20-F 1 zk1922830.htm 20-F

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, DC 20549
FORM 20-F
(Mark One)
☐ Registration statement pursuant to Section 12(b) or (g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
or
☒ Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018
or
☐ Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
or
☐ Shell Company report pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
Date of event requiring this shall Company report ___________
For the transition period from ________ to ________
Commission file number 000-30664
Camtek Ltd.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
Israel
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
Ramat Gavriel Industrial Zone, P.O. BOX 544, Migdal Ha'Emek, Israel
(Address of principal executive offices)
Moshe Eisenberg, Telephone: (972) (4) 6048100, Facsimile: (972) (4) 6048300, E-mail: moshee@camtek.com
Ramat Gavriel Industrial Zone, P.O. BOX 544, Migdal Ha'Emek, Israel
(Name, Telephone, E-Mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Ordinary Shares, nominal value NIS 0.01 per share
(Title of each Class)
Nasdaq Global Market
(Name of each Exchange on which registered)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
None
(Title of Class)
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the Annual Report:
36,443,069 Ordinary Shares, par value NIS 0.01 per share.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. £ Yes No ☒
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes ☒ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. S Yes £ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). S Yes £ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of "accelerated filer" and "large accelerated filer" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (check one): £ Large Accelerated Filer T Accelerated Filer £ Non-Accelerated Filer
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing: U.S. GAAP ý International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board £ Other ☐ If "Other" has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 £ Item 18 £
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). £ Yes T No

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | PAGE
PART I |  | 4
Item 1. | Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers. | 4
Item 2. | Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable. | 4
Item 3. | Key Information. | 4
Item 4. | Information on the Company. | 19
Item 4A. | Unresolved Staff Comments | 26
Item 5. | Operating and Financial Review and Prospects. | 26
Item 6. | Directors, Senior Management and Key Employees | 36
Item 7. | Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions. | 56
Item 8. | Financial Information. | 58
Item 9. | The Offer and Listing. | 58
Item 10. | Additional Information. | 58
Item 11. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 73
Item 12. | Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities. | 73
PART II |  | 74
Item 13. | Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies. | 74
Item 14 | Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds. | 74
Item 15 | Controls and Procedures. | 74
Item 16A. | Audit Committee Financial Expert. | 75
Item 16B. | Code of Ethics. | 75
Item 16C. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services. | 75
PART III |  | 77
Item 17. | Consolidated Financial Statements. | 77
Item 18. | Consolidated Financial Statements. | 77
Item 19. | Exhibits. | 78

2

INTRODUCTION
Definitions
In this annual report, unless the context otherwise requires:

| · | references to "Camtek," the "Company," "us," "we" and "our" refer to Camtek Ltd. (the "Registrant"), an Israeli company, and its consolidated subsidiaries (unless otherwise indicated);

| · | references to "ordinary shares," "our shares" and similar expressions refer to the Registrant's ordinary shares, NIS 0.01 nominal (par) value per share;

| · | references to "dollars," "U.S. dollars" and "$" are to United States Dollars;

| · | references to "shekels" and "NIS" are to New Israeli Shekels, the Israeli currency;

| · | references to the "Companies Law" are to Israel's Companies Law, 5759-1999;

| · | references to the "Israeli Securities Law" are to Israel's Securities Law, 5728-1968;

| · | references to the "SEC" are to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission; and

| · | references to the "Nasdaq Rules" are to rules of the Nasdaq Global Market.

Cautionary Language Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
This annual report includes certain statements that are intended to be, and are hereby identified as, "forward-looking statements" for the purposes of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events.
Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology words such as "may," "will," "should," "could," "expects," "plans," "intends," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "seeks," "strategy," "potential" or "continue" or the negative or other variations of these words, or other comparable words or phrases, but are not the only way these statements are identified. These statements discuss future expectations, plans and events, contain projections of results of operations or of financial condition or state other "forward-looking" information. When a forward-looking statement includes an underlying assumption, we caution that, while we believe the assumption to be reasonable and make it in good faith, assumed facts almost always vary from actual results, and the difference between a forward-looking statement and actual results can be material. Forward-looking statements may be found in Item 4: "Information on the Company" and Item 5: "Operating and Financial Review and Prospects" and in this annual report generally. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these statements as a result of various factors, including all the risks discussed in "Risk Factors" and other cautionary statements in this annual report. All of our forward-looking statements are qualified by and should be read in conjunction with those disclosures. Except as may be required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed in this annual report might not occur.
3

PART I

Item 1. | Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers.

Not applicable.

Item 2. | Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable.

Not applicable.

Item 3. | Key Information.

A. Selected Consolidated Financial Data.
We derived the selected data under the captions "Selected Statement of Operations Data" for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, and "Selected Balance Sheet Data" as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 from the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report. We derived the selected data under the captions "Selected Statement of Operations Data" for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and "Selected Balance Sheet Data" as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 from audited financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report.
For all fiscal periods for which consolidated financial data are set forth below, our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
4

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands, except per share data)
Selected Statement of Operations Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Revenues |  |  | 123,174 |  |  |  | 93,485 |  |  |  | 79,228 |  |  |  | 69,387 |  |  |  | 58,134 |
Cost of revenues |  |  | 62,378 |  |  |  | 47,966 |  |  |  | 41,807 |  |  |  | 36,508 |  |  |  | 28,679 |
Reorganization and impairment |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,931 |  |  |  | 1,041 |  |  |  | - |
Total cost of revenues |  |  | 62,378 |  |  |  | 47,966 |  |  |  | 46,738 |  |  |  | 37,549 |  |  |  | 28,679 |
Gross profit |  |  | 60,796 |  |  |  | 45,519 |  |  |  | 32,490 |  |  |  | 31,838 |  |  |  | 29,455 |
Research and development costs |  |  | 14,581 |  |  |  | 13,534 |  |  |  | 12,630 |  |  |  | 11,421 |  |  |  | 10,608 |
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | 26,182 |  |  |  | 22,022 |  |  |  | 21,900 |  |  |  | 19,255 |  |  |  | 17,380 |
Litigation settlement |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,000 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 14,600 |  |  |  | - |
Reorganization and impairment |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,059 | ) |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 60 |
Total operating expenses |  |  | 40,763 |  |  |  | 48,556 |  |  |  | 30,471 |  |  |  | 45,414 |  |  |  | 28,048 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  | 20,033 |  |  |  | (3,037 | ) |  |  | 2,019 |  |  |  | (13,576 | ) |  |  | 1,407 |
Financial income (expenses), net |  |  | 728 |  |  |  | (150 | ) |  |  | (847 | ) |  |  | (1,312 | ) |  |  | (1,021 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes |  |  | 20,761 |  |  |  | (3,187 | ) |  |  | 1,172 |  |  |  | (14,888 | ) |  |  | 386 |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (2,030 | ) |  |  | 4,875 |  |  |  | (303 | ) |  |  | 2,072 |  |  |  | (395 | )
Net income (loss) from continuing operations |  |  | 18,731 |  |  |  | 1,688 |  |  |  | 869 |  |  |  | (12,816 | ) |  |  | (9 | )
Discontinued operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income from discontinued operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before tax expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,302 |  |  |  | 4,450 |  |  |  | 2,952 |  |  |  | 3,530 |
Income tax expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | (6,028 | ) |  |  | (585 | ) |  |  | (249 | ) |  |  | (184 | )
Net income from discontinued operations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,274 |  |  |  | 3,865 |  |  |  | 2,703 |  |  |  | 3,346 |
Net income (loss) |  |  | 18,731 |  |  |  | 13,962 |  |  |  | 4,734 |  |  |  | (10,113 | ) |  |  | 3,337 |
Earnings (loss) per ordinary share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings (losses) from continuing operations |  |  | 0.52 |  |  |  | 0.05 |  |  |  | 0.02 |  |  |  | (0.38 | ) |  |  | (0.00 | )
Basic earnings from discontinued operations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.35 |  |  |  | 0.11 |  |  |  | 0.08 |  |  |  | 0.11 |
Basic net earnings |  |  | 0.52 |  |  |  | 0.40 |  |  |  | 0.13 |  |  |  | (0.30 | ) |  |  | 0.11 |
Diluted earnings (losses) from continuing operations |  |  | 0.51 |  |  |  | 0.05 |  |  |  | 0.02 |  |  |  | (0.38 | ) |  |  | (0.00 | )
Diluted earnings from discontinued operations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.34 |  |  |  | 0.11 |  |  |  | 0.08 |  |  |  | 0.11 |
Diluted net earnings |  |  | 0.51 |  |  |  | 0.39 |  |  |  | 0.13 |  |  |  | (0.30 | ) |  |  | 0.11 |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding (in thousands): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 36,190 |  |  |  | 35,441 |  |  |  | 35,348 |  |  |  | 33,352 |  |  |  | 30,464 |
Diluted |  |  | 36,747 |  |  |  | 35,964 |  |  |  | 35,376 |  |  |  | 33,352 |  |  |  | 30,545 |

5

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2014 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands, except per share data) |
Selected Balance Sheet Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 54,935 |  |  |  | 43,744 |  |  |  | 19,740 |  |  |  | 30,833 |  |  |  | 18,220 |
Short-term deposits |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8,607 |
Short-term restricted deposit |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,875 |  |  |  | - |
Long-term restricted deposit |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 729 |
Total assets |  |  | 141,547 |  |  |  | 113,036 |  |  |  | 105,558 |  |  |  | 116,266 |  |  |  | 96,511 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 40,140 |  |  |  | 28,735 |  |  |  | 32,193 |  |  |  | 48,064 |  |  |  | 30,779 |
Additional paid in capital |  |  | 81,873 |  |  |  | 78,437 |  |  |  | 76,463 |  |  |  | 76,034 |  |  |  | 63,465 |
Total shareholders' equity1 |  |  | 101,407 |  |  |  | 84,301 |  |  |  | 73,365 |  |  |  | 68,202 |  |  |  | 65,732 |
Ordinary issued and outstanding shares |  |  | 36,443,069 |  |  |  | 35,832,131 |  |  |  | 35,348,176 |  |  |  | 35,348,176 |  |  |  | 30,494,522 |

B. Capitalization and Indebtedness.
Not applicable.
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds.
Not applicable.
D. Risk Factors
There is a high degree of risk associated with our Company and business. If any of the following risks occur, our business, revenues, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected and the trading price of our ordinary shares could decline.
Risk Factors Related to Our Business and Our Markets
We are dependent upon the semiconductor industry; unfavorable economic conditions or low capital expenditures may negatively impact our operating results.
Our revenue is dependent upon the strength of the worldwide electronics industry. All of our revenues are derived from sales of products and related services to the semiconductor fabrication industry. We depend upon the need by manufacturers in such industry to make continuing capital investments in our products for use in their manufacturing processes and their need to keep pace with more technologically complex electronic devices.
The semiconductor capital equipment procurement practices of these manufacturers have historically been cyclical in nature, and there have been both periodic and sustained downturns. These spending levels are impacted by the actual and expected worldwide level of demand for consumer end products that utilize our solutions in their production processes. Demand for consumer end products can also be a function of prevailing global or regional economic conditions and is negatively affected by a general economic slow-down and/or periods of economic uncertainty as consumers reduce discretionary spending on electronics. Although we have seen a more stable overall pattern of capital investments in the industry we serve in recent years, the occurrences of cyclical downturns in this industry are very difficult to predict. Due to the ongoing need to invest in R&D and the costs of maintaining a global infrastructure of customer service and support operations, we are limited in our ability to reduce expenses in response to circumstances of decreased demand, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

1Authorized share capital of 100,000,000 ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.01.
6

The markets we serve are highly competitive and have dominant market participants, some with greater resources than us. Such competition could adversely affect the terms on which we sell our products and may negatively affect our financial results.
The markets that we serve are highly competitive. During market slowdowns, competition is intensified due to the reduced demand for the products that we manufacture. When competitors respond to declining demand by offering discounts, free evaluation machines or more favorable credit terms, we may need to implement some or all of the same methods in order to maintain our market position. These could mean lower prices for our products and a corresponding reduction in our gross margin, as well as more favorable payment terms to our customers and a corresponding decline in our cash flow. If we have to lower prices to remain competitive and are unable to reduce our costs to offset price reductions or are unable to introduce new, higher performance products with higher prices, our operating results may be adversely affected.
Our main competitors are Rudolph Technologies, Inc., ATI Electronics Pty Ltd, ASTI Holding Limited, Toray Industries, Inc. and also, for some limited applications, KLA-Tencor Corporation.
Some of our competitors have greater financial, personnel and other resources and offer a broader range of products and services. These competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies or changes in customer requirements, develop additional or superior products, benefit from greater economies of scale, offer more aggressive pricing or devote greater resources to the promotion of their products. If we are unsuccessful in effectively responding to our competition, our financial results will be adversely affected by reduced revenues as well as lower margins, which may lead to financial losses.
Technology in the markets in which we operate is rapidly evolving, and we may not be able to adequately predict these changes or keep pace with emerging industry standards, which could lead to a loss of revenues or adversely affect our profits.
The markets for our products are characterized by changing technology, evolving industry standards, changes in end-user requirements and new product introductions. Our future success will depend on our ability to accurately predict new market needs and requirements and to accordingly enhance our existing products and develop and introduce new technologies for the markets in which we operate. These products must keep pace with technological developments and address the increasingly sophisticated needs of our customers. If we fail to correctly anticipate, or if we are unable to keep pace with, technological changes, products offered by our competitors or emerging industry standards, our ability to generate revenues may be negatively affected. Adopting new technologies may also result in material inventory write-offs which would adversely affect our results of operations.
A substantial majority of our sales have been to manufacturers in the Asia Pacific region. The concentration of our sales and other resources within a particular geographical region, and specifically in China, subjects us to additional risks that could impede harm our revenues, results of operations and cash flow.
In 2018, our sales in the Asia Pacific region (mainly South Korea, China and Taiwan) accounted for approximately 80% of our total revenues. A number of Asian countries have experienced or could experience political and economic instability. Changes in local legislation, changes in governmental controls and regulations, instability of Asian economies, changes in tariffs and taxes, trade restrictions, a downturn in economic or financial conditions, political instability, an outbreak of hostilities or other political upheaval, as well as any further extraordinary events having an adverse effect on the economy or business environment in this region, would likely harm the operations of our customers in these countries, may cause a significant decline in our future revenues and may have an adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flow. These general risks are heightened in China, which accounts for approximately 30% of our total revenues, where the nature of the economy and the legal parameters are rapidly evolving and where foreign companies may face regulatory, business and cultural obstacles; specifically, recent revisions made in the U.S. administrative policy, mainly with respect to China, have created and may further create changes to trade agreements, restrictions on free trade and significant increases in tariffs on goods imported into the United States, particularly those manufactured in China. Additional circumstances which may affect the economic stability of countries in the Asia-Pacific region include the occurrence of natural disasters, such as earthquakes, cyclones, tsunamis and flooding as well as regional disputes such as those which have occurred between Taiwan and China and North and South Korea.
7

Our operating results have varied, and will likely continue to vary significantly from quarter to quarter, and from our expectations for any specific period making it difficult to predict future results.
Our quarterly operating results have varied in the past and could continue to vary from quarter to quarter or from our expectations for any specific period in the future. This complicates our planning processes, reduces the predictability of our earnings and subjects our stock to price and volume fluctuations. Period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations may not always provide indications of our future performance.
Some of the factors that may influence our operating results include:

| · | global economic conditions and worldwide demand for electronic equipment;

| · | change in demand for our systems;

| · | Changes made by customer to orders for our systems and/ or installation schedules;

| · | product introductions and the market penetration period of new products;

| · | rapid shifts in industry capacity;

| · | the size, timing and shipment of substantial orders;

| · | timing of evaluation and qualification of our products by new customers;

| · | lack of visibility/low levels of backlog from the preceding quarter;

| · | product mixes;

| · | pricing of our products;

| · | timing of new product, upgrades or enhancements;

| · | level of operating expenses such as R&D expenses, agent commissions; and

| · | fluctuations in interest and exchange rates

In light of these factors and the cyclical nature of the markets we target, we expect to continue to experience significant fluctuations in our quarterly operating results.
We have expanded, and may further attempt to expand our activity within and/or beyond our current served markets, through M&A activity. Such activity may adversely affect our results of operations.
We have in the past expanded our activity to adjacent markets through M&A, including the acquisition of assets and certain liabilities of Printar Ltd. ("Printar"), and the entire share capital of SELA – Semiconductor Engineering Laboratories Ltd. ("Sela") (see below in Item 4.B – "Business Overview –Our Business"), and we may further decide to expand our activity through M&A.
Such acquisitions could lead to post-merger integration difficulties; diversion of management's attention from our core business and operations; failure to estimate the acquired businesses' future performance and failure to execute on such expectations; inaccurate evaluation of the fair value of certain assets acquired, liabilities assumed and contingent liabilities; and the loss of key employees of the acquired operations. In addition, as a result of acquisition activity, our future results of operations may be influenced by the possibility of our incurring impairment charges as a result of decline in value of goodwill and other intangible assets, ongoing amortization of intangible assets acquired and financing expenses due to re-evaluation of contingent liabilities and other liabilities assumed presented at fair value, as was the case with the Printar and Sela acquisitions (see also in Item 5.A below - "Operating Results - Critical Accounting Policies). Future acquisitions could also result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, a decrease in our cash resources, incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or impairment charges related to goodwill and other intangible assets, any of which could harm our business. Furthermore, we compete for acquisition and investment opportunities with other well-established and well-capitalized entities. There can be no assurance that we will be able to locate acquisition or investment opportunities upon favorable terms.
8

We depend on a limited number of suppliers, and in some cases, a sole supplier and/or subcontractor. If one or more of our third‑party suppliers or subcontractors does not provide us with key components or subsystems, we may not be able to deliver our products to our customers in a timely manner, and we may incur substantial costs to obtain these components from alternate sources.
While a portion of our manufacturing process is performed in our production facilities in Israel, we outsource some of our manufacturing processes to two contract manufacturers, which are located in Israel ("Contract Manufacturers"). From time to time, we have experienced and may in the future experience delays in shipments from our Contract Manufacturers. In addition, we rely on single source and limited source suppliers and subcontractors ("Key Suppliers") for a number of essential components and subsystems of our products. We do not have agreements with all of these suppliers and subcontractors for the continued supply of the components or subsystems they provide.
Although we believe that our Contract Manufacturers and Key Suppliers have sufficient economic incentive to perform our manufacturing and meet our supply needs, their performance is not within our control and manufacturing problems may occur in the future, including inferior quality and insufficient quantities of components. Delays, disruptions, quality control problems and loss in capacity could result in delays in deliveries of our products to our customers, which could subject us to penalties payable to our customers, increased warranty costs and possible cancellation of orders.
If our Contract Manufacturers and Key Suppliers experience financial, operational, manufacturing capacity or other difficulties, or shortages in components required for manufacturing, our supply may be disrupted and we may be required to seek alternate manufacturers. We may be unable to secure alternate manufacturers that meet our needs in a timely and cost-effective manner.
We depend on a number of key personnel who would be difficult to replace.
Our continued growth and success significantly depend on the managerial and technical skills of the members of our senior management and key employees. If our operations rapidly expand, we believe that we will need to promote and hire qualified engineering, administrative, operational, financial and marketing personnel. In particular, we may find it difficult to hire key personnel with the requisite knowledge of our business, products and technologies. The process of locating, training and successfully integrating qualified personnel into our operations can be lengthy and expensive. During periods of economic growth, competition for qualified engineering and technical personnel is intense.
Increased cyber-attacks, data breaches, risks and threats, along with changes in privacy and data protection laws could have an adverse effect on our business.
Given the substantial increase of cyber-attacks in recent years, we have implemented network security technological, operational and organizational measures and drafted an internal global information technology security policy. This policy, which follows industry best practices and focuses on Camtek’s network and information security, was reviewed by our audit committee and board of directors.
The possible cyber-attacks via unauthorized access, exploitation, manipulation, deception, corruption, disruption, damage, leak, theft or loss of our intellectual property or any other digital assets could result in liabilities to us and other material costs. Cyber-attacks aimed at our digital assets, could accumulate increased costs to prevent, respond to or mitigate these incidents. It is also possible that our digital assets and business processes could be jeopardized, compromised or halted via cyber-attacks, without being noticed for some time.
9

Although we have not yet experienced any cyber-attacks that affected our operations thus far, we cannot fully guarantee that any such potential cyber incidents will not have an adverse effect on our company in the future. Even though we have invested in implementing various cyber security solutions in our networks and systems, in order to mitigate and reduce our exposure to these cyber risks, we can provide no assurance that our current digital assets are fully protected against all sorts of cyber-attacks by malicious third parties.
In addition, the potential liabilities associated with these events could exceed the insurance coverage we maintain as they could lead to financial losses, damage to our reputation, business processes, financial condition and results of operations.
Furthermore, the regulatory framework for data and privacy protection issues is rapidly evolving worldwide. As such, the European Union adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which imposes stricter obligations and provides for greater penalties for noncompliance. We may be required to incur significant costs to comply with such data and privacy protection laws, as applicable upon our company, or else face an adverse effect on our business prospects and/or financial position.
Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may result in additional expenses being recorded or in the prices of our products becoming less competitive and thus may have negative impact on our profitability.
We are a global company that operates in a multi-currency environment. As a major portion of the costs of our Israeli operations, such as personnel, subcontractors, materials and facility‑related costs, are incurred in NIS, an increase in the NIS value relative to the U.S. Dollar will increase our costs expressed in U.S. Dollars. We may, from time to time, take various measures designed to reduce our exposure to these effects, but any such steps may be inadequate to protect us from currency rate fluctuations. In addition, although our products' prices in most countries are denominated in U.S. Dollars, in certain territories (currently, Europe and Japan) our products' prices are denominated in local currencies, and much of our service income in additional territories is denominated in local currencies. If there is a significant devaluation in the relevant local currencies in which we operate compared to the U.S. Dollar, we may be required to increase those prices and as a result our products and services may become less competitive.
A longer sales process for new products may increase our costs and delay time to market of our products, both of which may negatively impact our revenues, results of operations, cash flow and may result in inventory write-offs.
Our sales process to new and existing customers usually involves: demonstrations and testing against industry benchmarks in our sales centers; sales and technical presentations and presentations regarding our products' competitive advantages; and installation of the systems at the customer's site for side-by-side competitive evaluations for a period of approximately six months. More evaluation time is devoted during the initial market penetration period for new products such as new products under our Eagle product line, and for new customers in new markets, since these circumstances usually require qualification of the systems by the customers and engineering efforts to fix errors, customize tasks and add new features. Considering the above factors, the length of time until we recognize revenue can vary and affect our revenues, cash flow and results of operations.
The long sales process may cause an increase in inventory levels and a risk for inventory write downs and write-offs; for more details regarding recent inventory write downs and write-offs see Item 5.A – "Operating Results – Critical Accounting Policies– Valuation of Inventory".
Third parties have asserted claims, and may assert additional claims, that our products infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which could expose us to costs and risks.
Third parties, including one of our competitors in the field of semiconductor wafer inspection equipment, Rudolph Technologies Inc. ("Rudolph"), previously asserted claims, and may assert additional claims in the future, that we have infringed their patents or intellectual property rights. Following the settlement, of $13 million, and dismissal of all of Rudolph's outstanding claims in 2017 we do not currently have any outstanding intellectual property claims against us (and, in accordance with the terms of the settlement agreement with Rudolph, no such claims may be asserted by Rudolph within the three years following the execution thereof); however, we may in the future face such intellectual property claims against us, which, even if without merit, could lead to protracted litigation, could be costly to defend and could divert management's attention from our business. Successful claims against us (such as the claim asserted by Rudolph regarding our Falcon product in which a final ruling was granted in Rudolph's favor in 2016) could impose on us monetary awards for damages, as well as for plaintiff’s attorney's fees and other costs, and could limit our ability to sell products in certain jurisdictions. Additional costs and expenses may also be incurred in the event of out of court settlement of claims against us (such as the settlement of the Rudolph claims in 2017), which could result in monetary consequences; see in Item 8.A – "Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information"- "Legal Proceedings" below.
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We may encounter difficulties in purchasing key components and subsystems, or overestimate our needs, to meet customer demand.
In the current highly competitive business environment, our customers require us to fill orders within a very short period of time. Our products are complex and require essential components and subsystems that are produced by a number of suppliers and subcontractors. In order to meet our customers' needs in the timeframe they require, we usually need to pre-order components and subsystems based on our forecasts of future orders, rather than on actual orders. While we believe that we have sufficient inventory to fill our customers' orders, our predictions may not correspond to our actual future needs and our suppliers and subcontractors cannot always supply such components and subsystems within a shorter than anticipated time frame. Our inability to anticipate rapid market changes may cause an increase of inventory which could result in material inventory write-offs, which we have incurred in the past, or may alternately limit our ability to satisfy customer orders, which could result in the loss of sales and could cause customers to seek products from our competitors.
If we are unable to protect our proprietary technologies, we may not be able to compete effectively.
We differentiate our products and technologies from those of our competitors by using our intellectual property for the development of our products. We rely on a combination of patents, copyrights, trade secrets, trademarks, confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements to protect our intellectual property. These measures may not be adequate to protect our proprietary technologies and it may be possible for a third party, including a competitor, to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products or technologies without authorization or to develop similar technologies independently. Inability to protect our intellectual property may affect our competitive advantage.
We have historically incurred significant losses and negative cash flows and may not sustain profitable operations or continue to have positive operating cash flows in the future.
Our ability to generate profits is dependent mainly on our ability to generate sufficient sales. In the future, our sales may not be sufficient to cover an increase in our expenses and we may not be able to maintain profitability, mainly during a protracted slowdown. We incurred significant losses and negative cash flows in the past (for example, in 2015 as well as in earlier periods prior to 2011), and may not sustain profitable operations or continue to have positive operating cash flows in the future. We have from time to time in the past undertaken cost cutting initiatives in response to economic conditions, including reducing our worldwide workforce, and may again in the future have to undertake cost reduction initiatives, which could lead to a deterioration of our competitive position, and any difficulty in reducing our cost structure could negatively impact our results of operations in the future and may result in additional losses in the future as well. Our failure to maintain profitability or to continue to have positive operating cash flows may impact our ability to compete in the market for the short and long term and impair our financial condition.
Compliance with environmental, health and other laws and potential liabilities could materially impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Due to our global operations, we must comply with certain international and domestic laws, regulations and restrictions which may expose our business to risks, including as detailed below.
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Pursuant to Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank Act, United States publicly-traded companies are required to disclose use or potential use of certain minerals and their derivatives, including tantalum, tin, gold and tungsten, that are mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries and deemed "conflict minerals". These requirements necessitate due diligence efforts to assess whether such minerals are used in our products in order to make the relevant required annual disclosures. We file our conflict mineral reports timely. Yet there are, and will be, ongoing costs associated with complying with these recent disclosure requirements, including due diligence to determine the sources of those minerals that may be used or necessary to the production of our products in order to make the relevant required annual disclosures. We may face reputational challenges that could impact future sales if we determine that certain of our products contain minerals not determined to be conflict free or if we are unable to verify with sufficient accuracy the origins of all conflict minerals used in our products.
In addition, our business is subject to numerous domestic laws and regulations designed to protect the environment, including with respect to discharges and management of hazardous substances, wastes and emissions and soil and ground water contamination. The failure to comply with current or future environmental requirements could expose us to criminal, civil and administrative charges and monetary liability. We believe that we have complied with these requirements and that such compliance has not had a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. Although we are not presently aware of any liability that could be material to our business, financial condition or operating results, due to the nature of our business and environmental risks, we cannot provide assurance that any such material liability will not arise in the future.
We may fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "Sarbanes Oxley Act") imposes certain duties on us and our executives and directors, including the requirements of Section 404 (Assessment of Internal Control), which requires (i) management’s annual review and evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting and (ii) an attestation report issued by an independent registered public accounting firm on our internal control over financial reporting, in connection with the filing of our Annual Report on Form 20-F for each fiscal year. We have documented and tested our internal control systems and procedures in order for us to comply with the requirements of Section 404. Our efforts to comply with such requirements have resulted in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention, and we expect these efforts to require the continued commitment of resources. In addition, while our assessment of our internal control over financial reporting resulted in our conclusion that as of December 31, 2018, our internal control over financial reporting was effective, we cannot predict the outcome of our testing in future periods. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we may not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting. Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in investigation or sanctions by regulatory authorities, and could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, investor confidence in our reported financial information, and the market price of our ordinary shares.
Risks Relating to Our Ordinary Shares
Our share price and trading volumes have demonstrated significant volatility in the past and may continue to fluctuate in the future. Such share price volatility could limit investors’ ability to sell our shares at a profit, could limit our ability to raise funds successfully and may cause additional exposure for securities class action litigation.
The stock market in general and the market price of our ordinary shares, in particular, are subject to fluctuation. As a result, changes in our share price may be unrelated to our operating performance. The price of our ordinary shares has experienced volatility in the past and may continue to do so in the future; during the period from January 1, 2018 through February 28, 2019, the closing price of our ordinary shares ranged from $5.75 to $10.78 (See in Item 9.A below- "Offer and Listing Details - Price History of Ordinary Shares"). The price volatility of our shares and periodic volatile trading volume may make it difficult for investors to predict the value of their investment, to sell shares at a profit at any given time, or to plan purchases and sales in advance. Our ordinary shares may experience significant market price and volume fluctuations in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, such as the following:

| · | global economic conditions, which generally influence stock market prices and volume fluctuations;

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| · | investors' views of the attractiveness of our new products;

| · | changes in expectations as to our future financial performance, including financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts and investors;

| · | quarterly variations in our operating results;

| · | market conditions relating to our customers' industries;

| · | announcements of technological innovations or new products by us or our competitors;

| · | announcements by us or our competitors of significant contracts, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

| · | large block transactions in our ordinary shares;

| · | additions or departures of our key personnel;

| · | future offerings or sales of our ordinary shares; and

| · | announcements of significant claims or proceedings against us

Securities class action litigations are being brought from time to time against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their securities, and in the past, one was brought against us. Although this claim was dismissed, we cannot guarantee that similar litigation would not be brought against us in the future.
Our principal shareholder, Priortech, holds a controlling interest in us and will be able to exercise its control in ways that may be adverse to your interests. Our relationship with Priortech may give rise to a conflict of interests.
Priortech Ltd. ("Priortech") beneficially holds 41.92% of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares. As a result, Priortech has the ability to determine the outcome of certain matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders, including the election of members of our board of directors and the approval of significant corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership may also have the effect of making it more difficult to obtain approval for a change in control of the Company.
Subject to and following the completion of the Chroma Transaction, as defined and described in Item 4.A. below – "History and Development of the Company", Priortech and Chroma ATE. Inc. ("Chroma") will collectively own approximately 44.5% of our issued and outstanding ordinary shares, and as they have entered into a voting agreement between them, both shall have joint control over the Company.
Mr. Rafi Amit, our CEO and a Board member, and Mr. Yotam Stern, our Board member, through a voting agreement with David Kishon, Itzhak Krell (deceased)¸ Haim Langmas (deceased), Zehava Wineberg and Hanoch Feldstien (including the estates of the foregoing deceased founders, the "Founding Members"), governing inter-alia joint voting at Priortech's general meetings of shareholders and the right of first refusal among themselves, (the "Voting Agreement"), hold, as of February 28, 2019 an aggregate of approximately 31.1% of the voting power at Priortech's general meeting of shareholders and as such may be deemed to control Priortech.
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Messrs. Rafi Amit and Mr. Yotam Stern also hold various positions in Priortech and its affiliated companies, which may give rise to conflict of interests. As of May 26, 2015 Mr. Amit serves as our Chief Executive Officer on a 90% position and our Board member, and also acts as Priortech's Chairman of the board of directors and provides consulting and management services to Priortech on a 10% basis. Mr. Yotam Stern, who acts as one of our Directors, holds several other positions in the Priortech group including the position of Chief Executive Officer at Priortech and the position of a director at Priortech’s associated company - P.C.B Technologies Ltd., an Israeli public company.
Despite our efforts to conduct ourselves by Israeli law procedural requirements, including regarding audit committee (also acting, as applicable, as our compensation committee), board of directors and, in certain cases, shareholder, approvals (including special majority requirement in certain cases) for interested party transactions, we cannot be certain that the possible conflict of interests in any of these transactions and activities is fully eliminated.
For more details regarding our senior management arrangements, see Item 6.B below - "Compensation – Employment Agreements".
The loan received by Priortech, for which Priortech has pledged its holdings in our shares, could lead to sales of such shares by Priortech or upon foreclosure, which could have an adverse effect on the market price of our shares.
During 2016, Priortech pledged all of its holdings in our ordinary shares to its principal lender, Meitav Dash Investment's Ltd. Six million of the pledged shares are registered for resale on a shelf registration statement; in the event of foreclosure and sale of these shares into the market during a short period of time, or if Priortech otherwise decides to sell any such shares in order to comply with its commitments under said loan, the market price of our ordinary shares could be adversely affected. In addition, in the event of foreclosure and sale of the pledged shares, Priortech would cease to have a controlling interest in us, and, if the shares were sold to one or a small group of investors, an effective change of control of us could occur.
If we are classified as a passive foreign investment company, our U.S. shareholders may suffer adverse tax consequences.
There is a risk that we may be classified as a passive foreign investment company ("PFIC"). Our treatment as a PFIC could result in a reduction in the after-tax return of U.S. holders of our ordinary shares and may generally cause a reduction in the value of our shares. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will generally be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year in which either: (i) 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or (ii) at least 50% of the average value of our total assets (determined on a quarterly basis) for the taxable year produce or are held for the production of passive income. Based on an analysis of our income, assets, activities and market capitalization, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2018. However, there can be no assurance that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") will not challenge our analysis or our conclusion regarding our PFIC status. There is also a risk that we were a PFIC for one or more prior taxable years or that we will be a PFIC in future years, including 2019. If we were a PFIC during any prior years, U.S. holders who acquired or held our ordinary shares during such years generally will be subject to the PFIC rules. The tests for determining PFIC status are applied annually and it is difficult to make accurate predictions of our future income, assets, activities and market capitalization, which are relevant to this determination. If we were determined to be a PFIC for US federal income tax purposes, highly complex rules would apply to U.S. holders owning our ordinary shares and such U.S. holders could suffer adverse U.S. tax consequences. For more information, please see Item 10.E below - "U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations– Tax Consequences if We Are a Passive Foreign Investment Company".
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Changes to the U.S. federal tax laws, including the recent enactment of certain tax reform measures, could have an impact on a shareholder’s investment in our shares.
U.S. federal income tax laws and the administrative interpretations of those laws may be amended at any time, potentially with retroactive effect. On December 22, 2017, P.L. 115-97 was signed into law making significant changes to U.S. federal tax laws. Since enactment, the IRS has issued proposed and final regulations, some of which may further revised and possibly withdrawn, implementing the changes to the U.S. federal tax laws. The impact of these provisions and the regulations on the Company’s operations and on its investors is uncertain, and may not become evident for some period of time. Prospective investors are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the effect of these changes to the U.S. federal tax laws on an investment in our shares.
Our ordinary shares are traded on more than one market and this may result in price variations.
In addition to being traded on the Nasdaq Global Market, our ordinary shares are traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange ("TASE"). Trading in our ordinary shares on these markets take place in different currencies (U.S. Dollars on Nasdaq and NIS on TASE) and at different times (resulting from different time zones, trading days and public holidays in the United States and Israel). The trading prices of our ordinary shares on these two markets may differ due to these and other factors. Any decrease in the price of our ordinary shares on one market could cause a decrease in the trading price of our ordinary shares on the other market.
Risks Relating to Our Operations in Israel
Conditions in the Middle East and Israel may adversely affect our operations.
Our headquarters and sole facility (including manufacturing facilities) are located in the State of Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region may directly influence our operations. Specifically, we could be adversely affected by:

| · | hostilities involving Israel;

| · | the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading partners;

| · | a downturn in the economic or financial condition of Israel; and

| · | a full or partial mobilization of the reserve forces of the Israeli army.

Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have taken place between Israel and its Middle Eastern neighbors. While Israel has entered into peace arrangements with both Egypt and Jordan, it has no peace arrangements with any other neighboring or Arab countries. Over the years, this state of hostility, varying from time to time in intensity and degree, has led to security and economic problems for Israel. Further, all efforts to improve Israel's relationship with the Palestinians have failed to result in a permanent peaceful solution, and there have been numerous periods of hostility in recent years.
Israel has been, from time to time, engaged in armed conflicts with Hamas, a militia group and political party controlling the Gaza Strip. These conflicts have involved missile strikes against civilian targets in various parts of Israel, last in November 2018, as well as civil insurrection of Palestinians in the West Bank, on the border with the Gaza Strip and in Israeli cities.
In addition, the continuation of the civil war in Syria and renewed conflict with Hezbollah (a Lebanese Islamist Shiite militia group and political party), adjacent to Israel's northern border, including the discovery and destruction of attack tunnels from Lebanon into Israel in December 2018 has contributed to the tension in the region.
Also, relations between Israel and Iran remain hostile, due to the fact that Iran is perceived by Israel as sponsor of Hamas and Hezbollah, while maintaining a military presence in Syria and with regard to Iran's nuclear program. During 2018 the parties engaged in military strikes against each other adjacent to Israel’s northern border.
All of the above raise a concern as to the stability in the region which may affect the political and security situation in Israel and therefore could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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Furthermore, the continued conflict with the Palestinians is already disrupting some of Israel's trading activities. Certain countries, primarily in the Middle East, but also in Malaysia and Indonesia, as well as certain companies and organizations, continue to participate in a boycott of Israeli brands, others doing business with Israel and Israeli companies. The boycott, restrictive laws, policies or practices directed towards Israel or Israeli businesses could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, for example by way of sales opportunities that we could not pursue or from which we will be precluded in the future. Further deterioration of our relations with the Palestinians or countries in the Middle East could expand the disruption of international trading activities in Israel, may materially and negatively affect our business conditions, could harm our results of operations, and adversely affect the share price of our ordinary shares.
Our business may also be disturbed by the obligation of personnel to perform military service. Our employees who are Israeli citizens are generally subject to a periodical obligation to perform reserve military service, until they reach the age of 45 (or older, for reservists with certain occupations), but during military conflicts, these employees may be called to active duty for longer periods of time. In response to the increase in violence and terrorist activity in the past years, there have been periods of significant call-ups for military reservists and it is possible that there will be further military reserve duty call-ups in the future. In case of further regional instability such employees, who may include one or more of our key employees, may be absent for extended periods of time, which may materially adversely affect our business.
We can give no assurance that the political, economic and security situation in Israel will not have a material adverse impact on our business in the future.
Furthermore, our Company’s insurance does not cover any loss arising of events related to the security situation in the Middle East. While the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages caused by acts of war or terror attacks, we cannot be certain that such coverage will be maintained.
Our ability to take advantage of Israeli government offers programs and tax benefits may change, which could increase our tax expenses.
We benefit from certain Israeli government programs and tax benefits, particularly from tax exemptions including "Approved Enterprise" status due to our manufacturing facilities in Israel. To be eligible for these programs and tax benefits or similar programs in the future, we must continue to meet certain conditions, including making specified investments in fixed assets and equipment. If we fail to meet such conditions in the future, these tax benefits could be cancelled, and we could be required to refund any tax benefits already received. Further, these programs and tax benefits may not be continued in the future at their current levels or at any level. The termination or reduction of these tax benefits would likely increase our tax liability. For information regarding the above-mentioned tax benefits, see in Item 10.E below – "Taxation – Israeli Taxation - Tax Benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959."
The government grants we received for know-how research and development expenditures impose certain restrictions on utilization of the funded grants and may expose us to payment of royalties in connection with the commercialization thereof.
We have received government grants from the Israel Innovation Authority (formerly and more commonly known as the Office of the Chief Scientist) (the "IIA") for the financing of a portion of our research and development expenditures over the years, and in the framework of the acquisition of assets and certain liabilities of Printar, have also assumed the liabilities of Printar in connection with grants received by Printar from the IIA. The grants received, and the Printar liabilities assumed, subject us to the requirements of the Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development Law, 1984 and the regulations promulgated there under (together: the "R&D Law") with respect to the applicable technologies the development of which was financed by such grants (the "Financed Know-How"), including an obligation for repayment of such grants from sales of such products based on the Financed Know-How, if and when such sales occur.
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As of December 31, 2018, the amount of grants received and not yet repaid (including those assumed from Printar and including interest accrued by Camtek) were $7.0 million. However, we believe it is more likely than not that no payments will be made to the IIA in respect of the Printar related grants, and have accordingly written off such liabilities, due to the fact that in 2016 we stopped supporting the Functional Inkjet Technology ("FIT") systems developed based on the Printar technology (and then later, in 2018, we ceased this line of activity entirely) – see in Item 4.B below - "Business Overview – Our Business").
In addition to the obligation to pay royalties to the IIA, the R&D Law requires that products which incorporate Financed Know-How be manufactured in Israel, unless otherwise approved in advance by the IIA. Approval of such an exception may be subject to various conditions, including the repayment of increased royalties. Furthermore, it is generally prohibited to transfer the Financed Know-How and any right derived therefrom to third parties, unless approved by the IIA. Such approval by the IIA, which is given in special cases, is subject to the receipt of certain payments.
Although as of the date of this Annual Report, no Financed Know-How is used or incorporated in our current or currently anticipated products lines, the abovementioned restrictions and requirements for payment could in the future – if and as applicable – impair our ability to sell such Financed Know-How outside Israel or to outsource or transfer manufacturing activities with respect to any product or technology based on Financed Know-How outside of Israel. Furthermore, the consideration available to our shareholders in a transaction involving the transfer outside of Israel of Financed Know-How (such as a merger or similar transaction) may be reduced by any amounts that we are required to pay to the IIA.
Even following full repayment of all IIA grants, unless otherwise agreed by the applicable authority of the IIA, we must nevertheless continue to comply with the abovementioned requirements and restrictions relating to Financed Know-How under the R&D Law.
For information regarding the above-mentioned and other restrictions imposed by the R&D Law and regarding grants received by us from the IIA (and the repayment thereof), see Item 4.B below - "Business Overview – The Israel Innovation Authority, formerly – the Israeli Office of Chief Scientist".
It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment against us or our officers and directors, or to assert U.S. securities law claims in Israel.
We are incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel. Service of process upon our directors and officers, substantially all of whom reside outside the United States, may be difficult to obtain within the United States. Furthermore, because the majority of our assets and our directors and officers are located outside the United States, any judgment obtained in the United States against us or any of them may not be collectible within the United States.
Further, it may be difficult to enforce civil liabilities under U.S. securities law in original actions instituted in Israel; Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear such a claim, it is not certain whether Israeli law or U.S. law will be applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact by an expert witness, which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing these matters.
Being a foreign private issuer exempts us from certain SEC and Nasdaq requirements, which may result in less protection for investors.
We are a "foreign private issuer" within the meaning of rules promulgated by the SEC. As such, we are exempt from certain provisions under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act") applicable to U.S. public companies, including, for example, rules prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and "short-swing" profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as United States companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.
Further, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices and law instead of those rules and practices otherwise required by Nasdaq for domestic issuers. For instance, we have relied on the foreign private issuer exemption with respect to shareholder approval requirements for equity-based compensation plans, with respect to the Nasdaq requirement to have a formal charter for the compensation committee, and with respect to the quorum requirement for the convening of general meetings of shareholders; See in Item 16G. below "Corporate Governance".
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Following our home country corporate governance practices, as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. company listed on Nasdaq, may provide less protection than is afforded to investors under the Nasdaq Rules applicable to domestic issuers.
Provisions of Israeli law could delay, prevent or make undesirable an acquisition of all or a significant portion of our shares or assets.
Israeli corporate law regulates mergers and requires that a tender offer be effected when certain thresholds of percentage ownership of voting power in a company are exceeded (subject to certain conditions), which may have the effect of delaying, preventing or making more difficult a merger with, or acquisition of, us; See Item 10.B below - "Memorandum and Articles - Anti-Takeover Effects of Israeli Laws; Mergers and Acquisitions Under Israeli Law". Further, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions undesirable to us or to some of our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel granting tax relief to such shareholders from Israeli tax. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of numerous conditions, including a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which certain sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are restricted. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires, the tax becomes payable even if no actual disposition of the shares has occurred. For more information on the provisions of Israeli law in these contexts, please see in Item 10.E below - "Taxation - Israeli Taxation". In addition, in accordance with the Restrictive Trade Practices Law, 1988 and the R&D Law, approvals regarding a change in control (such as a merger or similar transaction) may be required in certain circumstances. For more information regarding such required approvals please see in Item 4.B below - "Business Overview - The Israel Innovation Authority, formerly – the Israeli Office of Chief Scientist".
These provisions of Israeli law could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control and may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or for our shareholders to elect different individuals to our board of directors, even if doing so would be beneficial to our shareholders, and may limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for our ordinary shares.
Your rights and responsibilities as a shareholder will be governed by Israeli law which differs in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. companies.
Since we are incorporated under Israeli law, the rights and responsibilities of our shareholders are governed by our articles of association, as amended from time to time (our "Articles") and Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in United States-incorporated companies. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations towards the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters, such as an amendment to a company's articles of association, an increase of a company's authorized share capital, a merger of a company and approval of related party transactions that require shareholder approval. A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders. In addition, a controlling shareholder or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder in a company, or who otherwise has the power to direct a company's operations, has a duty to act in fairness towards such company. Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness and there is limited case law available to assist us in understanding the nature of this duty or the implications of these provisions. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations and liabilities on our shareholders that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations.
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Item 4. | Information on the Company.

A. History and Development of the Company
Our legal and commercial name is Camtek Ltd. We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel in 1987 and operate under the Companies Law. Our headquarters are located in Ramat Gavriel Industrial Zone, P.O. Box 544, Migdal Ha'Emek 23150, Israel, and our telephone number is +972-4-604-8100. Other than Israel, we currently have operations in the Asia Pacific region, North America and Europe. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Camtek USA, Inc., located at Fremont Blvd., Ste. 112, Fremont, CA 48389, Tel: (408) 987-9484. Our website is located at www.camtek.com. The information on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report. We have been a public company since July 2000; our ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Market and on TASE (see in Item 9.A. below - "Offer and Listing Details").
In our first years of operation, we provided manual optical inspection equipment to address the needs of the PCB industry. In September 2001, we acquired a developer and producer of Inspection and Metrology ("Inspection and Metrology" previously known as "AOI") systems for the semiconductor fabrication industry. This acquisition allowed us to enter the back end semiconductor inspection market. After a period of intense internal research and development, in the fourth quarter of 2003, we shipped our first new Falcon system for the back end market of the semiconductor industry. The first revenue recognition of the Falcon system was in the second quarter of 2004. In the following years, applying our core technologies, we introduced three additional Inspection and Metrology product lines for the semiconductor industry - the Condor, the Gannet and the Eagle; sales of all four semiconductor Inspection and Metrology product lines have since accounted for a significant portion of our total sales. In 2017, we consolidated all of our products for the semiconductor industry (which, following the PCB Sale Transaction in 2017 (see in this Item 4.A below), constitute all of our product lines) under the Eagle product lines. See in Item 4.B below - "Business Overview".
In 2017, we concluded the sale of our Printed Circuit Board ("PCB") inspection business unit (the "PCB Sale Transaction"), pursuant to which we sold the entire assets and activity of our PCB business unit (including our subsidiaries in China and Taiwan which were engaged primarily in such activity), to Trophy Imaging Technology Co. Ltd., in consideration for a total cash payment of $32,000,000, and an additional cash amount of up to $3,000,000 (subject to adjustments based on predetermined criteria), the payment of which is conditioned upon the financial performance of the PCB business unit in 2018. Since the closing of the PCB Sale Transaction, we have devoted, and will continue to devote, our resources and attention to further developing and expanding our semiconductor Inspection and Metrology field of activity.
Further, as a result of our acquisition of the assets and certain liabilities of Printar in 2009, we became involved in the field of FIT, which we have gradually narrowed down over recent years, until eventually reaching the decision to fully cease such activity in 2018. In 2009 we also completed the acquisition of the entire share capital of Sela which was engaged in the development, manufacturing and marketing of automated SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) sample preparation equipment, primarily for the front end semiconductor industry. In 2015, the Company concluded a definitive agreement for the transfer of the Sela division activity (assets and liabilities) to a company fully owned by Sela's long time business manager, thereby effectively terminating any and all involvement of the Company in the Sela business.
In July 2000, we sold 5,835,000 ordinary shares in an initial public offering, in which we received net proceeds of approximately $35 million. In August 2002, we sold 5,926,730 ordinary shares in a rights offering of ordinary shares to our then existing shareholders (of which 5,922,228 shares were sold to Priortech), in which we received net proceeds of $6.1 million. On August 23, 2005, we raised $5 million as a convertible loan from FIMI Opportunity Fund L.P and FIMI Israel Opportunity Fund, Limited Partnership (FIMI), which amount was repaid in full by August 2010. On April 30, 2006, we completed a private placement in which we issued 2,525,252 ordinary shares to Israeli institutional investors at a price of $5.94 per share, raising $14.5 million. In May 2015, we completed a public offering of our shares on Nasdaq in which we issued 4,655,982 shares at a price of $2.85 per share, raising net proceeds of $11.9 million.
In February 2019, the Company signed a series of definitive agreements, referred to as "the Chroma Transaction", according to which at the c losing, Chroma will acquire a total of 6,117,440 Company shares from Priortech at a price of $9.5 per share, and an additional 1,700,000 new shares shall be issued to Chroma by the Company, at the same price of $9.5 per share, such that Chroma will hold approximately 20.5%, while Priortech will hold approximately 24%, of the total issued and outstanding shares of the Company.
In the framework of the Chroma Transaction, the Company entered into a Technological Cooperation Agreement with Chroma under which, following the cl osing, the Company shall grant Chroma a license for an application under Company’s triangulation technology platform.In addition, Priortech and Chroma entered into a voting agreement according to which, conditioned upon and following the closing of the Chroma Transaction, the parties will vote together in the Company’s shareholders meetings and shall have joint control over the Company. Under the voting agreement, and following the c losing, Chroma will be entitled to nominate individuals for two seats on the Company’s seven member Board and Priortech will be entitled to nominate three members. The remaining seats will be held by two external directors. The Company also entered into a Second Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement with Priortech and Chroma, according to which, subject to and following the closing of the Chroma Transaction, Chroma will be entitled to the same rights Priortech has with respect to registration of our shares (see Item 7.B. – "Related Party Transactions").
The Chroma Transaction is expected to close in the middle of 2019, subject to the approval of the Company’s shareholders, as well as approval by certain regulatory bodies, including the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) and the Taiwan Overseas Foreign Investment Commission (MOEAIC), and is also dependent on other customary closing conditions.
For a discussion of capital expenditures, see Item 5.B below - "Liquidity and Capital Resources."
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B. Business Overview.
Our Business
Camtek provides Inspection and Metrology solutions dedicated to increasing production yield and products reliability, enabling and supporting customers' latest technologies in the semiconductor industry. Camtek addresses specific needs of this industry with dedicated solutions based on our advanced core technologies, including advanced image processing, optics related technologies, motion control, material handling and algorithms. Based on such core technologies we design, develop, manufacture and market Inspection and Metrology systems and software solutions for the semiconductor industry.
Inspection and Metrology systems optically inspect and measure various types of semiconductors wafers. Our systems are used to enhance both production processes and yields for various types of manufacturers in the semiconductor industry, and provide our customers with a high level of defect detection and measurement abilities. The systems are easy to operate and offer high accuracy and productivity in high volume manufacturing environments. These systems incorporate proprietary advanced image processing software and algorithms, as well as advanced electro‑optics and precision mechanics and are designed for easy operation and maintenance.
Our global, direct customer support organization provides responsive, localized pre- and post- sales support for our customers through our wholly-owned subsidiaries.
Our Markets
The semiconductor manufacturing industry produces integrated circuits mainly on silicon wafers but also on other materials; each wafer contains numerous integrated dies containing microelectronic devices. The growth of the semiconductor manufacturing industry is heavily dependent on the mobile and automotive segments, which require increased reliability due to the functionalities of the related products, thus enhancing the need for high level Inspection and Metrology steps throughout the manufacturing process.
Inspection and Metrology is implemented at various stages along the semiconductor manufacturing process. Camtek’s systems serve various manufacturing stages starting from the front-end Outgoing Quality Control (OQC), through inspection and metrology of bumps in the mid-end and the inspection of post-diced wafers in the back-end. The surface inspection process looks for defects such as cracks, foreign materials or mechanical damage, and also ensures dimensional conformity, thus eliminating subsequent testing of defective products, increasing overall yield and reducing overall production costs.
In the fast growing advanced packaging market segment, which is our main focus, the integrated circuits are attached to a substrate via an array of bumps, rather than being wire bonded. Wafers designed for such assembly inter-connect go through a process in which various types of bumps, including copper pillars, gold bumps, C4 bump and more, ranging from 2 to 300 microns in height, are plated or stenciled on pads on the face of the integrated circuits. Camtek's systems equipped with 3-D measurement capabilities are used to detect any missing, misplaced or deformed bump and to determine bumps conformity to shape and height specifications. Size, shape and placement deviations may cause damage to the integrated circuit or the substrate during the packaging process, leading to device failure. Each wafer has several million bumps that need to be inspected and measured, and Inspection and Metrology is becoming crucial to the manufacturing process.
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A fast growing segment is "micro-electro mechanical systems" ("MEMS") which mainly serves the mobile, medical and automotive markets, utilizing materials, manufacturing technologies and facilities from the semiconductor industry to produce miniature mechanisms, such as inkjet print heads, accelerometers, image sensors, video projection devices, sensors and microphones. Many MEMS products are packaged between layers of glass while still at the wafer format, and diced in several steps afterwards. The MEMS manufacturing segment relies heavily on testing to ensure product performance and reliability. This testing may constitute a significant amount of the overall product cost. Camtek's Inspection and Metrology is implemented at various stages along the manufacturing process to detect cracks, foreign materials or mechanical damage, as well as to confirm dimensional conformity, thus eliminating subsequent testing of defective products, increasing yield and reducing overall production costs.
The complementary metal oxide semiconductor ("CMOS") image sensors ("CIS") is another growing market segment used for mobile devices, automotive and security products. The requirements of this market call for a simultaneous increase in the number of pixels per each sensor and reduction in the size of each pixel, which requires the manufacturing process to have a high resolution inspection for every sensor. Camtek has developed unique capabilities to address these requirements and its systems are being used by large CIS manufacturers.
Product Lines
Inspection and Metrology Systems
Our systems consist of:

| · | An electro-optical assembly unit, either movable or fixed, which consists of a video camera, precision optics and illumination sources. The electro-optical unit captures the image of the inspected product;

| · | A precise, either movable or fixed table, that holds the inspected product; and

| · | An electronic hardware unit, which operates the entire system and includes embedded components that process and analyze the captured image by using our proprietary algorithms.

The inspected product is placed on a designated platform and is scanned under the optical assembly unit. The optical assembly unit then captures images of the product, while the electronic hardware unit processes the image using the analysis algorithms. Detected discrepancies are logged and reported as defects per the user definitions. The image of the defect is immediately available for verification by the system operator. Our systems can also compile and communicate statistical reports of inspection findings via the customer's factory information system.
We offer a broad range of systems for automated optical Inspection and Metrology of semiconductor wafers. We invest significant resources in R&D to provide our customers with advantageous performance, low cost of ownership, high reliability and ease of operation. We believe that a significant part of our competitive advantage derives from our R&D innovative capabilities which enable us to adapt our technologies to evolving market needs.
Over the years, our Inspection and Metrology products for the semiconductor industry included the Falcon, Condor, Gannet and Eagle products lines. In 2017, we finalized the implementation of our decision from 2015 to focus our semiconductor activity on the Eagle platform only, and have phased out all other product lines for this industry.
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Product | Function
Eagle i | The Eagle i system is designed for high volume 2D inspection, delivering superior 2D inspection and metrology capabilities. The system utilizes the most advanced algorithms enabling detection of down to sub-micron defects and measuring two micron line and space redistribution layer ("RDL").
Eagle AP | The Eagle AP system addresses the fast growing advanced packaging market using state of the art technologies, both software and hardware, that deliver superior 2D and 3D inspection and metrology capabilities on the same platform. The advanced packaging market uses a wide spectrum of bump types and sizes. The Eagle AP meets the current and future requirements in inspection and metrology including measurement of bumps down to 2µm (microns) and providing high throughput.
EagleT-i | EagleT-I is our most advanced inspection tool providing significantly higher throughput and improved optical resolution compared to our Eagle i product.
EagleT-AP | The EagleT-AP is our new metrology tool for the advanced packaging segment. This tool provides much higher throughput and accuracy and is targeted for customers that require high volume production and inspection of 100% of the wafers.

Software Solutions

Solution | Function
YMS | Developed by BISTel Inc. ("BISTel"), the Yield Management Solution ("YMS") incorporates BISTel's advanced data analytic solutions, providing a powerful tool for performance of data mining, data analysis and root cause analysis.
ADC | Developed by Camtek, the Automatic Defect Classification ("ADC") solution provides automatic defect classification of color images, utilizing deep learning techniques, enabling our customers to reduce and even eliminate manual verification.

Customers
We target wafer manufacturers and companies involved in the testing, assembly and packaging of semiconductor devices.
Our customers are semiconductor manufacturers, among them outsourced semiconductor assembly and test (OSAT), integrated device manufacturers and wafer level packaging subcontractors. Our customers, many of whom have multiple facilities, are located throughout Asia, Europe and North America. In 2018, 2017 and 2016, no individual customer accounted for more than 10% of our total revenues. As of December 31, 2018, our installed base was approximately 930 systems.
The following table shows our revenues classified by geographical region for each of the last three years:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (In thousands) |
Asia Pacific |  |  | 98,468 |  |  |  | 79,105 |  |  |  | 66,275 |
United States |  |  | 13,227 |  |  |  | 9,484 |  |  |  | 8,151 |
Western Europe |  |  | 11,479 |  |  |  | 4,896 |  |  |  | 4,802 |
Total |  |  | 123,174 |  |  |  | 93,485 |  |  |  | 79,228 |

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Sales, Marketing and Customer Support
We have established a global distribution and support network throughout the territories in which we sell, install and support our products, including the Asia Pacific region, North America and Europe. We believe that this is an essential factor in our customers' decision to purchase our products. We primarily utilize our own employees to provide these customer support services. We may expand our network into additional territories as market conditions warrant.
We have a distribution rights agreement with a Japanese company, under which this company sells, installs and supports our products in Japan.
As of December 31, 2018, 118 of our employees were engaged in our worldwide sales, marketing and support efforts, including support and sales administration staff. Due to the concentration of sales in the Asia Pacific region, we have adjusted our sales organization accordingly, and significantly expanded our sales, marketing and support teams in this region.
Our marketing efforts include participation in various trade shows and conventions, publications and trade press, product demonstrations performed at our facilities and regular contact with customers by sales personnel. We generally provide a 12‑month warranty to our customers. In addition, for a fee, we offer service and maintenance contracts commencing after the expiration of the warranty period. Under our service and maintenance contracts, we provide prompt on-site customer support.
We take various measures to secure customers' payment on a case by case basis by means of letters of credit.
Manufacturing
Our manufacturing activities consist primarily of the assembly and final integration of parts, components and subassemblies, which are acquired from third‑party vendors and subcontractors. The manufacturing process for our products generally lasts six to twelve weeks. We utilize subcontractors for the production of subsystems, and our current main product, the Eagle system, is manufactured by two Israeli contractors who perform most of the material planning, procurement, manufacturing, testing and assembly work with respect to such systems.
We rely on single source and limited source suppliers and subcontractors for a number of essential components and subsystems of our products. We generally maintain several months' of inventory of critical components used in the manufacture and assembly of our products. During times of rapid increase in demand in the semiconductor fabrication industry, the delivery time of suppliers in this industry is extended. However, to date, we have been able to obtain sufficient units of these components to meet our needs in a timely fashion.
We have a manufacturing facility, located in Migdal Ha'Emek, Israel.
Competition
The markets in which we operate are highly competitive. Our main competitors are Rudolph, ATI Electronics Pty Ltd., Cheng Mei Instrument Technology Co., ASTI Holding Limited, Toray Industries Inc. and also, for some limited applications, KLA-Tencor Corporation.
We believe that the principal elements of a sustainable competitive advantage are:

| · | Ongoing research, development and commercial implementation of new image acquisition, processing and analysis technologies;

| · | Product architecture based on proprietary core technologies and commercially available hardware. Such architecture supports shorter time-to-market, flexible cost structure, longer service life and higher margins;

| · | Fast response to evolving customer needs;

| · | Ability to maintain competitive pricing;

| · | Product compatibility with customer automation environment; and

| · | Strong pre and post-sale support (applications, service and training) deployed in immediate proximity to customer sites.

We believe that we compete effectively on all of these factors.
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The Israel Innovation Authority, formerly – the Israeli Office of Chief Scientist
The Government of Israel encourages research and development projects in Israel through the Israel Innovation Authority, IIA, formerly and more commonly known as the Office of Chief Scientist (the "OCS"), pursuant to and subject to the provisions of the R&D Law.
Under the R&D Law, research and development projects which are approved by the Research Committee of the IIA are eligible for grants, in exchange for payment of royalties from revenues generated by the products developed within the framework of such approved project and subject to compliance with certain requirements and restrictions under the R&D Law as detailed below, which must generally continue to be complied with even following full repayment of all IIA grants.
As of the date of this Annual Report, no Financed Know-How is utilized in our current or currently anticipated activities (See in Item 3.D above "Risk Factors - Risks relating to our Operations in Israel").
The R&D Law generally requires that a product developed under a grant program be manufactured in Israel. However, subject to receipt of an approval from the IIA, some of the manufacturing volume may be performed outside of Israel. Such approval is subject to the repayment of increased royalties, in an amount of up to 300% of the total grant amount, plus applicable interest, and an increase of 1% in the royalty rate, depending on the extent of the manufacturing that is to be conducted outside of Israel.
The R&D Law also provides that Financed Know-How and any right derived therefrom may not be transferred to third parties, unless such transfer was approved in accordance with the R&D Law. The research committee operating under the IIA may approve the transfer of Financed Know-How between Israeli entities, provided that the transferee undertakes all the obligations in connection with the R&D grant as prescribed under the R&D Law. In certain cases, the research committee may also approve a transfer of Financed Know-How outside of Israel, in both cases subject to the receipt of certain payments, calculated according to a formula set forth in the R&D Law. In the case of transfer outside of Israel, a payment of up to six times the total amount of the grants plus applicable interest, and in the case the R&D activity related to the know-how remains in Israel, a payment of three times of such total amount. These approvals are not required for the sale or export of any products resulting from such R&D activity or based on such Financed Know-How.
For a discussion of the effects of Israeli governmental regulations and our operation in Israel on our business, see in Item 3.D above " Risk Factors - Risks relating to our Operations in Israel".
Capital Expenditures
The following table shows our capital expenditures in fixed assets for the last three years:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | (U.S. Dollars in thousands) |
Machinery and equipment* |  |  | 1,902 |  |  |  | 1,280 |  |  |  | 2,610 |
Building and leasehold improvements |  |  | 1,327 |  |  |  | 2,200 |  |  |  | 434 |
Computer equipment and software |  |  | 604 |  |  |  | 655 |  |  |  | 510 |
Office furniture and equipment |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 94 |
Total |  | $ | 3,929 |  |  | $ | 4,188 |  |  | $ | 3,648 |

* including transfer of inventory to fixed assets in the aggregate of $1,425, $1,050, and $2,313 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
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Material Effects of Governmental Regulations
The following EU directives, which represent the European standard required in order to sell in Europe, apply to our business: Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC and EMC 2004/108/EC. The following SEMI Standards, which define uniform standards for manufacturers in the semiconductor fabrication industry and production equipment producers, apply to us: SEMI S-2 (safety requirements for sale of equipment in the semiconductor fabrication) and SEMI S-8 (ergonomic requirements for sale of equipment in the semiconductor fabrication industry). We comply with the above-mentioned governmental regulations during the systems' design process, which is conducted in accordance with the Company's quality assurance manual ISO9001:2015. In addition, all modules of systems are tested by independent laboratories that certify their compliance with these governmental regulations and have required accreditation.
C. Organizational Structure
Through its affiliated companies, our principal shareholder, Priortech, engages in various aspects of the electronic production, including, advance packaging designs for the semiconductor industry and advanced organic coreless substrate technology. Priortech currently holds 41.92% of our outstanding ordinary shares (subject to dilution upon closing of the Chroma Transaction). Our revenues from sales to affiliates and subsidiaries of Priortech totaled $0, $0 and $145,000 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively; since these sales were related to our PCB activity, following the PCB Sale Transaction, such sales have ceased.
The following table shows the Company's subsidiaries, all of which are wholly owned by us or by our subsidiaries (except for Camtek HK Ltd., in which Priortech holds no more than one percent of the voting rights), together with each subsidiary's jurisdiction of incorporation, as of the date of this report:

Name of Subsidiary* | Jurisdiction of Incorporation
Camtek H.K. Ltd. | Hong Kong
Camtek USA Inc. | New Jersey, USA
Camtek (Europe) NV | Belgium
Camtek Germany GmbH | Germany
Camtek Inspection Technology (Suzhou) Ltd. | China
Camtek Japan Ltd. | Japan
Camtek Inspection Technology Limited | Taiwan
Camtek South East Asia Pte ltd. | Singapore
Camtek Korea Ltd. | South Korea

*During 2018, the liquidation of SELA – Semiconductor Engineering Laboratories Ltd. and Penta-I Ltd. was completed.
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D. | Property, Plants and Equipment

Our main office, manufacturing and research and development facilities are located in the Ramat Gavriel Industrial Zone of Migdal Ha'Emek in northern Israel. These facilities occupy 84,500 square feet of which 16,000 square feet are devoted to the manufacturing of our products. In addition, during 2018 we completed the expansion of such facilities with a new building of approximately 10,500 square feet, and signed an agreement to lease it to a third party lessee. In accordance with agreements signed in 2010 and 2011 with Bank Leumi L'Israel and in 2011 with Bank Mizrahi, a lien has been placed on these facilities.
Our sales offices and demonstration centers, which we lease in various locations around the world, occupy an aggregate of approximately 22,800 square feet.
Aggregate office rent expenses in 2018 amounted to approximately $583 thousand.
Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.

Item 5. | Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.

