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II. ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2025
II. ACCOUNTING POLICIES |
II. ACCOUNTING POLICIES | II. A CCOUNTING POLICIES The accounting policies applied in the preparation of these Consolidated Financial Statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated. A Basis of presentation The Consolidated Financial Statements of Tenaris have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS" or "IFRS Accounting Standards”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”) and in accordance with IFRS, under the historical cost convention, as modified by the revaluation of certain financial assets and liabilities (including derivative instruments) and plan assets at fair value. The Consolidated Financial Statements are, unless otherwise noted, presented in thousands of U.S. dollars (“$”). Whenever necessary, c ertain comparative amounts have been reclassified to conform to changes in presentation in the current year. The preparation of Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make certain accounting estimates and assumptions that might affect among others, the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, contingent liabilities, revenues and expenses. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The main areas involving material estimates or judgements are: i mpairment of long-lived assets (not e II.H), impairment of investments in associates (note II.B); i ncome t axes -including recoverability of deferred tax assets- (note II.O); allowance for obsolescence of inventory (note II.J); contingencies (note II.Q); allowance for trade receivables (note II.K); post-employment and other long-term benefits (note II.P); business combinations (note s II.B); u seful lives of property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets (notes II.E, II.F, II.H), and fair value estimation of certain financial instruments (note III.B). During the year there were no significant changes in the material accounting estimates and judgements. (1) Accounting pronouncements applicable as from J anuary 1, 20 2 5 Amendments to IAS 21 – Lack of Exchangeability In August 2023, the IASB published “Lack of Exchangeability (Amendments to IAS 21)” with new guidance to determine when a currency is exchangeable or not, and how to determine the exchange rate to apply when a currency is not exchangeable. The amendments also require the disclosure of additional information when a currency is not exchangeable. The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning on or after January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted and without retrospective application. These amendments do not have a material impact on the Company’s operations or Consolidated F inancial S tatements. No o ther a ccounting pronouncements became effective during 2025. (2) New accounting pronouncements not applicable as of December 31, 202 5 IFRS 18 - Presentation and Disclosures in Financial Statements In April 202 4, the IASB published IFRS 18, that will replace IAS 1 “P resentation of financial statements”. IFRS 18 introduces new requirements that will help to achieve comparability of the financial performance of similar entities and provide more relevant information and transparency to users. Even though IFRS 18 will not impact the recognition or measurement of items in the financial statements, its impact s on presentation and disclosure are expected to be extensive, in particular those related to the income statement, statement of financial position, statement of cash flows and the inclusion of management-defined performance measures within the financial statements. T enaris will apply the new standard from its mandatory effective date of January 1, 2027. Retrospective application is required, and so the comparative information for the financial year s ending December 31, 2026, and December 31, 2025 will be restated in accordance with IFRS 18. Other new ly published accounting standards, amendments to accounting standards and interpretations are not mandatory for December 31, 2025, reporting periods and have not been early adopted by the Company. These standards, amendments or interpretations are not expected to have a material impact in the current or future reporting periods and on foreseeable future transactions. B Group accounting (1) Subsidiaries and transactions with non-controlling interests Subsidiaries are all entities over which Tenaris has control. Tenaris controls an entity when it is exposed to, or has rights to, variable returns from its involvement with the entity and has the ability to affect those returns through its power over the entity. In some cases, the Company considers that it has the ability to affect returns through its power over an entity even if it holds less than 50% of the shares or voting rights of the subsidiary because it is able to prevail at all of the subsidiary’s general meetings, which in turn allows Tenaris to nominate and appoint a majority of the subsidiary’s board of directors. Subsidiaries are fully consolidated from the date on which control is obtained by the Company and are no longer consolidated from the date control ceases. The acquisition method is used to account for the acquisition of subsidiaries by Tenaris. The cost of an acquisition is measured as the fair value of the assets transferred, equity instruments issued, and liabilities incurred or assumed at the date of exchange. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred. Identifiable assets acquired, liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed in a business combination are generally measured initially at their fair values at the acquisition date. Any non-controlling interest in the acquiree is measured either at fair value or at the non-controlling interest’s proportionate share of the acquiree’s net identifiable assets. The excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the amount of any non-controlling interest in the acquiree over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. If this is less than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognized directly in the Consolidated I ncome S tatement as a bargain purchase. Contingent consideration is classified either as equity or a s a financial liability. Amounts classified as a financial liability are subsequently remeasured at fair value through profit or loss. If the business combination is achieved in stages, the acquisition date carrying value of the acquirer’s previously held equity interest in the acquire e is remeasured to fair value at the acquisition date. Any gains or losses arising from such remeasurement are recognized in profit or loss. T ransactions with non-controlling interests that do not result in a loss of control are accounted as transactions with equity owners of the Company. For purchases from non-controlling interests, the difference between any consideration paid and the relevant share acquired of the carrying value of net assets of the subsidiary is recorded in equity. Gains or losses on disposals to non-controlling interests are also recorded in equity. When the Company ceases to have control, any retained interest in the entity is remeasured to its fair value and the change in carrying amount, net of consideration received (if any), is recognized in profit or loss. The fair value is the initial carrying amount for the purposes of subsequently accounting for the retained interest as an associate, joint venture or financial asset. In addition, any amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income in respect of that entity are accounted for as if the group had directly disposed of the related assets or liabilities. This may mean that amounts previously recognized in other comprehensive income are reclassified to profit or loss. Material intercompany transactions, balances and unrealized gains (losses) on transactions between Tenaris subsidiaries have been eliminated in consolidation. However, since the functional currency of some subsidiaries is i t s respective local currency, some financial gains (losses) arising from intercompany transactions are generated. These are included in the C onsolidated I ncome S tatement under Other f inancial results. ## (2) Non-consolidated companies Investments in non-consolidated companies comprises associates, which generally involve a shareholding of between 20% and 50% of the voting rights, and joint ventures. Associated companies are those entities in which Tenaris exerts significant influence in accordance with IFRS but does not have control. Associates are accounted for using the equity method. Joint arrangements are combinations in which there are contractual agreements by virtue of which two or more partner companies hold an interest in one