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BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Presentation—The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). Principles of Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. In determining whether the Company has controlling interests in an entity and the requirement to consolidate the accounts in that entity, the Company analyzes its investments in real estate in accordance with standards set forth in GAAP to determine whether they are variable interest entities (“VIEs”), and if so, whether the Company is the primary beneficiary. The Company’s judgment with respect to its level of influence or control over an entity and whether the Company is the primary beneficiary of a VIE involves consideration of various factors, including the form of the Company’s ownership interest, the Company’s voting interest, the size of the Company’s investment (including loans), and the Company’s ability to participate in major policy-making decisions. The Company’s ability to correctly assess its influence or control over an entity affects the presentation of these investments in real estate on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company has determined that the trust formed for the benefit of the note holders (the “Trust”) for the securitization of the unguaranteed portion of certain of the Company’s SBA 7(a) loans receivable is considered a VIE. Applying the consolidation requirements for VIEs, the Company determined that it is the primary beneficiary based on its power to direct activities through its role as servicer and its obligations to absorb losses and right to receive benefits. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, the Company has determined that its Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (as defined below) are considered VIEs. Applying the consolidation requirements for VIEs, the Company determined that it is not the primary beneficiary based on its lack of power to direct activities and its obligations to absorb losses and right to receive benefits. Therefore, the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures do not qualify for consolidation. The Company accounts for its investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures as equity method investments. Investments in Real Estate—Investments in real estate are stated at depreciated cost. Depreciation and amortization are recorded on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives as follows:
Buildings and improvements | 15 - 40 years
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment | 3 - 5 years
Tenant improvements | Lesser of useful life or lease term
The fair value of real estate acquired is recorded to acquired tangible assets, consisting primarily of land, land improvements, building and improvements, tenant improvements, furniture, fixtures, and equipment, and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of acquired above-market and below-market leases, in-place leases and ground leases, if any, based in each case on their respective fair values. Loan premiums, in the case of above-market rate loans, or loan discounts, in the case of below-market rate loans, are recorded based on the fair value of any loans assumed in connection with acquiring the real estate. Capitalized Project Costs The Company capitalizes project costs, including pre-construction costs, interest expense, property taxes, insurance, and other costs directly related and essential to the development, redevelopment, or construction of a project, while activities are ongoing to prepare an asset for its intended use. Costs incurred after a project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use are expensed as incurred. Improvements and replacements are capitalized when they extend the useful life, increase capacity, or improve the efficiency of the asset. Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Recoverability of Investments in Real Estate—The Company monitors events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying amounts of its real estate assets may not be recoverable. Investments in real estate are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If, and when, such events or changes in circumstances are present, the recoverability of assets to be held and used requires significant judgment and estimates and is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the assets and their eventual disposition. If the undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the assets, an impairment is recognized to the extent the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets. The process for evaluating real estate impairment requires management to make significant assumptions related to certain inputs, including rental rates, lease-up period, occupancy, estimated holding periods, capital expenditures, growth rates, market discount rates and terminal capitalization rates. These inputs require a subjective evaluation based on the specific property and market. Changes in the assumptions could have a significant impact on either the fair value, the amount of impairment charge, if any, or both. Any asset held for sale is reported at the lower of the asset’s carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell. When an asset is identified by the Company as held for sale, the Company will cease recording depreciation and amortization of the asset. The Company did not recognize any impairment of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (Note 3). Investment in Unconsolidated Entities—The Company accounts for its investments in the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (the “Unconsolidated Joint Ventures”) under the equity method, as the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over the investments. The Unconsolidated Joint Ventures record their assets and liabilities at fair value. As such, the Company records its share of the Unconsolidated Joint Ventures’ unrealized gains or losses as well as its share of the revenues and expenses on a quarterly basis as an adjustment to the carrying value of the investment on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet and such share is recognized within the Company’s income from unconsolidated entities on the consolidated statements of operations. Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include short-term liquid investments with initial maturities of three months or less. Restricted Cash—The Company’s mortgage loan and hotel management agreements provide for depositing cash into restricted accounts reserved for capital expenditures, free rent, tenant improvement and leasing commission obligations. Restricted cash also includes cash required to be segregated in connection with certain of the Company’s loans receivable and with its SBA 7(a) loan-backed notes. Loans Receivable—The Company’s loans receivable are carried at their unamortized principal balance less unamortized acquisition discounts and premiums, retained loan discounts and reserves for expected credit losses. Acquisition discounts or premiums, origination fees and retained loan discounts are amortized as a component of interest and other income using the effective interest method over the expected life of the respective loans, or on a straight-line basis when it approximates the effective interest method. All loans were originated pursuant to programs sponsored by the Small Business Administration (the “SBA”) under the SBA 7(a) Small Business Loan Program (the “SBA 7(a) Program”). Pursuant to the SBA 7(a) Program, the Company sells the portion of the loan that is guaranteed by the SBA. Upon sale of the SBA guaranteed portion of the loans, which are accounted for as sales, the unguaranteed portion of the loan retained by the Company is recorded at fair value and a discount is recorded as a reduction in basis of the retained portion of the loan. Unamortized retained loan discounts were $8.4 million and $9.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. A loan receivable is generally classified as non-accrual (a “Non-Accrual Loan”) if (i) it is past due as to payment of principal or interest for a period of 60 days or more, (ii) any portion of the loan is classified as doubtful or is charged-off or (iii) the repayment in full of the principal and/or interest is in doubt. Generally, loans are charged-off when management determines that the Company will be unable to collect any remaining amounts due under the loan agreement, either through liquidation of collateral or other means. Interest income, included in interest and other income, on a Non-Accrual Loan is recognized on the cost recovery basis. Current Expected Credit Losses—On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses, and subsequent amendments (“ASU 2016-13”). The current expected credit losses (“CECL”) required under ASU 2016-13 reflects the Company’s current estimate of potential credit losses related to the Company’s loans receivable included in the consolidated balance sheets. The initial current expected credit losses recorded on January 1, 2023 is reflected as a direct charge to distributions in excess of earnings on the Company’s consolidated statements of equity; however, subsequent changes to CECL are recognized through net income on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. While ASU 2016-13 does not require any particular method for determining CECL, it does specify the allowance should be based on relevant information about past events, including historical loss experience, current portfolio and market conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts for the duration of each respective loan. In addition, other than a few narrow exceptions, ASU 2016-13 requires that all financial instruments subject to the credit loss model have some amount of loss reserve to reflect the GAAP principal underlying the credit loss model that all loans, debt securities, and similar assets have some inherent risk of loss, regardless of credit quality, subordinate capital, or other mitigating factors. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost. The Company recorded a cumulative-effective adjustment to the opening distributions in excess of earnings in its consolidated statement of equity as of January 1, 2023 of $619,000. This represents a total CECL reserve transition adjustment of approximately $783,000, net of a $164,000 deferred tax asset. Prior to adoption, the Company considered a loan to be impaired when the Company did not expect to collect all of the contractual interest and principal payments as scheduled in the loan agreements. The Company also established a general loan loss reserve when available information indicated that it was probable a loss had occurred based on the carrying value of the portfolio and if the amount of the loss could be reasonably estimated. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had a current expected credit loss of approximately $1.1 million, which is recorded as a reduction to the loans receivable, net balance on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had a total current expected credit loss of approximately $1.7 million. The Company estimates CECL for its loans primarily using its historical experience with loan write-offs, historical charge-offs from third-party firms, and the Weighted Average Remaining Maturity method, which has been identified as an acceptable method for estimating CECL reserves in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Staff Q&A Topic 326, No. 1. This method requires the Company to reference historical loan loss data across a comparable data set and apply such loss rate to each loan investment over its expected remaining term, taking into consideration expected economic conditions over the relevant timeframe. The Company considers loans that are both (i) expected to be substantially repaid through the operation or sale of the underlying collateral, and (ii) for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, to be “collateral-dependent” loans. For such loans that the Company determines that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, the Company measures the expected losses based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. For collateral-dependent loans with respect to which the Company determines foreclosure is not probable, the Company applies a practical expedient to estimate expected losses using the difference between the collateral’s fair value (less costs to sell the asset if repayment is expected through the sale of the collateral) and the amortized cost basis of the loan. The Company may use other acceptable alternative approaches in the future depending on, among other factors, the type of loan, underlying collateral, and availability of relevant historical market loan loss data. Quarterly, the Company evaluates the risk of all loans receivable and assigns a risk rating based on a variety of factors, grouped as follows: (i) loan and credit structure, including the as-is loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratio and structural features; (ii) quality and stability of real estate value and operating cash flow, including debt yield, dynamics of the geography, local market, physical condition and stability of cash flow; and (iii) quality, experience and financial condition of the borrower. Based on a 5-point scale, the Company’s loans receivable are rated “1” through “5,” from least risk to greatest risk, respectively, which ratings are defined as follows: 1-Acceptable — These are assets of high quality; 2-Other Assets Especially Mentioned (“OAEM”) — These are assets that are generally profitable but exhibit potential weakness or weaknesses, including, but not limited to, no significant pay history as detailed below for loan originated generally within the last year. This weakness or these weaknesses could result in deterioration if not corrected; 3-Substandard — These assets generally have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses which could hinder collection efforts; 4-Doubtful — These assets have weakness or weaknesses similar to substandard loans; however, the weakness or weaknesses are so extreme that significant loss potential exists in all cases; and 5-Loss — Assets assigned this classification have no value and thus have been or are in the process of being charged off. The Company generally assigns a risk rating of “2” to all newly originated loans (generally within the last year) due to lack of management expertise and/or lack of adequate historical debt coverage at origination date. These loans likely will be classified to acceptable within two years of origination. Deferred Rent Receivable and Charges—Deferred rent receivable and charges consist of deferred rent, deferred leasing costs, deferred offering costs (Note 11), deferred financing costs and other deferred costs. Deferred leasing costs, which represent lease commissions and other direct costs associated with the acquisition of tenants, are capitalized and amortized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related leases. Deferred offering costs represent direct costs incurred in connection with the Company’s offerings of Series A1 Preferred Stock (as defined below), Series A Preferred Stock (as defined below), and, after January 2020, Series A Preferred Stock (as defined below) and Series D Preferred Stock (as defined below), excluding costs specifically identifiable to a closing, such as commissions, dealer-manager fees, and other offering fees and expenses. Generally, for a specific issuance of securities, issuance-specific offering costs are recorded as a reduction of proceeds raised on the issuance date and offering costs incurred but not directly related to a specifically identifiable closing of a security are deferred. Deferred offering costs are first allocated to each issuance of a security on a pro-rata basis equal to the ratio of the number of securities issued in a given issuance to the maximum number of securities that are expected to be issued in the related offering. In the case of the Series A Preferred Stock issued prior to February 2020, the issuance-specific offering costs and the deferred offering costs allocated to such issuance were further allocated to the Series A Preferred Stock and Series A Preferred Warrants issued in such issuance based on the relative fair value of the instruments on the date of issuance. The deferred offering costs allocated to the Series A Preferred Stock and Series A Preferred Warrants are reductions to temporary equity and permanent equity, respectively. Deferred financing costs related to the securing of a revolving line of credit are presented as an asset and amortized ratably over the term of the line of credit arrangement. As such, the Company’s current and corresponding prior period total deferred costs, net in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets relate only to the revolving loan portion of the credit facilities. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, deferred rent receivable and charges, net consist of the following:
|  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | (in thousands)
Deferred rent receivable |  | $ | 14,757 |  |  | $ | 20,949 |
Deferred leasing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $10,483 and $9,637, respectively |  | 6,613 |  |  | 8,319 |
Deferred offering costs |  | 4,925 |  |  | 5,664 |
Deferred financing costs, net of accumulated amortization of $764 and $30, respectively |  | 1,436 |  |  | 2,120 |
Other deferred costs |  | 491 |  |  | 491 |
Deferred rent receivable and charges, net |  | $ | 28,222 |  |  | $ | 37,543 |