A. | Operating Results

General
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements included therein, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP.
Overview
We design, develop, manufacture and market automated solutions dedicated for enhancing production processes and yield for the semiconductor fabrication industry, principally based on our Inspection and Metrology core technology; see in Item 4.B above "Business Overview - Our Business".
We sell our systems internationally. The majority of sales of our systems in 2018 were to manufacturers in the Asia Pacific region, including South Korea, China, Taiwan and South East Asia, due to, among other factors, the migration of the electronic manufacturers into this region following the development and growth of electronics industry centers.
In 2018, our sales in the Asia Pacific region accounted for approximately 80% of our total revenues, of which approximately 71% of our total revenues were from sales in South Korea, China and Taiwan.
In addition to revenues derived from the sale of systems and related products, we generate revenues from providing maintenance and support services for our products. We generally provide a one-year warranty with our systems. Accordingly, service revenues are not earned during the warranty period.
In regular market conditions, the demand for our systems is characterized by short notice. To meet customers' needs for quick delivery and to realize the competitive advantage of the ability to do so, we have to pre-order components and subsystems based on our forecast of future orders, rather than on actual orders. This need is compounded by the fact that, in times of increasing demand in our markets, our suppliers and subcontractors tend to extend their delivery schedules or fail to meet their delivery deadlines. To compensate for these unscheduled delays, we build inventories further into the future, which increases the risk that our forecast may not correspond to our actual future needs. The uncertainties involved in these longer-term estimates during regular times of business expansion tend to increase the level of component and subsystem inventories (See also in Item 3.D. above - "Risk Factors - A longer sales process for new products may increase our costs and delay time to market of our products, both of which may negatively impact our revenues, results of operations, cash flow and may result in inventory write-offs" and under Item 5.A below - "Operating Results - Critical Accounting Policies - Valuation of Inventory"). Compared to our sales cycles for repeat orders from existing customers, we have longer sales cycles for new customers in our markets as well as for new customers in new markets. In addition, the selling cycle in our markets typically takes several quarters from first contact to revenue recognition, including on-site evaluation. Naturally, repeat orders take less time.
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Critical Accounting Policies
Critical accounting policies are those that, in management's view, are most important to the portrayal of a company's financial condition and results of operations and most demanding on their calls on judgment, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain and may change in subsequent periods. We believe our most critical accounting policies relate to:
Revenue Recognition. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Topic 606 retrospectively with the cumulative effect recognized as of the date of adoption.
The Company’s contracts with its customers include performance obligations to provide its products or to service the installed products. A product sale contract may include an extended warranty (that is, for longer than the twelve-month standard warranty), which is considered a separate performance obligation.
The Company recognizes revenue from contracts for sales of products when the Company transfers control of the product to the customer, which is generally upon installation at the customer’s premises. Revenues from the contract are recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to receive once the product is operating in accordance with its specifications and signed documentation of the arrangement, such as a signed contract or purchase order, has been received. Payment terms with customers may vary, but are generally based on milestones within the delivery process such as shipping and installation. Payment terms do not include significant financing components.
In the limited circumstances when the products are installed by a trained distributor acting as an end user, revenue is recognized upon delivery to the distributor assuming all other criteria for revenue recognition are met.
The Company does not incur costs in obtaining a contract except for agents’ commissions, which are incurred upon the recognition of revenues. There are no underlying sales commissions to be capitalized as revenues are recognized over a period of less than a year.
Service revenues consist mainly of contracts charged under time and material arrangements. Service revenues from maintenance contracts are recognized ratably over the contract period.
Contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, the Company allocates revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. The Company generally determines standalone selling prices based on the prices charged to customers.
The Company’s multiple performance obligations consist of product sales and non-standard warranties. A non-standard warranty is one that is for a period longer than 12 months. Accordingly, income from a non-standard warranty is deferred as unearned revenue and is recognized ratably as revenue commencing with and over the applicable warranty term.
The Company records contract liabilities when the customer has been billed in advance of the Company completing its performance obligations. These amounts are recorded as deferred revenue in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Valuation of Accounts Receivable. We review accounts receivable to determine which are doubtful of collection. In making this determination of the appropriate allowance for doubtful accounts, we consider information at hand regarding specific customers, including aging of the receivable balance, evaluation of the security received from customers, our history of write-offs, relationships with our customers and the overall credit worthiness of our customers. Changes in the credit worthiness of our customers, the general economic environment and other factors may impact the level of our future write-offs.
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Valuation of Inventory. Inventories consist of completed systems, partially completed systems and components, and are recorded at the lower of cost, determined by the moving – average basis, or net realizable value. We review inventory for obsolescence and excess quantities to determine that items deemed obsolete or excess inventory are appropriately reserved. In making the determination, we consider forecasted future sales or service/maintenance of related products and the quantity of inventory at the balance sheet date, assessed against each inventory item's past usage rates and future expected usage rates. Changes in factors such as technology, customer demand, competing products and other matters could affect the level of our obsolete and excess inventory in the future.
In the years 2018, 2017 and 2016 we wrote-off inventory in the amount of approximately $0.1, $0.1 and $4.8 million, respectively. The write off amounts are included in the item line called "Cost of revenues", in the consolidated statements of operations. The write offs create a new cost basis and are a permanent reduction of inventory cost. The write-offs in the amount of approximately $0.1 and $0.1 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to damaged, obsolete, excess and slow-moving inventory. The write-off in the amount of approximately $4.8 million in 2016 related to our decision to reorganize our mode of operation with respect to our FIT activity. Inventory that is not expected to be converted or consumed in 2019 is classified as non-current. As of December 31, 2018, a $2.1 million portion of our inventory was classified as non-current. Management periodically evaluates our inventory composition, giving consideration to factors such as the probability and timing of anticipated usage and the physical condition of the items, and then estimates a charge (reducing the inventory) to be provided for slow moving, technologically obsolete or damaged inventory. These estimates could vary significantly from actual requirements based upon future economic conditions, customer inventory levels or competitive factors that were not foreseen or did not exist when the inventory write-offs were established.
Intangible assets. Patent registration costs are capitalized at cost and amortized, beginning with the first year of utilization, over its expected life of ten years.
We review our long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the long lived asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized as computed by subtracting the fair market value of the asset from its carrying value.
Provisions for contingent liabilities. A contingency (provision) in accordance with ASC Topic 450-10-05, Contingencies, is an existing condition or situation involving uncertainty as to the range of possible loss to the entity. A provision for claims is recognized if it is probable (likely to occur) that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be estimated reasonably. Provisions in general are highly judgmental, especially in cases of legal disputes. We assess the probability of an adverse event if the probability is evaluated to be probable, we are required to fully provide for the total amount of the estimated contingent liability. We continually evaluate our pending provisions to determine if accruals are required. It is often difficult to accurately estimate the ultimate outcome of a contingent liability. Different variables can affect the timing and amount we provide for certain contingent liabilities. Our assessments are therefore subject to estimates made by us and our legal counsel, adverse revision in our estimates of the potential liability could materially impact our financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
Valuation of Long Lived Assets. We apply ASC Subtopic 360-10, "Property, Plant and Equipment". This Statement requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the long lived asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized as computed by subtracting the fair market value of the asset from its carrying value. We prepare future cash flows based on our best estimates including projections and financial statements, future plans and growth estimates.
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Income Taxes. We account for income taxes under ASC Subtopic 740-10 Income Taxes – Overall. Deferred tax assets or liabilities are recognized in respect of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts as well as in respect of tax losses and other deductions which may be deductible for tax purposes in future years, based on tax rates applicable to the periods in which such deferred taxes will be realized. The rates applied are those enacted in law as of December 31, 2018. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible and during which the carry-forwards are available. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount considered more likely than not to be realized.
Our financial statements include deferred tax assets, net, which are calculated according to the above methodology. If there is an unexpected critical deterioration in our operating results and forecasts, we would have to increase the valuation allowance with respect to those assets. We believe that it is more likely than not that those net deferred tax assets included in our financial statements will be realized in subsequent years.
Stock Option and Restricted Share Plans. We account for our employee stock-based compensation awards in accordance with ASC Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. ASC Topic 718 requires that all employee stock‑based compensation is recognized as a cost in the financial statements and that for equity-classified awards such cost is measured at the grant date fair value of the award. We estimate grant date fair value using the Black‑Scholes-Merton option‑pricing model. Forfeitures are recognized when they occur.
Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Standards and Interpretations
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic718): Scope of Modification Accounting.” This ASU amends the scope of modification accounting for share-based payment arrangements and provides guidance on the types of changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards to which an entity would be required to apply modification accounting under ASC 718. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company chose to adopt ASU No. 2017-09 early and the adoption did not have any impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” This ASU provides guidance on statement of cash flows presentation for eight specific cash flow issues where diversity in practice exists. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption did not have any impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which amends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. ASU 2014-09 is based on principles that govern the recognition of revenue at an amount an entity expects to be entitled when products are transferred to customers. ASU 2014-09 became effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2018.
New standards not yet adopted
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” This ASU requires that lessees will be required to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for the rights and obligations created by all leases with terms of more than 12 months. ASU No. 2016-02 also will require disclosures designed to give financial statement users information on the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative information. This ASU is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2018 with earlier adoption permitted. The expected impact on the Company’s Balance Sheet is an increase in property, plant and equipment and in financial liabilities. The impact on the Statement of Operations is not expected to be material, with an increase in depreciation offset by a reduction in rental and leasing expenses.
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In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326),” which introduces new guidance for the accounting for credit losses on instruments within its scope. Given the breadth of that scope, this ASU will impact both financial services and non-financial services entities. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the effect the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 will have on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows, if any.
Comparison of Period-to-Period Results of Operations
The following table presents consolidated statement of operations data for the periods indicated as a percentage of total revenues:

|  | Year Ended December 31 |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Total Revenues |  |  | 100.00 | % |  |  | 100.00 | % |  |  | 100.00 | %
Total Cost of revenues |  |  | 50.64 | % |  |  | 51.31 | % |  |  | 58.99 | %
Gross profit |  |  | 49.36 | % |  |  | 48.69 | % |  |  | 41.01 | %
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development costs |  |  | 11.84 | % |  |  | 14.48 | % |  |  | 15.94 | %
Selling, general and administrative expenses.. |  |  | 21.26 | % |  |  | 23.56 | % |  |  | 27.64 | %
Reorganization and impairment (costs) |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | (5.12 | )%
Litigation settlement |  |  | 0.00 | % |  |  | 13.91 | % |  |  | 0.00 | %
Total operating expenses |  |  | 33.09 | % |  |  | 51.94 | % |  |  | 38.46 | %
Operating income (loss) |  |  | 16.26 | % |  |  | (3.25 | )% |  |  | 2.55 | %
Financial income (expenses), net |  |  | 0.59 | % |  |  | (0.16 | )% |  |  | (1.07 | )%
Income tax (expenses) benefit |  |  | (1.65 | )% |  |  | 5.21 | % |  |  | (0.38 | )%
Net income from continuing operations |  |  | 15.21 | % |  |  | 1.81 | % |  |  | 1.10 | %
Net income from discontinued operations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13.13 | % |  |  | 4.88 | %
Net income |  |  | 15.21 | % |  |  | 14.94 | % |  |  | 5.98 | %

Year Ended December 31, 2018 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017
Revenues. Revenues increased by 32% to $123.2 million in 2018 from $93.5 million in 2017, due primarily to increase in number of product units sold.
Gross Profit. Gross profit consists of revenues less cost of revenues, which includes the cost of components, production materials, labor, depreciation, factory and service center overheads and provisions for warranties. These expenditures are only partially affected by sales volume. Our total gross profit increased to $60.8 million in 2018 from $45.5 million in 2017, an increase of $15.3 million, or 34%. Our gross margin increased to 49.4% in 2018, compared to a gross margin of 48.7% in 2017, mainly as a function of the product and sales mix delivered.
Research and Development Costs. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, materials consumption and costs associated with subcontracting certain development efforts. Total research and development expenses for 2018 increased to $14.6 million from $13.5 million in 2017 due to increased business activity.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of expenses associated with salaries, commissions, promotion and travel, professional services and rent costs. Our selling, general and administrative expenses increased by 19% to $26.2 million in 2018 from $22.0 million in 2017, mainly due to increased sales commissions.
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Financial Income (Expenses), Net. We had net financial income of $0.7 million in 2018, compared to net financial expense of $0.2 million in 2017. These changes mainly relate to interest revenue on our cash deposits as well as foreign currency income, net. Foreign currency income, net, resulting from transactions not denominated in U.S. Dollars, amounted to $226 thousand in 2018 compared to an expense of $41 thousand in 2017.
Provision for Income Taxes. Income tax expense was $2.0 million in 2018, mostly based on the utilization of prior tax losses, and we recorded a $4.9 million benefit in 2017; the tax benefit in 2017 mainly related to creation of a deferred tax asset which was utilized in the discontinued operation.
Net Income from continuing operations. We realized net income of $18.7 million in 2018 compared to net income of $1.7 million in 2017, due to increased revenues, and the offsetting in 2017 by the expenses from the settlement of the Rudolph patent litigation (see in Item 8.A – "Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information – Legal Proceedings").
Year Ended December 31, 2017 compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016
Revenues. Revenues increased by 18% to $93.5 million in 2017 from $79.2 million in 2016, due primarily to increase in number of product units sold.
Gross Profit. Our total gross profit increased to $45.5 million in 2017 from $32.5 million in 2016, an increase of $13.0 million, or 40%. Our gross margin increased to 48.7% in 2017, compared to a gross margin of 41.0% in 2016, due to the reorganization and impairment costs which were recorded in 2016. In 2016 we reported an inventory write-off in the amount of approximately $4.8 million reported in 2016 with respect to the discontinuation of the previous generation FIT product line (the Gryphon Systems). Our gross profit on product sales increased by $7.7 million - to $46.9 million in 2017 from $39.2 million in 2016.
Research and Development Costs. Total research and development expenses for 2017 increased to $13.5 million from $12.6 million in 2016 due to increased activity.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Our selling, general and administrative expenses increased by 1% to $22.0 million in 2017 from $21.9 million in 2016, mainly due to increased sales commissions.
Reorganization and impairment. During 2016 we recognized net income of $4.1 million regarding Printar, consisting of impairment charges of $0.9 million in respect of Printar-related fixed assets and other expenses, which was offset by income of $5.0 million from the write-off of IIA liabilities.
Financial Expenses, Net. We had net financial expense of $0.2 million in 2017, compared to net financial expense of $0.8 million in 2016. These changes mainly relate to foreign currency expense, net. Foreign currency expense, net, resulting from transactions not denominated in U.S. Dollars, amounted to $41 thousand in 2017 compared to $0.4 million in 2016.
Provision for Income Taxes. Income tax benefit was $4.9 million in 2017 and we recorded a $0.3 million expense in 2016; the tax benefit in 2017 mainly related to creation of a deferred tax asset which was utilized in the discontinued operation.
Net Income from continuing operations. We realized net income of $1.7 million in 2017 compared to net income of $0.9 million in 2016, due to increased revenues, offset by the expenses from the settlement of the Rudolph patent litigation (see in Item 8.A – "Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information – Legal Proceedings").
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B. Liquidity and Capital Resources
At December 31, 2018, our cash and cash equivalent balances totaled approximately $54.9 million. At December 31, 2017, our cash and cash equivalent balances totaled approximately $43.7 million. The year-to-year increase in cash and cash equivalents mainly results from increased revenues and improved profitability. Our cash is invested in bank deposits spread among several banks, primarily in Israel.
From our inception through December 31, 2018 we raised approximately $36.0 million from our initial public offering in 2000, approximately $6.1 million in a rights offering of ordinary shares to our then existing shareholders in 2002, $14.5 million from a private placement to Israeli institutional investors in 2006, $11.9 million in a public offering of our shares in May 2016 and expect to receive in 2019 an additional $16 million pursuant to the share issuance under the Chroma Transaction, subject to the closing thereof (see in Item 4.A. – "History and Development of the Company").
Our working capital was approximately $80.1 million in 2018 and $63.6 million in 2017. The increase is mainly attributed to increased cash and cash equivalents, increased trade receivables and inventory, partially offset by increased trade accounts payable and other current liabilities.
Our capital expenditures during 2018 were approximately $2.5 million, mainly due to the building of new clean room facilities in Migdal Ha’Emek and operating activities.
We anticipate that our existing capital resources and cash flows from operations will be adequate to satisfy our liquidity requirements for at least the next 12 months. If available liquidity is not sufficient to meet our operating obligations as they come due, our plans include pursuing alternative financing arrangements or reducing expenditures as necessary to meet our cash requirements (see also in Item 3.D above "Risk Factors - We have historically incurred significant losses and negative cash flows and may not sustain profitable operations or continue to have positive operating cash flows in the future " ).
Cash flow from operating activities
Net cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in) operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 totaled $16.8 million, $1.6 million and $(17.3 million), respectively.
During 2018, cash provided by operating activities was primarily attributed to net income, offset by increases in inventory, trade accounts receivable, trade accounts payable and other current liabilities.
During 2017, cash provided by operating activities was primarily attributed to continuing operations, offset by net cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations.
During 2016, cash (used in) operating activities was primarily attributed to net income of $4.7 million, adjusted to exclude the effect of a decrease in trade accounts payable of $1.2 million and of other current liabilities of $2.2 million, offset by the payment of $14.6 million relating to the Rudolph patent litigation, an increase in trade accounts receivable of $9.0 million, and the write off of liabilities to the IIA of $4.8 million.
Cash flow from investing activities
Cash flow used in investing activities in 2018 was $(2.3) million, due to investment in fixed and intangible assets. Cash flow provided by investing activities in 2017 was $26.6 million, due to net cash received in the PCB Sale Transaction offset by investment of $3.2 million in fixed and intangible assets. Cash flow provided by investing activities in 2016 was $6.2 million, due to the release of short term deposits of $7.9 million offset by investment of $1.6 million in fixed and intangible assets.
Our capital expenditures in 2018 were used primarily for the building of new clean room facilities in Migdal Ha’Emek and operating activities. Our capital expenditures in 2017 were used primarily for the construction of a new building adjacent to our headquarters. Our capital expenditures in 2016 were used primarily for investment in electronic equipment, machinery and a new clean room in our facility in Israel.
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Cash flow from financing activities
Cash flow used in financing activities in 2018 was $3.3 million, mainly due to a dividend payment offset by the proceeds from exercise of share options.
Cash flow used in financing activities in 2017 was $3.7 million, mainly due to a dividend payment offset by the proceeds from exercise of share options.
Cash flow used in financing activities in 2016 was $4 thousand.
Effective Corporate Tax Rate
Camtek's production facility in Israel has been granted "Approved Enterprise" status under the Investment Law (as defined in Item 10.E. – "Taxation – Israeli Taxation - Tax Benefits Under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959" below). We participate in the Alternative Benefits Program and, accordingly, income from our Approved Enterprise will be tax exempt for a period of 10 years, commencing on the first year in which the Approved Enterprise first generates taxable income, due to the fact that we operate in Zone "A" in Israel.
On April 1, 2005, an amendment to the Investment Law came into effect (the "Amendment") and significantly changed the provisions of the Investment Law. The Amendment limits the scope of an enterprise which may be approved by the Investment Center by setting criteria for the approval of a facility as a "Beneficiary Enterprise"; such criteria generally require that at least 25% of the Beneficiary Enterprise's income will be derived from export. Additionally, the Amendment enacted major changes in the manner in which tax benefits are awarded under the Investment Law so that companies no longer require Investment Center approval in order to qualify for tax benefits.
In addition, the Amendment provides that terms and benefits included in any certificate of approval issued prior to December 31, 2004 will remain subject to the provisions of the Investment Law as they were on the date of such prior approval. Therefore, our existing Approved Enterprise will generally not be subject to the provisions of the Amendment. As a result of the Amendment, tax-exempt income generated under the provisions of the new law, as part of a new Beneficiary Enterprise, will subject us to taxes upon distribution or liquidation.
Camtek has been granted the status of Approved Enterprise, under the Investment Law, for investment programs for the periods which ended in 2007 and 2010, and the status of Beneficiary Enterprise according to the Amendment, for a period which ended in 2014. In addition, Camtek has elected 2010 as the year of election for a period ending 2021 (collectively, "Programs").
On December 29, 2010, the Investment Law was amended to significantly revise the tax incentive regime in Israel commencing on January 1, 2011. For more information, see Item 10.E below – "Taxation – Israeli Taxation - Tax Benefits Under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959."
As of December 31, 2018 approximately $19.1 million of Camtek’s prior year earnings were tax-exempt earnings attributable to its Approved Enterprise and approximately $2.9 million were tax-exempt earnings attributable to its Beneficiary Enterprise. The tax-exempt income attributable to the Approved and Beneficiary Enterprises cannot be distributed to shareholders without subjecting the Company to taxes. If these retained tax-exempt profits are distributed, the Company would be taxed at the reduced corporate tax rate applicable to such profits in the year in which they were generated. According to the Amendment, tax-exempt income generated under the Beneficiary Enterprise will be taxed upon dividend distribution or complete liquidation, whereas tax exempt income generated under the Approved Enterprise will be taxed only upon dividend distribution (but not upon complete liquidation, as the tax liability will be incurred by the shareholders).
As of December 31, 2018, if the income attributed to the Approved Enterprise was distributed as dividend, we would incur a tax liability of approximately $4.8 million. If income attributed to the Beneficiary Enterprise was distributed as dividend, or upon liquidation, we would incur a tax liability in the amount of approximately $0.7 million. These amounts would be recorded as an income tax expense in the period in which we would declare the dividend.
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We intend to indefinitely reinvest the amount of our tax-exempt income and not distribute any amounts of our undistributed tax-exempt income as dividend. Accordingly, no deferred tax liabilities have been provided on income attributable to our Approved and Beneficiary Enterprise Programs as the undistributed tax exempt income is essentially permanent in duration.
The entitlement to the above benefits is conditional upon our fulfilling the conditions stipulated by the law and the regulations published there under as well as the criteria set forth in the approval for the specific investments in Approved Enterprises. In the event of failure to meet such requirements in the future, income attributable to our Programs could be subject to the statutory Israeli corporate tax rates and we could be required to refund a portion of the tax benefits already received, with respect to such Programs. Our management believes that we have met the aforementioned conditions.
Foreign Currency Fluctuation
See in Item 3.D above – "Risk Factors – Risk Factors Related to Our Business and Our Markets – Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may result in additional expenses being recorded or in the prices of our products becoming less competitive and thus may have negative impact on our profitability".
C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses.
We believe that intensive R&D is essential to our business. We devote substantial R&D resources to developing new products and to improving our existing products to meet our customers' evolving needs. We have dedicated teams with expertise in image processing software and algorithms, electronic hardware, electro‑optics, physics, mechanics and systems design.
Our R&D efforts are primarily focused on:

| · | improving our defect detection capabilities while reducing the number of false alarms, simplifying operation and reducing the level of user expertise required to realize the benefits of our systems;

| · | increasing the throughput of our Inspection and Metrology systems;

| · | providing unique technological solutions to our customers; and

| · | adding capabilities to expand our market segments.

In addition, we are focusing our efforts on leveraging our core technologies, expertise and experience into continually enhancing the value to the user and the return on investment from our products. We believe that our internal multi‑disciplinary expertise will enable us to maintain and enhance our technological edge.
As of December 31, 2018, we had 67 employees engaged in R&D, all of whom are based in our headquarters in Israel. We also use subcontractors for the development of some of the hardware components of our systems. Our R&D expenses were $14.6 million, $13.5 million and $12.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, representing 11.8%, 14% and 16% of the total revenues for the years then ended.
We will continue to devote our R&D resources to maintaining and extending our technology leadership position.
Our R&D costs are expensed as incurred.
In general, we rely on a combination of our copyrights, trade secrets, patents, trademarks and non-disclosure agreements to protect our proprietary know-how and intellectual property. We also enter into confidentiality agreements with key employees and with all of the subcontractors who develop and manufacture components for use in our products. We also employ specialists whose main role is to maintain and protect our intellectual property from both professional and legal perspectives. We cannot be certain that actions we take to protect our proprietary rights will be adequate nor can we be certain that we will be able to deter reverse engineering or that there will not be independent third-party development of our technology.
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We have 38 pending patents worldwide and 8 U.S. provisional applications. In addition, we have 95 registered patents worldwide. These patents relate to our proprietary technology and know-how developed for Inspection and Metrology and Functional Inkjet Technology tools. We also have one registered trademark in Israel
D. Trend Information
The semiconductor industry has historically been cyclical and highly influenced by weakness or uncertainties in global economic conditions. Gartner Inc. ("Gartner"), forecasts the world GDP to grow by 2.9% in 2019 compared to an estimated increase of 3.1% in 2018. 2017 and 2018 were characterized by growth of the semiconductor industry and increased capital expenditure spending by the major manufacturers and OSAT companies. Gartner forecasts semiconductor revenues to increase by 2.6% in 2019, compared to an increase of 13.4% in 2018. According to several research reports, key drivers for future demand in the semiconductor industry include mobile devices, data centers infrastructure, Artificial Intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, smart sensors, internet-of-things and other electronic equipment. Currently, there is some uncertainty regarding the outlook for 2019 in light inter alia of the trade war between the U.S. and China (see above item 3.D. – " Risk Factors - A substantial majority of our sales have been to manufacturers in the Asia Pacific region. The concentration of our sales and other resources within a particular geographical region, and specifically in China, subjects us to additional risks that could impede harm our revenues, results of operations and cash flow") and the demand for mobile devices. For specific trend information regarding the markets in which we operate see Item 4.B above - "Business Overview - Our Markets".
E. Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any arrangements or relationships with entities that are not consolidated into our financial statements and are reasonably likely to materially affect our liquidity or the availability of our capital resources. However, we have entered into various non-cancelable operating lease agreements, principally for office space and vehicles, as disclosed in our consolidated financial statements.
As of December 31, 2018, minimum future rental payments under such non-cancelable operating lease agreements were approximately $2.0 million.
F. Contractual Obligations and Other Commercial Commitments.
As of December 31, 2018, we had contractual obligations and commercial commitments of:

|  | Payment Due by Period |
|  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 Year |  |  | 1‑3 years |  |  | 3‑5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |
Contractual Obligations |  | (in thousands) |
Purchase obligations (1) |  |  | 9,716 |  |  |  | 9,716 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Severance obligation |  |  | 898 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 898 |
Other long‑term obligations (2) |  |  | 1,978 |  |  |  | 1,007 |  |  |  | 931 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 12,592 |  |  |  | 10,723 |  |  |  | 931 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | 898 |

(1) | Purchase obligations mainly represent outstanding purchase commitments for inventory components ordered in the normal course of business.

(2) | In 2015, we entered into a new framework agreement for non-cancelable operating leases for vehicles for a period of 36 months. As of December 31, 2018, the minimum future rental payments (including future vehicle rental by our subsidiaries) were approximately $0.8 million.

Our subsidiaries have entered into various operating lease agreements, principally for office space. As of December 31, 2018, minimum future rental payments under these leases amounted to $1.1 million.
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Item 6. | Directors, Senior Management and Key Employees

A. Directors and Senior Management
The following table lists the name, age and position of each of our current directors and senior management:

Name | Age | Title
Rafi Amit | 70 | Director and Chief Executive Officer
Yotam Stern | 66 | Director
Eran Bendoly | 54 | Director
Yehezkel (Chezy) Ofir* | 67 | Director
Yael Andorn** | 48 | Director
Yossi Shacham-Diamand** | 65 | Director
Moty Ben-Arie | 64 | Chairman of the Board of Directors
Moshe Eisenberg | 52 | Vice President – Chief Financial Officer
Ramy Langer | 65 | Vice President – Chief Operating Officer
Orit Geva Dvash | 47 | Vice President - Human Resources

* Yehezkel (Chezy) Ofir serves as an independent Director as of October 3, 2018, the date of the special general meeting of shareholders that approved his appointment as such (the "2018 SGM").
** Ms. Yael Andorn and Prof. Yossi Shacham-Diamand serve as our external directors, as of October 3, 2018, the date of the 2018 SGM, replacing our former external directors, Ms. Gabi Heller and Mr. Rafi Koriat, after their terms of service expired in September 2018.
Set forth below is a biographical summary of each of the above-named directors and senior management.
Rafi Amit has served as our Chief Executive Officer as of January 2014. Between 2010 and March 2017, Mr. Amit also served as our Active Chairman of the Board of Directors. Previously, Mr. Amit served as our Chief Executive Officer from January 1998 until August 2010 and as Chairman of the Board of Directors from 1987 until April 2009. Since 1981, Mr. Amit has also served as the President and director of Priortech and has been the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Priortech since 1988. From 1981 until 2004, Mr. Amit served as Priortech's Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Amit holds a B.Sc. in Industrial Engineering and Management from Technion - Israel Institute of Technology.
Yotam Stern has served on our Board of Directors since 1987 (and as the Chairman of our Board of Directors from May 2009 until August 2010). From 2001 until 2012 Mr. Stern served as our Executive Vice President, Business & Strategy. From 1998 until 2001, Mr. Stern served as our Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Stern served in the past as the Chief Financial Officer of Priortech and has been serving as a director of Priortech since 1985 and as its Chief Executive Officer since 2004. As of 1993 Mr. Stern also serves as a Director of PCB Technologies Ltd., our affiliate which is also Priortech’s associated company. Mr. Stern holds a B.A. in Economics from Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Eran Bendoly has served on our Board of Directors since November 2000. Currently, Mr. Bendoly serves as the Chief Executive Officer of Oliben Ltd., a private business consulting firm. From 2009 to 2012 Mr. Bendoly served as the Chief Financial Officer of Expand Networks Ltd., a leading provider of WAN optimization technology. From 2006 to 2008 Mr. Bendoly served as Chief Financial Officer of Personeta Inc., a leading vendor of intelligent network service creation platforms. From 2003 to 2006, Mr. Bendoly served as Chief Executive Officer of Xenia Management Ltd., which is the managing partner of Xenia Ventures LP, a limited partnership that operates a technology incubator in Kiryat Gat, Israel. From 2000 to 2002, Mr. Bendoly served as Director of Finance for Europe, Middle East & Africa of Mindspeed Technologies, Inc., a U.S.-based fabless semiconductor manufacturer. From 1998 to 2000, Mr. Bendoly served as Chief Financial Officer of Novanet Semiconductor Ltd., and from 1996 to 1998, he served as Vice President, Finance and Operations of Novacom Technologies Ltd. Mr. Bendoly holds a B.A. in International Relations from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and an M.B.A. from the KU Leuven University of Belgium.
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Yehezkel (Chezy) Ofir has served on our Board of Directors since October 3, 2018. From 2012 until 2015 served as external director of Adama Agricultural Solutions Ltd. From 2004 until 2010; Ofir served as a director at Shufersal Ltd. (2004-2010); Served as of 2014 as a Director and as of 2016 acting Chairman (nominated by the Board) of the Israeli Postal Bank Company Ltd. Until 2017; Served as a Director at SodaStream 2016-2019; Serves as a director from 2016 at Hadassa Medical Centers (Ein-Karem, Jerusalem). Serves as a director at Micronet (as of 2012-) and at MICT Technologies, Inc.( as of 2013-). He is a Professor and faculty member at the School of Business Administration, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Prof. Ofir holds a B.Sc. and M.Sc. in Engineering from Ben-Gurion University, M.Phil. and Ph.D. in Business Administration from Columbia University.
Yael Andorn has served on our board of Directors since October 3, 2018 and she is currently the Chairperson of our Audit Committee. Ms. Andorn is the founder and CEO of CapitalA, and serves on the Boards of Directors of public companies such as El-Al Airlines and Castro. Ms. Andorn previously served on private and public boards, including Midroog-Moody's Rating, Oil Refineries (Bazan), Retalix, The National Lottery, Clal Health Insurance and Clal Credit Insurance, and as head of the Investment Committee of the Teacher’s Saving Fund. Ms. Andorn served as director general of Israel’s Ministry of Finance between 2013 and 2015 and as Partner at Viola Credit between 2012 and 2013. Between 2005 and 2011, Ms. Andorn served as CEO at Amitim and also served on the investment committee. Ms. Andorn held several positions at Israel’s Ministry of Finance Budget Department, Bank of Israel and IDF 8200 Intelligence Unit. Ms. Andorn holds a Bachelor of Economics and a Master in Business Administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Yossi Shacham-Diamand has served on our Board of Directors since October 3, 2018. Since 2001, Prof. Shacham-Diamand serves as The Bernard L. Schwartz Academic Chair for nano scale information technologies in the Department of Electrical Engineering - Physical Electronics, and in the Department of Material Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University. Prof. Shacham-Diamand currently serves on the advisory board of CartaSense Ltd. and SolChip Ltd., and previously served as consultant to numerous manufacturing companies such as: Zoran Inc., Intel Inc., Applied Materials Inc., Nova Instruments Inc., as well as to numerous investment and holding companies in Israel and abroad. Prof. Shacham-Diamand previously served on the board of directors of PCB Ltd. (today, Priortech Ltd.) and "RAMOT" by Tel Aviv University. Since 2018, Prof. Shacham-Diamand serves as a visiting professor at the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, The Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy, and since 2012, serves as a distinguished international Chair Professor in Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan. Since 2014, Prof Shacham-Diamand serves as a member of the MAGNET committee, Ministry of Trade and Industry. Prof. Shacham-Diamand holds a D.Sc. EE, M.Sc. EE, and B.Sc. EE (Summa-cum Laude), all from the Technion- Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel, and also completed a postdoctoral research at U.C. Berkeley, CA, USA.
Moty Ben-Arie serves as our Chairman of the Board of Directors since March 28, 2017. Mr. Ben Ben-Arie has served as a consultant to entrepreneurs and investors since 2014. Previously, Mr. Ben-Arie served as the CEO of Sital Technology from 2012 until 2014. From 2006 until 2011, Mr. Ben-Arie also served as a managing partner of Vertex Ventures, where he focused on investments in Israeli-related hi-tech companies and evaluation of companies in the field of telecommunication, IT, test equipment, medical equipment and multidisciplinary systems. During these years, Mr. Ben-Arie served as a member of the fund investment committee, managed investments in several companies and served as a board member in companies in their early stages, including Color Chip Inc., Multiphi, Expand Networks, Comability and Ethos Networks. From 2000 until 2006, Mr. Ben-Arie also served as a partner of Walden Israel Ventures, where he focused on investments in Israeli-related hi-tech companies. During these years, Mr. Ben-Arie managed investments in several companies and served as a board member in companies from early stage, including Color Chip Inc. and Passave. From 1998 until 2000, Mr. Ben-Arie served as a director in Radcom Ltd., as a consultant in Walden Israel, and financed seed phases for new startups. From 1991 until 1998, Mr. Ben-Arie served as the co-founder and CEO of Radcom Ltd., Israel. From 1978 until 1982, Mr. Ben-Arie served as an electronic engineer and a project manager in Elisra Ltd. Mr. Ben-Arie holds a MBA from Tel Aviv University, and a B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology.
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Moshe Eisenberg has served as our Chief Financial Officer since November 2011. From 2010 to 2011, Mr. Eisenberg served as the Chief Financial Officer of Exlibris, a global provider of library automation solution for the academic market. Prior to that, from 2005 to 2009, Mr. Eisenberg served as the Chief Financial Officer of Scopus Video Networks Ltd., a leading provider of digital compression, decoding & video processing equipment. Prior to that, Mr. Eisenberg held various professional and managerial positions at Gilat Satellite Networks Ltd. and its wholly owned US subsidiary, Spacenet Inc. Mr. Eisenberg holds an MBA from Tel Aviv University and a B.Sc. in Agricultural Economics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Ramy Langer has served as our Chief Operating Officer since November 2017, following the consummation of the PCB Sale Transaction. Prior to his appointment as Chief Operating Officer he served as Vice President - Semiconductors Division from February 2014. From 2007 until 2012, Mr. Langer served as the Chief Executive Officer (and co-founder) of Infinite Memory Ltd., a fab-less developer of products based on Saifun Semiconductors Ltd.'s technology. From 2005 until 2007, Mr. Langer served as Vice President- Business Development of Saifun, where he marketed non-volatile memory IP. From 2002 until 2005, Mr. Langer served as Managing Director of Infineon Flash, a fab-less developer of products based on Saifun's technology using Infineon DRAM process. From 1999 until 2002, Mr. Langer served as Vice President- Marketing & Sales of Tower Semiconductors Ltd., manufacturer of integrated circuits. Prior to that, Mr. Langer held various executive positions at Kulicke and Soffa Industries, Inc., a leading global semiconductor assembly equipment manufacturer. Mr. Langer holds a B.Sc. in Electronic Engineering from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology and a M.Sc. in Electronic Engineering from Drexel University, Philadelphia.
Orit Geva Dvash has served as our VP Human Resources ("HR") since November 2017. Previously, since 2014, Ms. Geva Dvash served as our HR Director. Prior to that, from 2008 to 2014, Ms. Geva Dvash served as our HR manager. Prior to that, from 2002 to 2008, Ms. Geva Dvash served at various HR positions at IBM research lab. Ms. Geva Dvash holds a Masters in political science from Haifa University and B.A. in political science and English literature from Haifa university.
Arrangements Involving Directors and Senior Management
In February 2019, as part of the Chroma Transaction, a voting agreement has been signed between Priortech and Chroma according to which, following the closing, the parties will vote together in the Company’s shareholders’ meetings and, Chroma will be entitled to nominate directors for two seats on the Company’s Board of Directors and Priortech will be entitled to nominate directors for three seats (see Item 4.A. – "History and Development of the Company").
Except for such voting agreement entered into in the framework of the Chroma Transaction, there are no arrangements or understandings of which we are aware, relating to the election of our directors or the appointment of executive officers in our Company. In addition, there are no family relationships among any of the individuals listed in this section A (Directors and Senior Management).
B. Compensation
Aggregate Executive Compensation
The aggregate remuneration paid by us for the year ended December 31, 2018 to all persons listed in Section A above (Directors and Senior Management), in addition to Mr. Rafi Koriat and Ms. Gabi Heller who served as our external directors until September 2018, was approximately $2.3 million, which includes $0.1 million paid to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits, as well as amounts expended by us for automobiles made available to all our executive officers and other fringe benefits commonly reimbursed or paid by companies in Israel.
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We have a performance-based bonus plan which includes our executive officers. The plan is based on our overall performance, and individual performance. Up to 50% of the performance objectives of our executive officers may be qualitative, provided that with respect to our Chief Executive Officer such portion shall not exceed three monthly base salaries. The measureable performance objectives can change year over year, and are a combination of financial parameters, such as revenues, booking, operating or net income and collection. The plan for our executive officers is reviewed and approved by our Audit Committee (in its capacity as our Compensation Committee) and Board of Directors annually, as is any bonus payment to an executive officer made under such plan (provided that with respect to the bonus plan for our CEO we also obtain shareholder approval – see in Item 6.B below - "Compensation – Employment Agreements").
We compensate our independent directors for serving on our board of directors by payment of cash fees in accordance with regulations promulgated under the Companies Law concerning the remuneration of external directors (the "Remuneration Regulations"), reimbursement for expenses and the award of share options or RSUs. Messrs. Rafi Amit and Yotam Stern do not receive compensation for their service as our directors; see in item 6.C below "Board Practices - Remuneration of Directors".
Individual Compensation of Covered Office Holders
The table below presents the compensation granted to our five most highly compensated Office Holders (as such term is defined in the Companies Law; see in Item 6.C below - "Board Practices – External Directors – Qualification") during or with respect to the year ended December 31, 2018. We refer to the five individuals for whom disclosure is provided herein as our "Covered Office Holders". All amounts specified below are in terms of cost to the Company, as recorded in our financial statements.