or more companies that undertake operations or hold assets in such a way that any financial or operating decision is subject to the unanimous consent of the partners (as defined by IFRS 11 “Joint Arrangements”). A joint arrangement is class ifie d as a joint operation if the parties hold rights to its assets and have obligations in respect of its liabilities or as a joint venture if the venturers hold rights only to the investee's net assets. Tenaris recognizes the assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses relating to its interest in a joint operation in accordance with the IFRS applicable to the particular asset, liability, revenue and expense. Joint ventures are accounted for using the equity method. Under the equity method of accounting (as defined by IAS 28, “Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures”), investments are initially recognized at cost and adjusted thereafter to recognize Tenaris’s share of the post-acquisition profits or losses of the investee in profit or loss, and Tenaris’s share of movements in other comprehensive income of the investee in other comprehensive income. Dividends received or receivable from associates and joint ventures are recognized as a reduction in the carrying amount of the investment. The Company’s investment in non-consolidated companies includes goodwill identified in acquisition, if any, net of any accumulated impairment loss. If material, unrealized results on transactions between Tenaris and its non-consolidated companies are eliminated to the extent of Tenaris’s interest in the non-consolidated companies. Unrealized losses are also eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of a reduction in the net realizable value, or of an impairment indicator of the asset sold or contributed. Financial statements of non-consolidated companies are adjusted where necessary to ensure consistency with IFRS. The Company’s pro-rata share of earnings in non-consolidated companies is recorded in the Consolidated Income Statement under Equity in earnings of non-consolidated companies. The Company’s pro-rata share of changes in other comprehensive income is recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income. The main investments in non-consolidated companies are: a) Ternium At December 31, 20 2 5, Tenaris h e ld 11.46% in the share capital of Ternium S.A. (“Ternium”) representing 11.70% of its outstanding shares. The following factors and circumstances evidence that Tenaris has significant influence over Ternium: three out of eight members of Ternium’s b oard of d irectors (including Ternium’s c hairman) are also members of t he Company’s b oard of d irectors; and both the Company and Ternium are under the indirect common control of San Faustin S.A. (“San Faustin”) and u nder the shareholders’ agreement, dated January 9, 2006, by and between the Company and Techint Holdings S.àr.l ("Techint"), a wholly owned subsidiary of San Faustin and Ternium’s controlling shareholder, Techint, is required to take actions within its power to cause (a) one of the members of Ternium’s b oard of d irectors to be nominated by the Company and (b) any director nominated by the Company to be removed from Ternium’s b oard of d irectors only pursuant to previous written instructions of the Company. b) Usiminas At December 31, 202 5, Tenaris he ld, through its Brazilian subsidiary Confab Industrial S.A. (“Confab”), 47.5 million ordinary shares and 1.3 million preferred shares of Usinas Siderúrgicas de Minas Gerais S.A. (“Usiminas”), representing 6.76% of its shares with voting rights and 3.96% of its total share capital. Confab’s participation in Usiminas share capital is the result of a series of acquisitions, the first of which was performed on January 16, 2012, pursuant to which Ternium (through certain of its subsidiaries) and Confab acquired a large block of Usiminas ordinary shares and joined Usiminas’ existing control group. Subsequently, in 2016, Ternium and Confab subscribed to additional ordinary shares and to preferred shares. On July 3, 2023, Confab, together with Ternium (through its subsidiaries Ternium Investments and Ternium Argentina), acquired additional ordinary shares. The Usiminas control group comprises the “T/T Group”, formed by Ternium Investments, Ternium Argentina and Confab; the NSC Group, comprising Nippon Steel Corporation, Mitsubishi and MetalOne; and Usiminas’ employee pension fund, Previdência Usiminas. At December 31, 202 5, the Usiminas control group held, in the aggregate, 483.6 million ordinary shares, representing approximately 68.6% of Usiminas’ voting capital and the T/T Group held an aggregate participation of 61.3% in the control group (with 51.5% of the control group’s participation corresponding to Ternium’s subsidiaries, and remaining 9.8% corresponding to Confab); the NSC Group and Previdência Usiminas held 31.7% and 7%, respectively, in the control group. Upon closing of the July 3, 2023 acquisition, the then existing Usiminas shareholders agreement governing the relationship between the T/T Group, the NSC Group and Previdência Usiminas was replaced by a new shareholders agreement setting forth a new governance structure for Usiminas. The T/T Group is now entitled to nominate a majority of the Usiminas board of directors, the chief executive officer and four other members of the Usiminas board of officers. Of the positions allocated to the T/T Group, Tenaris retains the right to nominate one member of the Usiminas board of directors and one member of the Usiminas board of officers. Ordinary decisions may be approved with a 55% majority of Usiminas’ control group shares. The members of the Usiminas control group also agreed that, a t any time after the second anniversary of the closing of the transaction, the T/T Group would have the right to buy the NSC Group’s remaining interest in the Usiminas’ control group (153.1 million ordinary shares) at the higher of $2.0584 per share and the equivalent in U.S. dollars of the 40-trading day average price per share immediately prior to the date of exercising the option. In addition, the NSC Group would have the right, at any time after the closing of the transaction, to withdraw its remaining shares from the control group and sell them in the open market after giving the T/T Group the opportunity to buy them at the equivalent in U.S. dollars of the 40-trading day average price per share immediately prior to the NSC group’s notice of withdrawal, as well as the right, at any time after the second anniversary of the closing, to sell such shares to the T/T Group at $2.0584 per share. Confab had the right (but not the obligation) to participate in each such transaction pro rata to its current participation in the T/T Group. On November 5, 2025, Ternium Investments entered into a share purchase agreement to acquire from Nippon Steel Corporation and Mitsubishi Corporation their remainder participations in the control group, at the price per ordinary share that the parties had agreed upon for the option transaction described above. Confab declined to participate in this transaction. The transaction closed on February 10, 2026. At the date of these Consolidated Financial Statements, the T/T group holds an aggregate participation of 92.9% in Usiminas’ control group (with Confab’s participation representing 9.8% of the control group) and Previdência Usiminas (Usiminas employees’ pension fund) hold s the remai ning 7.1%. Confab and the Ternium entities party to the Usiminas shareholders agreement have a separate shareholders agreement governing their respective rights and obligations as members of the T/T Group. Under s uch separate agreement, Confab enjoys certain rights with respect to the governance of Usiminas, including, among others, the ability to nominate certain Usiminas’ officers and directors. Those circumstances evidence that Tenaris continues having sign ificant influence over Usiminas and, as a result, continues accounting for its investment under the equity method. c) Techgen Techgen S.A. de C.V. (“Techgen”), which operates an electric power plant in Mexico, is a joint venture company owned 48% by Ternium, 30% by Tecpetrol International S.A. (“Tecpetrol”) and 22% by Tenaris. The Company, Ternium and Tecpetrol are parties to a shareholders’ agreement relating to the governa nce of Techgen and are under the indirect com mon control of San Faustin. Tenaris carries its investment s in non-consolidated companies under the equity method, with no additional goodwill or step-up recognized. Tenaris reviews investments in non-consolidated companies for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset’s carrying amount may not be recoverable. For more information s ee n ote 14 to these Consolidated Financial Statements. C Segment information The Company