Noncontrolling Interests—Noncontrolling interests represent the interests in various properties owned by third parties. Redeemable Preferred Stock—Beginning on the date of original issuance of any given shares of Series A1 Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Series A1 Preferred Stock”), with an initial stated value of $25.00 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Series A1 Preferred Stock Stated Value”), Series A Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Series A Preferred Stock”) with an initial stated value of $25.00 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Series A Preferred Stock Stated Value”), or Series D Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Series D Preferred Stock”), with an initial stated value of $25.00 per share, subject to adjustment (the “Series D Preferred Stock Stated Value”), the holder of such shares has the right to require the Company to redeem such shares, subject to certain limitations as discussed in Note 11. The Company records the activity related to the Series A1 Preferred Stock, Series A Preferred Warrants and Series D Preferred Stock in permanent equity. In the event a holder of Series A Preferred Stock requests redemption of such shares and such redemption takes place prior to the first anniversary of the date of original issuance, the Company is required to pay such redemption in cash. As a result, the Company recorded issuances of Series A Preferred Stock in temporary equity. On the first anniversary of the date of original issuance of a particular share of Series A Preferred Stock, the Company reclassifies such share of Series A Preferred Stock from temporary equity to permanent equity because the feature giving rise to temporary equity classification, the requirement to satisfy redemption requests in cash, lapses on the first anniversary date. Purchase Accounting for Acquisition of Investments in Real Estate—The Company applies the acquisition method to all acquired real estate assets. The purchase consideration of the real estate, which includes the transaction costs incurred in connection with such acquisitions, is recorded at fair value to the acquired tangible assets, consisting primarily of land, land improvements, building and improvements, tenant improvements, and furniture, fixtures, and equipment, and identified intangible assets and liabilities, consisting of the value of acquired above-market and below-market leases, in-place leases and ground leases, if any, based in each case on their relative fair values. Loan premiums, in the case of above-market rate loans, or loan discounts, in the case of below-market rate loans, are recorded based on the fair value of any loans assumed in connection with acquiring the real estate. The fair value of the tangible assets of an acquired property is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant, and the “as-if-vacant” value is then allocated to land (or acquired ground lease if the land is subject to a ground lease), land improvements, building and improvements, and tenant improvements based on management’s determination of the relative fair values of these assets. Management determines the as-if-vacant fair value of a property using methods similar to those used by independent appraisers. Factors considered by management in performing these analyses include an estimate of carrying costs during the expected lease-up periods considering current market conditions and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, management includes real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses, and estimates of lost rental revenue during the expected lease-up periods based on current market demand. Management also estimates costs to execute similar leases, including leasing commissions, legal, and other related costs. In allocating the purchase consideration of the identified intangible assets and liabilities of an acquired property, above-market, below-market, and in-place lease values are recorded based on the present value (using an interest rate that reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place leases and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases measured over a period equal to the remaining non-cancelable term of the lease, and for below-market leases, over a period equal to the initial term plus any below-market fixed-rate renewal periods. Acquired above-market and below-market leases are amortized and recorded to rental and other property income over the initial terms of the respective leases. The aggregate value of other acquired intangible assets, consisting of in-place leases and tenant relationships, is measured by the estimated cost of operations during a theoretical lease-up period to replace in-place leases, including lost revenues and any unreimbursed operating expenses, plus an estimate of deferred leasing commissions for in-place leases. The value of in-place leases is amortized to expense over the remaining non-cancelable periods of the respective leases. If a lease is terminated prior to its stated expiration, all unamortized amounts relating to that lease are written-off. Revenue Recognition—At the inception of a revenue-producing contract, the Company determines if a contract qualifies as a lease and if not, then as a customer contract. Based on this determination, the appropriate treatment in accordance with GAAP is applied to the contract, including its revenue recognition. Revenue from leasing activities The Company operates as a lessor of both office and multifamily real estate assets. When the Company enters into a contract or amends an existing contract, the Company evaluates if the contracts meet the definition of a lease using the following criteria: •One party (lessor) must hold an identified asset; •The counterparty (lessee) must have the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the asset throughout the period of the contract; and •The counterparty (lessee) must have the right to direct the use of the identified asset throughout the period of the contract. The Company determined that the Company’s contracts with its tenants explicitly identify the premises and that any substitution rights to relocate tenants to other premises within the same building stated in the contract are not substantive. Additionally, so long as payments are made timely under such contracts, the Company’s tenants have the right to obtain substantially all the economic benefits from the use of the identified asset and can direct how and for what purpose the premises are used to conduct their operations. Therefore, the contracts with the Company’s tenants constitute leases. All leases are classified as operating leases and minimum rents are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases when collectability is probable and the tenant has taken possession or controls the physical use of the leased asset. The excess of rents recognized over amounts contractually due pursuant to the underlying leases is recorded as deferred rent. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, the Company determines whether the tenant improvements, for accounting purposes, are owned by the tenant or the Company. When the Company is the owner of the tenant improvements, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical use of the leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is considered the owner of the improvements, any tenant improvement allowance that is funded is treated as an incentive. Lease incentives paid to tenants are included in other assets and amortized as a reduction to rental revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the related lease. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, lease incentives of $3.9 million and $3.9 million, respectively, are presented net of accumulated amortization of $3.3 million and $3.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Reimbursements from tenants, consisting of amounts due from tenants for common area maintenance, real estate taxes, insurance, and other recoverable costs, are recognized as revenue and are included in rental and other property income in the period the expenses are incurred, with the corresponding expenses included in rental and other property operating expense. Tenant reimbursements are recognized and presented on a gross basis when the Company is primarily responsible for fulfilling the promise to provide the specified good or service and control that specified good or service before it is transferred to the tenant. The Company has elected not to separate lease and non-lease components as the pattern of revenue recognition does not differ for the two components, and the non-lease component is not the primary component in the Company’s leases. In addition to minimum rents, certain leases, including the Company’s parking leases with third-party operators, provide for additional rents based upon varying percentages of tenants’ sales in excess of annual minimums. Percentage rent is recognized once lessees’ specified sales targets have been met. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized rental income as follows:
|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
|  | (in thousands)
Rental and other property income |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed lease payments (1) |  | $ | 55,520 |  |  | $ | 46,373 |  |  |
Variable lease payments (2) |  | 10,482 |  |  | 9,853 |  |  |
Rental and other property income |  | $ | 66,002 |  |  | $ | 56,226 |  |  |
(1)Fixed lease payments include contractual rents under lease agreements with tenants recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including amortization of acquired above-market leases, below-market leases and lease incentives. (2)Variable lease payments include expense reimbursements billed to tenants and percentage rent, net of bad debt expense from the Company’s operating leases plus cash payments from tenants deemed not probable of collections. Collectability of Lease-Related Receivables The Company periodically reviews whether collection of lease-related receivables, including any straight-line rent, and current and future operating expense reimbursements from tenants is probable. The determination of whether collectability is probable takes into consideration the tenant’s payment history, the financial condition of the tenant, business conditions in the industry in which the tenant operates and economic conditions in the area in which the property is located. Upon the determination that the collectability of a receivable is not probable, the Company will record a reduction to rental and other property income and a decrease in the outstanding receivable. Revenue from leases where collection is deemed to be not probable is recorded on a cash basis until collectability becomes probable. Management’s estimate of the collectability of lease-related receivables is based on the best information available at the time of estimate. The Company does not use a general reserve approach. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had identified certain tenants where collection was no longer considered probable and decreased outstanding receivables by $868,000 and $387,000, respectively, across all operating leases. Revenue from lending activities Interest income included in interest and other income is comprised of interest earned on loans and the Company’s short-term investments and the accretion of loan discounts. Interest income on loans is accrued as earned with the accrual of interest suspended when the related loan becomes a Non-Accrual Loan (as defined below). Revenue from hotel activities The Company recognizes revenue from hotel activities separate from its leasing activities. At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods and services promised in its contracts with customers and identifies a performance obligation for each promise to transfer to the customer a good or service (or bundle of goods or services) that is distinct. To identify the performance obligations, the Company considers all of the goods or services promised in the contract regardless of whether they are explicitly stated or implied by customary business practices. Various performance obligations of hotel revenues can be categorized as follows: •cancellable and noncancelable room revenues from reservations and •ancillary services including facility usage and food or beverage. Cancellable reservations represent a single performance obligation of providing lodging services at the hotel. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues associated with these reservations over time as services are rendered to the customer. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues associated with noncancelable reservations at the earlier of (i) the date on which the customer cancels the reservation or (ii) over time as services are rendered to the customer. Ancillary services include facilities usage and providing food and beverage. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues associated with these services at a point in time when the good or service is delivered to the customer. At inception of a contract with a customer for hotel goods and services, the contractual price is equivalent to the transaction price as there are no elements of variable consideration to estimate. The Company presents hotel revenues net of sales, occupancy, and other taxes. Below is a reconciliation of the hotel revenue from contracts with customers to the total hotel segment revenue disclosed in Note 18:
|  | Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
|  | (in thousands)
Hotel properties |  |  |  |  |  |
Hotel income |  | $ | 39,063 |  |  | $ | 33,432 |  |  |
Rental and other property income |  | 1,676 |  |  | 1,650 |  |  |
Interest and other income |  | 357 |  |  | 131 |  |  |
Hotel revenues |  | $ | 41,096 |  |  | $ | 35,213 |  |  |
Tenant recoveries outside of the lease agreements Tenant recoveries outside of the lease agreements are related to construction projects in which the Company’s tenants have agreed to fully reimburse the Company for all costs related to construction. These services include architectural, permit expediter and construction services. At inception of the contract with the customer, the contractual price is equivalent to the transaction price as there are no elements of variable consideration to estimate. While these individual services are distinct, in the context of the arrangement with the customer, all of these services are bundled together and represent a single package of construction services requested by the customer. The Company satisfies its performance obligation and recognizes revenues associated with these services over time as the construction is completed. No such amounts were recognized for tenant recoveries outside of the lease agreements for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. As of December 31, 2023, there were no remaining performance obligations associated with tenant recoveries outside of the lease agreements. Premiums and Discounts on Debt— Premiums and discounts on debt are amortized or accreted to interest expense using the effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the respective term of the debt, which approximates the effective interest method. Stock-Based Compensation Plans—The Company has issued and continue to issue restricted shares under stock-based compensation plans described more fully in Note 9. The Company uses fair value recognition provisions to account for all awards granted, modified or settled. Earnings per Share (“EPS”)—Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding for the period. Net income attributable to common stockholders includes a deduction for dividends due to preferred stockholders. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding adjusted for the dilutive effect, if any, of securities such as stock-based compensation awards, warrants, including the Series A Preferred Warrants and preferred stock, including the Series A1 Preferred Stock, Series A Preferred Stock, Series D Preferred Stock and Series L Preferred Stock, whose redemption is payable in shares of Common Stock or cash, at the discretion of the Company. The dilutive effect of stock-based compensation awards and warrants, including the Series A Preferred Warrants, is reflected in the weighted average diluted shares calculation by application of the treasury stock method. The dilutive effect of preferred stock, including the Series A1 Preferred Stock, Series A Preferred Stock, Series D Preferred Stock and Series L Preferred Stock, whose redemption is payable in shares of Common Stock or cash, at the discretion of the Company, is reflected in the weighted average diluted shares calculation by application of the if-converted method. Distributions—Distributions on the Company’s Series A1 Preferred Stock, Series A Preferred Stock, Series D Preferred Stock, Series L Preferred Stock and Common Stock are recorded when they are authorized by its Board of Directors and declared by the Company. Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations—In the ordinary course of business, the Company may periodically enter into agreements to dispose of its assets. Some of these agreements are non-binding because either they do not obligate either party to pursue any transactions until the execution of a definitive agreement or they provide the potential buyer with the ability to terminate without penalty or forfeiture of any material deposit, subject to certain specified contingencies, such as completion of due diligence at the discretion of such buyer. The Company does not classify assets that are subject to such non-binding agreements as held for sale. The Company classifies assets as held for sale, if material, when they meet the necessary criteria, which include: a) management commits to and actively embarks upon a plan to sell the assets, b) the assets to be sold are available for immediate sale in their present condition, c) the sale is expected to be completed within one year under terms usual and customary for such sales and d) actions required to complete the plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. The