Name and Principal Position(1) |  | Salary Cost (USD) (2) |  |  | Bonus (USD) (3) |  |  | Equity-Based Compensation (USD) (4)(5) |  |  | Other (USD) (6) |  |  | Total (USD) |
Rafi Amit – Chief Executive Officer |  |  | 313,133 |  |  |  | 176,202 |  |  |  | 236,443(1,287,118 | ) |  |  | 105,645 |  |  |  | 831,423 |
Ramy Langer - Chief Operating Officer |  |  | 287,884 |  |  |  | 65,850 |  |  |  | 177,204(772,271 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 530,938 |
Moshe Eisenberg - Chief Financial Officer |  |  | 271,749 |  |  |  | 69,272 |  |  |  | 176,252(772,271 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 517,273 |
Orit Geva-Dvash - Vice President, Human Resources |  |  | 157,220 |  |  |  | 30,615 |  |  |  | 76,803(360,393 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 264,634 |
Eran Bendoly – Director (7) |  |  | 33,125 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,772(28,253 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34,897 |
Total |  |  | 1,063,107 |  |  |  | 341,939 |  |  |  | 668,474(3,220,306 | ) |  |  | 105,645 |  |  |  | 2,179,165 |

| (1) | All Covered Office Holders are employed on a full-time (100%) basis, except for Mr. Amit who dedicates 90% of his time to his role as our Chief Executive Officer.

| (2) | Salary cost includes the Covered Office Holder's gross salary plus payment of social benefits made by the Company on behalf of such Covered Office Holder. Such benefits may include, to the extent applicable to the Covered Office Holder, payment, contributions and/or allocations for saving funds (e.g. Managers' Life Insurance Policy), education funds (referred to in Hebrew as "Keren Hishtalmut"), pension, severance, risk insurances (e.g. life, or work disability insurance), payments for social security and tax gross-up payments, vacation, car, medical insurance and benefits, phone, convalescence or recreation pay and other benefits and perquisites consistent with the Company's policies.

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| (3) | Represents annual bonuses paid in accordance with the Covered Office Holder's performance of targets as set forth in his bonus plan and approved by the Company's Audit Committee and Board of Directors and/ or any special one-time bonuses as approved by the Company's Audit Committee and Board of Directors in accordance with the Company's Compensation Policy.

| (4) | Bracketed numbers represent the fair value on the grant date of equity based compensation granted to the Covered Office Holder during the year ended December 31, 2018.

| (5) | Represents the equity based compensation expenses recorded in the Company's consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 for each Covered Office Holder, based on the options' fair value on the grant date, calculated in accordance with accounting guidance for equity-based compensation.

| (6) | Includes relocation expenses which may consist of, to the extent applicable to the Covered Office Holder: housing, schooling, car, medical insurance and travel expenses for the Covered Office Holder and family members residing with him abroad.

| (7) | Eran Bendoly is one of the Company’s independent directors and accordingly he is entitled to the compensation paid to our independent directors, as detailed under Item 6.B.- "Directors, Senior Management and Key Employees - Compensation - Aggregate Executive Compensation" above.

Employment Agreements
We maintain written employment agreements with our employees, including all of our executive officers, that contain customary provisions, including non-compete and confidentiality agreements.
Effective May 26, 2015, we entered into an amended employment agreement with Mr. Amit, Chief Executive Officer and our former Chairman of the Board of Directors. Under his amended employment agreement, Mr. Amit spends 90% of his time in service as our CEO, and his compensation includes: (i) an annual base salary in the amount of $313,133; and (ii) an annual performance-based bonus. In the annual general meeting of shareholders held in June 2018 (the "2018 AGM") Our Compensation Committee, Board of Directors and shareholders approved a three-year Cash Bonus Plan for Mr. Amit, for the years 2018-2020; according to such bonus plan Mr. Amit's annual on target cash bonus for each of these years shall be equal to nine monthly base salaries, conditioned upon his performance in each of these years measured against criteria pre-determined by our Compensation Committee and Board of Directors, with respect to the applicable year. Also, in 2018, Mr. Amit received a cash bonus for the year 2017, in a sum of $176,201.
Further, Mr. Amit's amended agreement contains confidentiality provisions for the term of Mr. Amit's services and thereafter, and non-compete provisions for the term of Mr. Amit's services and for a six month period after the termination of his services. It provides that all intellectual property developed by Mr. Amit, or in which he took part, during or in connection with his services, is our sole property. It may be terminated by the Company at any time, by written notice of termination delivered to Mr. Amit six months in advance. We may, however, immediately terminate the engagement of Mr. Amit in various circumstances, including a breach of fiduciary duty.
As Mr. Amit may be deemed, together with the Priortech Founding Members (and following the closing of the Chroma Transaction, together with Chroma), to control the Company (see in Item 3.D " Risk Factors- Our principal shareholder, Priortech, holds a controlling interest in us and will be able to exercise its control in ways that may be adverse to your interests. Our relationship with Priortech may give rise to a conflict of interests" above), in accordance with the Companies Law, his terms of employment must be approved by the Company's shareholders at least once every three years, and, accordingly, were last re-approved at the 2018 AGM.
Mr. Amit does not receive any compensation in respect of his services as a member of our Board of Directors.
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C. Board Practices
Corporate Governance Practices
We are incorporated in Israel and therefore are subject to various corporate governance practices under the Companies Law, relating to matters such as external directors, audit committee, internal auditor and approvals of interested parties transactions. These matters are in addition to the Nasdaq Rules and other relevant provisions of U.S. securities laws. Under applicable Nasdaq Rules, a foreign private issuer such as us may generally follow its home country rules of corporate governance in lieu of comparable Nasdaq Rules, except for certain matters such as composition and responsibilities of the audit committee and the independence of its members; See Item 3.D above – "Risk Factors - Being a foreign private issuer exempts us from certain SEC and Nasdaq requirements, which may result in less protection for investors ". For information regarding home country rules followed by us see Item 16G – below "Corporate Governance".
General Board Practices
Our Articles provide that our Board of Directors shall consist of not less than five and not more than ten directors, including the external directors. Currently, our board consists of seven members; Each of Messrs. Rafi Amit, Yotam Stern, Moty Ben-Arie and Eran Bendoly were re-appointed at our 2018 AGM, following the recommendation by the Company's Nomination Committee, and are each serving an approximately one-year term, which is due to expire at our 2019 annual general meeting of shareholders. In addition, following the recommendation of our Nomination Committee and Board of Directors, our shareholders approved, at our 2018 SGM, the appointment of Ms. Yael Andorn and Prof. Yossi Shacham-Diamand as external directors in accordance with the Companies Law, for a term of three years each, and the appointment of Prof. Yehezkel (Chezy) Ofir to serve as independent director until the conclusion of the 2019 annual general meeting of the Company’s shareholders.
Following the voting agreement signed between Priortech and Chroma (see Item 4.A. – "History and Development of the Company"), subject to and upon c losing of the Chroma Transaction, Chroma will be entitled to nominate individuals for two seats on the Company’s seven member Board and Priortech will be entitled to nominate three members. The remaining seats will be held by our two external directors.
In accordance with the Companies Law, our Board of Directors retains all the powers in managing our Company that are not specifically granted to the shareholders; for example, the board may make decisions to borrow money for our Company, and may set aside reserves out of our profits, for whatever purposes it thinks fit.
The Board of Directors may pass a resolution when a quorum is present (in person or via telecommunication), and by a vote of at least a majority of the directors present when the resolution is put to vote. A quorum is defined as at least a majority of the directors then in office who are lawfully entitled to participate in the meeting but not less than two directors. The Chairman of the Board is elected and removed by the board members. Minutes of the meetings of the Board of Directors are recorded and kept at our offices. In addition, the Board of Directors may pass a resolution by way of a written resolution signed by all members of our Board of Directors.
The Board of Directors may, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law, appoint a committee of the Board and delegate to such committee all or any of the powers of the Board, as it deems appropriate. Notwithstanding the foregoing and subject to the provisions of the Companies Law, the Board may, at any time, amend, restate or cancel the delegation of any of its powers to any of its committees. Our Board of Directors has appointed an Audit Committee, also serving as a Compensation Committee and a Nomination Committee; for information regarding the duties, responsibilities and composition of each of our committees, see Item 6.C below – "Board Practices - Committees of the Board of Directors".
Our Articles provide that any director may appoint as an alternate director, by written notice to us or to the Chairman of the Board, any individual who is qualified to serve as director and who is not then serving as a director or alternate director for any other director. An alternate director has all of the rights and obligations of a director, excluding the right to appoint an alternate for himself. Currently no alternate directors serve on our board.
Election, Terms and Skills of Directors
Directors, other than external directors, are elected by a resolution of the shareholders at the annual general meeting and serve until the conclusion of the next annual general meeting of the shareholders, unless earlier terminated in the event of such director’s death, resignation, bankruptcy, incapacity or removal by a resolution of the shareholders.
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According to the Companies Law, a person who does not possess the skills required and the ability to devote the appropriate time to the performance of the office of director in a company, taking into consideration, among other things, the special requirements and size of that company, shall neither be appointed as a director nor serve as a director in a public company. A public company shall not summon a general meeting the agenda of which includes the appointment of a director, and a director shall not be appointed, unless the candidate has submitted a declaration that he or she possesses the skills required and the ability to devote the appropriate time to the performance of the office of director in the company, that sets forth the aforementioned skills and further states that the limitations set forth in the Companies Law regarding the appointment of a director do not apply in respect of such candidate.
A director who ceases to possess any qualification required under the Companies Law for holding the office of director or who becomes subject to any ground for termination of his/her office must inform the company immediately and his/her office shall terminate upon such notice.
Independent Directors
Under the Nasdaq Rules, a majority of our directors is required to be independent. The independence standard under the Nasdaq Rules excludes, among others, any person who is: (i) a current or former (at any time during the past three years) employee of a company or its affiliates; or (ii) an immediate family member of an executive officer (at any time during the past three years) of a company or its affiliates. Five of our seven members of the Board - Ms. Yael Andorn and Messrs. Yehezkel (Chezy) Ofir, Yossi Shacham-Diamand, Eran Bendoly and Moty Ben Arie - qualify as independent directors under the Nasdaq Rules.
External Directors
Under the Companies Law, we are required to appoint at least two external directors. Each committee of a company's board of directors which is authorized to exercise the board of directors' authorities is required to include at least one external director, except for the audit committee and the compensation committee, which are required to include all of the external directors.
Qualification. To qualify as an external director, an individual or his or her relative, partner, employer, any person to whom such person is directly or indirectly subject to, or any entity under his or her control may not have, as of the date of appointment, or may not have had during the previous two years, any affiliation with the company, any entity controlling the company on the date of the appointment or with any entity controlled, at the date of the appointment or during the previous two years, by the company or by its controlling shareholder (and in a company that does not have a shareholder or an affiliated group of shareholders holding 25% or more of the company's voting rights, such person may not have any affiliation with any person who, at the time of appointment, is the chairman, the chief executive officer, the chief financial officer or a 5% shareholder of the company). In general, the term "affiliation" includes: an employment relationship, a business or professional relationship maintained on a regular basis, control and service as an office holder; "Control" is defined in the Israeli Securities Law as the ability to direct the actions of a company but excluding a power that is solely derived from a position as a director of the company or any other position with the company; a person who is holding 50% or more of the "controlling power" in the company – voting rights or the right to appoint a director or a general manager – is automatically considered to possess control. The Companies Law defines the term "office holder" of a company to include a director, the chief executive officer, an executive vice president, a vice president, any other person fulfilling or assuming any of the foregoing positions without regard to such person's title, and any manager who is directly subordinated to the chief executive officer.
In addition, no person can serve as an external director if the person's position or other business creates, or may create conflicts of interest with the person's responsibilities as an external director or may otherwise interfere with the person's ability to serve as an external director. Until the lapse of two years from termination of office, a company or its controlling shareholder may not give any direct or indirect benefit to a former external director.
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Election and Term of External Directors. External directors are elected by a majority vote at a shareholders' general meeting, provided that either:

| · | a majority of the shares voted at the meeting, which are not held by controlling shareholders or shareholders with personal interest in approving the appointment (excluding personal interest not resulting from contacts with the controlling shareholder), not taking into account any abstentions, vote in favor of the election; or

| · | a vote in which the total number of shares voting against the election of the external director, does not exceed two percent of the aggregate voting rights in the company.

In a company in which, at the date of appointment of an external director, all the directors are of the same gender, the external director to be appointed shall be of the other gender.
An external director can be removed from office only by: (i) the same majority of shareholders that is required to elect an external director; or (b) a court, and provided that either (a) the external director ceases to meet the statutory qualifications with respect to his or her appointment, or (b) the external director violates his or her duty of loyalty to the company. The court may also remove an external director from office if he or she is unable to perform his or her duties on a regular basis.
An external director who ceases to possess any qualification required under the Companies Law for holding the office of an external director must inform the company immediately and his/her office shall terminate upon such notice.
In general, external directors serve a three-year term, which may then be extended for two additional three-year periods. Thereafter, in accordance with regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, an external director may be appointed for additional terms of service of not more than three years each provided that: (a) a company's audit committee, followed by the board of directors, have approved that considering the expertise and special contribution of the external director to the work of the board of directors and its committees, the appointment for an additional term of service is beneficial to the company; (b) the appointment for an additional term of service is approved in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Law; and (c) the prior periods of service of such external director, as well as the reasoning of the audit committee and board of directors for the approval of the extension of the term of service, were presented to the shareholders prior to their approval.
Re-election of an external director may be effected through one of the following mechanisms:

| 1. | a shareholder holding one percent or more of a company's voting rights proposed the re-election of the nominee;

| 2. | the board of directors proposed the re-election of the nominee and the election was approved by the shareholders by the majority required to appoint external directors for their initial term; or

| 3. | the external director who is up for renewal has proposed himself or herself for re-election.

With respect to mechanisms 1 and 3 above, the re-election is required to fulfill all of the following terms: (i) to be approved by a majority of the votes cast by the shareholders of the Company, excluding the votes of controlling shareholders and shareholders who have a personal interest in approving such nomination resulting from their relations with the controlling shareholders; (ii) to include votes cast in favor of the re-election by such non-excluded shareholders constituting more than two percent of the voting rights in the Company; and (iii) the external director is not a related or competing shareholder or a relative of such a related or competing shareholder, at the time of the appointment, and does not and did not have any affiliation with a related or competing shareholder, at the time of the appointment or within the two years preceding the appointment. A "related or competing shareholder" is a shareholder proposing the re-appointment or a shareholder holding 5% or more of the outstanding shares or voting rights of the company, provided that at the time of the re-appointment, such shareholder, a controlling shareholder thereof or a company controlled by such shareholder or by a controlling shareholder thereof, have business relationships with the Company or are competitors of the Company.
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Financial and Accounting Expertise. Pursuant to the Companies Law and regulations promulgated there under, (1) each external director must have either "accounting and financial expertise" or "professional qualifications" and (2) at least one of the external directors must have "accounting and financial expertise". A director with "accounting and financial expertise" is a director whose education, experience and skills qualifies him or her to be highly proficient in understanding business and accounting matters and to thoroughly understand the company's financial statements and to stimulate discussion regarding the manner in which financial data is presented. A director with "professional qualifications" is a person who meets any of the following criteria: (i) has an academic degree in economics, business management, accounting, law, public administration; (ii) has a different academic degree or has completed higher education in an area relevant to the company's business or which is relevant to his or her position; or (iii) has at least five years' experience in any of the following, or has a total of five years' experience in at least two of the following: (A) a senior position in the business management of a corporation with substantial business activities, (B) a senior public position or a senior position in the public service, or (C) a senior position in the company's main fields of business.
Compensation. An external director is entitled to compensation as provided in the Remuneration Regulations and is otherwise prohibited from receiving any other compensation, directly or indirectly, from the Company. For more information, please see "Remuneration of Directors" below.
Our External Directors. Ms. Yael Andorn and Prof. Yossi Shacham-Diamand were appointed as our external directors in our 2018 SGM held on October 3, 2018, for a three-year-term which will expire on October 2, 2021. Our Board of Directors has determined that Ms. Andorn has the "accounting and financial expertise" and that Mr. Shacham-Diamand has the "professional qualifications" required by the Companies Law.
Remuneration of Directors
Generally, directors' remuneration should be consistent with a company’s compensation policy for office holders (see "Compensation Policy" below) and requires the approval of the compensation committee, the board of directors and the shareholders (in that order). Notwithstanding the above, in certain circumstances shareholder approval may be waived (see below) and, under different circumstances, the compensation committee and the board of directors may approve an arrangement that deviates from the compensation policy, provided that such arrangement is approved by a special majority of the company's shareholders, including (i) at least a majority of the shareholders, present and voting (abstentions are disregarded), who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the matter, or (ii) the non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the matter who were present and voted against the matter hold two percent or less of the voting power of the Company.
According to the Remuneration Regulations, external directors are generally entitled to an annual fee, a participation fee for each meeting of the board of directors or any committee of the board on which he or she serves as a member, and reimbursement of travel expenses for participation in a meeting which is held outside of the external director's place of residence. The minimum, fixed and maximum amounts of the annual and participation fees are set forth in the Remuneration Regulations, based on the classification of the company according to the amount of its capital. The remuneration of external directors must be made known to the candidate for such office prior to his/her appointment and, subject to certain exceptions, will not be amended throughout the three-year period during which he or she is in office. A company may also compensate an external director in shares or rights to purchase shares, other than convertible debentures which may be converted into shares, in addition to the annual and participation remuneration and the reimbursement of expenses, subject to certain limitations set forth in the Remuneration Regulations.
According to regulations promulgated under the Companies Law with respect to relief in approval of certain related party transactions (the "Relief Regulations"), shareholders' approval for directors’ compensation and employment arrangements is not required if both the Compensation Committee and the board of directors resolve that either (i) the directors’ compensation and employment arrangements are solely for the benefit of the company or (ii) the remuneration to be paid to any such director does not exceed the maximum amounts set forth in the Remuneration Regulations. Further, according to the Relief Regulations, shareholders' approval for directors' compensation and employment arrangements is not required if (i) both the Compensation Committee and the board of directors resolve that such terms (a) are not more beneficial than the former terms, or are essentially the same in their effect; and (b) are in line with the company's compensation policy; and (ii) such terms are brought for shareholder approval at the next general meeting of shareholders. Also, according to the Remuneration Regulations, shareholder approval may be waived if the remuneration to be paid to the external directors is between the fixed and maximum amounts set forth in such regulations.
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As consideration for their service as directors and their participation in each meeting of the Board or Board's committees, we pay each of our external and independent directors (all Board members except for Mr. Amit and Mr. Stern) a fixed annual fee, a fixed participation fee and reimbursement of expenses in the following amounts: NIS 70,000 (approximately $19,009) as annual fee, NIS 2,600 (approximately $706) as in-person participation fee, NIS 1,560 (approximately $423) for conference call participation and NIS 1,300 (approximately $353) for written resolutions. As these amounts are in the range between the fixed amounts of the annual and participation fees, as set forth in the Remuneration Regulations, based on the amount of the Company’s capital, and the maximum amounts of such fees as set forth in the Companies Regulations (Alleviation for Public Companies whose shares are Traded on the Stock Exchange Outside of Israel), 2000 (the "Alleviation Regulations"), they are exempt from shareholder approval, in accordance with the Relief Regulations. The above-mentioned cash remuneration is in line with the Company's Executives & Directors Compensation Policy (the "Compensation Policy"), according to which each of the Company's non-executive (and non-controlling) directors is entitled to receive cash fees which include annual and participation fees.
Messrs. Rafi Amit and Yotam Stern do not receive any payment with respect to their service as our directors.
At the 2018 SGM, as well as in previous years, we have granted RSUs and options (respectively) to our directors. See item 6.E below – "Share Ownership – Share Incentive Plans". The following table sets forth the number of Ordinary Shares held by our directors, as of March 12, 2019, and the number of options exercisable and RSUs vested as of March 12, 2019 and within 60 days from such date:

Name of Director |  | Number of Options Exercisable as of March 12, 2019 and within 60 days |  |  | Number of RSU’s vested as of March 12, 2019 and within 60 days |  |  | Number of Ordinary Shares held as of March 12, 2019 |
Rafi Amit |  |  | 10,083 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |
Yotam Stern |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 104,445 |
Eran Bendoly |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 509 |
Moty Ben- Arie |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 269 |
Yael Andorn |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 269 |
Yehezkel (Chezy) Ofir |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 269 |
Yossi Shacham-Diamand |  |  | 0 |  |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 269 |

The options were granted pursuant to our then in effect equity plan and in accordance with the grant terms included therein. The RSUs were granted pursuant to our Share Incentive Plan (and Sub-Plan for Grantees Subject to Israeli Taxation) (the "2018 Plan"). For additional information regarding the main terms of the option and RSUs grants, please see item 6.E below – "Share Ownership – Share Incentive Plans"
Committees of the Board of Directors
Audit Committee
SEC and Nasdaq Requirements. In accordance with the Exchange Act, rules of the SEC under the Exchange Act and Nasdaq Rules, we are required to have an audit committee consisting of at least three directors, each of whom is (i) independent; (ii) does not receive any compensation from the Company (other than directors' fees); (iii) is not an affiliated person of the Company or any of its subsidiaries; (iv) has not participated in the preparation of the Company's (or subsidiary's) financial statements during the past three years; and (v) financially literate and one of whom has been determined by the board to be the audit committee financial expert. The duties and responsibilities of the audit committee under the Nasdaq Rules include: (i) recommending the appointment of the Company's independent auditor to the board of directors, determining its compensation and overseeing the work performed by it; (ii) pre-approving all services of the independent auditor; (iii) overseeing our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of our financial statements; and (iv) handling complaints relating to accounting, internal controls and auditing matters.
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We have adopted an audit committee charter as required by the Nasdaq Rules.
Companies Law Requirements. Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of any Israeli company whose shares are publicly traded must appoint an audit committee, comprised of at least three directors including all of the external directors. In addition, the majority of the members must meet certain independence criteria and may not include: (i) the chairman of the board; (ii) any controlling shareholder or a relative thereof; (iii) any director employed by or providing services or a regular basis to the Company, a controlling shareholder or a company owned by a controlling shareholder; or (iv) any director whose main income is provided by a controlling shareholder (the "Non-Permitted Members"). The chairman of such audit committee must be an external director.
The duties and responsibilities of our audit committee under the Companies Law include (1) identification of irregularities and deficiencies in the management of our business, in consultation with the internal auditor and our independent auditors, and suggesting appropriate courses of action to amend such irregularities; (2) reviewing and approval of certain transactions and actions of the Company, including the approval of related party transactions, that require approval by the audit committee under the Companies Law; defining whether certain acts and transactions that involve conflicts of interest are material or not and whether transactions that involve conflict of interests are material or not and whether transactions that involve interested parties are extraordinary or not, and to approve such transactions; (3) determining with respect to transactions with controlling shareholders, even if such are not extraordinary transactions, a duty to conduct a competitive process, under the supervision of the committee or under the supervision of whomever designated by the committee and according to standards determined by the committee, or determining other proceedings, prior to entering into such transactions, all in accordance with the type of transaction; (4) determining the method of approval of transactions which are not insignificant, including the types of transactions which shall require approval of the committee; (5) recommending the appointment of the internal auditor and its compensation to the board of directors; (6) examining the performance of our internal auditor and whether he is provided with the required resources and tools necessary for him to fulfill his role, considering, among others, the Company's size and special needs; and (7) setting procedures for handling complaints made by Company's employees in connection with management deficiencies and the protection to be provided to such employees.
Non Permitted Members shall not attend audit committee's meetings or take part in its decisions, unless the chairman of the audit committee has determined that such person is required for the presentation of a certain matter. Nevertheless, an employee who is not a controlling shareholder or a relative thereof may be present at the discussion part only, pursuant to the Committee's request, and the Company's legal counsel and secretary, who are not controlling shareholders or relatives thereof, may be present during both discussion and decision making parts - pursuant to the Committee's request.
The quorum for discussions and decisions shall be the majority of the members, provided that the majority of the members present meet the independence criteria set forth in the Companies Law and at least one of them is an external director.
Our Audit Committee. The members of our Audit Committee are Ms. Yael Andorn and Messrs. Eran Bendoly and Yossi Shacham-Diamand; all of whom are independent directors in accordance with Nasdaq Rules. Mr. Bendoly and Ms. Andorn qualify as financial experts while Ms. Andorn and Mr. Shacham-Diamand serve as external directors and as such, meet the independence criteria set forth in the Companies Law. Ms. Andorn is the Chairperson of our Audit Committee.
Compensation Committee
Nasdaq Requirements. Under Nasdaq Rules, the compensation payable to our executive officers must be determined or recommended to the board for determination either by a majority of the independent directors on the board, in a vote in which only independent directors participate, or by a compensation committee comprised solely of independent directors, subject to certain exceptions. As all of the members of our Audit Committee meet the independence requirements for compensation committee members set forth in the Nasdaq Rule 5605(d)(2), as a foreign private issuer, we have elected, pursuant to Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3), to follow Israeli practice, in lieu of compliance with the certain provisions of Nasdaq Rule 5605(d), which would require us to have a separate compensation committee (see below).
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Companies Law Requirements. We follow the provisions of the Companies Law with respect to the composition and responsibilities of our Compensation Committee, office holder compensation and any required approval of such compensation by our shareholders.
According to the Companies Law, the board of directors of any Israeli company whose shares are publicly traded, must appoint a compensation committee, comprised of at least three directors, including all of the external directors which shall be the majority of its members and one thereof must serve as the chairman of the committee. The remaining members of the committee must satisfy the criteria for remuneration applicable to the external directors and qualified to serve as members of the audit committee pursuant to Companies Law requirements, as described above.
Further, under the Companies Law, a compensation committee is responsible for: (i) making recommendations to the board of directors with respect to the approval of the compensation policy (see below - "Compensation Policy") and any extensions thereto; (ii) periodically reviewing the implementation of the compensation policy and providing the board of directors with recommendations with respect to any amendments or updates thereto; (iii) reviewing and resolving whether or not to approve arrangements with respect to the terms of office and employment of office holders; and (iv) determining whether or not to exempt a transaction with a candidate for chief executive officer, who is not affiliated with the Company or its controlling shareholder, from shareholder approval if subjection of such transaction to shareholder approval may prevent its conclusion, and provided that the terms approved are consistent with the compensation policy.
The attendance and participation in meetings of the compensation committee are subject to the same limitations that apply to the Audit Committee. The quorum for discussions and decisions shall be the majority of the members, provided that those members present are independent directors and at least one of them is an external director.
Our Compensation Committee. Pursuant to the Companies Law, an audit committee that satisfies the requirements of the Companies Law regarding the composition of a compensation committee, may be authorized to carry out all duties and responsibilities of the compensation committee. Accordingly, our Board of Directors has authorized our Audit Committee to carry out the duties and responsibilities of the compensation committee. This practice is compliant with Israeli law and, as a foreign private issuer, we have elected to follow Israeli practice, in lieu of compliance with the relevant Nasdaq Rule requiring us to have a separate compensation committee (see under "Nasdaq Requirements" above).
Nomination Committee
The Nasdaq Rules require that director nominees be selected or recommended for the board's selection either by a nomination committee composed solely of independent directors or by a majority of independent directors, in a vote in which only independent directors participate, subject to certain exceptions. In 2018 our Board of Directors appointed a Nomination Committee, comprised of our two external directors, Ms. Andorn and Mr. Shacham-Diamand. Following such appointment, our Nomination Committee has assumed the responsibility for recommending to the Board nominees for election (including re-election) to the Company's Board of Directors, in lieu of the recommendation by our independent directors.
As approved by our Board of Directors and consistent with the requirements of the Nasdaq Rules, our Nomination Committee is responsible for: (i) identifying potential new candidates for membership on the Company's Board of Directors, taking into account, inter alia, the candidate's applicable experience, expertise and/ or familiarity with the Company's field of business, as well as the candidate's ethical character, independent judgment and industry reputation; (ii) conducting appropriate inquiries into the backgrounds and qualifications of potential candidates; and (iii) reviewing and resolving whether or not to approve arrangements with respect to candidates for appointment (or re-appointment) to the Company's Board of Directors.
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Approval of Office Holders Terms of Employment
The terms of office and employment of office holders (other than directors and the chief executive officer) require the approval of the compensation committee and the board of directors, provided such terms are in accordance with the company's compensation policy. Shareholder approval is also required if the compensation of such officer is not in accordance with such policy. However, in special circumstances the compensation committee and then the board of directors may nonetheless approve such compensation even if such compensation was not approved by the shareholders, following a further discussion and for detailed reasoning.
The terms of office and employment of directors, the chief executive officer or controlling shareholders (or a relative thereof), regardless of whether such terms conform to the company's compensation policy or not - should be approved by the compensation committee, the board of directors and the shareholders, by a special majority, except for: (a) approval of terms of office and employment of directors, which are consistent with the company's compensation policy, and require shareholder approval by a regular majority; or (b) approval of terms of office and employment of directors pursuant to certain reliefs provided for under the Remuneration Regulations and/or the Relief Regulations, with respect to which shareholder approval is waived. Shareholder special majority should include (i) at least a majority of the shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the matter, present and voting (abstentions are disregarded), or (ii) the non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the matter who were present and voted against the matter hold two percent or less of the voting power of the company ("Special Majority"). Notwithstanding the above, in special circumstances the compensation committee and then the board of directors may nonetheless approve compensation for the chief executive officer, even if such compensation was not approved by the shareholders, following a further discussion and for detailed reasoning.
In addition, amendment of existing terms of office and employment of office holders who are not directors requires the approval of the compensation committee only, if the compensation committee determines that the amendment is not material.
Compensation Policy
Under the Companies Law we are required to adopt a compensation policy, which sets forth company policy regarding the terms of office and employment of office holders, including compensation, equity awards, severance and other benefits, exemption from liability and indemnification, and which takes into account, among other things, providing proper incentives to directors and officers, management of risks by the company, the officer's contribution to achieving corporate objectives and increasing profits, and the function of the officer or director.
Our Compensation Policy is designed to balance between the importance of incentivizing office holders to reach personal targets and the need to assure that the overall compensation meets our Company's long-term strategic performance and financial objectives. The Policy provides our Compensation Committee and our Board of Directors with adequate measures and flexibility to tailor each of our office holder's compensation package based, among other matters, on geography, tasks, role, seniority and capability. Moreover, the Policy is intended to motivate our office holders to achieve ongoing targeted results in addition to a high level business performance in the long term, without encouraging excessive risk taking.
The compensation policy and any amendments thereto must be approved by the board of directors, after considering the recommendations of the compensation committee, and by a Special Majority of our shareholders. The compensation policy must be reviewed from time to time by the board, and must be re-approved or amended by the board of directors and the shareholders no less than every three years. If the compensation policy is not approved by the shareholders, the compensation committee and the board of directors may nonetheless approve the policy, following further discussion of the matter and for detailed reasons.
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Our Compensation Policy for office holders was originally approved by our shareholders at a special general meeting of shareholders held in October 2013, following the favorable recommendation of the Compensation Committee and approval by the Board of Directors. The Compensation Policy was amended four times since; in November 2014 our shareholders approved an increase of the maximum yearly equity value which may be granted to any of our office holders; in August 2015 our shareholders approved an amendment increasing the maximum annual salary which may be granted to our Chief Executive Officer; in November 2016 our shareholders approved certain additional amendments to our Compensation Policy, mainly: (1) allowing the Company's Chief Executive Officer to approve insignificant changes in the terms of office and employment of executives (i.e., not exceeding 5% of the aggregate value of the total cash compensation for such calendar year) who are directly subordinated to him, without the need for Compensation Committee approval, provided that such changes are in accordance with the Compensation Policy; (2) increasing the cap for the portion of the targets for annual bonuses of executives (other than our Chief Executive Officer) which may be based on non-measurable criteria, up to 50%; and (3) with respect to our Chief Executive Officer – setting the cap for the portion of the targets for his annual bonuses which may be based on non-measurable criteria, at 50%, provided however, that such portion shall not exceed three monthly salaries; and, in June 2018, our shareholders approved certain additional amendments to our Compensation Policy, as follows: (1) increasing the cap of the on target annual bonus of our Chief Executive Officer from six (6) monthly base salaries to nine (9) monthly base salaries; (2) increasing the maximum amount of annual bonus payable to our Chief Executive Officer from nine (9) monthly base salaries to thirteen and a half (13.5) monthly base salaries; (3) increasing the payment threshold for payment of annual bonuses to the Company's Office Holders, from two million USD (US$2,000,000) to four and a half million USD (US$4,500,000); (4) providing that the determination and caps on the remuneration of external directors shall be subject to and in accordance with all applicable regulations under the Companies Law (rather than previous reference to Remuneration Regulations only); and (5) increasing the coverage and premiums caps with respect to our directors and officers liability insurance policy.
Approval of Certain Transactions with Related Parties
The Companies Law requires the approval of the audit committee or the compensation committee, thereafter the approval of the board of directors and in certain cases — the approval of the shareholders, in order to effect specified actions and extraordinary transactions, such as the following:

| · | transactions with office holders and third parties - where an office holder has a personal interest in the transaction;

| · | employment terms of office holders; and

| · | extraordinary transactions with controlling parties, and extraordinary transactions with a third party - where a controlling party has a personal interest in the transaction, or any transaction with the controlling shareholder or his relative regarding terms of service - provided directly or indirectly (including through a company controlled by the controlling shareholder) - and terms of employment (for a controlling shareholder who is not an office holder). A "relative" is defined in the Companies Law as spouse, sibling, parent, grandparent, descendant, spouse's descendant, sibling or parent and the spouse of any of the foregoing.

Such extraordinary transactions with controlling shareholders require the approval of the audit committee, or the compensation committee, the board of directors and the majority of the voting power of the shareholders present and voting at the general meeting of the company (not including abstentions), provided that either:

| · | the majority of the shares of shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction and who are present and voting, vote in favor; or

| · | shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction who vote against the transaction do not represent more than two percent of the aggregate voting rights in the company.

