credit Agreement (including with respect to the interest rate and maturity date) as the other existing revolving commitments.

All U.S. borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate tied to the Base Rate (as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement) or SOFR, at the Company’s option, and all E.U. borrowings bear interest at a rate tied to the Euro Interbank Offered Rate as administered by the European Money Markets Institute (or a comparable or successor administrator approved by the Administrative Agent), in each case plus applicable margins which vary based on the consolidated net leverage ratio of the Company and its subsidiaries

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as determined pursuant to the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement. Default interest is 2.00% per annum in excess of the rate otherwise applicable. As of March 31, 2025, the weighted average interest rate on our revolving credit agreements was 8.55%.

The Company made certain representations and warranties to the lenders in the Amended Credit Agreement that are customary for credit arrangements of this type. The Company also agreed to maintain a Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio of 5.00x, a Consolidated Senior Secured Net Leverage Ratio of 3.25x (4.0x to 3.5x during a “Springing Covenant Period,” as defined below) and a Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio of 1.25x (as such ratios are defined in the Amended Credit Agreement). A “Springing Covenant Event” occurs when at least sixty percent (60.0%) of the outstanding shares of Adtran Networks that were not owned by the Company and its subsidiaries as of August 9, 2023 have been tendered and purchased by the Company. Upon the occurrence of a Springing Covenant Event, the Company will enter a “Springing Covenant Period”, defined as the fiscal quarter in which a Springing Covenant Event occurs and the three (3) consecutive fiscal quarters thereafter. During a Springing Covenant Period, the Company’s leverage ratios are increased. In addition, the cash and cash equivalents of the credit parties must be at least $50.0 million and the cash and cash equivalents of the Company and its subsidiaries must be at least $70.0 million. In connection with Amendment No. 5, the Company informed the Administrative Agent that the financial statements and the compliance certificates previously delivered by the Company with respect to the fiscal quarters ended June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2024 contained errors and the Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio for each of those quarters, after giving effect to the correction of such errors, was less than 1.25 to 1.00. Upon the execution of Amendment No. 5, the Lenders waived the existing events of default with respect to the fiscal quarters ended June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2024. As of March 31, 2025, the Company was in compliance with all covenants.

The Amended Credit Agreement also contains customary events of default, such as misrepresentation and a default in the performance or observance of any covenant (subject to customary cure periods and materiality thresholds). Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, the Administrative Agent is entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of all amounts due under the Amended Credit Agreement.

All obligations under the Amended Credit Agreement (including under the Subline) are guaranteed by the U.S. Borrower and certain subsidiaries of the U.S. Borrower (“Full Facility Guarantors”). To secure such guarantees, the U.S. Borrower and the Full Facility Guarantors have granted security interests in favor of the Administrative Agent over substantially all of their tangible and intangible assets, and the U.S. Borrower has granted mortgages in favor of the Administrative Agent over certain owned real estate assets. Certain of Adtran Networks' subsidiaries (the “Subline Guarantors”) have also provided a guarantee solely of the obligations in respect of the Subline. Furthermore, to secure such guarantees, Adtran Networks and the Subline Guarantors have granted security interests in favor of the Administrative Agent over substantially all of their tangible and intangible assets. Upon repayment in full and termination of the Subline, the guarantees by the Subline Guarantors and the liens granted by Adtran Networks and the Subline Guarantors to secure obligations under the Subline will be released.

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities of $43.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, improved by $5.3 million compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $37.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to the declining net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, excluding the goodwill impairment charge of $297.4 million, as adjusted primarily for decreased deferred taxes partially offset by decreased net cash inflows from working capital. Additional details related to our working capital and its drivers are discussed below.

Net accounts receivable decreased 6.5% from $178.0 million as of December 31, 2024, to $166.5 million as of March 31, 2025. There was an allowance for credit losses of $1.2 million as of March 31, 2025, and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2024. The decrease in net accounts receivable was due primarily to a reduction in DSO. Quarterly accounts receivable DSO decreased from 67 days as of December 31, 2024, to 60 days as of March 31, 2025 and was primarily driven by customer and geographical mix of commercial terms.

Other receivables decreased 1.7% from $9.8 million as of December 31, 2024, to $9.6 million as of March 31, 2025. The decrease in other receivables was primarily attributable to a decrease in our receivables for sales of raw materials and contract assets partially offset by an increase in subscription service receivables and duty drawbacks.

Quarterly inventory turnover increased from 2.2 turns as of December 31, 2024, and 2.4 turns as of March 31, 2025. The increase in inventory turnover was primarily attributable to increased volume of sales activity due to a return of normalized customer spending and utilization of buffer stock. Inventory decreased 3.0% from $261.6 million as of December 31, 2024, to $253.6 million as of March 31, 2025. The decrease in inventory was primarily due to a reduction in component purchases due to improved lead time and utilization of buffer stock. We expect inventory levels to fluctuate as we attempt to maintain sufficient inventory for customer demand and improve working capital.