is organized in one major business segment, Tubes, which is also the reportable operating segment. All other business activities and operating segments that are not required to be separately reported are disclosed in the Other segment. The Tubes segment includes the production and sale of steel tubular products and related services mainly for the oil and gas industry, particularly oil country tubular goods (“OCTG”) used in drilling operations, and for other industrial applications with production processes that consist in the transformation of steel into tubular products. Business activities included in this segment are mainly dependent on the worldwide oil and gas industry, as this industry is a major consumer of steel pipe products, particularly OCTG used in drilling activities. Demand for steel pipe products from the oil and gas industry has historically been volatile and depends primarily upon the number of oil and natural gas wells being drilled, completed and reworked, and the depth and drilling conditions of these wells. Sales are generally made to end users, with exports being done through a centrally managed global distribution network and domestic sales are made through local subsidiaries. The Other segment includes all business activities related to the production and selling of sucker rods, coiled tubing, tubes used for plumbing and construction applications, oilfield / hydraulic fracturing services and others as energy and raw materials that exceed internal requirements. Tenaris’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) reviews operating and financial performance information with senior management on a monthly basis. This information differ s from IFRS principally as follows: t he use of direct cost methodology to calculate the inventories, while under IFRS it is at full cost, including absorption of production overheads and depreciation; t he use of costs based on previously internally defined cost estimates, while, under IFRS, costs are calculated at historical cost, mainly on a FIFO basis; a ny currency translation adjustment re classification, when applicable, for companies that under IFRS had a different functional currency than the U.S. dollar; and o ther timing differences, if any. T enaris presents its geographical information in four areas: North America, South America, Europe and Asia Pacific, Middle East and Afri ca. For purposes of reporting geographical information, net sales are allocated to geographical areas based on the customer’s location; the allocation of assets is based on the ir geographical location. D Foreign c urrency t ranslation (1) Functional and presentation currency IAS 21, “The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates” defines the functional currency as the currency of the primary economic environment in which an entity operates. The functional and presentation curren c y of the Company is the U.S. dollar. The U.S. d ollar is the currency that best reflects the economic substance of the underlying events and circumstances relevant to Tenaris’s global operations. Starting January 1, 2023, the Company changed the functional currency of its Brazilian subsidiaries, from the Brazilian Real to the U.S. dollar. E xcept f or the Italian subsid iaries whose functional currency is the Euro and two subsidiaries wh ose functional currencies are the Canadian Dollar and the Norwegian Krone, Tenaris determined that the functional currency of its other subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar, based on the following principal considerations: s ales are mainly negotiated, denominated and/or settled in U.S. dollar s. If priced in a currency other than the U.S. dollar, the sales price may consider exposure to fluctuation in the exchange rate against the U.S. dollar; p rices of their critical raw materials and inputs are priced and/or settled in U.S. dollars; t ransaction and operational environment and the cash flow of these operations ha ve the U.S. dollar as reference currency; there is a s ignificant level of integration of the l ocal operations within Tenaris’s international global distribution network; and n et financial assets and liabilities are mainly received and maintained in U.S. dollars. (2) Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency Transactions in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transactions or valuati on where items are re-measured. At the end of each reporting period: (i) monetary items denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated using the closing rates; (ii) non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a currency other than the functional currency are translated using the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transactions; and (iii) non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a currency other than the functional currency are translated using the exchange rates prevailing at the date when the fair value was determined. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at year end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are recorded as gains and losses from foreign exchange and included in Other financial results in the Consolidated Income Statement, except when deferred in equity as qualifying cash flow hedges and qu alifying net investment hedges. (3) Translation of financial information in currencies other than the functional currency Results of operations for subsidiaries whose functional currencies are not the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates for each quarter of the year. Financial statement positions are translated at the period-end exchange rates. Translation differences are recognized in a separate component of equity as C urrency T ranslation A djustment. In the case of a sale or other disposal of any of such subsidiaries, any accumulated translation difference would be recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement as a gain or loss from the sale or disposal following IAS 21. Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising from the acquisition of a foreign operation are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operation and translated at the closing exchange rate. ## E Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment are recognized at historical acquisition or construction cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. H istorical cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the items. Property, p lant and e quipment acquired through acquisitions accounted for as business combination s have been valued initially at the fair market value of the assets acquired. Major overhaul and rebuilding expenditures are capitalized as property, plant and equipment only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the investment enhances the condition of assets beyond its original condition. The carrying amount of any replaced part s is derecognized. M aintenance expenses on manufacturing properties are recorded as cost of products sold in the year in which they are incurred. Cost may also include transfers fro m equity of any gains or losses on qualifying cash flow hedges of foreign currency purchases of property, plant and equipment. Borrowing costs that are attributable to the acquisition or construction of certain capital assets are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset, in accordance with IAS 23, “Borrowing Cost s”. A ssets for which borrowing costs are capitalized are those that require a substantial period of time to prepare for their intended use. The d epreciation method is reviewed at each year end. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method to depreciate the cost of each asset to its residual value over its estimated useful life, as follows:
| Land | No Depreciation
| Buildings and improvements | 30-50 years
| Plant and production equipment | 10-40 years
| Vehicles, furniture and fixtures, and other equipment | 4-10 years