Any shareholder participating in the vote on approval of an extraordinary transaction with a controlling shareholder must inform the company prior to the voting whether or not he or she has a personal interest in the approval of the transaction, and if he or she fails to do so, his or her vote will be disregarded.
Further, such extraordinary transactions as well as any transactions with a controlling shareholder or his relative concerning terms of service or employment need to be re-approved no less than every three years provided however that with respect to certain such extraordinary transactions the audit committee may determine that a longer duration is reasonable given the circumstances related thereto and such extended period has been approved by the shareholders.
In accordance with regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, certain defined types of extraordinary transactions between a public company and its controlling shareholder(s) are exempt from the shareholder approval requirements.
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In addition, the approval of the audit committee, followed by the approval of the board of directors and the shareholders, is required to effect a private placement of securities, in which either: (i) 20% or more of the company's outstanding share capital prior to the placement is offered, and the payment for which (in whole or in part) is not in cash, in tradable securities registered in a stock exchange or not under market terms, and which will result in an increase of the holdings of a shareholder that holds 5% or more of the company's outstanding share capital or voting rights or will cause any person to become, as a result of the issuance, a holder of more than 5% of the company's outstanding share capital or voting rights or (ii) a person will become a controlling shareholder of the company.
A "controlling shareholder" is defined in the Israeli Securities Law and in the Companies Law for purposes of the provisions governing related party transactions as a person with the ability to direct the actions of a company but excluding a person whose power derives solely from his or her position as a director of the company or any other position with the company, and with respect to approval of transactions with related parties also a person who holds 25% or more of the voting power in a public company if no other shareholder owns more than 50% of the voting power in the company, and provided that two or more persons holding voting rights in the company, who each have a personal interest in the approval of the same transaction, shall be deemed to be one holder for the evaluation of their holdings with respect to approval of transactions with related parties.
Compensation committee approval is also required and thereafter, in most cases, the approval of the board of directors (and in certain cases – the additional approval of the shareholders) to approve the grant of an exemption from the responsibility for a breach of the duty of care towards the company, for the provision of insurance and for an undertaking to indemnify any office holder of the company; see below under "Insurance, Indemnification and Exemption".
Duties of Office Holders and Shareholders
Duties of Office Holders
Fiduciary Duties
The Companies Law imposes a duty of care and a duty of loyalty on all office holders of a company, including directors and officers. The duty of care requires an office holder to act with the level of care with which a reasonable office holder in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of loyalty includes avoiding any conflict of interest between the office holder's position in the company and his personal affairs, avoiding any competition with the company, avoiding exploiting any business opportunity of the company in order to receive personal advantage for himself or others, and revealing to the company any information or documents relating to the company's affairs which the office holder has received due to his position as an office holder.
The company may approve an action by an office holder from which the office holder would otherwise have to refrain due to its violation of the office holder's duty of loyalty if: (i) the office holder acts in good faith and the act or its approval does not cause harm to the company, and (ii) the office holder discloses the nature of his or her interest in the transaction to the company a reasonable time before the company's approval.
Each person listed in the table under "Directors and Senior Management" above is considered an office holder under the Companies Law (for definition of "office holder" under the Companies Law see above under "External directors" – "Qualification").
Disclosure of Personal Interests of an Office Holder
The Companies Law requires that an office holder of a company promptly disclose any personal interest that he or she may possess and all related material information and documents known to him or her relating to any existing or proposed transaction by the company. If the transaction is an extraordinary transaction, the office holder must also disclose any personal interest held by the office holder's spouse, siblings, parents, grandparents, descendants, spouse's siblings, parents and descendants and the spouses of any of these people, or any corporation in which the office holder: (i) holds at least 5% of the company's outstanding share capital or voting rights; (ii) is a director or general manager; or (iii) has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager. An extraordinary transaction is defined as a transaction that is either (i) not in the ordinary course of business; (ii) not on market terms; or (iii) likely to have a material impact on the company's profitability, assets or liabilities.
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In the case of a transaction which is not an extraordinary transaction, after the office holder complies with the above disclosure requirements, only board approval is required unless the articles of association of the company provide otherwise. The transaction must be for the benefit of the company. If a transaction is an extraordinary transaction, or is with respect to the terms of office and employment then, in addition to any approval stipulated by the articles of association, it also must be approved by the company's audit committee (or with respect to terms of office and employment, the compensation committee) and then by the board of directors, and, under certain circumstances, by a meeting of the shareholders of the company. A director who has a personal interest in a transaction, may be present if a majority of the members of the board of directors or the audit committee (or with respect to terms of office and employment, the compensation committee), as the case may be, has a personal interest. If a majority of the board of directors has a personal interest, then shareholders' approval is also required.
Duties of Shareholders
Under the Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to act in good faith toward the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his or her power over the company, including, among other things, voting in a general meeting of shareholders on any amendment to the articles of association, an increase of the company's authorized share capital, a merger or approval of interested party transactions which require shareholders' approval.
In addition, any controlling shareholder, any shareholders who knows that it possess power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder who, pursuant to the provisions of a company's articles of association, has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder in the company, is under a duty to act with fairness towards the company. The Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty but states that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply in the event of a breach of the duty of fairness, taking into account such shareholder's position.
Insurance, Indemnification and Exemption
Pursuant to the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law, the Israeli Securities Authority is authorized to impose administrative sanctions, including monetary fines, against companies like ours and their officers and directors for certain violations of the Israeli Securities Law (for further details regarding such amendments see in "Administrative Enforcement" below) or the Companies Law; and the Companies Law provides that companies like ours may indemnify their officers and directors and purchase an insurance policy to cover certain liabilities, if provisions for that purpose are included in their articles of association.
Our Articles allow the Company to indemnify and insure its office holders to the fullest extent permitted by law.
Office Holders' Exemption
Under the Companies Law, an Israeli company may not exempt an office holder from liability for a breach of his or her duty of loyalty, but may exempt in advance an office holder from his or her liability to the company, in whole or in part, for a breach of his or her duty of care (except in connection with distributions), provided that the company's articles of association allow it to do so. Our Articles allow us to exempt our office holders to the fullest extent permitted by law.
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Office Holders' Insurance
Our Articles provide that, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law, we may enter into a contract for the insurance of all or part of the liability of any of our office holders imposed on the office holder in respect of an act performed by him or her in his or her capacity as an office holder for, in respect of each of the following:

| · | a breach of his or her duty of care to us or to another person;

| · | a breach of his or her duty of loyalty to us, provided that the office holder acted in good faith and had reasonable cause to assume that his or her act would not prejudice our interests; and

| · | a financial liability imposed upon him or her in favor of another person.

Without derogating from the aforementioned, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law, we may also enter into a contract to insure an office holder, in respect of expenses, including reasonable litigation expenses and legal fees, incurred by an office holder in relation to an administrative proceeding instituted against such office holder or payment required to be made to an injured party, pursuant to certain provisions of the Israeli Securities Law.
Office Holder's Indemnification
Our Articles provide that, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law, we may indemnify any of our office holders in respect of an obligation or expense specified below, imposed on or incurred by the office holder in respect of an act performed in his capacity as an office holder, as follows:

| · | a financial liability imposed on him or her in favor of another person by any judgment, including a settlement or an arbitration award approved by a court;

| · | reasonable litigation expenses, including attorney's fees, incurred by the office holder as a result of an investigation or proceeding instituted against him by a competent authority which concluded without the filing of an indictment against him and without the imposition of any financial liability in lieu of criminal proceedings, or which concluded without the filing of an indictment against him but with the imposition of a financial liability in lieu of criminal proceedings concerning a criminal offense that does not require proof of criminal intent or in connection with a financial sanction (the phrases "proceeding concluded without the filing of an indictment" and "financial liability in lieu of criminal proceeding" shall have the meaning ascribed to such phrases in section 260(a)(1a) of the Companies Law);

| · | reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys' fees, expended by an office holder or charged to the office holder by a court, in a proceeding instituted against the office holder by the Company or on its behalf or by another person, or in a criminal charge from which the office holder was acquitted, or in a criminal proceeding in which the office holder was convicted of an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent; and

| · | expenses, including reasonable litigation expenses and legal fees, incurred by an office holder in relation to an administrative proceeding instituted against such office holder, or payment required to be made to an injured party, pursuant to certain provisions of the Israeli Securities Law.

The Company may undertake to indemnify an office holder as aforesaid, (a) prospectively, provided that, in respect of the first act (financial liability) the undertaking is limited to events which in the opinion of the board of directors are foreseeable in light of the Company's actual operations when the undertaking to indemnify is given, and to an amount or criteria set by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances, and further provided that such events and amount or criteria are set forth in the undertaking to indemnify, and (b) retroactively; provided, however, that the total aggregate indemnification amount that the Company shall be obligated to pay to all of its Office Holders, for all matters and circumstances described above, shall not exceed an amount equal to twenty five percent (25%) of the shareholders' equity at the time of the indemnification.
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Limitations on Insurance and Indemnification
The Companies Law provides that a company may not insure, exempt or indemnify an office holder for any breach of his or her liability arising from any of the following:

| • | a breach by the office holder of his or her duty of loyalty, except that the company may enter into an insurance contract or indemnify an office holder if the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company;

| • | a breach by the office holder of his or her duty of care if such breach was intentional or reckless, but unless such breach was solely negligent;

| • | any act or omission done with the intent to derive an illegal personal benefit; or

| • | any fine, civil fine, financial sanction or monetary settlement in lieu of criminal proceedings imposed on such office holder.

Under the Companies Law, exemption and indemnification of, and procurement of insurance coverage for, our office holders must be approved by our compensation committee and our board of directors and, with respect to an office holder who is a director also by our shareholders. However, according to the Relief Regulations, shareholders' approval for the procurement of directors' insurance is not required if the insurance policy is approved by our compensation committee and (i) the terms of such policy are within the framework for insurance coverage as approved by our shareholders and set forth in our compensation policy; (ii) the premium paid under the insurance policy is at fair market value; and (iii) the insurance policy does not and may not have a substantial effect on the Company's profitability, assets or obligations. Further, as our insurance coverage includes office holders who are controlling shareholders – namely Mr. Rafi Amit and Mr. Yotam Stern - in accordance with the Relief Regulations, shareholders' approval may be waived, if, in addition to the approval of the compensation committee as set forth above, our board of directors approves all such matters approved by the compensation committee, and both organs approve that the terms of the insurance policy are identical with respect to all office holders, including the controlling shareholders.
Indemnification letters, covering exemption from, indemnification and insurance of those liabilities imposed under the Companies Law and the Israeli Securities Law discussed above, were granted to each of our present office holders and were approved for future office holders. Hence, we indemnify our office holders to the fullest extent permitted under the Companies Law.
We currently hold directors' and officers' liability insurance policy for the benefit of our office holders, including our directors. This policy was approved by our Board of Directors on December 10, 2018, and is effective until November 30, 2019.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended, may be permitted to our directors, officers and controlling persons, we have been advised that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.
Administrative Enforcement
The Israeli Securities Law includes an administrative enforcement procedure to be used by the Israeli Securities Authority, or ISA, to enhance the efficacy of enforcement in the securities market in Israel. This administrative enforcement procedure may be applied to any company or person (including director, officer or shareholder of a company) performing any of the actions specifically designated as breaches of law under the Securities Law. Furthermore, the Israeli Securities Law requires that the Chief Executive Officer of a company supervise and take all reasonable measures to prevent the company or any of its employees from breaching the Israeli Securities Law. The Chief Executive Officer is presumed to have fulfilled such supervisory duty if the company adopts internal enforcement procedures designed to prevent such breaches, appoints a representative to supervise the implementation of such procedures and takes measures to correct the breach and prevent its reoccurrence.
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As detailed above, under the Israeli Securities Law, a company cannot obtain insurance against or indemnify a third party (including its officers and/or employees) for any administrative procedure and/or monetary fine (other than for payment of damages to an injured party). The Israeli Securities Law permits insurance and/or indemnification for expenses related to an administrative procedure, such as reasonable legal fees, provided that it is permitted under the company's articles of association.
We have adopted and implemented an internal enforcement plan to reduce our exposure to potential breaches of the Companies Law and sections in the Israeli Securities Law, applicable to us. Our Articles and letters of indemnification permit, among others, insurance and/or indemnification as contemplated under the Israeli Securities Law (see in "Insurance, Indemnification and Exemption" above).

D. | Employees

Employees
The following table sets forth the number of our employees engaged in the specified activities at the end of each of the years 2018, 2017 and 2016:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Executive management |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |
Research and development |  |  | 67 |  |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 67 |
Sales support |  |  | 85 |  |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | 64 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 33 |
Administration |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 45 |
Operations |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 49 |
Total |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 274 |  |  |  | 262 |

The following table sets forth the number of our employees located in the following geographic regions at the end of each of the years 2018, 2017 and 2016:

|  | As of December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
Israel |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 167 |
Abroad |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 95 |
Total |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 274 |  |  |  | 262 |

With respect to our Israeli employees, no collective bargaining agreements apply to our employees. However, by virtue of extension orders, certain provisions of the collective bargaining agreements between the Histadrut (General Federation of Labor in Israel) and the Coordination Bureau of Economic Organizations, relating primarily to the length of the work day, minimum wages, pension contributions, insurance for work-related accidents, procedures for dismissing employees, determination of severance pay and other conditions of employment, are applicable to our employees.
With respect to our (or any of our subsidiaries) Chinese employees, certain provisions of Chinese Labor Contract Law and Social Insurance Law primarily govern the formation of employer-employee relations, termination of employment, severance pay, worker dispatch, part-time employment and social insurance.
We consider our relationship with our employees to be good, and we have never experienced a labor dispute, strike or work stoppage.
E. Share Ownership.
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our outstanding ordinary shares by our directors and executive officers.
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Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally means sole or shared power to vote or direct the voting or to dispose or direct the disposition of any ordinary shares. Except as indicated by footnote, the persons named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all ordinary shares shown as beneficially owned by them. The percentage of beneficial ownership is based upon 36,511,400 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 12, 2019.

Name |  | Number of Ordinary Shares Owned(1) |  |  | Percentage of Total Outstanding Ordinary Shares |
Priortech Ltd. |  |  | 15,277,695 |  |  |  | 41.84 | %
Rafi Amit(2) |  |  | 10,083 |  |  |  | 0.03 | %
Yotam Stern(3) |  |  | 104,445 |  |  |  | 0.29 | %
Eran Bendoly(4) |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Moty Ben-Arie(4) |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Yossi Shacham- Diamand(4) |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Yael Andorn(4) |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Yehezkel (Chezy) Ofir(4) |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Moshe Eisenberg(4) |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |
Ramy Langer(4) |  |  | * |  |  |  | * |

| (1) | Ordinary shares relating to options currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days as of March 12, 2019, are deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of the persons holding such securities but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage of any other person. As of the date of this Annual Report, the total number of options held by the persons included in the above table that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days as of March 12, 2019, was 45,428. |
| (2) | Mr. Amit does not directly own any of our ordinary shares. In addition, as a result of a voting agreement relating to a majority of Priortech's voting equity, Mr. Amit may be deemed to control Priortech. As a result, Mr. Amit may be deemed to beneficially own the shares of the Company held by Priortech. Mr. Amit disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares.
| (3) | Mr. Stern directly owns 104,445 of our ordinary shares. In addition, as a result of a voting agreement relating to a majority of Priortech's voting equity, Mr. Stern may be deemed to control Priortech. As a result, Mr. Stern may be deemed to beneficially own the shares of the Company held by Priortech. Mr. Stern disclaims beneficial ownership of such shares.
| (4) | Holding less than 1% of our outstanding ordinary shares (including options held by each such person which have vested or will vest within 60 days as of March 12, 2019) and have therefore not been listed separately.

Share Incentive Plans
General
We currently maintain one active share incentive plan which is the 2018 Plan.
The 2018 Plan was adopted by the Company in April 2018 and replaced the Company’s previous equity plans - the 2014 Share Option Plan (the "2014 Plan") and the 2007 Restricted Share Unit Plan (the "2007 Plan").
The purpose and intent of the 2018 Plan is to advance the interests of the Company by affording to selected employees, officers, directors, consultants and other services providers of the Company and its affiliates an opportunity to acquire or increase its proprietary interest in the Company, by the grant in their favor of options, restricted shares and RSUs, as well as any of the foregoing awards the exercise or vesting of which, as applicable, shall be conditional upon the performance of the Company, its applicable division or the applicable grantee, over such period and measured against such objective criteria as shall be determined by the Board and detailed in the applicable grant agreement (the "Performance Based Award(s)" and collectively with the foregoing awards, the "Awards"), thus providing such grantee an additional incentive to become, and to remain, employed and/or engaged by the Company or it applicable affiliate, and encouraging such grantee’s sense of proprietorship and stimulating his or her active interest in the success of the Company.
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2018 Plan
General. As of December 31, 2018, 1,051,054 Awards were outstanding under the 2018 Plan.
Administration of the 2018 Plan. Our 2018 Plan is administered by our Board. Under the 2018 Plan, Awards may be granted to our officers, directors, employees or consultants and those of our subsidiaries. The exercise price of options under the 2018 Plan is determined by our Board, and is generally set as the fair market value on the date of grant. The purchase price for each RSU and restricted share is not more than the underlying share's nominal value, unless otherwise determined by the Board. The vesting schedule of the Awards is also determined by the Board of Directors; generally the options vest over a four-year period, with 25% of the options vest on the first anniversary of the vesting start date, an additional 25% of the options to vest on the second anniversary of the start date and the remaining vesting on a monthly basis over the subsequent 24 months. The vesting of Performance Based Awards may be subject to, in whole or in part, performance conditions which shall be either in addition or instead of the aforementioned time-based vesting. Each Award granted under the 2018 Plan is usually exercisable between its vesting time and up to seven years from the date of the grant of the applicable Award and subject to certain early expiration provisions, such as in the event of termination of engagement with the Company.
Future Awards to be granted by us to our employees, officers, directors and consultants, or those of our affiliates, will only be made pursuant to the 2018 Plan.
Previous Plans
As of December 31, 2018, (i) under our old 2003 Share Option Plan there were options exercisable and vested for 100,615 ordinary shares at a weighted average exercise price of $3.54 per share; (ii) under the 2014 Plan there were options exercisable and vested for 117,359 ordinary shares at a weighted average exercise price of $2.26, and unvested options exercisable for 301,811 ordinary shares at a weighted average exercise price of $3.35; and (iii) under the 2007 Plan there are unvested RSUs that impart the right to 83,800 ordinary shares.
Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions.
A. Major Shareholders.
The following table provides information regarding the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of March 12, 2019, held by each person or entity who beneficially owns more than 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares. None of these shareholders has different voting rights than any of the Company's other shareholders.
Beneficial Ownership
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally means sole or shared power to vote or direct the voting or to dispose or direct the disposition of any ordinary shares. Except as indicated by footnote, the person named in the table below has sole voting and investment power with respect to all ordinary shares shown as beneficially owned by it. The percentage of beneficial ownership is based upon 36,511,400 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 12, 2019.

|  | Number of Ordinary Shares* |  |  | Percentage |
Priortech Ltd.(1) |  |  | 15,277,695 |  |  |  | 41.84 | %
Yelin Lapidot Holdings Management Ltd. ("Yelin Lapidot") (2) |  |  | 1,961,695 |  |  |  | 5.37 | %

| (1) | 31.09% of the voting equity in Priortech Ltd. is subject to a voting agreement. As a result of this agreement, and due to the fact that there are no other shareholders holding more than 50% of the voting equity in Priortech Ltd., Messrs. Rafi Amit, Yotam Stern, David Kishon, Zehava Wineberg and Hanoch Feldstien and the estates of Itzhak Krell (deceased) and Haim Langmas (deceased), may be deemed to control Priortech Ltd. The voting agreement does not provide for different voting rights for our major shareholder than the voting rights of other holders of our ordinary shares. Priortech's principal executive offices are located at South Industrial Zone, Migdal Ha'Emek 23150, Israel.

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| (2) | Based on the Schedule 13G filed by Yelin Lapidot, Yair Lapidot and Dov Yelin on February 6, 2019, which presented ownership as of December 31, 2018. The 1,961,695 Ordinary Shares reported under such Schedule 13G by Yelin Lapidot are beneficially owned by provident funds managed by Yelin Lapidot Provident Funds Management Ltd. (473,240 Ordinary Shares) and mutual funds managed by Yelin Lapidot Mutual Funds Management Ltd. (1,488,455 Ordinary Shares), each a wholly owned subsidiary of Yelin Lapidot (the "Yelin Lapidot Subsidiaries"). Messrs. Yelin and Lapidot each own 24.38% of the share capital and 25.004% of the voting rights of Yelin Lapidot, and are responsible for the day-to-day management of Yelin Lapidot. The Yelin Lapidot Subsidiaries operate under independent management and make their own independent voting and investment decisions. Any economic interest or beneficial ownership in any of the Company's Ordinary Shares is held for the benefit of the members of the provident funds or mutual funds, as the case may be. Each of Messrs. Yelin and Lapidot, Yelin Lapidot, and the Yelin Lapidot Subsidiaries disclaims beneficial ownership of the Ordinary Shares covered by the abovementioned Schedule 13G. Yelin Lapidot's principle address is 50 Dizengoff St., Dizengoff Center, Gate 3, Top Tower, 13th floor, Tel Aviv 64332, Israel.

B. Related Party Transactions.
Registration Rights Agreement with Priortech
On March 1, 2004, we entered into a registration rights agreement providing for us to register with the SEC certain of our ordinary shares held by Priortech. This registration rights agreement may be used in connection with future offerings of our ordinary shares, and includes, among others, the following terms: (a) Priortech is entitled to make up to three demands that we register our ordinary shares held by Priortech, subject to delay due to market conditions; (b) Priortech will be entitled to participate and sell our ordinary shares in any future registration statements initiated by us, subject to delay due to market conditions; (c) we will indemnify Priortech in connection with any liabilities incurred in connection with such registration statements due to any misstatements or omissions other than information provided by Priortech, and Priortech will indemnify us in connection with any liabilities incurred in connection with such registration statements due to any misstatements or omissions in written statements by Priortech made for the purpose of their inclusion in such registration statements; and (d) we will pay all expenses related to registrations which we have initiated, except for certain underwriting discounts or commissions or legal fees, and Priortech will pay all expenses related to a registration initiated at its demand in which we are not participating.
On December 30, 2004, the Registration Rights Agreement with Priortech was first amended. The amendment concerned primarily the grant of unlimited shelf registration rights there under to Priortech with respect to its holdings in us, and the assignability of those shelf registration rights to its transferees.
On May 13, 2015, following the approval of our Audit Committee and Board of Directors, the Registration Rights Agreement with Priortech was renewed for an additional 5-year period effective as of December 31, 2014.
In the framework of the Chroma Transaction, the Company, Chroma and Priortech entered into a Second Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement which, following the closing of the Chroma Transaction, shall replace the current Registration Rights Agreement and will grant Chroma registration rights with respect to our Ordinary Shares held by it, which are similar to those of Priortech. For a description of the definitive agreements signed under the Chroma Transaction, see Item 4.A. – "History and Development of the Company".
Employment Agreement with Mr. Rafi Amit
For a description of the employment agreement with our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Rafi Amit, see in Item 6.B above - "Compensation – Employment Agreements".
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C. Interests of Experts and Counsel.
Not applicable.
Item 8. Financial Information.
A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information.
Please see the consolidated financial statements listed in Item 18 for audited consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with this Item.
Legal Proceedings
We are not a party to any material legal proceedings.
B. Significant Changes.
None.
Item 9. The Offer and Listing.
A. Offer and Listing Details.
Price History of Ordinary Shares
Since April 22, 2004, the primary trading market for our ordinary shares has been the Nasdaq Global Market. From July 28, 2000 through February 4, 2003, our ordinary shares were listed and traded on the Nasdaq National Market and from February 5, 2003 through April 21, 2004, our ordinary shares were listed and traded on the Nasdaq SmallCap Market (now the Nasdaq Capital Market).
For the period between November 26, 2001 and October 21, 2003, our ordinary shares were also listed on TASE. During such period, the trading activity in our ordinary shares on the TASE was insignificant, and therefore, at our request, our ordinary shares were de-listed from the TASE. In December 2005, we re-listed our ordinary shares on the TASE. In both Nasdaq and TASE our shares are traded under the symbol "CAMT".
The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low reported sales prices of our ordinary shares:

|  | TASE (1) |  |  | Nasdaq |
|  | High |  |  | Low |  |  | High |  |  | Low |
Annual and Quarterly Market Prices |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2016: |  |  | 3.23 |  |  |  | 1.70 |  |  |  | 3.27 |  |  |  | 1.70 |
2017: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  |  | 4.02 |  |  |  | 3.23 |  |  |  | 4.07 |  |  |  | 3.24 |
Second Quarter |  |  | 7.40 |  |  |  | 3.66 |  |  |  | 7.67 |  |  |  | 3.65 |
Third Quarter |  |  | 5.56 |  |  |  | 4.22 |  |  |  | 5.61 |  |  |  | 4.19 |
Fourth Quarter |  |  | 6.50 |  |  |  | 5.12 |  |  |  | 6.44 |  |  |  | 5.41 |
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2017: |  |  | 7.40 |  |  |  | 3.23 |  |  |  | 7.67 |  |  |  | 3.24 |
2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
First Quarter |  |  | 7.05 |  |  |  | 5.81 |  |  |  | 6.84 |  |  |  | 5.56 |
Second Quarter |  |  | 8.60 |  |  |  | 6.39 |  |  |  | 8.63 |  |  |  | 6.42 |
Third Quarter |  |  | 10.72 |  |  |  | 7.46 |  |  |  | 10.78 |  |  |  | 7.47 |
Fourth Quarter |  |  | 8.82 |  |  |  | 6.45 |  |  |  | 8.75 |  |  |  | 6.42 |
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018 |  |  | 10.72 |  |  |  | 5.81 |  |  |  | 10.78 |  |  |  | 5.56 |
Monthly Market Prices for the Most Recent Six Months: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
September 2018 |  |  | 10.09 |  |  |  | 8.16 |  |  |  | 9.92 |  |  |  | 8.13 |
October 2018 |  |  | 8.82 |  |  |  | 7.04 |  |  |  | 8.75 |  |  |  | 6.96 |
November 2018 |  |  | 8.17 |  |  |  | 7.51 |  |  |  | 8.45 |  |  |  | 7.60 |
December 2018 |  |  | 8.59 |  |  |  | 6.45 |  |  |  | 8.62 |  |  |  | 6.42 |
January 2019 |  |  | 7.25 |  |  |  | 6.58 |  |  |  | 7.17 |  |  |  | 6.72 |
February 2019 |  |  | 9.28 |  |  |  | 7.28 |  |  |  | 9.23 |  |  |  | 7.25 |

1) | The closing prices of our ordinary shares on the TASE have been translated into U.S. Dollars, using the daily representative rate of exchange of the NIS to the U.S. dollar, as published by the Bank of Israel for the applicable day of the high/low amount in the specified period.

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B. Plan of distribution.
Not applicable.
C. Markets.
As noted above, the Company's ordinary shares are traded on the Nasdaq Global Market and on TASE under the symbol "CAMT" and we are subject to Israeli securities legislation which applies to companies that are traded in dual listing.
D. Selling Shareholders.
Not applicable.
E. Dilution.
Not applicable.
F. Expenses of the Issue.
Not applicable.
Item 10. Additional Information.
A. Share Capital
Not applicable.
B. Memorandum and Articles
Following is a summary of material information concerning our share capital and a brief description of the material provisions contained in our Memorandum of Association and our Articles, which were last amended in October 3, 2018.
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Register
Our registration number at the Israeli registrar of companies is 51-123543-4.
Objectives and Purposes
Our Memorandum of Association and Articles provide that our purpose is to engage in any legal business and may contribute a reasonable amount for a worthy cause, even if such contribution is not within the framework of the Company's business considerations.
Share Capital
Our authorized share capital consists of one class of shares, which are our ordinary shares. Out of our authorized share capital of 100,000,000 ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.01 per ordinary share, 36,443,069 ordinary shares were outstanding and fully-paid as of December 31, 2018.
The ordinary shares do not have preemptive rights. The ownership and voting of our ordinary shares are not restricted in any way by our Articles, or by the laws of the State of Israel, except for shareholders who are citizens of countries in a state of war with Israel. Under the Companies Law, Israeli companies may purchase and hold their own shares, subject to the same conditions that apply to distribution of dividends (see Item 10.B below - "Memorandum and Articles - Dividend and Liquidation Rights"). These shares do not confer any rights whatsoever for as long as they are held by us. Additionally, a subsidiary may purchase or hold shares of its parent company to the same extent that the parent company is entitled to purchase its own shares, and these shares do not confer any voting rights for as long as they are held by the subsidiary.
Transfer of Shares
Ordinary shares are issued in registered form. Ordinary shares registered on the books of the transfer agent in the United States may be freely transferred on the transfer agent's books.
Dividend and Liquidation Rights
Our Board of Directors may, without seeking shareholder approval, declare a dividend to be paid to the holders of ordinary shares out of our retained earnings or our earnings derived over the two most recent years, whichever is higher, as reflected in the last audited or reviewed financial report prepared less than six months prior to distribution, provided that there is no reasonable concern that a payment of a dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due. Dividends are distributed to shareholders in proportion to the nominal value of their respective holdings.
On May 2, 2018, following the approval of our Board of Directors, we declared a cash dividend in the amount of $0.14 per ordinary share, representing an aggregate distribution of approximately $5 million, which was paid on May 29, 2018 to all shareholders of record on the Nasdaq Global Market at the close of trade on May 18, 2018.
In addition, on November 7, 2017, following the approval of our Board of Directors, we declared a cash dividend in the amount of $0.14 per ordinary share, representing an aggregate distribution of approximately $5 million, which was paid on November 30, 2017 to all shareholders of record on the Nasdaq Global Market at the close of trade on November 22, 2017.
Other than such dividend declarations and distributions, we have not declared or distributed any other dividend to date.
In the event of our liquidation, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, our assets will be distributed to the holders of ordinary shares in proportion to the nominal value of their respective holdings. This right may be affected by the grant of preferential dividend or distribution rights to the holders of any class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future. Our shareholders would need to approve any class of shares with preferential rights.
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Modification of Class Rights
The Companies Law provides that the articles of a company may not be modified in such a manner that would have a detrimental effect on the rights of a particular class of shares without the vote of a majority of the affected class. Under our Articles, subject to the provisions of the Companies Law, the Company may, by a resolution adopted by its shareholders, amend the rights attached to all or any of its authorized share capital, whether issued or not, create new classes of shares, and/or attach different rights to each class of shares, including special or preferential rights and/or different rights from those attached to the existing shares, including redeemable shares, deferred shares, etc.
Transfer Agent
The transfer agent and registrar for our ordinary shares is the American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, New York, New York.
Voting, Shareholders' Meetings and Resolutions
Holders of ordinary shares have one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to a vote of the shareholders. These voting rights may be affected by the grant of special voting rights to the holders of any class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future.
In February 2019, as part of the Chroma Transaction, a voting agreement has been signed between Priortech and Chroma according to which, subject to and following the closing of the Chroma Transaction, the parties will vote together in the Company’s shareholders’ meetings (see Item 4.A. – "History and Development of the Company").
An annual meeting of the shareholders must be held every year (to the extent required by the Companies Law, such annual meeting must be not later than 15 months following the last annual meeting). A special meeting of the shareholders may be convened by the board of directors at its decision to do so or upon the demand of any of: (1) two of the directors or 25% of the then serving directors, whichever is fewer; (2) shareholders owning at least 5% of the issued share capital and at least 1% of the voting rights in the Company; or (3) shareholders owning at least 5% of the voting rights in the Company. If the Board of Directors does not convene a meeting upon a valid demand of any of the above, then whoever made the demand, and in the case of shareholders, those shareholders holding more than half of the voting rights of the persons making the demand, may convene a meeting of the shareholders to be held within three months of the demand. Alternatively, upon petition by the individuals making the demand, a court may order that a meeting be convened.
The quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person or by proxy within one half hour of the time scheduled for the beginning of the meeting, who hold or represent together at least 25% of the voting power in our company.
A meeting adjourned due to lack of a quorum is generally adjourned to the same day in the following week at the same time and place or any time and place as the directors designate in a notice to the shareholders. If a quorum is not present at the reconvened meeting, the meeting may be held with any number of participants. However, if the meeting was convened following a demand by the shareholders, the quorum will be that minimum number of shareholders authorized to make the demand.
In any shareholders' meeting, a shareholder can vote either in person or by proxy provided such proxy is received by the Company up to twenty-four hours prior to the time set for the meeting. Alternatively, shareholders who hold shares through members of TASE may vote electronically via the electronic voting system of the Israel Securities Authority, up to six hours prior to the time set for the meeting. General meetings of shareholders will be held in Israel, unless decided otherwise by our Board of Directors.
Most resolutions at a shareholders' meeting may be passed by a majority of the voting power of the company represented at the shareholders' meeting and voting on the matter. Resolutions requiring special voting procedures include the appointment and removal of external directors, approval of transactions with controlling shareholders, the terms of office and employment of directors (except for terms which are consistent with the company's compensation policy, and require approval by a regular majority), the chief executive officer or controlling shareholders, approval of the Company's compensation policy and any amendments thereto and approval of a merger or a tender offer. See in Item 6.C above - "Board Practices - Committees of the Board of Directors" and "Approval of Certain Transactions with Related Parties" and in "Anti-Takeover Effects of Israeli Laws; Mergers and Acquisitions under Israeli Law" below.
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Anti-Takeover Effects of Israeli Laws; Mergers and Acquisitions under Israeli Law
In general, a merger of a company that was incorporated before the enactment of the Companies Law requires the approval of the holders of a majority of 75% of the voting power represented at the annual or special general meeting in person or by proxy or by a written ballot, as shall be permitted, and voting thereon in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Law. Upon the request of a creditor of either party of the proposed merger, the court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there exists a reasonable concern that as a result of the merger, the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations of any of the parties to the merger. In addition, a merger may not be completed unless at least (i) 50 days have passed from the time that the requisite proposal for the merger has been filed by each party with the Israeli Registrar of Companies and (ii) 30 days have passed since the merger was approved by the shareholders of each party.
The Companies Law also provides that, an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a tender offer (a) if there is no existing shareholder in the company holding shares conferring 25% or more of the voting rights at the general meeting (a "control block") and as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of a control block; or (b) if there is no existing shareholder in the company holding shares conferring 45% or more of the voting rights at the general meeting and as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of 45% or more of the voting rights at the general meeting. Notwithstanding, the above requirements do not apply if the acquisition (1) was made in a private placement that received shareholders' approval (which includes an explicit approval of the purchaser becoming a holder of a "control block", or 45% or more, of the voting power in the company, unless there is already a holder of a "control block" or 45% or more, respectively, of the voting power in the company); (2) was from a holder of a "control block" in the company and resulted in the acquirer becoming a holder of a "control block"; or (3) was from a holder of 45% or more of the voting power in the company and resulted in the acquirer becoming a holder of 45% or more of the voting power in the company. The tender offer must be extended to all shareholders, but the offeror is not required to purchase more than 5% of the company's outstanding shares, regardless of how many shares are tendered by shareholders. The tender offer may be consummated only if: (i) at least 5% of the company's outstanding shares will be acquired by the offeror and (ii) the number of shares tendered in the offer exceeds the number of shares whose holders objected to the offer.
If as a result of an acquisition of shares, the acquirer will hold more than 90% of a company's outstanding shares, the acquisition must be made by means of a tender offer for all of the outstanding shares. If as a result of such full tender offer the acquirer would own more than 95% of the outstanding shares, then all the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase will be transferred to it. The law provides for appraisal rights if any shareholder files a request in court within six months following the consummation of a full tender offer, but the acquirer will be entitled to stipulate that tendering shareholders forfeit their appraisal rights. If as a result of a full tender offer the acquirer would own 95% or less of the outstanding shares, then the acquirer may not acquire shares that will cause his shareholding to exceed 90% of the outstanding shares.
Furthermore, certain provisions of other Israeli laws may have the effect of delaying, preventing or making more difficult an acquisition of or merger with us; see in Item 3.D – "Risk Factors - Provisions of Israeli law could delay, prevent or make undesirable an acquisition of all or a significant portion of our shares or assets."
C. Material Contracts.
None.
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D. Exchange Controls
There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on payments of dividends or other distributions with respect to our ordinary shares or the proceeds from the sale of the shares, except for the obligation of Israeli residents to file reports with the Bank of Israel regarding certain transactions. However, legislation remains in effect pursuant to which currency controls can be imposed by administrative action at any time.
The ownership or voting of our ordinary shares by non-residents of Israel, except with respect to citizens of countries which are in a state of war with Israel, is not restricted in any way by our memorandum of association or articles of association or by the laws of the State of Israel.
E. Taxation
U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations
Subject to the limitations described herein, this discussion summarizes certain U.S. federal income tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares to a U.S. holder. A U.S. holder is a holder of our ordinary shares who is:

| · | an individual citizen or resident of the United States for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

| · | a corporation (or another entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) created or organized under the laws of the United States, any political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia;

| · | an estate, the income of which may be included in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes regardless of its source; or

| · | a trust (i) if, in general, a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all of its substantial decisions, or (ii) that has in effect a valid election under applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations to be treated as a U.S. person.