Accounts payable as of December 31, 2024 and March 31, 2025 remained flat at $171.8 million and $171.9 million, respectively. Accounts payable will fluctuate due to variations in the timing of the receipt of inventory, supplies and services and our subsequent payments for these purchases.

Investing Activities

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Capital expenditures, including intangibles totaled approximately $18.7 million and $14.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 respectively. These expenditures were primarily used to purchase computer hardware, internal use software, manufacturing and test equipment, and building improvements. The increase in capital expenditures for the three months ended March 31, 2025, is primarily attributable to increases in expenditures related to software and building renovation projects.

Our long-term investments decreased 6.5% from $32.1 million as of December 31, 2024, to $30.0 million as of March 31, 2025. Our investments include various marketable equity securities classified as long-term investments with a fair market value of $1.0 million and $1.1 million as of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024. Long-term investments as of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, also included $29.0 million and $31.0 million, respectively, related to our deferred compensation plans. See Note 5 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional information.

Stock Repurchase Program

There were no stock repurchases during the periods ended March 31, 2025, and 2024, and there currently is no authorized stock repurchase program.

Stock Option Exercises

To accommodate employee stock option exercises, the Company issued 113 thousand and 36 thousand shares of common stock which resulted in proceeds of $0.8 million and $0.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Pension Plans

We maintain defined benefit pension plans covering employees in certain foreign countries. The net amounts recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for the unfunded pension liability as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were as follows:

|  |  |  | As of |  |  | As of |
(In thousands) |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | March 31, 2025 |  |  | December 31, 2024 |
Non-current pension asset |  | Other non-current assets |  | $ | 540 |  |  | $ | 517 |
Current pension liability |  | Accrued wages and benefits |  |  | (317 | ) |  |  | (303 | )
Non-current pension liability |  | Non-current pension liability |  |  | (8,886 | ) |  |  | (8,983 | )
Total |  |  |  | $ | (8,663 | ) |  | $ | (8,769 | )

For additional information, see Note 11 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report.

Deferred Compensation Programs

We maintain two deferred compensation programs for certain executive management employees and our Board of Directors. The fair value of the assets held by the deferred compensation programs totaled $29.0 million and $31.0 million as of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is included in long-term investments on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amounts payable to the deferred compensation program participants totaled $31.3 million and $33.2 million as of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. For additional information, see Note 5 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have exposure to credit losses from off-balance sheet exposures, to provide various guarantees of performance such as bid bonds, performance bonds and customs bonds, where we believe the risk of loss is immaterial to our financial statements as of March 31, 2025. Otherwise, we do not have off-balance sheet financing arrangements and have not engaged in any related party transactions or arrangements with unconsolidated entities or other persons that are reasonably likely to materially affect liquidity or the availability of or requirements for capital resources. See Note 16 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional information.

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Cash Requirements

The following table summarizes the Company’s material short- and long-term cash requirements from known obligations pursuant to certain contracts and commitments as of March 31, 2025, as well as an estimate of the timing in which such obligations and payments are expected to be satisfied (but excluding payments that may be made pursuant to the DPLTA, which is discussed below). Other than operating lease obligations, the cash requirements table excludes interest payments.

(In thousands) |  | Total |  |  | 2025 |  |  | 2026 |  |  | 2027 |  |  | 2028 |  |  | 2029 |  |  | Thereafter |
Wells Fargo credit agreement(1) |  | $ | 190,085 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 190,085 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Purchase obligations(2) |  |  | 203,898 |  |  |  | 190,777 |  |  |  | 12,121 |  |  |  | 875 |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Operating lease obligations(3) |  |  | 42,325 |  |  |  | 7,157 |  |  |  | 8,004 |  |  |  | 7,070 |  |  |  | 5,769 |  |  |  | 3,300 |  |  |  | 11,025 |
Totals |  | $ | 436,308 |  |  | $ | 197,934 |  |  | $ | 20,125 |  |  | $ | 198,030 |  |  | $ | 5,894 |  |  | $ | 3,300 |  |  | $ | 11,025 |

(1) See description below.

(2) We have purchase obligations related to open purchase orders to our contract manufacturers, ODMs, component suppliers, service

partners and other vendors. The settlement of our purchase obligations will occur at various dates beginning in 2025 and going

through 2028. See Note 16 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part I, Item 1 of this report

for more information.

(3) We have operating leases for office space, automobiles and various other equipment in the U.S. and in certain international

locations. Our operating leases had remaining lease terms ranging from 1 month to 164 months as of March 31, 2025.