The assets’ residual values and useful lives of significant plant and production equipment are reviewed and adjusted, if appropriate, at each year end date. An asset’s carrying amount is written down to its recoverable amount if the asset’s carrying amount is greater than its estimated recoverable amount. Management’s re-estimation of asset s useful lives, performed in accordance with IAS 16, “Property, Plant and E quipment”, resulted in additional depreciation expenses of approximately $20.1 million in 2025, $25.2 million in 2024, and did not materially affect depreciation expenses in 2023. T enaris depreciates each significant part of an item of property, plant and equipment for its different production facilities that (i) can be properly identified as an independent component with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item, and (ii) has a useful operating life that is different from another significant part of that same item of property, plant and equipment. Gains and losses on disposals are determined by comparing the proceeds with the carrying amount of assets and are recognized under Other operating income or Other operating expenses in the Consolidated Income Statement. F Intangible assets (1) Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the acquisition cost over the fair value of Tenaris’s share of net identifiable assets acquired as part of business combinations determined mainly by independent valuations. Goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment and carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses. Impairment losses on goodwill are not reversed. Goodwill is included in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position under Intangible assets, net. For the purpose of impairment testing, g oodwill is allocated to a cash generating unit (“CGU”) or group of CGUs that are expected to benefit from the business combination which generated the goodwill being tested. ### ### (2) Information systems projects Costs associated with maintaining computer software programs are generally recognized as an expense as incurred. However, costs directly related to the development, acquisition and implementation of information systems are recognized as intangible assets if it is probable that they have economic benefits exceeding one year and comply with the recognition criteria of IAS 38, “Intangible Assets”. Information systems projects recognized as assets are amortized using the straight-line method over their useful lives, generally not exceeding a period of 3 years. Amortization charges are classified as Cost of s ales and Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated I ncome S tatement. Management’s re-estimation of assets useful lives, performed in accordance with IAS 38, did not materially affect amortization expenses for the years 202 5, 202 4 and 20 2 3. (3) Licenses, patents, trademarks and proprietary technology Licenses, patents, trademarks, and proprietary technology are initially recognized at cost, or at fair value at the acquisition date in case of a business combination. Licenses, patents, proprietary technology and those trademarks that have a finite useful life are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is calculated using the straight-line method to allocate the cost over their estimated useful lives, which are in the range between 3 and 30 years. Amortization charges are mainly classified as Cost of s ales in the Consolidated Income Statement. The balance of acquired t rademarks that have indefinite useful lives according to external appraisal amount s to $86.7 million at December 31, 20 2 5, 20 2 4 and 20 2 3, and are included in Hydril CGU. Main factors considered in the determination of the indefinite useful lives include the years that they have been in service and their recognition among customers in the industry. Management’s re-estimation of assets useful lives, performed in accordance with IAS 38, did no t materially affect amortization expenses for the years 20 2 5, 20 2 4 and 20 2 3. (4) Research and development Research expenditures as well as development costs that do not fulfill the criteria for capitalization are recorded as Cost of sales in the Consolidated Income Statement as incurred. Research and development expenditures included in Cost of sales for the years 20 2 5, 20 2 4 and 20 2 3 tota led $64.2 million, $74.2 million and $60.0 million, respectively. Capitalized costs were not material for the years 20 2 5, 20 2 4 and 20 2 3. (5) Customer relationship s In accordance with IFRS 3, "Business Combinations" and IAS 38, Tenaris has recognized the value of customer relationships separately from goodwill attributable to the acquisition of Maverick Tube Corporation (“Maverick”) and Hydril Company (“Hydril”) groups, Saudi Steel Pipe Co. (“S SPC”), Ipsco Tubulars Inc. (“IPSCO”) and the more recent 2023 acquisition of Mattr’s pipe coating business unit. Customer relationships acquired in a business combination are recognized at fair value at the acquisition date, have a finite useful life and are carried at cost less accumulated amortization. Amortization is calculated using the straight-line method over the initial expected useful li v e s which were approximately 14 years for Maverick, 10 y ears for Hydril, 9 years for SSP C (subsequently reduced to 7 years), 3 year s for IPSCO, and 4 months for Mattr’s pipe coating business unit. Management’s re-estimation of customer relationships useful lives, performed in accordance with IAS 38, did not affect amortization expenses for the years 2025, 2024 and 2023. As o f December 31, 20 2 5, all the above-mentioned customer relationships we re fully amortized. G Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities Leases are recognized as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding liability at the date at which the leased asset is available for use by the group. Each lease payment is allocated between the principal and finance cost. The finance cost is charged to profit or loss over the lease period so as to produce a constant periodic rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability for each period. The right-of-use asset is depreciated over the lease term on a straight-line basis. Lease liabilities include the net present value of i) fixed payments, less any lease incentives receivable, ii) variable lease payments that are based on an index or a rate, iii) amounts expected to be payable by the lessee under residual value guarantees, iv) the exercise price of a purchase option if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise that option, and v) payments of penalties for terminating the lease, if the lease term reflects the lessee exercising that option. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease. If that rate cannot be determined, the lessee’s incremental borrowing rate is used, being the rate that the lessee would have to pay to borrow the funds necessary to obtain an asset of similar value in a similar economic environment wit h similar terms and conditions. Right-of-use assets are measured at cost comprising the amount of the initial measurement of the lease liability, any lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received, and any initial direct costs incurred by the lessee. In determining the lease term, management considers all facts and circumstances that create an economic incentive to exercise an extension option or early termination, or not to exercise a termination option. Extension options (or periods after termination options) are only included in the lease term if the lease is reasonably certain to be extended (or not terminated). Variable lease payments are not included in the measurement of the lease liability and p ayments associated with short-term leases, variable leases and leases of low value assets are recognized on a straight-line basis as expenses in profit or loss. Short-term leases are leases with a lease term of 12 months or less. H Impairment of non-financial assets Long-lived assets including identifiable intangible assets are reviewed for impairment at the lowest level for which there are separately identifiable cash flows, or CGU. Most of the Company’s principal subsidiaries that constitute a CGU have a single main production facility and, accordingly, each of such subsidiaries represents the lowest level of asset aggregation that generates largely independent cash inflows. Assets that are subject to amortization or depreciation are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives, including goodwill, are subject to at least an annual impairment test, or are tested more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount value may be impaired. In some situations where there have not been significant changes to CGU assets and liabilities as well as external and internal events and circumstances which could materially alter the recoverable amount of the CGU, the most recent detailed calculation of recoverable amount made in a preceding period may be used in the impairment test for that CGU in the current period. For purposes of assessing key assumptions, the Company uses external sources of information and management judgment based on past experience and expectations. Material facts and circumstances specifically considered in the analysis usually include the discount rate used in Tenaris’s cash flow projections and the business condition in terms of competitive, economic and regulatory factors, such as the cost of raw materials, oil and gas prices, and the evolution of the rig count. Tenaris’s main source of revenue is the sale of products and services to the oil and gas industry, and