Unless otherwise specifically indicated, this discussion does not consider the U.S. tax consequences to a person that is not a U.S. holder or a partnership (a "non-U.S. holder") and considers only U.S. holders that will own ordinary shares as capital assets (generally, for investment).
This discussion is based on current provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), current and proposed Treasury Regulations promulgated under the Code and administrative and judicial interpretations of the Code, all as currently in effect and all of which are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. This discussion does not address all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to any particular U.S. holder based on the U.S. holder's particular circumstances. In particular, this discussion does not address the U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders who are broker‑dealers, insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations, financial institutions, grantor trusts, S corporations, real estate investment trusts, regulated investment companies, certain former citizens or former long-term residents of the United States, or U.S. holders who own, directly, indirectly or constructively, 10% or more of our shares (by vote or value), U.S. holders who have elected mark-to-market accounting, U.S. holders holding the ordinary shares as part of a hedging, straddle or conversion transaction, U.S. holders that received ordinary shares as a result of exercising employee stock options or otherwise as compensation, U.S. holders whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, and U.S. holders who are subject to the alternative minimum tax.
If a partnership (or any other entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our ordinary shares, the tax treatment of the partnership and a partner in such partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Such a partner or partnership should consult its tax advisor as to its tax consequences.
You are advised to consult your tax advisor with respect to the specific U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income tax consequences of purchasing, holding or disposing of our ordinary shares.
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Taxation of Distributions on the Ordinary Shares
The amount of a distribution with respect to the ordinary shares will equal the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property distributed and will also include the amount of any non-U.S. taxes withheld from such distribution. A distribution paid by us with respect to the ordinary shares to a U.S. holder will be treated as dividend income to the extent that the distribution does not exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Dividends that are received by U.S. holders that are individuals, estates or trusts will be taxed at the rate applicable to long-term capital gains (currently a maximum rate of 20%), provided that such dividends meet the requirements of "qualified dividend income." For this purpose, qualified dividend income generally includes dividends paid by a non-U.S. corporation if certain holding period and other requirements are met and either (a) the stock of the non-U.S. corporation with respect to which the dividends are paid is "readily tradable" on an established securities market in the U.S. (e.g., the Nasdaq Global Market) or (b) the non-U.S. corporation is eligible for benefits of a comprehensive income tax treaty with the U.S. which includes an information exchange program and is determined to be satisfactory by the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. The IRS has determined that the U.S.-Israel income tax treaty is satisfactory for this purpose. Dividends that fail to meet such requirements, and dividends received by corporate U.S. holders, are taxed at ordinary income rates. No dividend received by a U.S. holder will be a qualified dividend (1) if the U.S. holder held the ordinary share with respect to which the dividend was paid for less than 61 days during the 121-day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the ex-dividend date with respect to such dividend, excluding for this purpose, under the rules of Code Section 246(c), any period during which the U.S. holder has an option to sell, is under a contractual obligation to sell, has made and not closed a short sale of, is the grantor of a deep-in-the-money or otherwise nonqualified option to buy, or has otherwise diminished its risk of loss by holding other positions with respect to, such ordinary share (or substantially identical securities); or (2) to the extent that the U.S. holder is under an obligation (pursuant to a short sale or otherwise) to make related payments with respect to positions in property substantially similar or related to the ordinary share with respect to which the dividend is paid. If we were to be a "passive foreign investment company" or PFIC (as such term is defined in the Code) for any taxable year, dividends paid on our ordinary shares in such year or in the following taxable year would not be qualified dividends. See discussion below regarding our PFIC status at "Tax Consequences if We Are a Passive Foreign Investment Company". In addition, a non-corporate U.S. holder will be able to take a qualified dividend into account in determining its deductible investment interest (which is generally limited to its net investment income) only if it elects to do so; in such case the dividend will be taxed at ordinary income rates.
The amount of any distribution which exceeds the amount treated as a dividend will be treated first as a non-taxable return of capital, reducing the U.S. holder's tax basis in its ordinary shares to the extent thereof, and then as capital gain from the deemed disposition of the ordinary shares. Corporate holders will not be allowed a deduction for dividends received in respect of the ordinary shares.
Distributions paid by us in NIS generally will be included in the income of U.S. holders at the dollar amount of the distribution (including any non-U.S. taxes withheld therefrom), based upon the exchange rate in effect on the date the distribution is included in income, regardless of whether the payment is, in fact, converted into U.S. dollars. U.S. holders will have a tax basis in the NIS for U.S. federal income tax purposes equal to that dollar value. Any subsequent gain or loss in respect of the NIS arising from exchange rate fluctuations will generally be taxable as U.S. source ordinary income or loss.
Subject to the limitations set forth in the Code and the Treasury Regulations thereunder, U.S. holders may elect to claim a foreign tax credit against their U.S. federal income tax liability for non-U.S. income taxes withheld from dividends received in respect of the ordinary shares. The conditions and limitations on claiming a foreign tax credit include, among others, computation rules under which foreign tax credits allowable with respect to specific classes of income cannot exceed the U.S. federal income taxes otherwise payable with respect to each such class of income. In this regard, dividends paid by us generally will be foreign source "passive income" for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes. U.S. holders that do not elect to claim a foreign tax credit may instead claim a deduction for the non-U.S. income taxes withheld if such U.S. holders itemize their deductions for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The rules relating to foreign tax credits are complex, and you should consult your tax advisor to determine whether and to what extent you would be entitled to this credit. A U.S. holder will be denied a foreign tax credit for non-U.S. income taxes withheld from a dividend received on the ordinary shares (i) if the U.S. holder has not held the ordinary shares for at least 16 days of the 31-day period beginning on the date which is 15 days before the ex-dividend date with respect to such dividend or (ii) to the extent the U.S. holder is under an obligation to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. Any days during which a U.S. holder has substantially diminished its risk of loss on the ordinary shares are not counted toward meeting the required 16-day holding period.
The discussion above is subject to the discussion below entitled "Tax Consequences if We Are a Passive Foreign Investment Company".
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Taxation of the Disposition of Ordinary Shares
Subject to the discussion below under "Tax Consequences if We Are a Passive Foreign Investment Company" upon the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares (other than in certain non-recognition transactions), a U.S. holder will recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the disposition and the U.S. holder's tax basis in such ordinary shares. The gain or loss recognized on the disposition of such ordinary shares will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. holder held the ordinary shares for more than one year at the time of the disposition. Long-term capital gains of certain non-corporate shareholders are generally subject to a maximum rate of 20%. Gain or loss recognized by a U.S. holder on a sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares generally will be treated as U.S. source income or loss for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.
A U.S. holder that uses the cash method of accounting calculates the dollar value of the proceeds received on the sale as of the date that the sale settles. However, a U.S. holder that uses the accrual method of accounting is required to calculate the value of the proceeds of the sale as of the trade date and may therefore realize foreign currency gain or loss. A U.S. holder may avoid realizing foreign currency gain or loss by electing to use the settlement date to determine the proceeds of sale for purposes of calculating the foreign currency gain or loss. In addition, a U.S. holder that receives foreign currency upon disposition of ordinary shares and converts the foreign currency into U.S. dollars after the settlement date or trade date (whichever date the U.S. holder is required to use to calculate the value of the proceeds of sale) may have foreign exchange gain or loss based on any appreciation or depreciation in the value of the foreign currency against the dollar, which will generally be U.S. source ordinary income or loss.
Net Investment Income Tax
Non-corporate U.S. holders may be subject to an additional 3.8% surtax on all or a portion of their "net investment income", which may include dividends on, or capital gains recognized from the disposition of, our ordinary shares. U.S. holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the implications of the additional Net Investment Income tax on their investment in our ordinary shares.
Tax Consequences if We Are a Passive Foreign Investment Company
For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we will be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, if either (1) 75% or more of our gross income in a taxable year is passive income, or (2) 50% or more of the value (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) of our assets in a taxable year produce or are held for the production of passive income. If we own (directly or indirectly) at least 25% by value of the stock of another corporation, we will be treated for purposes of the foregoing tests as owning our proportionate share of that other corporation's assets and as directly earning our proportionate share of that other corporation's income. If we are a PFIC, a U.S. holder must determine under which of three alternative taxing regimes it wishes to be taxed:
· The "QEF" regime applies if the U.S. holder elects to treat us as a "qualified electing fund" ("QEF") for the first taxable year in which the U.S. holder owns our ordinary shares or in which we are a PFIC, whichever is later, and if we comply with certain reporting requirements. A U.S. holder may not make a QEF election with respect to warrants. If the QEF regime applies, then, for each taxable year that we are a PFIC, such U.S. holder will include in its gross income a proportionate share of our ordinary earnings (which is taxed as ordinary income) and net capital gain (which is taxed as long-term capital gain), subject to a separate election to defer payment of taxes, which deferral is subject to an interest charge. These amounts would be included in income by an electing U.S. holder, whether or not such amounts are actually distributed to the U.S. holder. A U.S. holder's basis in our ordinary shares for which a QEF election has been made would be increased to reflect the amount of any taxed but undistributed income. Generally, a QEF election allows an electing U.S. holder to treat any gain realized on the disposition of its ordinary shares as capital gain.
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Special rules apply if a QEF election is made after the first taxable year in which a U.S. holder holds our ordinary shares and we are a PFIC. In such an event, the U.S. holder would be treated as if it had sold our ordinary shares for their fair market value on the last day of the taxable year immediately preceding the taxable year for which the QEF election is made and will recognize gain (but not loss) on such deemed sale in accordance with the excess distribution regime described below. Under certain circumstances, a U.S. holder may be eligible to make a retroactive QEF election with respect to a taxable year in the U.S. holder's holding period if such U.S. holder (1)(a) reasonably believed that we were not a PFIC as of the QEF election due date for the prior taxable year, and (b) filed a protective statement in which the U.S. holder described the basis for its reasonable belief and extended the statute of limitation on the assessment of PFIC related taxes for all taxable years to which the protective statement applies; (2) obtains IRS consent; or (3) is a "qualified shareholder" within the meaning of the Treasury Regulations.
Once made, the QEF election applies to all subsequent taxable years of the U.S. holder in which it holds our ordinary shares and for which we are a PFIC and can be revoked only with the consent of the IRS.
· A second regime, the "mark-to-market" regime, may be elected so long as our ordinary shares are "marketable stock" (e.g., "regularly traded" on the Nasdaq Global Market). Under current law, a mark-to-market election cannot be made with respect to warrants. Pursuant to this regime, in any taxable year that we are a PFIC, an electing U.S. holder's ordinary shares are marked-to-market each taxable year and the U.S. holder recognizes as ordinary income or loss an amount equal to the difference as of the close of the taxable year between the fair market value of our ordinary shares and the U.S. holder's adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares. Losses are allowed only to the extent of net mark-to-market gain previously included by the U.S. holder under the election for prior taxable years. An electing U.S. holder's adjusted basis in our ordinary shares is increased by income recognized under the mark-to-market election and decreased by the deductions allowed under the election.
Under the mark-to-market election, in a taxable year that we are a PFIC, gain on the sale of our ordinary shares is treated as ordinary income, and loss on the sale of our ordinary shares, to the extent the amount of loss does not exceed the net mark-to-market gain previously included, is treated as ordinary loss. The mark-to-market election applies to the taxable year for which the election is made and all later taxable years, unless the ordinary shares cease to be marketable stock or the IRS consents to the revocation of the election.
If the mark-to-market election is made after the first taxable year in which a U.S. holder holds our ordinary shares and we are a PFIC, then special rules would apply.
· A U.S. holder making neither the QEF election nor the mark-to-market election is subject to the "excess distribution" regime. Under this regime, "excess distributions" are subject to special tax rules. An excess distribution includes (1) a distribution with respect to our ordinary shares that is greater than 125% of the average distributions received by the U.S. holder from us over the shorter of either the preceding three taxable years or such U.S. holder's holding period for our ordinary shares prior to the distribution year and (2) gain from the disposition of our ordinary shares.
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Excess distributions must be allocated ratably to each day that a U.S. holder has held our ordinary shares. A U.S. holder must include amounts allocated to the current taxable year and any taxable year prior to the first taxable year in which we were a PFIC, in its gross income as ordinary income for that year. All amounts allocated to other taxable years of the U.S. holder would be taxed at the highest tax rate for each such year applicable to ordinary income and the U.S. holder also would be liable for interest on the deferred tax liability for each such year calculated as if such liability had been due with respect to each such year. The portions of gains and distributions that are not characterized as "excess distributions" are subject to tax in the current taxable year as ordinary income under the normal tax rules of the Code.
A U.S. person who inherits shares in a foreign corporation that was a PFIC in the hands of the decedent is generally denied the otherwise available step-up in the tax basis of such shares to fair market value at the date of death. Instead, such U.S. holder's basis would generally be equal to the lesser of the decedent's basis or the fair market value of the ordinary shares on the date of death. Furthermore, if we are a PFIC, each U.S. holder will generally be required to file an annual report with the IRS.
Based on an analysis of our assets and income, we believe that we were not a PFIC for our taxable year ended December 31, 2018. We currently expect that we will not be a PFIC in 2019. However, PFIC status is determined as of the end of the taxable year and is dependent on a number of factors, including the relative value of our passive assets and our non‑passive assets, our market capitalization and the amount and type of our gross income. There can be no assurance that we will not become a PFIC for the current taxable year ending December 31, 2019 or in a future taxable year. We will notify U.S. holders in the event we conclude that we will be treated as a PFIC for any taxable year to enable U.S. holders to consider whether or not to elect to treat us as a QEF for U.S. federal income tax purposes, to "mark-to-market" the ordinary shares, or to become subject to the "excess distribution" regime, and we expect that in such event we will provide U.S. holders with the information needed to make a QEF election.
U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the PFIC rules, including eligibility for and the manner and advisability of making, the QEF election or the mark-to-market election.
Non-U.S. Holders of Ordinary Shares
Except as described below, a non-U.S. holder of ordinary shares will not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax on the receipt of dividends on, and the proceeds from the disposition of, an ordinary share, unless, in the case of U.S. federal income taxes, that item is effectively connected with the conduct by the non-U.S. holder of a trade or business in the United States and, in the case of a resident of a country which has an income tax treaty with the United States, that item is attributable to a permanent establishment in the United States or, in the case of an individual, a fixed place of business in the United States. In addition, gain recognized by an individual non-U.S. holder on the disposition of ordinary shares will be subject to income tax in the United States if the non-U.S. holder is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of the sale and certain other conditions are met.
Information Reporting and Backup Withholding
A U.S. holder (except for certain exempt recipients, such as corporations) generally is subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding with respect to dividends paid on, and the receipt of the proceeds from the disposition of, our ordinary shares. A U.S. holder of our ordinary shares who does not provide a correct taxpayer identification number may be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS. Backup withholding will generally not apply if a U.S. holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number, certifies that such holder is not subject to backup withholding or otherwise establishes an exemption from backup withholding applies.
Non-U.S. holders generally will not be subject to information reporting or backup withholding with respect to the payment of dividends on, or proceeds from the disposition of, our ordinary shares provided the non-U.S. holder provides its taxpayer identification number, certifies to its foreign status or otherwise establishes an exemption from backup withholding applies.
Backup withholding is not an additional tax and may be claimed as a credit against the U.S. federal income tax liability of a holder, or alternatively, the holder may be eligible for a refund of any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules, in either case, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.
Certain U.S. holders (and to the extent provided in IRS guidance, certain non-U.S. holders) who hold interests in "specified foreign financial assets" (as defined in Section 6038D of the Code) are generally required to file an IRS Form 8938 as part of their U.S. federal income tax returns to report their ownership of such specified foreign financial assets, which may include our common shares, if the total value of those assets exceed certain thresholds. Substantial penalties may apply to any failure to timely file IRS Form 8938. In addition, in the event a holder that is required to file IRS Form 8938 does not file such form, the statute of limitations on the assessment and collection of U.S. federal income taxes of such holder for the related tax year may not close until three years after the date that the required information is filed. Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding their tax reporting obligations.
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ISRAELI TAXATION
The following summary describes the current tax structure applicable to companies in Israel, with special reference to its effect on us. It also discusses Israeli tax consequences material to persons purchasing our ordinary shares. We recommend that you consult your tax advisor as to the particular tax consequences of an investment in our ordinary shares.
General Corporate Tax Structure
The corporate tax rate applicable in 2018 and 2019 is 23%.
However, the effective tax rate payable by a company that derives income from an approved enterprise, discussed further below, may be considerably less. See below in Item 10.E - "Taxation - Tax Benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959".
Tax benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (the "Investment Law")
The Company's production facility has been granted "Approved Enterprise" status under the Investment Law. The Company participates in the Alternative Benefits Program and, accordingly, income from its approved enterprises will be tax exempt for a period of 10 years (or up to 14 years commencing in the year in which the company was granted "Approved Enterprise" status), commencing in the first year in which the Approved Enterprise first generates taxable income; this is due to the fact that the Company operates in Zone "A" in Israel.
On April 1, 2005, an amendment to the Investment Law came into effect (the "Amendment") and has significantly changed the provisions of the Investment Law. The Amendment limits the scope of enterprises which may be approved by the Investment Center by setting criteria for the approval of a facility as a "Beneficiary Enterprise", such as provisions generally requiring that at least 25% of the Beneficiary Enterprise's income will be derived from export. Additionally, the Amendment enacted major changes in the manner in which tax benefits are awarded under the Investment Law so that companies no longer require Investment Center approval in order to qualify for tax benefits.
In addition, the Amendment provides that terms and benefits included in any certificate of approval already granted will remain subject to the provisions of the law as they were on the date of such approval. Therefore, the Company's existing Approved Enterprise will generally not be subject to the provisions of the Amendment. As a result of the Amendment, tax-exempt income generated under the provisions of the Amendment, as part of a new Beneficiary Enterprise, will subject the Company to taxes upon distribution or liquidation.
The Company has been granted the status of Approved Enterprises, under the Investment Law, for investment programs for the periods which ended in 2007 and 2010, and the status of Beneficiary Enterprise according to the Amendment, for a period ending in 2014. In addition Camtek has elected 2010 as the year of election for a period ending 2021 (collectively, "Programs").
The Investment Law and the criteria for receiving an "Approved Enterprise" or "Beneficiary Enterprise" status may be amended from time to time and there is no assurance that we will be able to obtain additional benefits under the Investment Law.
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On December 29, 2010, the Investment Law was amended to significantly revise the tax incentive regime in Israel commencing on January 1, 2011 (the "December 2010 Amendment"). The December 2010 Amendment introduced a new status of "Preferred Enterprise," replacing the existing status of "Beneficiary Enterprise." Similarly to "Beneficiary Enterprise," a Preferred Enterprise is an industrial company meeting certain conditions, including deriving a minimum of 25% of its income from export activities. However, under the December 2010 Amendment, the requirement for a minimum investment in production assets in order to be eligible for the benefits granted under the Investments Law was cancelled. A Preferred Enterprise is entitled to a reduced flat tax rate with respect to preferred enterprise income at the following rates:

Tax Year |  |  | Development "Zone A" |  |  | Other Areas within Israel |  |  | Regular Corporate Tax Rate |
2011-2012 |  |  |  |  | 10 | % |  |  | 15 | % |  |  | 24%-25 | %
2013 |  |  |  |  | 7 | % |  |  | 12.5 | % |  |  | 25 | %
2014-2015 |  |  |  |  | 9 | % |  |  | 16 | % |  |  | 26.5 | %
2016 |  |  |  |  | 9 | % |  |  | 16 | % |  |  | 25 | %
2017 |  |  |  |  | 7.5 | % |  |  | 16 | % |  |  | 24 | %
2018 |  |  |  |  | 7.5 | % |  |  | 16 | % |  |  | 23 | %
2019 |  |  |  |  | 7.5 | % |  |  | 16 | % |  |  | 23 | %

Dividends distributed from income which is attributed to "Preferred Enterprise" will be subject to withholding tax at source at the following rates: (i) Israeli resident corporation at 0%;(ii) Israeli resident individual at 20%; and (iii) non-Israeli resident at 20%, such withholding rate can be reduced subject to a reduced tax rate under the provisions of an applicable double tax treaty.
The December 2010 Amendment was also revised to allow financial assistance to companies located in development Zone A to be granted not only as a cash grant but also as a loan. The rates for grants and loans could be up to 20% of the amount of the approved investment.
In December, 2016, the Economic Efficiency Law (Legislative Amendments for Applying the Economic Policy for the 2017 and 2018 Budget Years), 2016 which includes Amendment 73 to the Investment Law (the "December 2016 Amendment")) was published. The investment law was amended to introduce a new tax incentive regime for intellectual property (IP) based companies. Effective January 1, 2017, the December 2016 Amendment enhanced tax incentives for certain industrial companies by reducing the corporate tax rate and tax withholding obligation.
According to the December 2016 Amendment, a Preferred Enterprise located in development Zone A will be subject to a tax rate of 7.5% instead of 9% effective from January 1, 2017 and thereafter (the tax rate applicable to preferred enterprises located in other areas remains at 16%). The December 2016 Amendment also prescribes special tax tracks for Technological Enterprises, which are subject to regulation issued by the Minister of Finance on May 28, 2017.
The new tax tracks under the December 2016 Amendment are as follows:
Technological Preferred Enterprise - an enterprise for which total consolidated revenues of its parent company and all subsidiaries are less than NIS 10 billion. A Technological Preferred Enterprise, as defined in the Law, which is located in the center of Israel will be subject to tax at a rate of 12% on profits deriving from intellectual property (in development zone A - a tax rate of 7.5%).
Special Technological Preferred Enterprise - an enterprise for which total consolidated revenues of its parent company and all subsidiaries exceed NIS 10 billion. Such enterprise will be subject to tax at a rate of 6% on profits deriving from intellectual property, regardless of the enterprise's geographical location.
In summary, as of 2018, the applicable tax rates are as follows:

Enterprise type |  | Development "Zone A" |  |  | Other Areas within Israel |  |  | Regular Corporate Tax Rate |
Preferred Enterprise |  |  | 7.5 | % |  |  | 16 | % |  |  | 23 | %
Special preferred Enterprise |  |  | 5 | % |  |  | 8 | % |  |  | 23 | %
Technological Preferred Enterprise |  |  | 7.5 | % |  |  | 12 | % |  |  | 23 | %
Special Technological Preferred Enterprise |  |  | 6 | % |  |  | 6 | % |  |  | 23 | %

In addition, any dividend distributed from a Preferred Technological Enterprise to foreign companies holding at least 90% of the share capital will be subject to a reduced tax rate of 4%.
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Neither the provisions of the December 2010 Amendment nor the December 2016 Amendment apply to companies currently having an "Approved Enterprise" or "Beneficiary Enterprise" status, which will continue to be entitled to the tax benefits according to the provisions of the Investment Law prior to the aforementioned amendments, unless the company having the benefits of such status has elected by filing with the Israeli Tax Authority not later than the date prescribed for the filing of the company's annual tax return for the respective year, to adopt the provisions of the December 2010 Amendment. Such election cannot be later rescinded. A company having the status of "Beneficiary Enterprise" or "Approved Enterprise" making such election by July 30, 2015 will be entitled to distribute income generated by the "Approved Enterprise," subject to withholding tax at source at the following rates: (i) Israeli resident corporations at 0%; (ii) Israeli resident individuals at 20%; and (iii) non-Israeli residents at 20%, subject to a reduced tax rate under the provisions of an applicable double tax treaty.
As of December 31, 2018, approximately $19.1 million of the Company’s prior year earnings were tax-exempt earnings attributable to its Approved Enterprise programs and approximately $2.9 million were tax-exempt earnings attributable to its Beneficiary Enterprise program. The tax-exempt income attributable to the Approved and Beneficiary Enterprise cannot be distributed to shareholders without subjecting the Company to taxes. If these retained tax-exempt profits are distributed, the Company will be taxed at the corporate tax rate applicable to such profits for the year of which they were generated. According to the Investment Law, tax-exempt income generated under the Beneficiary Enterprise status will be taxed upon dividend distribution or complete liquidation, whereas tax exempt income generated under the Approved Enterprise status will be taxed only upon dividend distribution. As of December 31, 2018, if the income attributed to the Approved Enterprise was distributed as dividend, the Company would incur a tax liability of approximately $4.8 million. If income attributed to the Beneficiary Enterprise was distributed as dividend, including upon liquidation, the Company would incur a tax liability in the amount of approximately $0.7 million.
These amounts will be recorded as an income tax expense in the period in which the Company declares the dividend.
The Company intends to reinvest the amount of its tax-exempt income and not distribute any amounts of its undistributed tax exempt income as dividend. Accordingly, no deferred income taxes have been provided on income attributable to the Company's Approved and Beneficiary Enterprise programs, as the undistributed tax exempt income is essentially permanent in duration.
The entitlement to the above benefits is conditional upon the Company's fulfilling the conditions stipulated by the Investment Law, regulations published thereunder and the certificates of approval for the specific investments in Approved Enterprises.
Should the Company fail to meet such requirements in the future, income attributable to its Programs could be subject to the statutory Israeli corporate tax rate, and the Company could be required to refund a portion of the tax benefits already received, with respect to such program. The Company's management believes that the Company is meeting the aforementioned conditions.
Law for the Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development, 1984
For information regarding the R&D Law, see above in Item 4.B - "Business Overview - The Israel Innovation Authority, formerly – the Israeli Office of Chief Scientist".
Net Operating Loss Carry forwards
As of December 31, 2018, the Company had a net operating loss, or NOL, of $23.2 carry forward for Israeli tax purposes.
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Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969
We believe that we currently qualify as an "Industrial Company" within the meaning of the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969 (the "Industry Encouragement Law"). According to the Industry Encouragement Law, an "Industrial Company" is a company incorporated in, and resident of Israel, at least 90% of the income of which, in a given tax year, exclusive of income from specified government loans, capital gains, interest and dividends which are not classified for such company as business income, is derived from an industrial enterprise owned by it. In general, an "Industrial enterprise" is defined as an enterprise whose major activity in a given tax year is industrial production.
The following corporate tax benefits are available to Industrial Companies:
· amortization of the cost of purchased know-how and patents over an eight-year period for tax purposes, from the tax year it began to use them;
· amortization of expenses incurred in some cases in connection with a public issuance of publicly traded securities over a three-year period; and
· accelerated depreciation rates on equipment and buildings.
Eligibility for the benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not subject to receipt of prior approval from any governmental authority. No assurance can be given that we qualify or will continue to qualify as an "Industrial Company" or that the benefits described above will be available in the future.
Taxation of Shareholders' Capital Gains
Israeli law imposes a capital gains tax on the sale of capital assets. The law distinguishes between the "Real Gain" and the "Inflationary Surplus." The Real Gain is the difference between the total capital gain and the Inflationary Surplus. The Inflationary Surplus is computed on the basis of the cost multiplied by the difference between the Israeli consumer monthly price index as known at the date of sale and the date of purchase and, with respect to an individual, when the shares are nominated or linked to a foreign currency the Inflationary Surplus would be calculated according to the difference in changes in the foreign currency. The Inflationary Surplus accumulated after January 1, 1994 is exempt from capital gains tax.
Generally, the tax rate applicable to capital gains derived from the sale of shares listed on a stock market is 25% for Israeli individuals and 30% if the seller is considered a "significant shareholder" (i.e. in general, a shareholder holding directly or indirectly, including jointly with others, at least 10% of any means of control in the company) at any time during the 12 month period preceding such sale. The tax rate will be 25% retroactive from January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2011, and 30% thereafter.
Israeli companies are subject to the corporate tax rate on capital gains derived from the sale of publicly-traded shares. Capital gains accrued on the sale of an asset purchased prior to January 1, 2003 will be subject to tax at a blended rate. The marginal tax rate for individuals (in 2018, a rate of 47%) will be applied to the portion of the gain amount which bears the same ratio to the total gain realized as the ratio which the holding period commencing at the acquisition date and terminating on January 1, 2003 bears to the total holding period. The remainder of the gain realized will be subject to capital gains tax at the rates applicable to an asset purchased after January 1, 2003 (see above).
Application of the U.S.‑Israel Tax Treaty to Capital Gains Tax
Under Israeli law, the capital gain from the sale of shares by non-Israeli residents is tax exempt in Israel as long as our shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Market or any other stock exchange recognized by the Israeli Ministry of Finance, and provided certain other conditions are met, the most relevant of which are: (A) the capital gain is not attributed to the foreign resident's permanent establishment in Israel, (B) the shares were acquired by the foreign resident after the company's shares had been listed for trading, and (C) if the seller is a non-Israeli corporation, less than 25% of its means of control are held by Israeli residents.
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In addition, under the Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Israel with Respect to Taxes on Income, as amended, or the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, Israeli capital gains tax will not apply to the sale, exchange or disposition of ordinary shares by a person:

| • | who holds such shares as a capital asset;
| • | who qualifies as a resident of the United States within the meaning of the U.S.-Israel tax treaty; and
| • | who is entitled to claim the benefits available to the person by the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty.