Wells Fargo Credit Agreement

On July 18, 2022, ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. and ADTRAN, Inc., as the borrower, entered into the Credit Agreement with the Administrative Agent and the other lenders named therein. The Credit Agreement was subsequently amended five times. As of March 31, 2025, the Company's borrowings under the revolving line of credit were $190.1 million, of which approximately $141.0 million were borrowed by ADTRAN, Inc. and $49.1 million were borrowed under the Subline by Adtran Networks. As of the date of this filing, the Company’s borrowings under the revolving line of credit were $190.0 million, of which approximately $165.0 million were borrowed by the U.S. Borrower and $25.0 million were borrowed under the Subline by Adtran Networks. The Credit Facility matures in July 2027; however, the Company may request extensions subject to customary conditions. See Note 10 and 18 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part I, Item 1 of this report and “Liquidity and Capital Resources - Wells Fargo Credit Facility” in Part I, Item 2 of this report for additional information.

Receivables Purchase Arrangements

On July 1, 2024, the Company entered into a Factoring Agreement with the Factor, which accelerates receivable collection and helps to better manage cash flow. The Factoring Agreement provides for up to $40.0 million in factoring capacity, subject to eligible receivables and reserve requirements, secured by the receivables. Total accounts receivables factored as of the end of March 31, 2025, totaled $11.2 million of which $3.7 million was retained pursuant to the Factoring Agreement in the reserve account. See Note 2 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part I, Item 1 of this report for additional information.

On December 19, 2023, the Company entered into the Prior Factoring Agreement with a third-party financial institution which qualified for treatment as a secured borrowing with a pledge of collateral under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 810, Consolidation. The Prior Factoring Agreement was terminated on July 1, 2024.

Adtran Networks Domination and Profit and Loss Transfer Agreement

The DPLTA between the Company, as the controlling company, and Adtran Networks SE ("Adtran Networks"), as the controlled company, which was executed on December 1, 2022, became effective on January 16, 2023, as a result of its registration with the commercial register (Handelsregister) of the local court (Amtsgericht) at the registered seat of Adtran Networks (Jena).

Under the DPLTA, subject to certain limitations pursuant to applicable law and the specific terms of the DPLTA, (i) the Company is entitled to issue binding instructions to the management board of Adtran Networks, (ii) Adtran Networks will transfer its annual profit to the Company, subject to, among other things, the creation or dissolution of certain reserves, and (iii) the Company will absorb the annual net loss incurred by Adtran Networks. The Company’s payment obligation in satisfaction of the requirement that it absorb Adtran Networks’ annual net loss will apply to any net loss generated by Adtran Networks in 2025.

Pursuant to the terms of the DPLTA, each Adtran Networks shareholder (other than the Company) has received an offer to elect either (1) to remain an Adtran Networks shareholder and receive from us an Annual Recurring Compensation payment, or (2) to receive Exit Compensation plus guaranteed interest. The guaranteed interest under the Exit Compensation is calculated from the effective date of the DPLTA to the date the shares are tendered, less any Annual Recurring Compensation paid. The guaranteed interest rate is 5.0% plus a variable component (according to the German Civil Code) that was 2.27% as of March 31, 2025. Assuming all the minority holders of currently outstanding Adtran Networks shares were to elect the second option, we would be obligated to make aggregate Exit Compensation payments, including guaranteed interest, of approximately €338.5 million or approximately $366.1 million, based on an

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exchange rate as of March 31, 2025, and reflecting interest accrued through March 31, 2025, during the pendency of the appraisal proceedings discussed below. Shareholders electing the first option of Annual Recurring Compensation may later elect the second option. The opportunity for outside Adtran Networks shareholders to tender Adtran Networks shares in exchange for Exit Compensation had been scheduled to expire on March 16, 2023. However, due to the appraisal proceedings that were initiated in 2023 in accordance with applicable German law, this time period for tendering shares has been extended pursuant to the German Stock Corporation Act (Aktiengesetz) and will end two months after the date on which a final decision in such appraisal proceedings has been published in the Federal Gazette (Bundesanzeiger). The Company expects to receive a ruling on a procedural matter in the DPLTA appraisal proceedings during the latter half of 2025 or 2026, which ruling, depending on outcome, will likely be appealed and may take 6-12 months to be decided on appeal. The Company does not expect that a trial on the merits of the DPLTA appraisal proceedings will commence until the procedural matter has been resolved. The proceeding for the trial on the merits of the DPLTA will likely take a minimum of 12 months for a ruling and such ruling may likewise be appealed, which would be expected to take an additional 12-24 months to be resolved. Accordingly, the Company does not expect a final decision on the DPLTA appraisal proceedings to be rendered and published prior to 2027, and most likely not until 2028 or beyond.