the level of such sales is sensitive to international oil and gas prices and their impact on drilling activities. Management has determined the value of each of the key assumptions as follows: - Discount rate: based on the applicable weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”), which is considered to be a good indicator of capital cost, taking into account the industry, country and size of the business. For each CGU where assets are allocated, a specific WACC was determined. - Growth rate: considers mainly the inflation impact on prices and costs, the long-term evolution of the oil and gas industry, the higher demand to offset depletion of existing fields and the Company’s expected market penetration. - Oil and gas prices: based on industry analysts’ reports and management’s expectations of market development. - Rig count: based on information published by Baker Hughes and management’s expectations. - Raw material costs: based on industry analysts’ reports and management’s expectations. An impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is the higher between the asset’s value in use and fair value less costs of disposal. Any impairment loss is allocated to reduce the carrying amount of the assets of the CGU in the following order: (a) first, to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the CGU; and (b) then, to the other assets of the unit (group of units) pro-rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the unit (group of units), considering not to reduce the carrying amount of the asset below the highest of its fair value less cost of disposal, its value in use or zero. Value in use is calculated by discounting the estimated cash flows over a five-year period (or higher if the period can be justified) based on forecasts approved by management. For the subsequent years beyond the five-year period, a terminal value is calculated based on perpetuity considering a nominal growth rate of 2% taking into account among others, mainly the historical inflation rate. For purposes of calculating the fair value less costs of disposal, Tenaris uses the estimated value of future cash flows that a market participant could generate from the corresponding CGU. Management judgment is required to estimate discounted future cash flows. Actual cash flows and values could vary significantly from the forecasted future cash flows and related values derived using discounting techniques. Non-financial assets other than goodwill that suffered an impairment are reviewed for possible reversal at each reporting date. For more information on impairment charges see note 5 to these Consolidated Financial Statements. ## I Other i nvestments O ther investments consist primarily of investments in financial instruments and time deposits with a maturity of more than three months at the date of purchase. Certain non-derivative financ ial assets that the Company held not for trading have been categorized as financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (“FV OCI”), as the business model objective is achieved by both holding financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows and selling financial assets. They are carried at fair value and interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest rate method. Unrealized gains or losses are recorded as a fair value adjustment in the C onsolidated S tatement of C omprehensive Income and transferred to the C onsolidated I ncome S tatement when the financial asset is disposed. Exchange gains and losses and impairments related to the financial assets are immediately recognized in the C onsolidated I ncome S tatement. F V OCI instruments with maturities greater than 12 months after the balance sheet date a re included in non-current assets. Other investments in financial instruments may be classified as financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (“FVPL”) when such investments are held for trading, or when their performance is evaluated on a fair value basis. Other investments in time deposits may be classified as financial assets measured at amortized cost when the Company’s intention is to hold these investments until maturity. The results of these investments are recognized within Financial Results in the Consolidated Income Statement. Purchases and sales of financial investments are recognized as of the ir settlement date. The fair values of quoted investments are generally based on current bid prices. If the market for a financial investment is not active or the securities are not listed, Tenaris estimates the fair value by using standard valuation techniques. S ee s ectio n III Financial Risk Management. J Inventories Inventories are measured at the lower between cost and net realizable value. The cost of finished goods and goods in process is comprised of raw materials, direct labor, utilities, freights and other direct costs and related production overhead costs, and it excludes borrowing costs. The a llocation of fixed production costs, including depreciation and amortization charges, is based on the normal level of production capacity. Inventories cost is mainly based on the FIFO method. Tenaris estimates the net realizable value of inventories by grouping, where applicable, similar or related items. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less any estimated costs of completion and selling expenses. G oods in transit as of year end are valued based on the supplier’s invoice cost. Tenaris establishes an allowance for obsolete or slow-moving inventories related to finished goods, supplies and spare parts. For slow moving or obsolete finished products, an allowance is established based on management’s analysis of product aging. An allowance for obsolete and slow-moving inventory of supplies and spare parts is established based on management's analysis of such items to be used as intended and the consideration of potential obsolescence due to technological changes, aging and consumption patterns. K Trade and other receivables Trade and other receivables are recognized initially at fair value that corresponds to the amount of consideration that is unconditional unless they contain significant financing c omponents. The Company holds trade receivables with the objective to collect the contractual cash flows and therefore measu res them subsequently at amortiz ed cost using the effective interest method. Due to the ir short-term nature, their carrying amount is considered to be the same as their fair value. Tenaris applies the IFRS 9 “Financial Instruments” simplified approach to measure expected credit losses, which uses a lifetime expected loss allowance for all trade receivables. To measure the expected credit losses, trade receivables have been grouped based on shared credit risk characteristics and the days past due. The expected loss rates are based on the payment profiles of sales over a period of three years and the corresponding historical credit losses exp erienced within this period. The expected loss allowance also reflects current and forward-looking information on macroeconomic factors affecting the ability of each customer to settle the receivables. A credit account is typically considered in default when the customer has failed to make the required minimum payments for an extended period of time. Management considerations, including customer-specific analyses, are carried out to determine if an allowance has to be allocated to the credit. Following impairment, collection is monitored and impairment reversed in case of receipt of the payment. L Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equi valents are comprised of cash at banks, liquidity funds and short-term investments with a maturity of less than three months at the date of purchase which are readily convertible to known amounts of cash which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value. Assets recorded in cash and cash equivalents are carried at fair market value or at historical cost which approximates fair market value. In the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, bank overdrafts are included in Borrowings in current liabilities. For the purposes of the Consolidated Statement of C ash F low s, C ash and cash equivalents includes overdrafts. M E quity (1) Equity components The C onsolidated S tatement of C hanges in E quity include s: the value of share capital, legal reserve and share premium calculated in accordance with Luxembourg law; the currency translation adjustment, treasury shares, other reserves, retained earnings and non-controlling interest calculated in accordance with IFRS. (2) Share cap it al The Company has an authorized share capital of a single class of 2.5 billion shares having a nominal value of $1.00 per share. Total ordinary shares issued as of December 