However, this exemption does not apply, among other cases, if the gain is attributable to a permanent establishment of such person in Israel, or if the holder is a resident of the United States within the meaning of the U.S.-Israeli Tax Treaty who holds, directly or indirectly, shares representing 10% or more of our voting power during any part of the 12-month period preceding the sale, exchange or disposition, subject to certain conditions. Under these circumstances, the sale, exchange or disposition would be subject to Israeli tax, to the extent applicable. However, under the U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty, such U.S. resident generally will be permitted to claim a credit for the Israeli taxes paid against the U.S. federal income tax imposed on the sale, exchange or disposition, subject to the limitations under U.S. law applicable to foreign tax credits. The U.S.-Israel Tax Treaty does not relate to U.S. state or local taxes.
Taxation of Non-Residents on Receipt of Dividends
In general, non-residents of Israel are subject to Israeli tax and Israeli tax withholding at source on the receipt of dividends paid on the ordinary shares at the rate of 25%, or 30% if the dividend recipient is a significant controlling shareholder, unless the dividends are paid from income derived from an Approved Enterprise during the applicable benefit period, or a different rate is provided in a treaty between Israel and the shareholder's country of residence. The lower withholding tax rate under a tax treaty is applicable if the shareholder provides in advance certification of a reduced withholding tax rate from the Israeli Tax Authority.
Under the U.S.‑Israel Tax Treaty, the maximum tax on dividends paid to a holder of the ordinary shares who is a U.S. Resident will be 25%. However, when dividends are paid from income derived during any period for which the Israeli company is not entitled to the reduced tax rate applicable to an Approved Enterprise under Israel's Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments-1959, the maximum tax will be 12.5% if the holder is a company holding shares representing 10% or more of the voting power during the part of the taxable year preceding the date of payment of dividends and during the whole of its prior taxable year, if any, and, if the company has not derived more than 25% of its revenues from passive income. When dividends are paid from income derived during any period for which the Israeli company is entitled to the reduced tax rate applicable to an Approved Enterprise then the tax will be 15%.
Surcharge Tax
Beginning on January 1, 2013, an additional tax liability at the rate of 3% (as of 2017) was added to the applicable tax rate on the annual taxable income of the individuals (whether any such individual is an Israeli resident or non-Israeli resident) exceeding NIS 641,880 in 2018 and NIS 649,560 in 2019.
F. Dividends and Paying Agents.
Not applicable.
G. Statement by Experts.
Not applicable.
H. Documents on Display.
We file annual reports and other information with the SEC. You may inspect and copy such material at the public reference facilities maintained by the SEC, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may also obtain copies of such material from the SEC at prescribed rates by writing to the Public Reference Section of the SEC, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room.
72

The SEC maintains an Internet web site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports and other material that are filed through the SEC's Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis and Retrieval, or EDGAR, system.
Information about us is also available on our site at http://www.camtek.com. Such information on our site is not part of this Annual Report.
I. Subsidiary Information.
Not applicable.
Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk
Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates is not significant as we have no outstanding loans; see Item 5.B above – "Liquidity and Capital Resources".
Foreign Currency Rate Fluctuations
We are a global company that operates in a multi-currency environment. In recent months, foreign currency exchange rates have been subject to considerable fluctuations. As a major portion of the costs of our Israeli operations, such as personnel, subcontractors, materials and facility‑related costs, are incurred in NIS, an increase in the NIS value relative to the U.S. Dollar will increase our costs expressed in U.S. Dollars, and a decrease in the NIS value relative to the U.S. Dollar will decrease our costs expressed in U.S. Dollars. During 2018, the value of the U.S. Dollar strengthened against the NIS by 8%. We may, from time to time, take various measures designed to reduce our exposure to these effects, but any such steps may be inadequate to protect us from currency rate fluctuations. We had no open hedging transactions as of December 31, 2018.
In our consolidated financial statements, transactions and balances originally denominated in U.S. Dollars are presented at their original amounts. Gains and losses arising from non-dollar transactions and balances are included in net income as part of financial expenses, net.
Our balance sheet exposures to fluctuations in the exchange rate between the U.S. Dollar and other currencies are primarily from NIS denominated balances. As of December 31, 2018, we had net liabilities of approximately $10.1 million, denominated in NIS. Any fluctuation in the exchange rate between the NIS and the U.S. dollar of 1% will cause us expenses or income of $101 thousand, in case of increase or decrease in rates, respectively.
In addition, although our products' prices in most countries are denominated in U.S. Dollars, in certain territories (currently, Europe and Japan) our products' prices are denominated in local currencies, and much of our service income in additional territories is denominated in local currencies. If there is a significant devaluation in the relevant local currencies in which we operate compared to the U.S. Dollar, those prices of our products or services that are denominated in local currency in the relevant territories will increase relative to that local currency and may be less competitive.
Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities.
Not applicable.
73

PART II
Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies.
Not applicable.
Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds.
Not applicable.
Item 15. Controls and Procedures.
(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures.
Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2018, and have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC's rules and forms.
Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives. Based on the evaluation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2018, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
(b) Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.
Our management, under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurances with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may decline.
Our management evaluated the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
Based on this evaluation, management has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as at December 31, 2018, and concluded that such internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) is effective.
(c) Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 has been audited by our principal accountant Somekh Chaikin, a member firm of KPMG International, an independent registered public accounting firm. The related report to our shareholders and the Board of Directors appears on page F-2 of this Annual Report.
(d) Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.
There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
74

Item 16A. Audit Committee Financial Expert.
Our Board of Directors has determined that each of Mr. Shacham-Diamand and Ms. Andorn qualify as "audit committee financial expert" for purposes of the Nasdaq Rules.
Item 16B. Code of Ethics.
We adopted a Code of Ethics, which is applicable to all of our directors, officers and employees, including our principal executive, financial and accounting officers and persons performing similar functions. A copy of the Code of Ethics, in its current version, is available on our website, www.Camtek.com. We will also provide a copy of the Code of Ethics to any person, without charge, upon written request addressed to our CFO at our corporate headquarters in Israel: Camtek Ltd., Ramat Gabriel Industrial Zone, P.O. BOX 544, Migdal Ha'Emek, Israel.
Item 16C. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.
Our Audit Committee maintains a policy of approving and recommending only those services to be performed by our independent auditors which are permitted under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the applicable rules of the SEC relating to auditor's independence, and our independent auditors are remunerated at levels that accord with such basic principles of auditor independence.
The following table presents the aggregate amount of fees for professional services rendered to the Company by our principal accountant Somekh Chaikin, a member firm of KPMG International, for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:

Fee Category |  | For 2018 Services Rendered |  |  | For 2017 Services Rendered |
Audit Fees (1) |  | $ | 249,437 |  |  | $ | 278,778 |
Tax Fees (2) |  | $ | 14,551 |  |  | $ | 71,508 |

(1) Audit Fees: the audit fees for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were for professional services rendered for the integrated audit of Camtek’s annual consolidated financial statements and its internal controls over financial reporting and services that are normally provided by independent registered public accounting firm in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.
(2) Tax Fees rendered during 2018 by our auditor were for tax compliance, tax planning and tax advice.
Our Audit Committee has adopted a policy for pre-approval of audit and permitted non-audit services. Under the policy, the Audit Committee will pre-approve all auditing services and permitted non-audit services (including fees and other terms) to be performed for the Company by its independent auditor to the extent required by law. All of the fees listed in the table above were approved by the Audit Committee. In addition, the Audit Committee may adopt policies and procedures to permit delegation of authority to subcommittees consisting of one or more members when appropriate, including the authority to grant pre-approvals of audit and permitted non-audit services. Decisions of the subcommittee to grant pre-approvals will be presented to the full Audit Committee at its next scheduled meeting.
75

Item 16D. Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees.
Not applicable.
Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers.
Not applicable.
Item 16F. Change in Registrant's Certifying Accountant.
Not applicable.
Item 16G. Corporate Governance.
Pursuant to Rules 5255(a) and 5615(a)(3) of the Nasdaq Rules, we are relying on our home country practice with respect to the following matters: the eligibly of our securities for a direct registration program; the composition and responsibilities of our Compensation Committee; the approval of stock option plans; certain annual meeting requirements – all as set forth below:

| - | We have opted out the requirement that all securities listed on Nasdaq be eligible for a direct registration program operated by a registered clearing agency as set forth in Rule 5255(a). Our procedures regarding the issuance of stock certificates comply with Israeli law and practice. According to the Companies Law, a share certificate is defined as a certificate in which the name of the owner registered in the company registers is stated, stating the number of shares he owns. In the event that what is registered in the company's shareholders register conflicts with a share certificate, then the evidentiary value of the shareholder register outweighs the evidentiary value of the share certificate. A shareholder registered in the company's shareholders register is entitled to receive from the company a certificate evidencing his ownership of the share.

| - | As all members of our Audit Committee meet the independence requirements for compensation committee members set forth in Nasdaq Rule 5605(d)(2), as a foreign private issuer, we have elected, pursuant to Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3), to follow Israeli practice, in lieu of compliance with the remaining provisions of Nasdaq Rule 5605(d), requiring us to have a separate compensation committee. Accordingly, and consistent with Israeli law, our Audit Committee has been authorized to assume the functions and responsibilities of a compensation committee and conducts itself in accordance with provisions governing the establishment and the responsibilities of a compensation committee as set forth in the Companies Law. In this respect, we have also opted out the requirement to adopt and file a compensation committee charter as set forth in Rule 5605(d)(1).

| - | We have opted out the requirement for shareholder approval of stock option plans and other equity based compensation arrangements as set forth in Nasdaq Rule 5635 and Nasdaq Rule 5605(d), respectively. Nevertheless, as required under the Companies Law, special shareholder voting procedures are followed for the approval of equity based compensation of certain office holders or employees who are controlling shareholders or any relative thereof, as well as of our Chief Executive Officer and members of our Board of Directors. Equity based compensation arrangements with office holders (chief executive officer and directors excluded) or employees who are not controlling shareholders or any relative thereof, are approved by our Compensation Committee and our Board of Directors, provided they are consistent with our Compensation Policy, and in special circumstances in deviation therefrom, taking into account certain considerations as set forth in the Companies Law.

| - | We have opted out the requirement for conducting annual meetings as set forth in Nasdaq Rule 5620(a), which requires Camtek to hold its annual meetings of shareholders within twelve months of the end of a company's fiscal year end. Instead, Camtek is following home country practice and law in this respect. The Companies Law requires that an annual meeting of shareholders be held every year, and not later than 15 months following the last annual meeting (see in Item 10.B above –" Memorandum and Articles - Voting, Shareholders' Meetings and Resolutions"). Our 2018 AGM was held on June 19, 2018, therefore our 2019 annual general meeting of shareholders must be held by September 19, 2019. Further, we have opted out the requirement set under Rule 5620(c) of the Nasdaq Rules which requires the presence of two or more shareholders holding at least 33 1/3%, and in lieu follow our home country practice and Israeli law, according to which the quorum for any shareholders meeting will be the presence of two or more shareholders holding at least 25% of the voting rights in the aggregate - within half an hour from the time set for opening the meeting.

| - | We have chosen to follow our home country practice in lieu of the requirements of Nasdaq Rule 5250(d)(1), relating to an issuer’s furnishing of its annual report to shareholders. Specifically, we file annual reports on Form 20-F, which contain financial statements audited by an independent accounting firm, electronically with the SEC and post a copy on our website.

76

Item 16H. Mine Safety Disclosure.
Not applicable.
PART III
Item 17. Consolidated Financial Statements.
The Company has furnished financial statements and related information specified in Item 18.
Item 18. Consolidated Financial Statements.
Our consolidated financial statements and report of independent registered public accounting firm in connection therewith, as appear below, are hereby incorporated into this Annual Report.
77

CAMTEK LTD.
Consolidated Financial Statements
December 31, 2018.

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Contents

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm | F-2 to F-3
Consolidated Balance Sheets | F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations | F-5 to F-6
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-8 to F-9
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-10 to F- 40

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Camtek Ltd.
Opinions on the Consolidated Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity and cash flows, for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively, the "consolidated financial statements"). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of the Treadway Commission.
Basis for Opinions
The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
F - 2

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
KPMG Somekh Chaikin
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2006.
Tel Aviv, Israel
March 25, 2019
F - 3

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets

|  |  |  |  | December 31, |
|  |  |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | Note |  |  | U.S. Dollars (In thousands) |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 54,935 |  |  |  | 43,744 |
Trade accounts receivable, net |  |  | 10B |  |  |  | 31,644 |  |  |  | 23,153 |
Inventories |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 30,109 |  |  |  | 21,336 |
Other current assets |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 2,613 |  |  |  | 3,215 |
Total current assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 119,301 |  |  |  | 91,448 |
Property, plant and equipment, net |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 17,117 |  |  |  | 15,503 |
Long-term inventory |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 2,056 |  |  |  | 1,383 |
Deferred tax asset |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 2,366 |  |  |  | 4,067 |
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 231 |  |  |  | 153 |
Intangible assets, net |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 476 |  |  |  | 482 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,129 |  |  |  | 6,085 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 141,547 |  |  |  | 113,036 |
Liabilities and shareholder’s equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts payable |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,541 |  |  |  | 10,502 |
Other current liabilities |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 23,179 |  |  |  | 17,395 |
Total current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 38,720 |  |  |  | 27,897 |
Long-term liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other long term liabilities |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 1,420 |  |  |  | 838 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,420 |  |  |  | 838 |
Total liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  | 40,140 |  |  |  | 28,735 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  | 10 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  |  | 12 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ordinary shares NIS 0.01 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2018 and 2017; |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
38,535,445 and 37,924,507 issued shares at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively; |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
36,443,069 and 35,832,131 shares outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively |  |  |  |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | 149 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  |  |  |  | 81,873 |  |  |  | 78,437 |
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21,281 |  |  |  | 7,613 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | 103,305 |  |  |  | 86,199 |
Treasury stock, at cost (2,092,376 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,898 | ) |  |  | (1,898 | )
Total shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  | 101,407 |  |  |  | 84,301 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  |  |  |  |  |  | 141,547 |  |  |  | 113,036 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 4

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Operations

|  |  |  |  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  |  |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016* |
|  | Note |  |  | U.S. Dollars (In thousands, except per share data) |
Revenues |  |  | 15A |  |  |  | 123,174 |  |  |  | 93,485 |  |  |  | 79,228 |
Cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  | 62,378 |  |  |  | 47,966 |  |  |  | 41,807 |
Reorganization and impairment |  |  | 1C |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,931 |
Total cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  | 62,378 |  |  |  | 47,966 |  |  |  | 46,738 |
Gross profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | 60,796 |  |  |  | 45,519 |  |  |  | 32,490 |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,581 |  |  |  | 13,534 |  |  |  | 12,630 |
Selling, general and administrative |  |  | 15B |  |  |  | 26,182 |  |  |  | 22,022 |  |  |  | 21,900 |
Reorganization and impairment |  |  | 1C |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,059 | )
Litigation settlement |  |  | 10C |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,000 |  |  |  | - |
Total operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | 40,763 |  |  |  | 48,556 |  |  |  | 30,471 |
Operating income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,033 |  |  |  | (3,037 | ) |  |  | 2,019 |
Financial income (expenses), net |  |  | 15C |  |  |  | 728 |  |  |  | (150 | ) |  |  | (847 | )
Income (loss) from continuing operations before incomes taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20,761 |  |  |  | (3,187 | ) |  |  | 1,172 |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | (2,030 | ) |  |  | 4,875 |  |  |  | (303 | )
Net income from continuing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,731 |  |  |  | 1,688 |  |  |  | 869 |
Income from discontinued operations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income before income tax expense |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,302 |  |  |  | 4,450 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (6,028 | ) |  |  | (585 | )
Net income from discontinued operations |  |  |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12,274 |  |  |  | 3,865 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18,731 |  |  |  | 13,962 |  |  |  | 4,734 |

* Reclassified – due to presenting PCB operation as discontinued operation – See Note 19
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 5

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Operations

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016* |
|  | U.S. Dollars |
Basic earnings from continuing operations |  |  | 0.52 |  |  |  | 0.05 |  |  |  | 0.02 |
Basic earnings from discontinued operations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.35 |  |  |  | 0.11 |
Basic net earnings |  |  | 0.52 |  |  |  | 0.40 |  |  |  | 0.13 |
Diluted earnings from continuing operations |  |  | 0.51 |  |  |  | 0.05 |  |  |  | 0.02 |
Diluted earnings from discontinued operations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.34 |  |  |  | 0.11 |
Diluted net earnings |  |  | 0.51 |  |  |  | 0.39 |  |  |  | 0.13 |
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 36,190 |  |  |  | 35,441 |  |  |  | 35,348 |
Diluted |  |  | 36,747 |  |  |  | 35,964 |  |  |  | 35,376 |

* Reclassified – due to presenting PCB operation as discontinued operation – See Note 19
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 6

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Retained |  |  |  |
|  | Ordinary Shares |  |  | Treasury Stock |  |  | Additional |  |  | earnings |  |  | Total |
|  | NIS 0.01 par value |  |  | NIS 0.01 par value |  |  | paid-in |  |  | (accumulated |  |  | shareholders' |
|  | Number of |  |  | U.S. Dollars |  |  | Number of Shares |  |  | U.S. Dollars |  |  | capital |  |  | losses) |  |  | equity |
|  | Shares |  |  | (In thousands) |  |  | (In thousands) |  |  | U.S. Dollars (In thousands) |
Balances at |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2015 |  |  | 37,440,552 |  |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | (2,092,376 | ) |  |  | (1,898 | ) |  |  | 76,034 |  |  |  | (6,082 | ) |  |  | 68,202 |
Share-based |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 429 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 429 |
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4,734 |  |  |  | 4,734 |
Balances at |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2016 |  |  | 37,440,552 |  |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | (2,092,376 | ) |  |  | (1,898 | ) |  |  | 76,463 |  |  |  | (1,348 | ) |  |  | 73,365 |
Exercise of share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
options and RSUs |  |  | 483,955 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,340 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,341 |
Shared-based |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 634 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 634 |
Dividend |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,001 | ) |  |  | (5,001 | )
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13,962 |  |  |  | 13,962 |
Balances at |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2017 |  |  | 37,924,507 |  |  |  | 149 |  |  |  | (2,092,376 | ) |  |  | (1,898 | ) |  |  | 78,437 |  |  |  | 7,613 |  |  |  | 84,301 |
Exercise of share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
options |  |  | 610,938 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,755 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,757 |
Share-based |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
compensation expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,681 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,681 |
Dividend |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5,063 | ) |  |  | (5,063 | )
Net income |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18,731 |  |  |  | 18,731 |
Balances at |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2018 |  |  | 38,535,445 |  |  |  | 151 |  |  |  | (2,092,376 | ) |  |  | (1,898 | ) |  |  | 81,873 |  |  |  | 21,281 |  |  |  | 101,407 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 7

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016* |
|  | U.S. Dollars (In thousands) |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  | 18,731 |  |  |  | 13,962 |  |  |  | 4,734 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,966 |  |  |  | 2,122 |  |  |  | 1,961 |
Deferred tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 1,701 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (97 | )
Share based compensation expense |  |  | 1,681 |  |  |  | 634 |  |  |  | 429 |
Change in provision for doubtful debts |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (164 | )
Revaluation of liabilities and interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
on liabilities to the IIA |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,774 | )
Loss on disposal of fixed assets |  |  | 324 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade accounts receivable, gross |  |  | (8,456 | ) |  |  | (484 | ) |  |  | (7,365 | )
Inventories |  |  | (10,824 | ) |  |  | (5,323 | ) |  |  | 1,728 |
Due from related parties |  |  | 548 |  |  |  | (699 | ) |  |  | 536 |
Other assets |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | (378 | ) |  |  | (1,144 | )
Trade accounts payable |  |  | 4,778 |  |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | 277 |
Other current liabilities |  |  | 6,306 |  |  |  | 2,673 |  |  |  | 1,827 |
Liability in respect of patent litigation |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (14,600 | )
Liability for employee severance benefits, net |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | 171 |  |  |  | 62 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities from continuing operations |  |  | 16,791 |  |  |  | 12,882 |  |  |  | (16,590 | )
Net cash used in operating activities from discontinued operations |  |  | - |  |  |  | (11,247 | ) |  |  | (758 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 16,791 |  |  |  | 1,635 |  |  |  | (17,348 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Repayment of short-term deposits |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7,875 |
Purchase of fixed assets |  |  | (2,243 | ) |  |  | (3,138 | ) |  |  | (1,293 | )
Purchase of intangible assets |  |  | (92 | ) |  |  | (84 | ) |  |  | (183 | )
Proceeds from disposal of fixed assets |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities from continuing operations |  |  | (2,259 | ) |  |  | (3,222 | ) |  |  | 6,399 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities from discontinued operations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 29,854 |  |  |  | (164 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | (2,259 | ) |  |  | 26,632 |  |  |  | 6,235 |

* Reclassified – due to presenting PCB operation as discontinued operation – See Note 19
F - 8

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016* |
|  | U.S. Dollars (In thousands) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Payment to IIA |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | )
Proceeds from exercise of share options |  |  | 1,757 |  |  |  | 1,341 |  |  |  | - |
Dividend payment |  |  | (5,063 | ) |  |  | (5,001 | ) |  |  | - |
Net cash used in financing activities from continuing operations |  |  | (3,306 | ) |  |  | (3,660 | ) |  |  | (4 | )
Net cash used in financing activities |  |  | (3,306 | ) |  |  | (3,660 | ) |  |  | (4 | )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash |  |  | (35 | ) |  |  | (603 | ) |  |  | 24 |
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 11,191 |  |  |  | 24,004 |  |  |  | (11,093 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year |  |  | 43,744 |  |  |  | 19,740 |  |  |  | 30,833 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year |  |  | 54,935 |  |  |  | 43,744 |  |  |  | 19,740 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016* |
|  | U.S. Dollars (In thousands, except per share data) |
Supplementary cash flows information: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
A. Cash paid during the year for: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | - |
Income taxes |  |  | 534 |  |  |  | 1,378 |  |  |  | 629 |

* Reclassified – due to presenting PCB operation as discontinued operation – See Note 19
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
F - 9

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 1 - Nature of Operations

| A. | Camtek Ltd. (“Camtek” or “Company”), an Israeli corporation, is controlled by (41.92%) Priortech Ltd. (“Parent”), an Israeli corporation listed on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange. Camtek provides automated and technologically advanced solutions dedicated to enhancing production processes, increasing products yield and reliability, enabling and supporting customers’ latest technologies in the semiconductor fabrication industry.

| B. | In September 2017, the Company completed the sale of its PCB inspection and metrology business unit. The buyers acquired the entire assets and liabilities related to the PCB business unit, including 100% equity interests in the Company’s Chinese and Taiwanese subsidiaries. The Company received a total cash consideration of $32,000 and may receive an additional amount of up to $3,000, net of working capital adjustments and conditioned upon the PCB business unit's financial performance in 2018. The Company records the contingent consideration portion of the arrangement when the consideration is determined to be realizable. As of December 31, 2018, no asset with respect of contingent consideration was recognized.

Due to the sale of the Company’s PCB business, the results of this unit ceased to be consolidated in 2017 and are accounted as discontinued operations. (See Note 19)

| C. | During 2016, the Company decided to re-organize its mode of operation with respect to its functional inkjet technology (FIT) activity. As part of this change, in the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016, an obsolescence provision was recorded against the remaining Gryphon inventory, fixed assets and intangible assets and an adjustment was made to related liabilities, as follows:

|  |  |  | Year ended |
|  |  |  | December 31, |
|  |  |  | 2016 |
|  |  |  | U.S. Dollars |
Account |  | Nature of impact |  | (in thousands) |
Cost of Revenues |  | Inventory write-off and other |  |  | 4,931 |
Reorganization and impairment |  | Revaluation of IIA liabilities |  |  | *(4,962 | )
Reorganization and impairment |  | Other |  |  | 903 |
*see Note 10E |  |  |  |  | 872 |

F - 10

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies

| A. | Basis of preparation of the financial statements

The consolidated financial statements of Camtek and its subsidiaries (collectively “the Company”) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in United States of America (“US GAAP”). All amounts in the notes to the financial statements are in thousands unless otherwise stated.
Due to presenting PCB operation as discontinued operation, 2016 information was reclassified.

| B. | Principles of consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Camtek and its subsidiaries. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

| C. | Use of estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of revenues and expenses. As applicable to these financial statements, the most significant estimates and assumptions relate to revenue recognition, valuation of accounts receivable, inventories, deferred tax assets, legal contingencies and share based compensation among others. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgment. Management evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment, which management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances.

| D. | Foreign currency transactions

The functional currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is the U.S. Dollar. Revenue generated by the Company and its subsidiaries is primarily generated outside of Israel and a majority thereof is received in U.S. Dollars. A significant portion of materials and components purchased and operating expenses incurred are either paid for in U.S. Dollars or in New Israeli Shekels (“NIS”).
Transactions not denominated in U.S. Dollars are recorded upon their initial recognition according to the exchange rate in effect on the date of the transaction. Exchange rate differences arising upon the settlement of monetary items or upon reporting the Company’s monetary items at exchange rates different from that by which they were initially recorded during the period, or reported in previous financial statements, are charged to financial income (expenses), net.

| E. | Cash and cash equivalents

All highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less are considered to be cash equivalents.

| F. | Trade accounts receivable and allowance for doubtful accounts

Accounts receivable are recorded at the outstanding recognized amount and do not bear interest. The allowance for doubtful accounts represents Management’s best estimate of the probable loss inherent in existing accounts receivable balances as a result of possible non-collection. In determining the appropriate allowance, Management bases its estimate on information available about specific debtors, including aging of the balance, assessment of the underlying security received, the history of write-offs, relationships with the customers and the overall creditworthiness of the customers.
F - 11

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)

| G. | Inventories

Inventories consist of completed systems, partially completed systems and components and other raw materials, and are recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the moving – average cost method basis.
Inventory write-downs are recorded at the end of each fiscal period for damaged, obsolete, excess and slow-moving inventory. These write-downs, to the lower of cost or net realizable value, create a new cost basis that is not subsequently marked up based on changes in underlying facts and circumstances.
Management periodically evaluates its inventory composition, giving consideration to factors such as the probability and timing of anticipated usage and the physical condition of the items, and then estimates a charge (reducing the inventory) to be provided for slow moving, technological obsolete or damaged inventory. These estimates could vary significantly from actual use based upon future economic conditions, customer inventory levels or competitive factors that were not foreseen or did not exist when the inventory write-downs were established.
Inventory that is not expected to be converted or consumed within the next year is classified as non-current, based on Management’s estimates taking into account market conditions.

| H. | Property, plant and equipment

These assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation, and are depreciated over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis.
Annual rates of depreciation are as follows:

Land | 1%
Building | 2%
Machinery and equipment | 10% - 33%
Computer equipment and software | 20% - 33%
Office furniture and equipment | 6% - 20%
Automobiles | 15%

Leasehold improvements are amortized by the straight-line method over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful economic life of such improvements.
Certain of the Company’s finished goods are systems used as demonstration systems, training systems, and for product development in the Company’s laboratories (“internal use”). These systems are identical to the systems that Camtek sells in its ordinary course of business. In circumstances where the Company intends to utilize such systems for its internal use, the Company transfers them from inventory to fixed assets. The rationale for the transfer is that the Company does not have the intention to sell these systems in the ordinary course of business but rather expects to use them for its internal use over their expected useful lives. These systems are recorded as fixed assets at cost and depreciated over their useful lives.
F - 12

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)

| I. | Intangible assets

Patent registration costs are recorded at cost and amortized, beginning with the first year of utilization, over its expected useful life.

| J. | Impairment of long-lived assets

The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the long lived asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, an impairment charge is recognized to the extent that the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value. In 2018 and 2017, no impairment was noted.

| K. | Fair values of financial instruments

The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, short-term deposits, trade accounts receivable, trade accounts payable and amounts from related parties approximate fair value because of their short-term nature.

| L. | Revenue recognition

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted Topic 606 retrospectively with the cumulative effect recognized as of the date of adoption.
The Company’s contracts with its customers include performance obligations to provide its products or to service the installed products. A product sale contract may include an extended warranty (that is, for longer than the twelve-month standard warranty), which is considered a separate performance obligation.
The Company recognizes revenue from contracts for sales of products when the Company transfers control of the product to the customer, which is generally upon installation at the customer’s premises. Revenues from the contract are recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to receive once the product is operating in accordance with its specifications and signed documentation of the arrangement, such as a signed contract or purchase order, has been received. Payment terms with customers may vary, but are generally based on milestones within the delivery process such as shipping and installation. Payment terms do not include significant financing components.
In the limited circumstances when the products are installed by a trained distributor acting as an end user, revenue is recognized upon delivery to the distributor assuming all other criteria for revenue recognition are met.
Camtek does not incur costs in obtaining a contract except for agents’ commissions, which are incurred upon the recognition of revenues. There are no underlying sales commissions to be capitalized as revenues are recognized over a period of less than a year.
Service revenues consist mainly of contracts charged under time and material arrangements. Service revenues from maintenance contracts are recognized ratably over the contract period.
F - 13

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)

| L. | Revenue recognition (cont’d)

Contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations. For such arrangements, the Company allocates revenue to each performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. The Company generally determines standalone selling prices based on the prices charged to customers.
The Company’s multiple performance obligations consist of product sales and non-standard warranties. A non-standard warranty is one that is for a period longer than 12 months. Accordingly, income from a non-standard warranty is deferred as unearned revenue and is recognized ratably as revenue commencing with and over the applicable warranty term.
The Company records contract liabilities when the customer has been billed in advance of the Company completing its performance obligations. These amounts are recorded as deferred revenue in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

|  | Year Ended December 31, 2018 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Beginning of year |  |  | 1,037 |
Deferral of revenue |  |  | 1,764 |
Recognition of deferred revenue |  |  | (977 | )
Balance at end of year |  |  | 1,824 |

| M. | Warranty

The Company records a liability for standard product warranty obligations at the time of sale based upon historical warranty experience. The term of the warranty is generally twelve months.

| N. | Income taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with the asset and liability method whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The company includes the foreign currency transaction gains or losses that result from re-measuring deferred taxes in income tax expense. The Company assesses the need for a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized.
The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50 percent likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change occurs.
F - 14

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)

| O. | Research and development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

| P. | Earnings / loss per ordinary share

Basic earnings/loss per ordinary share is calculated using only weighted average ordinary shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share, if relevant, gives effect to dilutive potential ordinary shares outstanding during the year. Such dilutive shares consist of incremental shares, using the treasury stock method, from the assumed exercise of share options.

| Q. | Share-based compensation

The Company accounts for its employee share-based compensation as an expense in the financial statements. All awards are equity classified and therefore such cost is measured at the grant date fair value of the award. The Company estimates share option grant date fair value using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. Forfeitures are recognized when they occur. (For details see Note 12B).

| R. | Fair value measurements

The Company implements the provisions of ASC Topic 820 "Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures" ("ASC 820"). ASC 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy provides the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to measurements involving significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

| S. | Contingent liabilities

A contingency (provision) is an existing condition or situation involving uncertainty as to the range of possible loss to the entity.
A provision for claims is recognized if it is probable (likely to occur) that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be estimated reasonably.
F - 15

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)

| T. | Government-sponsored research and development

The Company records grants received from the Israel Innovation Authority (the “IIA”, formerly known as the Office of the Chief Scientist of the Israeli Ministry of Industry and Trade) as a liability, if it is probable that the Company will have to repay the grants received. If it is not probable that the grants will be repaid, the Company records the grants as a reduction to research and development expenses. Royalties paid to the IIA are recognized as a reduction of the above-mentioned liability.

| U. | Recently adopted accounting standards

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic718): Scope of Modification Accounting.” This ASU amends the scope of modification accounting for share-based payment arrangements and provides guidance on the types of changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards to which an entity would be required to apply modification accounting under ASC 718. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company chose to adopt ASU No. 2017-09 early and the adoption did not have any impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” This ASU provides guidance on statement of cash flows presentation for eight specific cash flow issues where diversity in practice exists. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption did not have any impact on the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”), which amends the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. ASU 2014-09 is based on principles that govern the recognition of revenue at an amount an entity expects to be entitled when products are transferred to customers. ASU 2014-09 became effective for the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2018. See Note 2(L).
F - 16

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies (cont’d)

| V. | New standards not yet adopted

| 1. | In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” This ASU requires that lessees will be required to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for the rights and obligations created by all leases with terms of more than 12 months. ASU No. 2016-02 also will require disclosures designed to give financial statement users information on the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative information. This ASU is effective for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2018 with earlier adoption permitted. The expected impact on the Company’s Balance Sheet is an increase in property, plant and equipment and in financial liabilities. The impact on the Statement of Operations is not expected to be material, with an increase in depreciation offset by a reduction in rental and leasing expenses. Information on current lease agreements is disclosed in Note 10A.

| 2. | In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326),” which introduces new guidance for the accounting for credit losses on instruments within its scope. Given the breadth of that scope, this ASU will impact both financial services and non-financial services entities. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the effect the adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 will have on its consolidated financial position, results of operations, and cash flows, if any.

F - 17

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 3 - Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company’s cash and cash equivalent balance at December 31, 2018 and 2017 is denominated in the following currencies:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
US Dollars |  |  | 49,678 |  |  |  | 36,636 |
New Israeli Shekels |  |  | 2,790 |  |  |  | 1,122 |
Euro |  |  | 1,486 |  |  |  | 3,603 |
Other currencies |  |  | 981 |  |  |  | 2,383 |
|  |  | 54,935 |  |  |  | 43,744 |

Note 4 - Inventories

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Components |  |  | 13,062 |  |  |  | 9,690 |
Work in process |  |  | 7,654 |  |  |  | 6,584 |
Finished products * |  |  | 11,449 |  |  |  | 6,445 |
|  |  | 32,165 |  |  |  | 22,719 |

* includes systems at customer locations not yet sold, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, in the amount of $7,546 and $3,425 respectively.
Inventories are presented in:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Current assets |  |  | 30,109 |  |  |  | 21,336 |
Long-term assets (A) |  |  | 2,056 |  |  |  | 1,383 |
|  |  | 32,165 |  |  |  | 22,719 |

F - 18

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 4 – Inventories (cont’d)

| (A) | Long-term Inventory:

At December 31, 2018, $2,056 of the Company's inventory is classified in long-term assets based on Management’s estimate based on the recent level of sales (at December 31, 2017- $1,383). These amounts are comprised of spare parts. The Company’s policy is to keep components to provide support and service to systems sold by it to its customers over the past years (usually the support is over a period of seven to ten years) until the Company announces it will not continue to support certain systems. Therefore, this inventory is usually consumed over longer periods than inventory classified as current, and as such the respective amount that is not expected to be consumed in the next year is classified as non-current. Management believes that this inventory will be utilized according to its forecasted sales and that no loss will be incurred.

| (B) | Inventory write-down

In 2018, based on Management's estimates regarding future sales, a provision of $143 was made against damaged, obsolete, excess and slow-moving inventory (in 2017 - $84).
The provisions were recorded in the costs of products sold line item in the consolidated statement of operations. The provisions result in a new cost basis that is not subsequently marked up based on changes in underlying facts and circumstances.
Note 5 - Other Current Assets

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Due from Government institutions |  |  | 1,442 |  |  |  | 607 |
Income tax receivables |  |  | 453 |  |  |  | 122 |
Prepaid expenses |  |  | 368 |  |  |  | 561 |
Deposits for operating leases |  |  | 193 |  |  |  | 167 |
Due from related parties (See Note 17) |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 681 |
Other |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 1,077 |
|  |  | 2,613 |  |  |  | 3,215 |

F - 19

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 6 - Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Cost: |  |  |  |  |  |
Land |  |  | 863 |  |  |  | 863 |
Building |  |  | 14,099 |  |  |  | 13,307 |
Machinery and equipment |  |  | 7,331 |  |  |  | 6,406 |
Office furniture and equipment |  |  | 624 |  |  |  | 758 |
Computer equipment and software |  |  | 4,383 |  |  |  | 4,310 |
Automobiles |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 87 |
Leasehold improvements |  |  | 622 |  |  |  | 353 |
|  |  | 28,009 |  |  |  | 26,084 |
Less accumulated depreciation |  |  | 10,892 |  |  |  | 10,581 |
|  |  | 17,117 |  |  |  | 15,503 |

Depreciation expenses for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 amounted to $1,868, $2,001, and $1,820, respectively.
In accordance with credit line agreements, a lien has been placed on the Company’s facility in Israel. See Note 10(D).
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company completed the construction of a new facility adjacent to its headquarters. Cumulative costs incurred up to the reporting date are $2,327 (2017 - $2,044). Depreciation of the facility began to be recognized in 2018.
Note 7 - Intangible Assets, Net

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Patent registration costs |  |  | 1,605 |  |  |  | 1,513 |
Accumulated amortization |  |  | 1,129 |  |  |  | 1,031 |
Total intangible asset, net |  |  | 476 |  |  |  | 482 |

F - 20

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 7 - Intangible Assets, net (cont’d)
Patent registration costs are amortized over their estimated useful life of 10 years.
Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 amounted to $98, $121 and $141, respectively.
As of December 31, 2018, the estimated amortization expenses of intangible assets for the years 2019 to 2023 is as follows:

Year ended December 31, |  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
2019 |  |  | 76 |
2020 |  |  | 74 |
2021 |  |  | 74 |
2022 |  |  | 68 |
2023 |  |  | 56 |
|  |  | 348 |

Note 8 - Other Current Liabilities

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Accrued employee compensation and related benefits |  |  | 7,405 |  |  |  | 6,248 |
Commissions |  |  | 6,571 |  |  |  | 4,204 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 2,861 |  |  |  | 1,306 |
Advances from customers |  |  | 2,729 |  |  |  | 2,552 |
Deferred revenues |  |  | 1,302 |  |  |  | 1,037 |
Accrued warranty costs (1) |  |  | 1,714 |  |  |  | 1,300 |
Government institutions and income tax payable |  |  | 597 |  |  |  | 748 |
|  |  | 23,179 |  |  |  | 17,395 |

| (1) | Changes in the accrued warranty costs are as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Beginning of year |  |  | 1,300 |  |  |  | 1,102 |  |  |  | 1,113 |
Accruals |  |  | 2,930 |  |  |  | 2,222 |  |  |  | 1,823 |
Usage |  |  | (2,516 | ) |  |  | (2,024 | ) |  |  | (1,834 | )
Balance at end of year |  |  | 1,714 |  |  |  | 1,300 |  |  |  | 1,102 |

F - 21

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 9 – Other Long Term Liabilities

| A. | Liability for Employee Severance Benefits

Under Israeli law and labor agreements the Company is required to pay severance payments to each employee who was employed by the Company for over one year and has been terminated by the Company or resigned under certain specified circumstances. The liability related to these severance payments is calculated on the basis of the latest salary of the employee multiplied by the number of years of employment as of the balance sheet date. The Company also has defined contribution plans for which it makes contributions to severance pay funds and appropriate insurance policies. Withdrawal of the reserve monies is contingent upon the fulfillment of detailed provision in the Severance Law.
Under local law in various territories in which the Company operates, employees with one year or more of service are entitled to receive a lump-sum payment upon termination of their employment based on their length of service and rate of pay at the time of termination.

| 1. | The liability in respect of most of its employees in Israel is discharged by participating in a defined contribution pension plan and making regular deposits with a pension fund or by individual insurance policies. The liability deposited with the pension fund is based on salary components as prescribed in the existing labor agreement. The custody and management of the amounts so deposited are independent of the companies and accordingly such amounts funded (included in expenses on an accrual basis) and related liabilities are not reflected in the balance sheet.