Additionally, our obligation to pay Annual Recurring Compensation under the DPLTA is a continuing payment obligation, which will amount to approximately €8.9 million or $9.7 million (based on the current exchange rate) per year assuming none of the minority Adtran Networks shareholders were to elect Exit Compensation. The foregoing amounts do not reflect any potential increase in payment obligations that we may have depending on the outcome of ongoing appraisal proceedings in Germany. The Annual Recurring Compensation is due on the third banking day following the ordinary general shareholders’ meeting of Adtran Networks for the respective preceding fiscal year (but in any event within eight months following expiration of the fiscal year). With respect to the 2023 fiscal year, Adtran Networks’ ordinary general shareholders’ meeting occurred on June 28, 2024 and, therefore, the Annual Recurring Compensation was paid on July 3, 2024. With respect to the 2024 fiscal year, Adtran Networks’ ordinary general shareholder meeting is scheduled for June 27, 2025, and therefore, the Annual Recurring Compensation will be due on July 2, 2025. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, we accrued $2.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively, in Annual Recurring Compensation. The Annual Recurring Compensation is reflected as an increase to retained deficit in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

On October 18, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the Company to purchase additional shares of Adtran Networks through open market purchases not to exceed 15,346,544 shares. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, less than one thousand shares, respectively, of Adtran Networks stock was tendered to the Company and Exit Compensation payments of approximately €12 thousand and €4 thousand, respectively, or approximately $13 thousand and $5 thousand based on an exchange rates at the time of the transactions, were paid to Adtran Networks shareholders.

We currently hold 34,856,611 no-par value bearer shares of Adtran Networks, representing 67.0% of Adtran Networks outstanding shares as of March 31, 2025.

The foregoing description of the DPLTA does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the DPLTA, a non-binding English translation of which incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 included in our Form 10-K.

Business Efficiency Program

On November 6, 2023, due to the uncertainty around the then current macroeconomic environment and its impact on customer spending levels, the Company’s management decided to implement a Business Efficiency Program targeting the reduction of ongoing operating expenses and focusing on capital efficiency. This included certain salary reductions, an early retirement program, a site consolidation plan to include lease impairments and the sale of owned real estate (including the sale of our headquarters in Huntsville), inventory write downs from product discontinuances, and the suspension of the quarterly dividend. Other than the Company's aim of selling its headquarters, the Business Efficiency Program was completed as of December 31, 2024.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recognized $17.1 million of costs related to the Business Efficiency Program. We did not incur any Business Efficiency Program costs during the three months ended March 31, 2025. Future cash payments include previously accrued severance and outplacement fees, as well as site consolidation costs that are anticipated to be approximately $3.1 million.

Other Cash Requirements

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, other than the Exit Compensation payments, Annual Recurring Compensation under the DPLTA, and receivables purchase arrangements there have been no other material changes in cash requirements from those discussed in the 2024 Form 10-K/A and our cash requirements table shown in Liquidity and Capital Resources above.

Performance Bonds

Certain contracts, customers and jurisdictions in which we do business require us to provide various guarantees of performance such as bid bonds, performance bonds and customs bonds. As of March 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024, we had commitments related to these bonds totaling $15.2 million and $15.7 million, respectively, which expire at various dates through April 2029. In general, we would only be liable for the amount of these guarantees in the event of default under each contract, the probability of which we believe is remote.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Accounting Policies

An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, if different estimates reasonably could have been used or if changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur could materially impact the results of financial operations. Several accounting policies, as described in Note 1 of Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report, require material subjective or complex judgment and have a significant impact on our financial condition and results of operations, as applicable. We believe the critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, there were no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as described in the financial statements contained in the 2024 Form 10-K/A.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATI VE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to financial market risks, including changes in foreign currency rates, prices of marketable equity and fixed-income securities. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time achieving appropriate yields without significantly increasing risk. To achieve this objective, a majority of our marketable securities are investment grade money market instruments denominated in U.S. dollars.

We maintain depository investments with certain financial institutions. As of March 31, 2025, $97.4 million of our cash and cash equivalents, primarily foreign depository accounts, were in excess of government provided insured depository limits. Although these depository investments exceed government insured depository limits, we have evaluated the credit worthiness of these financial institutions and determined the risk of material financial loss due to exposure of such credit risk to be minimal.