31, 20 2 5, 2024 and 2023 were 1,071,994,930, 1,162,757,528 and 1,180,536,830, respectively with a par value of $1.00 per share with one vote each. Total ordinary shares outstanding as of December 31, 202 5, 2024 and 202 3, we re 1,011,823,958, 1,084,272,191 and 1,167,888,739, respectively, with a par value of $1.00 per share with one vote each. Outstanding shares do not include treasury shares. All issued shares are fully paid. (3) Treasury Shares Acquisitions of treasury shares are recorded at acquisition cost, deducted from equity until disposal or cancellation. Any potential gains or losses on disposal of treasury shares are recognized in the C onsolidated S tatement of Changes in Equity. Treasury shares as of December 31, 202 5, 2024 and 2023, we re 60,170,972, 78,485,337 and 12,648,091, respectively. (4) Dividends distribution by the Company to shareholders Dividends distributions are recorded in the Company’s financial statements when Company’s shareholders have the right to receive the payment, or when interim dividends are approved by the Board of Directors in accordance with the by-laws of the Company. Dividends may be paid by the Company to the extent that it has distributable retained earnings, calculated in accordance with Luxembourg law. S ee n ote 27 (iii) to these Consolidated Financial Statements. N Borrowings Borrowings are recognized initially at fair value net of transaction costs incurred and subsequently measured at amortized cost. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the redemption amount is recognized in profit or loss over the period of the borrowings using the effective interest method. O Current and d eferred income tax The income tax expense or credit for the period is the tax payable or recoverable on the current period’s taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate for each jurisdiction adjusted by changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences and to unused tax losses. Both c urrent and deferred t ax are recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement, in Income t ax, except to the extent that it relates to items recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. In these cases, the tax is also recognized in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, respectively. The current income tax charge is calculated based on the tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date in the countries where the Company’s subsidiaries operate and generate taxable income. Deferred income tax is recognized applying the liability method on temporary differences arising between the tax bas e s of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. The temporary differences arise mainly from net operating loss carry-forwards, the effect of currency translation on depreciable fixed assets and inventories, valuation of inventories, depreciation on property, plant and equipment, provisions for post-employment benefits and other long-term employee benefits and fair value adjustments of assets acquired in business combinations. However, deferred tax liabilities are not recognized if they arise from the initial recognition of goodwill. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply to the period when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. Management periodically evaluates positions taken in tax returns with respect to situations in which applicable tax regulation is subject to interpretation and considers whether it is probable that a taxation authority will accept an uncertain tax treatment. The Company measures its tax balances either based on the most likely amount or the expected value, depending on which method provides a better prediction of the resolution of the uncertainty. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the te mporary differences and losses can be utiliz ed. At the end of each reporting period, Tenaris reassesses unrecognized deferred tax assets. T enaris recognizes a previously unrecognized deferred tax asset to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable income will allow the deferred tax asset to be recovered. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognized for temporary differences arising from the carrying amount and t ax basi s of investments in subsidiaries, branches and associates, and interests in joint ventures, if the C ompany is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances relate to the same taxation authority. Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are re-measured if tax rates change. These amounts are charged or credited to the Consolidated Income Statement or to the item O ther co mprehensive income in the C onsolidated S tatement of Comprehensive I ncome, depending on the account to which the original amount was charged or credited. Pillar Two legislation was adopted in Luxembourg a nd ca me into effect as from January 1, 2024. Tenaris is within the scope of these rules. T herefore, is required to calculate its GloBe effective tax rate for each jurisdiction in which it is present and is liable to pay a top-up tax for the difference between its Glo B e effective tax rate per jurisdiction and the 15% minimum rate. Tenaris applies the IAS 12 exception regarding the recognition and disclosure of deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two income taxes. P Employee benefits (1) Short-term obligations Liabilities for wages and salaries are recognized in respect of employees’ services up to the end of the reporting period and are measured at the amounts expected to be paid when the liabilities are settled. The liabilities are presented as current employee benefit obligations in the Consolidated B alance S heet. (2) Post-employment benefits Tenaris has defined benefit and defined contribution plans. A defined benefit plan is a pension plan that defines an amount of pension benefit that an employee will receive on retirement, usually dependent on one or more factors such as age, years of service and compensation. The liability recognized in the statement of financial position in respect of defined benefit pension plans is the present value of the defined benefit obligation at the end of the reporting period less the fair value of plan assets, if any. When the fair value of the plan assets exceeds the value of the defined benefit obligation, the surplus is recognized in the statement of financial position as other receivables non-current. The defined benefit obligation is calculated annually (at year end) by independent actuaries using the projected unit credit method. The present value of the defined benefit obligation is mainly determined by discounting the estimated future cash flows using interest rates of high-quality corporate bonds that are denominated in the currency in which the benefits will be paid, and that have terms to maturity approximating to the terms of the related pension obligation. Remeasurement gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are charged or credited to equity in Other comprehensive income in the period in which they arise. Past-service costs are recognized immediately in the Consolidated Income Statement. For defined benefit funded plans, net interest income / expense is calculated based on the surplus or deficit derived by the difference between the defined benefit obligations less fair value of plan assets. For defined contribution plans, Tenaris pays contributions to publicly or privately administered pension insurance plans on a mandatory, contractual or voluntary basis. Tenaris has no further payment obligations once the contributions have been paid. The contributions are recognized as employee benefit expenses when they are due. Prepaid contributions are recognized as an asset to the extent that a cash refund or a reduction in the future payments is available. Tenaris sponsors funded and unfunded defined benefit pension plans in certain subsidiaries. The most significant are: An unfunded defined benefit employee retirement plan for certain senior officers. The plan is designed to provide certain benefits to those officers (additional to those contemplated under applicable labor laws) in case of termination of the employment relationship due to certain specified events, including retirement. This unfunded plan provides defined benefits based on years of service and final average salary. As of December 31, 20 2 5 the outstanding liabil ity for this plan amounts to $63.4 million. Employees’ service rescission indemnity. T he cost of this obligation is charged to the Consolidated Income Statement over the expected service lives of employees. This provision is primarily related to the liability ac crued for employees at Tenaris’s Italian subsidiar ies. As from January 1, 2007, because of a change in an Italian law, employees were