14.

POST-EMPLOYMENT AND OTHER LONG-TERM EMPLOYEES BENEFITS

The Company and its subsidiaries have a number of defined benefit pension plans, mainly unfunded, and other long-term employees’ benefits covering employees in various countries. The defined benefit plans provide pension benefits based on years of service and employee compensation levels. The other long-term employees’ plans provide benefits due during the employees’ period of service after certain seniority levels. The Company uses a December 31 measurement date for its plans. Eligibility is generally determined in accordance with local statutory requirements. For Italian termination indemnity plan (“TFR”), generated before July 1, 2007, the Company continues to measure the vested benefits to which Italian employees are entitled as if they left the company immediately as of December 31, 2015, in compliance with U.S. GAAP guidance on determining vested benefit obligations for defined benefit pension plans.

The changes in benefit obligation and plan assets were as follows:


	Pension Benefits						Other Long-Term Benefits
	December 31, 2015			December 31, 2014			December 31, 2015			December 31, 2014
Change in benefit obligation:

Benefit obligation at beginning of year		863			807			65			65
Service cost		28			27			5			7
Interest cost		25			28			2			2
Employee contributions		5			6			—			—
Benefits paid		(27	)		(20	)		(11	)		(4	)
Effect of curtailment		(3	)		—			(1	)		—
Effect of settlement		(10	)		(14	)		—			—
Actuarial (gain) loss		(21	)		93			—			2
Transfer in		1			2			—			1
Transfer out		(1	)		(2	)		—			(1	)
Plan amendment		(2	)		—			—			1
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(42	)		(64	)		(6	)		(8	)

Benefit obligation at end of year		816			863			54			65


Change in plan assets:

Plan assets at fair value at beginning of year		480			448			—			—
Actual return on plan assets		(3	)		41			—			—
Employer contributions		28			28			—			—
Employee contributions		5			6			—			—
Benefits paid		(17	)		(10	)		—			—
Effect of settlement		(10	)		(12	)		—			—
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(10	)		(21	)		—			—

Plan assets at fair value at end of year		473			480			—			—

Funded status		(343	)		(383	)		(54	)		(65	)

Net amount recognized in the balance sheet consisted of the following:

Non-current assets		8			9			—			—
Current liabilities		(8	)		(9	)		(3	)		(11	)
Long-term liabilities		(343	)		(383	)		(51	)		(54	)

Net amount recognized		(343	)		(383	)		(54	)		(65	)

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) before tax effects were as follows:


	Actuarial (gains)/losses			Prior service cost			Total
Other comprehensive loss as at December 31, 2013		91			9			100

Net amount generated/arising in current year		76			—			76
Amortization		(5	)		(1	)		(6	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(10	)		(1	)		(11	)

Other comprehensive loss as at December 31, 2014		152			7			159

Net amount generated/arising in current year		3			(2	)		1
Amortization		(11	)		(1	)		(12	)

Foreign currency translation adjustment		(7	)		(1	)		(8	)

Other comprehensive loss as at December 31, 2015		137			3			140

In 2016, the Company expects to amortize $8 million of actuarial losses.

The accumulated benefit obligations were as follows:

Pension Benefits

Other Long-Term Benefits

December 31,
2015

December 31,
2014

December 31,
2015

December 31,
2014

Accumulated benefit obligations

720

757

For pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets, the accumulated benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets were $554 million and $291 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2015 and $585 million and $291 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2014. For pension plans with benefit obligations in excess of plan assets, the benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets were $660 million and $309 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2015 and $699 million and $307 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2014.

The components of the net periodic benefit cost included the following:


	Pension Benefits									Other Long-term Benefits
	Year ended December 31, 2015			Year ended December 31, 2014			Year ended December 31, 2013			Year ended December 31, 2015			Year ended December 31, 2014		Year ended December 31, 2013
Service cost		28			27			37			5			7		8
Interest cost		25			28			28			2			2		2
Expected return on plan assets		(22	)		(22	)		(18	)		—			—		—
Amortization of actuarial net loss (gain)		7			3			11			—			2		—
Amortization of prior service cost		1			—			5			—			1		—
Effect of settlement		1			1			1			—			—
Effect of curtailment		—			—			—			(1	)		—		(2	)

Net periodic benefit cost		40			37			64			6			12		8

The weighted average assumptions used in the determination of the benefit obligation and the plan assets for the pension plans and the other long-term benefits were as follows:


Assumptions	2015			2014
Discount rate		3.19	%		3.03	%
Salary increase rate		3.07	%		2.65	%
Expected long-term rate of return on funds for the pension expense of the year		4.44	%		4.76	%