Interest Rate Risk

As of March 31, 2025, we held $6.0 million of cash and variable-rate investments where a change in interest rates would impact our interest income. A hypothetical 50 basis point decline in interest rates as of March 31, 2025, assuming all other variables remain constant, would reduce annualized interest income on our cash and investments by less than $0.1 million. As of March 31, 2025, the carrying amounts of our revolving credit agreements totaled $190.1 million where a change in interest rates would impact our interest expense. A hypothetical 50 basis point increase in interest rates as of March 31, 2025, assuming all other variables remain constant, would increase our interest expense by $1.0 million. The analyses cover our debt and investments. The analyses use actual or approximate maturities for the debt and investments. The discount rates used were based on the market interest rates in effect at March 31, 2025.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

We are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates to the extent that such changes affect our revenue and gross margin on revenue derived from some international customers, operating expenses, and assets and liabilities held in non-functional currencies related to our foreign subsidiaries. Our primary exposures to foreign currency exchange rate movements are with the euro and the British pound. Our revenue is primarily denominated in the respective functional currency of the subsidiary and paid in that subsidiary's functional currency or certain other local currency. The majority of our global supply chain predominately makes payments in U.S. dollars and some of our operating expenses are paid in certain local currencies (approximately 46.9% of total operating expense for the quarter ended March 31, 2025). Therefore, our revenue, gross margins, operating expenses and operating loss are all subject to foreign currency fluctuations. As a result, changes in currency exchange rates could cause variations in our operating loss. A hypothetical 10% movement in foreign exchange rates would result in a before-tax positive or negative impact of approximately $3.3 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2025. Actual future gains and losses associated with our foreign currency exposures and positions may differ materially from the sensitivity analyses performed as of March 31, 2025, due to the inherent limitations associated with predicting the foreign currency exchange rates, and our actual exposures and positions.

We have certain customers and suppliers who are invoiced or pay in a non-functional currency. Changes in the monetary exchange rates used to invoice such customers versus the functional currency of the entity billing such customers may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. To manage the volatility relating to these typical business exposures, we may enter into various derivative transactions, when appropriate. We do not hold or issue derivative instruments for trading or other speculative purposes. All non-functional currencies billed would result in a combined hypothetical gain or loss of $7.1 million if the U.S. dollar weakened or strengthened 10% against the billing currencies. All non-functional currencies invoiced by suppliers would result in a combined hypothetical gain or loss of $9.6 million if the U.S. dollar weakened or strengthened 10% against the billing currencies. This change represents an increase in the amount of hypothetical gain or loss compared to prior periods and is mainly due to an increase in U.S. dollar denominated billings in a non-U.S. dollar denominated subsidiary.

As of March 31, 2025, we had certain material contracts subject to currency revaluation, including accounts receivable, accounts payable and lease liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. As of March 31, 2025, we had 29 forward contracts outstanding with a fair value of $0.6 million. The objective of these foreign currency forward contracts is to reduce the impact of currency exchange rate movements on our operating results by offsetting gains and losses on the forward contracts with increases or decreases in foreign currency transactions. We do not use foreign currency contracts for speculative or trading purposes. Hedging of our currency exposures may not always be effective to protect us against currency exchange rate fluctuations.

For further information about the fair value of our investments as of March 31, 2025, see Note 5 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms promulgated by the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was carried out by management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) under the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that due to the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of March 31, 2025.

Material Weaknesses in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2025, management determined that there were deficiencies in Adtran’s internal control over financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses that existed as of March 31, 2025. Such material weaknesses were as follows:

•
Adtran did not design and maintain effective controls in response to the risks of material misstatement. Specifically, changes to existing controls or the implementation of new controls have not been sufficient to respond to changes to the risks of material misstatement to financial reporting.
•
Adtran did not design and maintain effective controls relating to communicating accurate information internally and with those charged with governance. This includes providing information pursuant to objectives, responsibilities and functions of internal control.

These material weaknesses contributed to the following additional material weaknesses:

•
Adtran did not design and maintain effective controls over financial statement preparation, presentation and disclosure commensurate with its financial reporting requirements. Specifically, Adtran did not design and maintain effective controls over the presentation and disclosure of transactions, including non-controlling interest.
•
Adtran did not design and maintain effective controls to address the initial application of complex accounting standards and accounting of non-routine, unusual or complex events and transactions. Specifically, Adtran did not design and maintain effective controls to timely analyze and account for (i) non-controlling interest and (ii) the receivable purchase and servicing agreement.
•
Adtran did not design and maintain effective controls over an inventory suspense account. Specifically, certain inventory activity was not reviewed at a sufficient level of precision to identify the nature and aging of the individual inventory suspense account activity.

The material weaknesses resulted in the restatements and revisions of immaterial adjustments to our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2022, December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2024, as well as the condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarterly and year-to-date periods ended September 30, 2022, March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023, September 30, 2023, March 31, 2024, June 30, 2024 and September 30, 2024. The material weaknesses also resulted in material adjustments that were corrected prior to the issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025. Additionally, these material weaknesses could result in misstatements of Adtran’s accounts or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

Management’s Remediation Efforts

To remediate the material weaknesses in Adtran’s internal control over financial reporting related to the risks of material misstatement, including financial statement preparation, presentation and disclosure of transactions and the non-controlling interest, Adtran has implemented a remediation plan that involved introducing new or enhanced controls over the review of Adtran's consolidated financial statements, global identification and reassessment of all key process and controls, increased training and awareness of control activities, and increased scrutiny on control performance and documentation standards. Adtran believes that the foregoing actions will support the improvement of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, and, through its efforts to identify, design, and implement the necessary control activities, will be effective in remediating such material weaknesses.