entitled to make contributions to external funds, thus, Tenaris’s Italian subsidiar ies pay every year the required contribution to the funds with no further obligation. As a result, the plan changed from a defined benefit plan to a defined contribution plan effective from that date but only limited to the contributions of 2007 onwards.As of December 31, 20 2 5 the outstanding liabil ity for this plan amounts to $10.7 million. Funded retirement benefit plan held in the U.S. for the benefit of some employees hir ed prior a certain date, frozen for the purposes of credited service as well as determination of final average pay for the retirement benefit calculation. Plan assets consist primarily of money market funds. Additionally, an unfunded post-retirement health and life plan is in place that offers limited medical and life insurance benefits to the retirees, frozen to new participants. A plan termination of the funded retirement benefit plan was initiated during 2025 and is expected to be completed in 2026. A s of December 31, 20 2 5 the net outstanding liabil ity for these plan s amounts to $0.6 million. By their nature, defined benefit plans expose Tenaris to typical risks such as investment performance, changes to discount rates used to value the obligations, rate of compensation increase (including inflation rates) and demographic variables of the plan members. Pension and benefit risks are managed by regular monitoring of the plans, applicable regulations and other factors that may impact Tenaris’s expenses and cash flows. The unfunded defined benefit plans are met as they fall due and are managed directly by Tenaris, which is entirely responsible for the plans. The funded defined benefit pension plans are governed and administered in accordance with applicable pension legislation in each jurisdiction. Each plan has an overseeing committee. The defined benefit plans are monitored on an ongoing basis to assess the funding and investment policies, financial status, and funding requirements. Significant changes to a plan or policy would be subject to approval by the board of directors of each subsidiary of the Company. (3) O ther long-term benefits During 2007, Tenaris launched an employee retention and long-term incentive program (“the Program”) applicable to certain senior officers and employees of the Company, who are granted a number of u nits throughout the duration of the Program. The value of each of these u nits is based on Tenaris’s shareholders’ equity (excluding non-cont rolling interest). Until the end of 2017, the u nits were vest ed ratably over a period of four years and were mandatorily redeemed by the Company ten years after grant date, with the option of an early redemption at seven years after the grant date. Since 2018, the units are vest ed ratably over the same period and are mandatorily redeemed by the Company seven years after grant date. The beneficiaries of the Program are entitled to receive cash amounts based on: (i) the amount of dividend payments made by Tenaris to its shareholders and (ii) the number of units held by each beneficiary to the Program. The payment of the benefit is tied to the book value of the shares, and not to their market value. Tenaris valued this long-term incentive program as a long-term benefit plan as classified in IAS 19, “Employee Benefits”. As of December 31, 20 2 5 and 20 2 4, the outstanding liability corresponding to the Program amounts to $154.4 million (out of which $50.7 million are classified as current liabilities) and $148.0 million (out of which $46.8 million are classified as current liabilities), respectively. The total value of the units granted (vested and unvested) to date under the program, considering the number of units and the book value p er share as of December 31, 20 2 5 and 20 2 4, is $181.0 million and $175.0 million, respectively. (4) Termination benefits Termination benefits are payable when employment is terminated by Tenaris before the normal retirement date, or when an employee accepts voluntary redundancy in exchange for these benefits. Tenaris recognizes termination benefits at the earlier of the following dates: (a) when it can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits; and (b) when the costs for a restructuring that is within the scope of IAS 37 involves the payment of termination benefits. In the case of an offer made to encourage voluntary redundancy, the termination benefits are measured based on the number of employees expected to accept the offer. (5) Other compensation obligations Employ ee entitlements to annual leave, long-service leave, sick leave and other bonuses and compensations obligations are accrued as earned. Compensation to employees in the event of dismissal is charged to income in the year in which it becomes payable. Q Provisions Tenaris is subject to various claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings, including customer claims, in which a third party is seeking payment for alleged damages, reimbursement for losses or indemnity. Tenaris’s potential liability with respect to such claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings cannot be estimated with certainty. Management periodically reviews the status of each significant matter and assesses potential financial exposure. If, as a result of past events, a potential loss from a claim or proceeding is considered probable and the amount can be reliably estimated, a provision is recorded. Accruals for loss contingencies reflect a reasonable estimate of the losses to be incurred based on information available to management as of the date of preparation of the financial statements and take into consideration Tenaris’s litigation and settlement strategies. These estimates are primarily constructed with the assistance of legal counsel. As the scope of liabilities become better defined, there may be changes in the estimates of future costs which could have a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. If Tenaris expects to be reimbursed for an accrued expense, as would be the case for an expense or loss covered under an insurance contract, and reimbursement is considered virtually certain, the expected reimbursement is recognized as a receivable. This note should be read in conjunction with n ote 27 to these Consolidated Financial Statements. R Trade and other payables Trade and other payables are recognized initially at fair value, generally the nominal invoice amount and subsequently measured at amortiz ed cost. They are presented as current liabilities unl ess payment is not due within twelve months after the reporting period. Due to the ir short-term nature t heir carrying amount s are considered to be the same as their fair value. S Revenue recognition Revenue comprises the fair value of the consideration received or receivable for the sale of goods and rendering of services in the ordinary course of Tenaris’s activities. The revenue recognized by the Company is measured at the transaction price of the consideration received or receivable to which the Company is entitled to, reduced by estimated returns and other customer credits, such as discounts and volume rebates, based on the expected value to be realized and after eliminating sales within the group. Revenue is recognized at a point in time or over time from sales when control has been transferred and there is no unfulfilled performance obligation that could affect the acceptance of the product by the customer. The control is transfer red upon delivery. Delivery occurs when the products have been shipped to the specific location, the risks of obsolescence and loss have been transferred and either the customer has accepted the product in accordance with the sales contract, the acceptance provisions have lapsed, or the Company has objective evidence that all criteria for acceptance have been satisfied, including all performance obligations. These conditions are determined and ana lyzed on a contract-by-contract basis to ensure that all performance obligations are fulfilled. I n particular, Tenaris verifies customer acceptance of the goods, the satisfaction of delivery terms and any other applicable condition. For bill and hold transactions revenue is recognized only to the extent that (a) the reason for the bill and hold arrangement must be substantive (for example, the customer has requested the arrangement); (b) the products have been specifically identified and are ready for delivery; (c) the Company does not have the ability to use the product or to direct it to another customer; (d) the usual payment terms apply. The Company’s contracts with customers do not provide any material variable consideration, other than discounts, rebates and right of return. Discounts and rebates are recognized based on the most likely value