| 2. | The liability for severance pay which is not covered by the contribution plan amounted to $898 and $838 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

| 3. | Severance pay expenses were $1,017, $1,078, and $1,004 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

| B. | Deferred Revenues

Deferred revenues of $522 are expected to be recognized in 2020.
Note 10 - Commitments and Contingencies

| A. | Operating leases

The Company’s subsidiaries have entered into various non-cancelable operating lease agreements for office space and operating leases for vehicles.
As of December 31, 2018, minimum future rental payments under such non-cancelable operating leases are as follows:

Year Ending December 31, |  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
2019 |  |  | 1,007 |
2020 |  |  | 726 |
2021 |  |  | 205 |
Thereafter |  |  | 40 |
|  |  | 1,978 |

Aggregate office rent expenses amounted to $583, $523, and $528 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
F - 22

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 10 - Commitments and Contingencies (cont’d)

| B. | Allowance for doubtful debts

The following is a summary of the allowance for doubtful accounts related to accounts receivable for the years ended December 31:

|  | Balance at |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Balance at |
|  | beginning |  |  |  |  |  | Reversal of |  |  | Write-off of |  |  | end of |
|  | of period |  |  | Provision |  |  | provision |  |  | provision |  |  | period |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
2016 |  |  | 755 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | (180 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 591 |
2017 |  |  | 591 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 591 |
2018 |  |  | 591 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (181 | ) |  |  | 410 |

| C. | Litigation

In July 2017, the Company announced that it had reached a settlement with Rudolph Technologies Inc. (NASDAQ: RTEC) relating to pending patent lawsuits that Rudolph filed against the Company and that the Company filed against Rudolph. According to the settlement, the Company paid Rudolph $13 million and each side has dismissed their claims against each other with prejudice. The settlement further gives the Company a perpetual right to sell its existing products, the Condor, Gannet and Eagle, as well as future products, without any claim of patent infringement from any of the patent families that the Company had been sued on. The Company granted similar rights to Rudolph on Camtek's patent for Kerf inspection.
In addition, the parties agreed to a quiet period of three years, during which neither party may file any action seeking damages against the other party.

| D. | Lines of credit

The Company has a credit agreement with two banks that provides for a line of credit by which it is permitted to borrow up to $4 million.
As of December 31, 2018, the credit facility has not been utilized, and the Company is in compliance with the required covenants specified in the credit line agreement.

| E. | Israel Innovation Authority

Through its acquisition of Printar in 2009, the Company participates in programs sponsored by the Israeli government for the support of research and development activities. The Company is committed to pay amounts to the IIA at rates of 3.5% of the sales of products resulting from this research and development, up to an amount equal to 100% of the grants received by the Company, bearing interest at the rate of LIBOR. The obligation to pay these royalties is contingent on actual sales of the products and in the absence of such sales, no payment is required.
As of December 31, 2018, the amount of non-repaid grants received including interest accrued amounted to $7,024 (December 31, 2017 - $6,734). The liabilities to the IIA were initially recorded at fair value as part of the purchase price allocation related to the acquisition of Printar. In August 2016, pursuant to the Company’s decision to cease supporting the Gryphon system as detailed in Note 1C, the Company does not expect any payments will be made in respect of the foregoing Printar related grants and accordingly all the liabilities to the IIA were written off.
F - 23

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 10 - Commitments and Contingencies (cont’d)

| F. | Settlement of a dispute with Israel Innovation Authority

In 2017, the Company resolved a dispute which had arisen between the Company and the IIA in Israel regarding the royalty rate to be paid in respect of certain of the Company’s products, the manufacturing and assembly of which has been moved to a foreign subsidiary. In the framework of the dispute settlement, the Company repaid its entire obligation in the amount of $2.1 million and received permission from the IIA to transfer the intellectual property as part of the PCB sale. The payment was recorded as a selling, general and administrative expense in the discontinued operation. See also Note 19.

| G. | Outstanding Purchase Orders

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has purchase orders of $9,716 (2017 - $6,570) which mainly represent outstanding purchase commitments for inventory components ordered by the Company in the normal course of business.
Note 11 - Concentration of Risk and Financial Instruments
Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash equivalents, short-term bank deposits and trade receivables. The carrying amounts of financial instruments approximate fair value.
Cash and cash equivalents
The Company's cash equivalents are maintained with multiple high-quality institutions and the composition and maturities of investments are regularly monitored by management.
Trade receivable
The trade receivables of the Company are derived from sales to a large number of customers, primarily large industrial corporations located mainly in Asia, the United States and Europe. The Company generally does not require collateral: however, in certain circumstances, the Company may require a letter of credit, other collateral or additional guarantees. An allowance for doubtful accounts is determined with respect to those amounts that the Company has determined to be doubtful of collection. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers.
Trade payable
The Company relies on limited source of suppliers and in some cases a sole supplier and/or subcontractors for a number of essential components and subsystems of its products. The Company does not have agreements with all of these suppliers and subcontractors for the continued supply of the components or subsystems they provide. An interruption in supply from these sources would disrupt production and adversely affect the Company’s ability to deliver products to its customers, which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s business, revenues and results of operations.
Liquidity:
The Company anticipates that its existing resources and cash flows from operations will be adequate to satisfy its liquidity requirements for at least the next twelve months. If available liquidity will not be sufficient to meet the Company’s operating obligations as they come due, Management’s plans include pursuing alternative financing arrangements or reducing expenditures as necessary to meet the Company’s cash requirements.
F - 24

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 11 - Concentration of Risk and Financial Instruments (cont’d)
Derivative Instruments
From time to time the Company enters into foreign exchange instruments to manage its U.S. Dollar to NIS currency exchange risks. The terms of all of these currency instruments are less than one year. The fair value of the instruments generally reflects the estimated amounts that the Company would receive or pay upon termination of the contracts at the reporting date and is based on quotations from financial institutions (using Level 2 inputs). The Company does not apply hedge accounting.
In 2018, 2017 and 2016 losses in the consolidated statement of operations on these instruments were in the amount of $0, $0 and ($3), respectively.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company did not have any open positions.
Note 12 - Shareholders’ Equity

| A. | General

The Company shares are traded on the NASDAQ National Market under the symbol of CAMT, and also listed and traded on the Tel-Aviv stock exchange.

| B. | Stock Option Plan

As of December 31, 2018, the Company has one effective Share Incentive Plan (and Sub-Plan for Grantees Subject to Israeli Taxation) for the issuance of options, restricted share units and/ or restricted shares to employees, officers, directors, consultants and other services providers of the Company or any affiliated companies thereof (the “2018 Plan”). The 2018 Plan was adopted by the Company in April 2018 and thereby replaced the Company’s previous equity plans (the “2014 Share Option Plan” and the “2007 Restricted Share Unit Plan”). The total number of equity awards that may be granted under the 2018 Plan during each calendar year is equal to three and a half percent (3.5%) of the Company’s total issued and outstanding Share capital as of the 31st of December of the preceding calendar year. As of the balance sheet date, the number of awards available for grant was 224,428.
The fair value of each option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model that used the weighted average assumptions in the following table and recognized over the vesting period of four years. The risk‑free rate for the expected term of the option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

| 2017 Grant |  | 2016 Grant
Valuation assumptions: |  |  |
Dividend yield * | 0 |  | 0
Expected volatility | 66% |  | 66%
Risk-free interest rate | 1.87% |  | 1.38%
Expected life (years) ** | 4.8 |  | 4.8

*The option grant was made prior to the dividend distribution. As such, the valuation assumptions reflect the Company’s previous record of not paying dividends.
**Expected life for the periods presented was determined according to the simplified method since, at the date of grant, the Company did not have enough history to make an estimate.
F - 25

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 12 - Shareholders’ Equity (cont’d)

| B. | Stock Option Plan (cont’d)

The total intrinsic value of outstanding options as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 is $1,886, $3,450 and $1,040, respectively.
The total intrinsic value of vested options as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 is $855, $1,140 and $204 respectively.
The total stock option compensation expense related to continued operations amounted to $402, $634, and $429 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
As of December 31, 2018, there was $335 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation arrangements. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.54 years.
Share option activity during the past three years is as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  |  |  |  | Weighted |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |
|  | Number |  |  | average |  |  | Number |  |  | average |  |  | Number |  |  | average |
|  | of |  |  | exercise |  |  | of |  |  | exercise |  |  | of |  |  | exercise |
|  | options |  |  | price US$ |  |  | options |  |  | price US$ |  |  | options |  |  | price US$ |
Outstanding at January 1 |  |  | 1,173,433 |  |  |  | 2.80 |  |  |  | 1,653,434 |  |  |  | 2.82 |  |  |  | 1,151,121 |  |  |  | 3.28 |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 154,600 |  |  |  | 2.75 |  |  |  | 527,500 |  |  |  | 1.92 |
Forfeited and cancelled |  |  | (43,159 | ) |  |  | 2.53 |  |  |  | (152,698 | ) |  |  | 2.77 |  |  |  | (25,187 | ) |  |  | 5.00 |
Exercised |  |  | (610,489 | ) |  |  | 2.79 |  |  |  | (481,903 | ) |  |  | 2.87 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.00 |
Outstanding at year end |  |  | 519,785 |  |  |  | 3.16 |  |  |  | 1,173,433 |  |  |  | 2.80 |  |  |  | 1,653,434 |  |  |  | 2.82 |
Vested at year end |  |  | 217,976 |  |  |  | 2.85 |  |  |  | 490,086 |  |  |  | 3.36 |  |  |  | 725,466 |  |  |  | 3.32 |

F - 26

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 12 - Shareholders’ Equity (cont’d)

| B. | Stock Option Plan (cont’d)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |  |  | Aggregate |
|  | Number |  |  | Weighted |  |  | Average |  |  | intrinsic |
|  | of |  |  | average |  |  | Remaining |  |  | Value (in |
|  | options |  |  | exercise |  |  | Contractual |  |  | US$ |
|  | outstanding |  |  | price US$ |  |  | term (years) |  |  | thousands) |
Outstanding as of December 31, 2018 |  |  | 519,785 |  |  |  | 3.16 |  |  |  | 4.14 |  |  |  | 1,886 |
Vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 508,684 |  |  |  | 3.16 |  |  |  | 4.14 |  |  |  | 1,846 |
Exercisable at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 217,976 |  |  |  | 2.85 |  |  |  | 3.14 |  |  |  | 855 |

The following table summarizes information about share options at December 31, 2018:

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | average |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | remaining |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Contractual term |
|  | Number of |  |  |  |  |  | (years) |
|  | outstanding |  |  | Number |  |  | of outstanding |
Exercise price US$ |  | options |  |  | exercisable |  |  | options |
0-2 |  |  | 179,154 |  |  |  | 73,797 |  |  |  | 4.22 |
2-5 |  |  | 340,631 |  |  |  | 144,179 |  |  |  | 4.10 |
|  |  | 519,785 |  |  |  | 217,976 |  |  |  | 4.14 |

The following table summarizes information about non-vested options at December 31, 2018:

|  |  |  |  | Weighted |
|  |  |  |  | average |
|  |  |  |  | grant- date |
|  | Options |  |  | fair value |
Balance at January 1, 2018 |  |  | 683,347 |  |  |  | 1.58 |
Granted |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Vested |  |  | (348,962 | ) |  |  | 1.32 |
Forfeited |  |  | (32,576 | ) |  |  | 1.45 |
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 301,809 |  |  |  | 2.04 |

F - 27

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 12 - Shareholders’ Equity (cont’d)

| C. | Restricted Share Unit Plan

In April 2018, the Company adopted a Restricted Share Unit (“RSU”) Plan (the “Plan”) to replace the 2007 Restricted Share Unit Plan, pursuant to which the Company’s Board of Directors may grant shares to officers and key employees. The total number of shares, which may be granted to directors, officers, employees and consultants under this Plan, is limited to 3.5% out of the outstating shares (1,275,507 as of December 31, 2018). Forfeited units are returned to the pool.
The exercise price for each grantee shall be as determined by the Board and specified in the applicable RSU notice of grant; provided, however, that unless otherwise determined by the Board (which determination shall not require shareholder approval unless so required in order to comply with Mandatory Law), the exercise price shall be no more than the underlying share’s nominal value. For the removal of any doubt, the Board is authorized (without the need for shareholder approval unless so required in order to comply with Mandatory Law) to determine that the exercise price of an RSU is to be $0.00.
Unless otherwise determined by the Board with respect to any specific grantee or to any specific grant, (which determination shall not require shareholder approval unless so required in order to comply with Mandatory Law) and provided accordingly in the applicable RSU notice of grant, the RSUs shall vest (become automatically exercised) according to the vesting schedules as determined by the Board.
The following table summarizes information about RSUs at December 31, 2018:

|  | RSUs |
Balance at January 1, 2018 |  |  | 86,500 |
Granted |  |  | 1,051,054 |
Forfeited |  |  | (2,700 | )
Balance at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 1,134,854 |

The total compensation cost recognized in the year ending December 31, 2018, amounted to $1,271. The unrecognized compensations in the amount of $7,559 will be recognized in the years 2019 to 2022
As of the balance sheet date the number of RSU’s available for grant was 224,428.

| D. | Dividend

On May 30, 2018, the Company paid a dividend of $0.14 per share, totaling $5.1 million.
On November 30, 2017, the Company paid a dividend of $0.14 per share, totaling $5 million.
F - 28

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 13 - Earnings Per Share
The following table summarizes information related to the computation of basic and diluted earnings per Share for the years indicated:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (In thousands, except per share data) |
Net income attributable to Shares |  |  | 18,731 |  |  |  | 13,962 |  |  |  | 4,734 |
Weighted average number of Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
outstanding used in basic earnings per |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share calculation |  |  | 36,190 |  |  |  | 35,441 |  |  |  | 35,348 |
Add assumed exercise of outstanding dilutive |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
potential Shares |  |  | 557 |  |  |  | 523 |  |  |  | 28 |
Weighted average number of Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding used in diluted earnings per |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Share calculation |  |  | 36,747 |  |  |  | 35,964 |  |  |  | 35,376 |
Basic income from continuing operations per Share |  |  | 0.52 |  |  |  | 0.05 |  |  |  | 0.02 |
Basic income from discontinued operations per Share |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.35 |  |  |  | 0.11 |
Basic net income per Share |  |  | 0.52 |  |  |  | 0.40 |  |  |  | 0.13 |
Diluted income from continuing operations per Share |  |  | 0.51 |  |  |  | 0.05 |  |  |  | 0.02 |
Diluted income from discontinued operations per Share |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.34 |  |  |  | 0.11 |
Diluted net income per Share |  |  | 0.51 |  |  |  | 0.39 |  |  |  | 0.13 |
Number of options excluded from the diluted |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
earnings per share calculation due to their |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
anti-dilutive effect |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,538 |

F - 29

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 14 - Segment Information
In the consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2016, the Company presented two operating segments. Due to the sale of the PCB business in 2017 as described in Note 1, the Company has one operating segment.
Substantially all fixed assets are located in Israel and substantially all revenues are derived from shipments to other countries. Revenues are attributable to geographic areas/countries based upon the destination of shipment of products and related services as follows:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Asia Pacific |  |  | 98,468 |  |  |  | 79,105 |  |  |  | 66,275 |
United States |  |  | 13,227 |  |  |  | 9,484 |  |  |  | 8,151 |
Europe |  |  | 11,479 |  |  |  | 4,896 |  |  |  | 4,802 |
|  |  | 123,174 |  |  |  | 93,485 |  |  |  | 79,228 |

F - 30

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 15 - Selected Income Statement Data

| A. | Revenues

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Sales of products |  |  | 117,537 |  |  |  | 88,295 |  |  |  | 74,730 |
Service fees |  |  | 5,637 |  |  |  | 5,190 |  |  |  | 4,498 |
|  |  | 123,174 |  |  |  | 93,485 |  |  |  | 79,228 |

| B. | Selling, general and administrative expenses

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Selling (1) |  |  | 19,233 |  |  |  | 14,096 |  |  |  | 13,146 |
General and administrative |  |  | 6,949 |  |  |  | 7,926 |  |  |  | 8,754 |
|  |  | 26,182 |  |  |  | 22,022 |  |  |  | 21,900 |
(1) Including shipping and handling costs |  |  | 884 |  |  |  | 697 |  |  |  | 625 |

| C. | Financial income (expenses), net

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Interest expense |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | (246 | )
Interest income |  |  | 594 |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | 63 |
Re-evaluation expense on liabilities to the IIA |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (183 | )
Other, net (*) |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | (214 | ) |  |  | (481 | )
|  |  | 728 |  |  |  | (150 | ) |  |  | (847 | )

| (*) | Other, net includes foreign currency income (expense) resulting from transactions not denominated in U.S. Dollars amounting to $226, $(41), and $(351) in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

F - 31

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 16 - Income Taxes

| A. | Tax under various laws

The Company and its subsidiaries are assessed for income tax purposes on a separate basis. Each of the subsidiaries is subject to the tax rules prevailing in the country of incorporation.

| B. | Details regarding the tax environment of the Israeli companies

| (1) | Corporate tax rate

Presented hereunder are the tax rates relevant to the Company in Israel for the years 2016-2018:
2016 – 25%
2017 – 24%
2018 – 23%
On January 4, 2016 the Knesset plenum passed the Law for the Amendment of the Income Tax Ordinance (Amendment 216) - 2016, by which, inter alia, the corporate tax rate would be reduced by 1.5% to a rate of 25% as from January 1, 2016.
Furthermore, on December 22, 2016 the Knesset plenum passed the Economic Efficiency Law (Legislative Amendments for Achieving Budget Objectives in the Years 2017 and 2018) – 2016, by which, inter alia, the corporate tax rate would be reduced from 25% to 23% in two steps. The first step will be to a rate of 24% as from January 2017 and the second step will be to a rate of 23% as from January 2018.
Current taxes for the reported periods are calculated according to the enacted tax rates presented above, subject to the benefit under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investment.

| (2) | Benefits under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments (hereinafter - “the Encouragement Law”)

| (a) | Approved and Beneficiary Enterprise

An industrial enterprise of the Company was granted “Approved Enterprise” and “Beneficiary Enterprise” status in accordance with the Encouragement Law. The tax benefit of the Approved Enterprise has expired and the Company has chosen 2010 as the years of election for the Beneficiary Enterprise.
The income generated by the “Beneficiary Enterprise” is exempt from tax over a period of up to 10 years beginning with the year in which the Company first had taxable income and subject to the years of election (limited to the earlier of a maximum period of 12 years from the year of election).
The benefit period of the Beneficiary Enterprise will end in 2021. The benefits are contingent upon compliance with the terms of the Encouragement Law, such provisions generally require that at least 25% of the Beneficiary Enterprise’s income will derive from export. The Company is currently in compliance with these terms.
F - 32

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 16 - Income Taxes (cont’d)

| B. | Details regarding the tax environment of the Israeli companies (cont’d)

| (b) | Amendment to the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments – 1959

On December 29, 2010 the Knesset approved the Economic Policy Law for 2011-2012, which includes an amendment to the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments – 1959 (hereinafter – “the Amendment”). Companies could choose not to be included in the scope of the Amendment to the Encouragement Law and to stay in the scope of the law before its amendment until the end of the benefits period of its Approved/Beneficiary Enterprise.
On August 5, 2013 the Knesset passed the Law for Changes in National Priorities (Legislative Amendments for Achieving Budget Objectives in the Years 2013 and 2014) – 2013, which determined that as of 2014 tax year the tax rate on preferred income will be 9% for Development Area A in which the Company is situate and 16% for the rest of the country.
On December 22, 2016, the Knesset plenum passed the Economic Efficiency Law (Legislative Amendments for Achieving Budget Objectives in the Years 2017 and 2018) – 2016, by which, inter alia, preferred enterprise in development area A will be subject to tax rate of 7.5% instead of 9% effective from January 1, 2017 and thereafter (the tax rate applicable to preferred enterprises located in other areas remains at 16%).

| (c) | A company having a Beneficiary Enterprise that distributes a dividend from exempt income, will be required in the tax year of the dividend distribution to pay income tax on the amount of the dividend distributed at the tax rate that would have been applicable to it in the year the income was produced if it had not been exempt from tax.

The Company intends to indefinitely reinvest the amount of its tax-exempt income and not distribute any amounts of its undistributed tax exempt income as a dividend. Accordingly, no deferred tax liabilities have been provided on income attributable to the Company's Approved and Beneficiating Enterprise programs.
Out of Camtek's retained earnings as of December 31, 2018 approximately $19,087 are tax-exempt earnings attributable to its Approved Enterprise and approximately $2,902 are tax-exempt earnings attributable to its Beneficiating Enterprise. The tax-exempt income attributable to the Approved and Beneficiating Enterprises cannot be distributed to shareholders without subjecting the Company to taxes. If these retained tax-exempt profits are distributed, the Company would be taxed at the reduced corporate tax rate applicable to such profits (currently – up to 25% pursuant to the implementation of the Investment Law). According to the Amendment, tax-exempt income generated under the Beneficiating Enterprise will be taxed upon dividend distribution or complete liquidation, whereas tax exempt income generated under the Approved Enterprise will be taxed only upon dividend distribution (but not upon complete liquidation, as the tax liability will be incurred by the shareholders).
As of December 31, 2018, if the income attributed to the Approved Enterprise was distributed as a dividend, the Company would incur a tax of approximately $4,771. If income attributed to the Beneficiary Enterprise was distributed as dividend, or upon liquidation, the Company would incur a tax in the amount of approximately $725. These amounts will be recorded as an income tax expense in the period in which the Company declares the dividend.
F - 33

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 16 - Income Taxes (cont’d)

| C. | Details regarding the tax environment of the Non-Israeli companies

Non-Israeli subsidiaries are taxed according to the tax laws in their countries of residence under local tax laws and regulations.

| D. | Composition of income (loss) before income taxes and income tax expense (benefit)

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Income (loss) before income taxes from continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Israel |  |  | 18,746 |  |  |  | (4,761 | ) |  |  | (390 | )
Non-Israeli |  |  | 2,015 |  |  |  | 1,574 |  |  |  | 1,562 |
|  |  | 20,761 |  |  |  | (3,187 | ) |  |  | 1,172 |
Income tax expense from continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Israel |  |  | (306 | ) |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 28 |
Non-Israeli |  |  | 635 |  |  |  | 122 |  |  |  | 372 |
|  |  | 329 |  |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | 400 |
Deferred tax expense (benefit) from continuing operations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Israel |  |  | 1,867 |  |  |  | (5,125 | ) |  |  | 620 |
Non-Israeli |  |  | (166 | ) |  |  | 72 |  |  |  | (717 | )
|  |  | 1,701 |  |  |  | (5,053 | ) |  |  | (97 | )
|  |  | 2,030 |  |  |  | (4,875 | ) |  |  | 303 |

F - 34

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 16 - Income Taxes (cont’d)

| E. | Reconciliation of income tax expense at the statutory rate to actual income tax expense

The following is a reconciliation of the theoretical income tax expense, assuming all income is taxed at the statutory tax rate applicable to Israeli companies, and the actual income tax expense:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Income (loss) before income taxes from continuing operations |  |  | 20,761 |  |  |  | (3,187 | ) |  |  | 1,172 |
Statutory tax rate |  |  | 23 | % |  |  | 24 | % |  |  | 25 | %
Theoretical income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 4,775 |  |  |  | (765 | ) |  |  | 293 |
Increase (decrease) in income tax expense resulting from: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in valuation allowance |  |  | (346 | ) |  |  | (185 | ) |  |  | (721 | )
Non-deductible expenses(*) |  |  | 214 |  |  |  | 186 |  |  |  | 182 |
Differences between foreign currencies |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
and dollar-adjusted financial statements, net |  |  | 240 |  |  |  | (587 | ) |  |  | (120 | )
Tax rate differential |  |  | (3,072 | ) |  |  | 633 |  |  |  | (57 | )
Change in tax rate |  |  | - |  |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | 592 |
Recognition of income tax benefit with respect to losses related to investment in subsidiaries |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4,929 | ) |  |  | - |
Other |  |  | 219 |  |  |  | 590 |  |  |  | 134 |
Actual income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 2,030 |  |  |  | (4,875 | ) |  |  | 303 |

(*) Including non-deductible share based compensation.
F - 35

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 16 - Income Taxes (cont’d)

| F. | Deferred tax assets and liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented below:

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Allowance for doubtful accounts |  |  | 81 |  |  |  | 92 |
Inventory write-down |  |  | 267 |  |  |  | 376 |
Unearned revenue |  |  | 275 |  |  |  | 63 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 441 |  |  |  | 367 |
Net operating losses (NOL) and tax credit carryforwards |  |  | 1,904 |  |  |  | 4,218 |
Other temporary differences |  |  | 138 |  |  |  | 113 |
Total gross deferred tax assets |  |  | 3,106 |  |  |  | 5,229 |
Valuation allowance |  |  | - |  |  |  | (496 | )
Deferred tax asset, net of valuation allowance |  |  | 3,106 |  |  |  | 4,733 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property, plant and equipment |  |  | (231 | ) |  |  | (242 | )
Undistributed earnings |  |  | (509 | ) |  |  | (424 | )
|  |  | (740 | ) |  |  | (666 | )
Net deferred tax assets |  |  | 2,366 |  |  |  | 4,067 |

Deferred tax assets are recognized for the anticipated tax benefits associated with operating loss carryforwards, tax credit carryforwards and deductible temporary differences. If it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, the deferred tax credits are reduced by a valuation allowance.
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, Management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible.
At December 31, 2018 and 2017 the Company had a valuation allowance of $0 and $496. The net change in the total valuation allowance was a decrease of $496, $1,726 and $865 for the years ended December 31, 2018, December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 respectively.
As of December 31, 2018, the Company in Israel has a regular NOL aggregating approximately $23,428 and tax credit carryforwards of $396 that will not expire. Based on the earnings history of the Company’s Israeli operations in recent years and Management’s expectation of continued profitability, Management believes that $1,413 of its deferred tax assets in Israel are more likely than not to be realized over the next three years. The amount of the Israeli deferred tax assets considered realizable, however, could be revised in the near term if estimates of future taxable income are changed.
F - 36

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 16 - Income Taxes (cont’d)

| F. | Deferred taxes (cont’d)

As of December 31, 2018, a foreign subsidiary has NOL carryforwards aggregating approximately $601 that can be carried forward indefinitely.

| G. | Accounting for uncertainty in income taxes

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company did not have any significant unrecognized tax benefits. In addition, the Company does not expect that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change significantly within the next twelve months.
The Company accounts for interest and penalties related to an underpayment of income taxes as a component of income tax expense. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, no interest and penalties related to income taxes have been accrued.

| H. | Tax assessments

The Company in Israel files its income tax returns in Israel while its principle foreign subsidiaries file their income tax returns in Belgium, Hong Kong, and United States of America. The Israeli tax returns of Camtek are open to examination by the Israeli Tax Authorities for the tax years beginning 2017, while the tax returns of its principal foreign subsidiaries remain subject to examination for the tax years beginning 1999 in Belgium, 2012 in Hong Kong and 2015 in the United States of America.
Note 17 - Balances and Transactions with Related Parties

| A. | Balances with related parties:

|  | December 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Due from related parties |  |  | 133 |  |  |  | 681 |

| B. | Transactions with related parties:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2018 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (in thousands) |
Purchases from related parties |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 3 |
Interest income (expense) from Parent |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | (28 | )

Unpaid balances between the Company and Parent or its other subsidiaries in Israel bear interest of 5.5%.
F - 37

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 17 - Balances and Transactions with Related Parties (cont’d)
Registration Rights Agreement with Parent
On March 1, 2004, the Company entered into a registration rights agreement providing for the Company to register with the SEC certain of its ordinary shares held by Parent. This registration rights agreement may be used in connection with future offerings of ordinary shares, and includes, among others, the following terms: (a) Parent is entitled to make up to three demands that the Company registers its ordinary shares held by Parent, subject to delay due to market conditions; (b) Parent will be entitled to participate and sell the Company’s ordinary shares in any future registration statements initiated by the Company, subject to delay due to market conditions; (c) the Company will indemnify Parent in connection with any liabilities incurred in connection with such registration statements due to any misstatements or omissions other than information provided by Parent, and Parent will indemnify the Company in connection with any liabilities incurred in connection with such registration statements due to any misstatements or omissions in written statements by Parent made for the purpose of their inclusion in such registration statements; and (d) the Company will pay all expenses related to registrations which the Company has initiated, except for certain underwriting discounts or commissions or legal fees, and Parent will pay all expenses related to a registration initiated at its demand in which the Company is not participating.
On December 30, 2004, the Registration Rights Agreement with Parent was amended. The amendment concerns primarily the grant of unlimited shelf registration rights thereunder to Parent with respect to its holdings in the Company, and the assignability of those shelf registration rights to its transferees.
On May 13, 2015, following the approval of our Audit Committee and Board of Directors the Registration Rights Agreement with Parent was renewed for an additional 5 year period effective as of December 31, 2014.
Employment Agreements with the Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the employment agreement with the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), the CEO dedicates 10% of his time in providing consulting and management services for Parent through Amitec – Advanced Multilayer Interconnect Technologies Ltd. – a wholly owned subsidiary of the Parent ("Amitec"). The CEO receives from the Company 90% of a full time salary and is compensated directly by Amitec for the remaining 10% of his time.
The CEO serves as the Chairman of Parent.
Note 18 - Fair Value Measurements
The level in the fair value hierarchy within which an asset or liability is classified is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not have any assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
F - 38

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 19 – Discontinued Operations
Further to that mentioned in Note 1(B), the sale of the Company’s PCB business unit was completed in 2017. The Company received a gross amount of $32 million as a result of the acquisition, from which an amount of $2 million was deducted in respect of acquisition expenses and working capital adjustments. As a result of the sale the Company recognized a capital gain in the amount of $ 12.8 million.
Accordingly, the activities of the PCB business have been segregated and reported as discontinued operations in the consolidated statements of operations for the prior periods presented.
The following table presents a reconciliation of the major classes of line items constituting pretax profit from discontinued operations to after-tax profit reported in discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (In thousands) |
Results of discontinued operation: |  |  |  |  |  |
Total revenues |  |  | 36,447 |  |  |  | 30,295 |
Total cost of revenues |  |  | 21,368 |  |  |  | 18,831 |
Research and development costs |  |  | (3,228 | ) |  |  | (3,266 | )
Selling, general and administrative expenses |  |  | (6,260 | ) |  |  | (3,601 | )
Financial expenses, net |  |  | (96 | ) |  |  | (147 | )
Gain on sale of discontinued operation |  |  | 12,807 |  |  |  | - |
Income from discontinued operations before taxes |  |  | 18,302 |  |  |  | 4,450 |
Income tax expense |  |  | (6,028 | ) |  |  | (585 | )
Net income from discontinued operations |  |  | 12,274 |  |  |  | 3,865 |

|  | Year Ended December 31, |
|  | 2017 |  |  | 2016 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (In thousands) |
Cash flows from discontinued operation |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash used in operating activities * |  |  | (11,247 | ) |  |  | (758 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities** |  |  | 29,854 |  |  |  | (164 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net cash provided by (used in) discontinued operations |  |  | 18,607 |  |  |  | (922 | )

*Including adjustment for the gain from sale of the discontinued operation in the amount of $12,807 in 2017.
**Including net proceeds from the sale of the discontinued operation of $29,967 in 2017.
F - 39

Camtek Ltd. and its subsidiaries
Notes to the Financial Statements as at December 31, 2018

Note 19 – Discontinued Operations (cont’d)

|  | December 31, |
|  | 2017 |
|  | U.S. Dollars (In thousands) |
Effect of disposal on the financial position of the Company as at the transaction date |  |  |
Trade and other receivables |  |  | 16,526 |
Inventories |  |  | 11,219 |
Fixed and intangible assets |  |  | 763 |
Trade payables |  |  | (4,426 | )
Other payables |  |  | (6,922 | )
Net assets and liabilities |  |  | 17,160 |
Net cash consideration |  |  | 29,967 |
Gain on sale of discontinued operation |  |  | 12,807 |

Note 20 – Subsequent Events
In February 2019, the Company announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement with Chroma Ate Inc., a leading Taiwanese high precision test and measurement equipment provider, to issue 1,700,000 shares for a total of $16,150. In addition to the investment, it was agreed that the Company will license its triangulation technology, a metrology solution, in a fee-bearing license for non-semiconductor applications to be used by Chroma. Chroma and the Company also agreed to cooperate in potential projects for the semiconductor market based on synergies between their inspection and metrology technologies.
As part of the same agreement, the Parent agreed to sell Chroma 6,117,440 shares of the Company such that, following the closing of the transaction, Chroma will hold approximately 20.5% of the total issued and outstanding shares of the Company while the Parent will hold approximately 24%.
The Parent and Chroma agreed that the parties will vote together in the Company’s shareholders' meetings. According to this voting agreement, after the closing of the transaction, Chroma will be entitled to two seats on the Company’s Board of Directors and the Parent will be entitled to three seats.
The transaction is expected to close by the end of the second quarter of 2019, subject to the approval of the Company’s shareholders, as well as approvals by certain regulatory bodies, including the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) and the Taiwan Overseas Foreign Investment Commission (MOEAIC), and is also dependent on other customary closing conditions.
F - 40

Item 19. Exhibits.

Exhibit No. |  | Exhibit
1.1 |  | Memorandum of Association of Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form F‑1, File No. 333‑12292, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 21, 2000);
1.2 |  | Articles of Registrant, as amended October 24, 2011 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit A to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form 6-K, File No. 000-30664, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 27, 2011) and November 3, 2016 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit B to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form 6-K, File No. 000-30664, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 29, 2016) and October 3, 2018 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit A to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form 6-K, File No. 000-30664, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 16, 2018).
4.1 |  | 2018 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-8, File No. 333-227931, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 22, 2018).
4.2 |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit A to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form 6-K, File No. 000‑30664, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 04, 2018).
4.3 |  | Registration Rights Amended and Restated Agreement by and between the Registrant and Priortech Ltd., dated December 30, 2004 (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.10 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form 20-F File No.000-30664 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 30, 2005).
4.4 |  | Share Purchase Agreement by and between Chroma ATE Inc. and the Registrant dated February 11, 2019.*
8.1 |  | Subsidiaries of the Registrant (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 8.1 to the Registrant's Registration Statement on Form 20-F File No.000-30664 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 7, 2010).
12.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer required by Rules 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.*
12.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer required by Rules 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.*
13.1 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*
15.1 |  | Consent of Somekh Chaikin, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, a member firm of KPMG International.*
101 |  | The following financial information from Camtek Ltd.'s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2018, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016; (ii) Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2017 and 2016; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016; and (v) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text. Users of this data are advised, in accordance with Rule 406T of Regulation S-T promulgated by the SEC, that this Interactive Data File is deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, is deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, and otherwise is not subject to liability under these sections.*

___________

‡ | English translations from Hebrew original.

* | Filed herewith.

78

SIGNATURES
The Company hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf.

| CAMTEK LTD. By: /s/ Rafi Amit Name: Rafi Amit Title: Chief Executive Officer

Date: March 25, 2019
79