To remediate the material weaknesses in Adtran’s internal control over financial reporting relating to accounting of non-routine, unusual or complex events and transactions for non-controlling interest and the receivable purchase and servicing agreement, Adtran has

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implemented a remediation plan that involved introducing new controls over the identification and review of contracts, transactions or arrangements that may result in a financial obligation including the use of an accounting third-party consultant as needed to ensure proper presentation of these items within its financial statements. These controls have been in place since the third quarter of 2024.

To remediate the material weakness relating to the communication of accurate information internally and with those charged with governance, Adtran plans to implement a remediation plan that includes the establishment of a cross-functional internal control and communication policy, the consolidation and refinement of reporting processes, the implementation of a centralized communication platform, enhanced internal control policies, training sessions for personnel on internal control expectations, and the strengthening of the internal audit function’s role in testing the effectiveness of communication-related controls on a periodic basis.

To remediate the material weakness relating to maintaining effective controls over an inventory suspense account, Adtran plans to implement a remediation plan that includes the re-design of Adtran’s reconciliation workflow for inventory and cost of goods sold accounts, enhanced ERP system configurations, customized reconciliation tools that provide exception-based reporting, training sessions for personnel on inventory and cost of good sold recognition principles, enhanced review and oversight through a formal review process within an automated reconciliation tool and enhanced review procedures.

We have implemented certain of the above-referenced controls and are in the process of testing their effectiveness, and we both plan to initiate and have begun to initiate certain other controls. We will continue to devote significant time and attention to these remediation efforts. As Adtran continues to evaluate and work to improve its internal control over financial reporting, management may decide to take additional measures to address the material weaknesses or determine to modify the remediation plans described above. Until the remediation steps set forth above, including the implementation of all necessary control activities that we identify, are fully completed, and there has been time for us to conclude through testing that the control activities are operating effectively, the material weaknesses described above will not be considered remediated.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in Adtran’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the most recent fiscal quarter covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, its internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The information presented under the caption “DPLTA Appraisal Proceedings” in Note 16 “Commitments and Contingencies” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this report is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 1A. RI SK FACTORS

A list of factors that could materially affect our business, financial condition or operating results is described in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in the 2024 Form 10-K/A. There have been no material changes to our risk factors from those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in the 2024 Form 10-K/A other than as described in the risk factors below.

Risks related to the regulatory environments in which we do business

We are subject to complex and evolving U.S. and foreign laws, regulations and standards governing the conduct of our business. Violations of these laws and regulations may harm our business, subject us to penalties and to other adverse consequences.

We are subject to laws and regulations that govern conduct by our Company, our employees and agents and the manufacture, sale and use of our products. Our inability to comply with current and evolving laws and regulations governing our business domestically and internationally may adversely affect our revenue, results of operations, financial conditions and cash flows. New and changing laws, regulations and industry practices could require us to modify our business, products or services offered, potentially in a material manner, and may limit our ability to develop new products, services and features. If we violate these laws and regulations, governmental authorities in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions could seek to impose civil and/or criminal fines and penalties which could have an adverse effect on our reputation, as well as our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

These laws and regulations include, but are not limited to:

•
various regulations and regional standards established by communications authorities and import/export control authorities that govern the manufacture, sale and use of our products. Changes in domestic or international communications regulations, tariffs, changes in trade policies by the U.S. and other nations, application requirements, import/export controls or expansion of regulation to new areas, including access, communications or commerce over the internet, may affect customer demand for our products or slow the adoption of new technologies which may affect our revenue. Further, the cost of complying with the evolving standards and regulations, including the cost of product re-design if necessary, or the failure to obtain timely domestic or foreign regulatory approvals or certification such that we may not be able to sell our products where these standards or regulations apply, may adversely affect our revenue, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.
•
compliance with a wide variety of provincial, state, national and international laws and regulations applicable to the collection, use, retention, protection, disclosure, transfer and other processing of data, including personal data. Foreign data protection, privacy and other laws and regulations, including GDPR, are often more restrictive than those in the U.S. These data protection and privacy-related laws and regulations are varied, evolving, can be subject to significant change, may be augmented or replaced by new or additional laws and regulations and may result in ever-increasing regulatory and public scrutiny and escalating levels of enforcement and sanctions. For example, within the past three years, numerous states have adopted or are in the process of adopting various privacy-related laws and regulations. In addition, on July 16, 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union issued a decision that invalidated the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield framework as a basis for transfers of personal data from the EU to the U.S., resulting in uncertainty and potential additional compliance obligations to ensure that a valid basis under the GDPR exists for these data transfers. Since that time, the E.U. and U.S. have developed the successor E.U.-U.S. Data Privacy Framework to address the 2020 decision, and on July 10, 2023, the European Commission issued an adequacy decision for the EU-US Data Privacy Framework, which entered in force on July 11, 2023; however, there are indications there may be legal challenges to the decision. Additionally, the European Commission published revised standard contractual clauses for data transfers from the European Economic Area in 2021, which were required to go into effect by December 2022. Finally, the U.K. has enacted a version of the GDPR the implementation of which occurred by way of the Data Protection Act 2018, collectively referred to as the "U.K. GDPR." Uncertainty remains, however, regarding how aspects of data protection in the U.K. will be handled in the medium to long term. There is also a risk that we, directly or as the result of a third-party Service Provider we use, could be found to have failed to comply with the laws and regulations applicable in a jurisdiction regarding the collection, consent, handling, transfer or disposal of personal data. In addition to the U.S. and Europe, we do business in numerous other countries around the globe. Those countries and jurisdictions may have, currently or in the future, data protection or privacy laws or regulations with similar or additional requirements, resulting in increased compliance costs and regulatory risk.
•
the FCPA, which prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making corrupt payments to foreign officials for the purpose of directing, obtaining or keeping business, and requires companies to maintain reasonable books and records and a system of internal accounting controls. The FCPA applies to companies, individual directors, officers, employees and agents. Under the FCPA, U.S. companies may be held liable for the corrupt actions taken by employees, strategic or local

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partners or other representatives. On February 10, 2025, the U.S. government temporarily paused the enforcement of the FCPA. Whether FCPA enforcement will resume in the future and the extent to which it will be enforced remains uncertain.
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environmental, health and safety regulations governing the manufacture, assembly and testing of our products, including without limitation regulations governing the use of hazardous materials. Our failure or the failure of our contract manufacturers to properly manage the use, transportation, emission, discharge, storage, recycling or disposal of hazardous materials could subject us to increased costs or liabilities. Existing and future environmental regulations may restrict our use of certain materials to manufacture, assemble and test products.
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requirements by the SEC governing the disclosure regarding the use of conflict minerals mined from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjoining countries (the “DRC”) and disclosure with respect to procedures regarding a manufacturer’s efforts to prevent the sourcing of such minerals from the DRC. Certain of these minerals are present in our products. SEC rules implementing these requirements may have the effect of reducing the pool of suppliers that can supply “conflict free” components and parts, and we may not be able to obtain conflict free products or supplies in sufficient quantities for our operations. Because our supply chain is complex, we may face reputational challenges with our customers, stockholders and other stakeholders if we are unable to verify sufficiently the origins for the conflict minerals used in our products and cannot assert that our products are “conflict free.” Environmental or similar social initiatives may also make it difficult to obtain supply of compliant components or may require us to write off non-compliant inventory, which could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results.
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the insider trading prohibitions and the respective directors' dealing rules, as well as disclosure and reporting obligations under the German Securities Trading Act (Wertpapierhandelsgesetz) and Regulation (EU) No. 596/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 16, 2014, and other applicable regulations.

Moreover, changes in the U.S. political landscape can significantly impact our business. The recent changes in the U.S. government administration has resulted in substantial modifications to laws and regulations, including, but not limited to, those related to trade policies, tariffs, export controls and technology transfers. New executive orders and legislative actions have altered and may in the future further alter the business environment in which we operate.

Changes in trade policy in the U.S. and other countries, including the imposition of additional tariffs and the resulting consequences, may adversely impact our gross profits, gross margins, results of operations and financial condition.

In recent years, international market conditions and the international regulatory environment have been increasingly affected by competition among countries and geopolitical frictions. During the first quarter of 2025 and into April 2025, the U.S. introduced trade policy actions that have increased import tariffs across a wide range of countries at various rates, with certain exemptions. These tariffs, along with other U.S. trade actions, have triggered retaliatory actions by certain affected countries, and other foreign governments may impose further trade measures, including reciprocal tariffs, on certain U.S. goods in the future. Because not all products can be sourced in all countries, we expect to experience increased costs in our supply chain as a result of such tariffs, which may lead to reduced margins or increased prices. At this time, it remains unclear what additional actions, if any, will be taken by the U.S. or other governments with respect to international trade agreements, the imposition of tariffs on goods imported into the U.S. or exported to other countries, tax policy related to international commerce, increased export control, sanctions and investment restrictions, import or use of foreign communications equipment, or other trade matters. Related costs and the uncertainty during transition periods could lead to changes in buying behavior, such as decreased demand. These impacts could have a negative effect on our financial results, including our revenue and profitability.