The weighted average assumptions used in the determination of the net periodic benefit cost for the pension plans and the other long-term benefits were as follows:


Assumptions	2015			2014			2013
Discount rate		3.03	%		3.83	%		3.43	%
Salary increase rate		2.65	%		2.82	%		2.92	%
Expected long-term rate of return on funds for the pension expense of the year		4.76	%		4.88	%		4.43	%

The discount rate was determined by reference to market yields on high quality long-term corporate bonds applicable to the respective country of each plan, with terms consistent with the term of the benefit obligations concerned. In developing the expected long-term rate of return on assets, the Company modelled the expected long-term rates of return for broad categories of investments held by the plan against a number of various potential economic scenarios.

The Company’s pension plan asset allocation at December 31, 2015 and at December 31, 2014 is as follows:


	Percentage of Plan Assets at December
Asset Category	2015			2014
Cash		3	%		3	%
Equity securities		27	%		28	%
Bonds securities remunerating interest		28	%		28	%
Real estate		2	%		2	%
Investments in funds^(a)		19	%		17	%
Other		21	%		22	%

Total		100	%		100	%

^(a)

Investment in funds are composed for one half of commingled funds mainly invested in corporate bonds for 50%, treasury bonds and notes for 42% and municipal bonds for 8% and for the other half of a multi-strategy funds invested in broadly diversified portfolios of corporate and government bonds, equity, fixed income and derivative instruments.

The Company’s detailed pension plan asset allocation including the fair-value measurements of those plan assets as at December 31, 2015 is as follows:


	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash and cash equivalents		13		13		—		—
Equity securities		128		5		123		—
Government debt securities		10		10		—		—
Corporate debt securities		123		4		119		—
Investment funds		87		5		82		—
Real estate		11		—		10		1
Other (mainly insurance assets – contracts and reserves)		101		—		—		101

TOTAL		473		37		334		102

The Company’s detailed pension plan asset allocation including the fair-value measurements of those plan assets as at December 31, 2014 is as follows:


	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash and cash equivalents		17		17		—		—
Equity securities		136		7		129		—
Government debt securities		10		10		—		—
Corporate debt securities		125		4		121		—
Investment funds		80		—		80		—
Real estate		12		—		10		2
Other (mainly insurance assets – contracts and reserves)		100		—		—		100

TOTAL		480		38		340		102

For plan assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), the reconciliation between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2015 is presented as follows:


	Fair Value Measurements using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
January 1, 2015		102
Contributions (employer and employee)		14
Actual return on plan assets		1
Benefits paid		(3	)
Assets sold during the year		(1	)
Settlements		(9	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(2	)

December 31, 2015		102

For plan assets measured at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), the reconciliation between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2014 is presented as follows:


	Fair Value Measurements using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
January 1, 2014		109
Contributions (employer and employee)		14
Actual return on plan assets		6
Benefits paid		(3	)
Assets sold during the year		(2	)
Settlements		(11	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment		(11	)

December 31, 2014		102

The Company’s investment strategy for its pension plans is to optimize the long-term investment return on plan assets in relation to the liability structure to maintain an acceptable level of risk while minimizing the cost of providing pension benefits and maintaining adequate funding levels in accordance with applicable rules in each jurisdiction. The Company’s practice is to periodically conduct a review in each subsidiary of its asset allocation strategy, in such a way that the asset allocation is in line with the targeted asset allocation with reasonable boundaries. The Company’s asset portfolios are managed in such a way as to achieve adapted diversity and in certain jurisdictions they are entirely managed by the multi-employer funds. The Company does not manage any assets internally.

After considering the funded status of the Company’s defined benefit plans, movements in the discount rate, investment performance and related tax consequences, the Company may choose to make contributions to its pension plans in any given year in excess of required amounts. The Company contributions to plan assets were $28 million in both 2015 and 2014 and the Company expects to contribute cash of $28 million in 2016.

The Company’s estimated future benefit payments as of December 2015 are as follows:


Years	Pension Benefits	Other Long-term Benefits
2016	23	3
2017	31	3
2018	25	4
2019	31	6
2020	30	5
From 2021 to 2025	234	24

The Company has certain defined contribution plans, which accrue benefits for employees on a pro-rata basis during their employment period based on their individual salaries. The Company accrued benefits related to defined contribution pension plans of $16 million as of December 31, 2015 and $16 million as of December 31, 2014. The annual cost of these plans amounted to approximately $70 million, $81 million and $89 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.