and right s of return are based o n expected value considering past experience and contract conditions. Whe n the contracts include multiple performance obligations, the transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation based on the stand-alone selling prices. I f these are not directly observable, they are estimated based on the expected cost-plus margin. There are no judgements applied by management that significantly affect the determination of timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, nor the transaction price and amounts allocated to different performance obligations. Tenaris provides services primarily related to goods sold, which represent a non-material portion of sales revenue and mainly include: Pipe m anagement s ervices: This comprises mainly preparation of the pipes ready to be run, delivery to the customer, storage services and rig return. Field s ervices: Comprises field technical support and running assistance. These services are rendered in connection to the sales of goods and are attached to contracts with customers for the sale of goods. A significant portion of service revenue is recognized in the same period as the goods sold. There are no distinct uncertainties in the revenues and cash flows of the goods sold and services rendered as they are included in the same contract, have the same counterparty and are subject to the same conditions. T he following in put and output methods are applied to recognize revenue considering the nature of service: Storage services: the C ompany provides storage services in owned or third-party warehouses, subject to a variable fee to be invoiced. T his fe e is determined based on the time that the customer maintains the material in the warehouse and th e amount of the material stored. In most cases, to quantify the amount to be invoiced in any given month, the monthly average fee of storage per ton is multiplied by the monthly average stock stored (in tons). Freights: the revenue is recognized on a pro rata basis considering the units delivered and time elapsed. Field services: the revenue i s recognized considering output method s, in particular surveys of service comple tion provided by the customer. The Company also provides other services, such as hydraulic fracturing, coiled tubing and coating services. Regarding these services, the input and output methods to recognize the revenue are the following: Hydraulic fracturing services: the revenue is recognized considering output methods, in particular surveys of service completion provided by the customer. Coiled tubing services: the revenue is recognized considering output methods, in particular surveys of service completion provided by the customer. Coating services: the Company provides coating services on third-party tubes which are performed under specific contracts and recognized by reference to the stage of completion. Stage of completion is determined based on surveys of work performed as measured by units of production to date multiplied by contractually agreed-upon rates. Revenue from providing services is recognized over time in the accounting period in which the services are rendered. The Company does not expect to have any contracts in which the period between the transfer of the promised goods or services to the customer and payment by the customer exceeds one year. Therefore, considering that the contracts do not include any significant financing component, the Company does not adjust any of the transaction pric es for the time value of money. For this reason, the Company is also applying the practical expedient not to disclose details on transaction prices allocated to the remaining performance obligations as of the end of the reporting period. Tenaris only provides standard quality warranties assuring that the goods sold will function as expected or are fit for their intended purpose, with no incremental service to the customer. Accordingly, warranties do not constitute a separate performance obligation. In accordance with IFRS 15, Tenaris recognizes contract assets and contract liabilities. A contract asset arises when Tenaris has satisfied a performance obligation by transferring goods or services to a customer but has not yet established an unconditional right to consideration, as further performance or conditions may be required before invoicing the customer. Where invoicing is based on achievement of specific milestones, although work has been performed and revenue has been recognized, the contractual right to issue an invoice may be contingent on reaching the agreed milestone. A contract asset remains in this category until the right to payment becomes unconditional (i.e., invoice is issued), at which point it is reclassified as a trade receivable. A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which Tenaris has received consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. Tenaris recognizes a contract liability when it receives a payment (or becomes entitled to a payment) before transferring goods or services to the customer. A contract liability, also referred to as customer advance, is reduced as Tenaris fulfills its performance obligations by delivering goods or rendering services to the customer. ## T Cost of sales and other selling expenses Cost of sales and other selling expenses are recognized in the Consolidated I ncome S tatement on the accrual basis of accounting. Commissions, freight s and other selling expenses, including shipping and handling costs, are recorded in S elling, general and administrative expense s in the Consolidated I ncome S tatement. ## U Earnings per share Earnings per share are calculated by dividing the income attributable to the shareholders’ equity by the monthly weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. There are no dilutive potential ordinary shares. ## V F inancial instruments Non-derivative financial instruments comprise investments in financial debt instruments and equity, time deposits, contract assets, trade and other receivables, cash and cash equivalents, borrowing s and trade and other payables. The Company classifies its financial instruments according to the following measurement categories: those to be measured subsequently at fair value (either through OCI or through profit or loss), and those to be measured at amortised cost. The classification depends on the Company’s business model for managing the financial assets and contractual terms of the cash flows. Financial assets are recognized on their settlement date. Financial assets are derecognized when the rights to receive cash flows from the financial assets have expired or have been transferred and the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership. At initial recognition, the Company measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Transaction costs of financial assets carried at fair value through profit or loss are expenses in profit or loss. Subsequent measurement of debt instruments depends on the Company’s business model for managing the asset and the cash flow characteristics of the asset. There are three measurement categories into which the Company classifies its debt instruments: Amortized Cost: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest. Interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest rate method. Exchange gains and losses and impairments related to the financial assets are immediately recognized in the Consolidated Income S tatement. Fair value through oth er comprehensive income: Assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows and for selling the financial assets, where the assets’ cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest. Interest income from these financial assets is included in finance income using the effective interest rate method. Unrealized gains or losses are recorded as a fair value adjustment in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income and transferred to the Consolidated Income Statement when the financial asset is sold. Fai r value through profit and loss: Assets that do not meet the criteria for amortized cost or FVOCI. Changes in fair value of financial instruments at FVPL are immediately recognized in the Consolidated Income Statement. E quity instruments are subsequently measured at fair value either through profit or loss (FVPL) or through other comprehensive income (FVOCI). Changes in fair value are recognised in profit or loss unless Tenaris makes an irrevocable election at initial recognition to present changes in fair value in other comprehensive income for instruments not held for trading. Accounting for derivative financial instruments and hedging act ivities is included within the s ection III, Financial Risk Management.

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