In addition, the extent and duration of increased tariffs and the resulting impact on general economic conditions and on our business are uncertain and depend on various factors, such as negotiations between the U.S. and affected countries, the responses of other countries or regions, exemptions or exclusions that may be granted, availability and cost of alternative sources of supply, and reduced demand for our and our customers’ products and services. Such conditions could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and cash flows. Also, disruptions and volatility in the financial markets may lead to adverse changes in the availability, terms and cost of capital. Such adverse changes could increase our costs of capital and limit our access to external financing sources to fund acquisitions, capital projects, or refinancing of debt maturities on similar terms, which could in turn reduce our cash flows and limit our ability to pursue growth opportunities. Changes in tariffs and trade restrictions can be announced with little or no advance notice. The adoption and expansion of tariffs or other trade restrictions, increasing trade tensions, or other changes in governmental policies related to taxes, tariffs, trade agreements or policies, are difficult to predict, which makes attendant risks difficult to anticipate and mitigate. If we are unable to navigate further changes in U.S. or international trade policy, it could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

The complexity of announced or future tariffs may also increase the risk that we or our customers or suppliers may be subject to enforcement actions in the U.S. or foreign jurisdictions related to compliance with trade regulations. Additionally, the imposition of tariffs is dependent upon the classification of items under the Harmonized Tariff System (“HTS”) and the country of origin of the item. Determination of the HTS and the origin of the item is a technical matter that can be subjective in nature. Accordingly, although we believe our classifications of both HTS and origin are appropriate, there is no certainty that the U.S. government will agree with us. If

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the U.S. government does not agree with our determinations, we could be required to pay additional amounts, including potential penalties, and our profitability would be adversely impacted.

Finally, tariffs on our customers’ products may adversely affect our gross profit margins in the future due to the potential for increased pressure on our selling prices by customers seeking to offset the impact of tariffs on their own products. In addition, tariffs could make our products less attractive relative to products offered by competitors, which may not be subject to similar tariffs. Increases in tariffs on imported goods or the failure to resolve current international trade disputes could further decrease demand and have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Further downgrades of the U.S. credit rating, impending automatic spending cuts or a government shutdown could negatively impact our liquidity, financial condition and earnings.

U.S. debt ceiling and budget deficit concerns have increased the possibility of additional credit-rating downgrades and economic slowdowns, or a recession in the United States. Although U.S. lawmakers passed legislation to raise the federal debt ceiling on multiple occasions, ratings agencies have lowered or threatened to lower the long-term sovereign credit rating on the United States. Most recently, on May 16, 2025, Moody’s downgraded the U.S. long-term issuer and senior unsecured ratings to Aa1 from Aaa and changed its outlook to stable from negative in response to the increase in government debt and interest payment ratios to levels that are significantly higher than similarly rated sovereigns.

Moreover, on January 21, 2025, the U.S. Treasury began taking extraordinary measures to prevent a default on U.S. government debt, which measures are expected to continue until such time as the U.S. Congress increases the debt ceiling. However, the Congressional Budget Office estimated in March 2025 that if the debt limit remains unchanged, the government’s ability to borrow using extraordinary measures will likely be exhausted in August or September 2025.

The impact of this or any further downgrades to the U.S. government’s sovereign credit rating or its perceived creditworthiness could adversely affect the U.S. and global financial markets and economic conditions. Absent further quantitative easing by the Federal Reserve, these developments could cause interest rates and borrowing costs to rise, which may negatively impact our ability to access the debt markets on favorable terms. Moreover, future government shutdowns, as well as adverse political and economic conditions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we did not repurchase any shares of our common stock. As of March 31, 2025, there is no current authorization to repurchase common stock.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

(a) Not applicable

(b) Not applicable

(c) Insider Trading Arrangements

During the fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2025, none of the Company’s directors or executive officers adopted or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement.”

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS

Exhibits.

Exhibit No. | Description
3.1 | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed July 8, 2022)
3.2 | Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company's Form 8-K filed October 24, 2023)
10.1 | Fifth Amendment to Credit Agreement and Waiver, by and between ADTRAN, Inc., Adtran Networks, SE and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, dated May 6, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed May 12, 2025)
10.2 | Offer Letter, dated February 28, 2025, by and between ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. and Timothy Santo (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Form 8-K filed March 7, 2025)
31* | Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) Certifications
32* | Section 1350 Certifications
101 | The following financial statements from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2025, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024; (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024; (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024; (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024; (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024; and (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith.

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SIGNA TURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | ADTRAN Holdings, Inc. (Registrant)
Date: May 20, 2025 |  | /s/ Timothy Santo
|  | Timothy Santo
|  | Senior Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)

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