Company generally believes that it meets these criteria when the plan for sale has been approved by its management, having the authority to approve the sale, there are no known significant contingencies related to the sale and management believes it is probable that the sale will be completed within one year. Assets held for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or estimated fair value less cost to sell. In addition, if the Company were to determine that the asset disposal associated with assets held for sale or disposed of represents a strategic shift, the revenues, expenses and net gain (loss) on dispositions would be recorded in discontinued operations for all periods presented through the date of the applicable disposition. Derivative Financial Instruments—As part of risk management and operational strategies, from time to time, we may enter into derivative contracts with various counterparties. All derivatives are recognized on the balance sheet at their estimated fair value. On the date that we enter into a derivative contract, we designate the derivative as a fair value hedge, a cash flow hedge, a foreign currency fair value hedge, a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation, or a trading or non-hedging instrument. Accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on the intended use and designation of the derivative instrument. The Company has interest rate caps that are used to manage exposure to interest rate movements but do not meet the requirements to be designated as hedging instruments. The change in fair value of the derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges is recorded directly to earnings as interest expense on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. See Note 8 for further disclosures about our derivative financial instruments and hedging activities. Income Taxes—The Company has elected to be taxed as a REIT under the provisions of the Code. To the extent the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, it generally will not be subject to a federal corporate income tax on its taxable income that is distributed to its stockholders. The Company may, however, be subject to certain federal excise taxes and state and local taxes on its income and property. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal income taxes at regular corporate rates and will not be able to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent taxable years. In order to remain qualified as a REIT under the Code, the Company must satisfy various requirements in each taxable year, including, among others, limitations on share ownership, asset diversification, sources of income, and the distribution of at least 90% of its taxable income within the specified time in accordance with the Code. The Company has wholly-owned taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS’s”) which are subject to federal income taxes. The income generated from the taxable REIT subsidiaries is taxed at normal corporate rates. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. The Company has established a policy on classification of penalties and interest related to audits of its federal and state income tax returns. If incurred, the Company’s policy for recording interest and penalties associated with audits will be to record such items as a component of general and administrative expense. Penalties, if incurred, will be recorded in general and administrative expense and interest paid or received will be recorded in interest expense or interest income, respectively, in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. ASC 740, Income Taxes, provides guidance for how uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured, presented, and disclosed in the financial statements. ASC 740 requires the evaluation of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more likely than not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax positions not deemed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold would be recorded as a tax benefit or expense in the current period. The Company has reviewed all open tax years and concluded that the application of ASC 740 resulted in no material effect to its consolidated financial position or results of operations. Use of Estimates—The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company bases such estimates on historical experience, information available at the time, and assumptions the Company believes to be reasonable under the circumstances at such time. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Concentration of Credit Risk—Financial instruments that subject us to credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and interest rate swap agreements. The Company has its cash and cash equivalents on deposit with what it believes to be high-quality financial institutions. Accounts at each institution are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000. Management routinely assesses the financial strength of its tenants and, as a consequence, believes that its accounts receivable credit risk exposure is limited. The majority of the Company’s revenues are earned from properties located in California. The Company is subject to risks incidental to the ownership and operation of commercial real estate. These include, among others, the risks normally associated with changes in the general economic climate in the communities in which the Company operates, trends in the real estate industry, changes in tax laws, interest rate levels, availability of financing, and the potential liability under environmental and other laws. Segment Information—Segment information is prepared on the same basis that the Company’s management reviews information for operational decision-making purposes. The Company’s reportable segments for the year ended December 31, 2023 consist of three types of commercial real estate properties, namely office, hotel and multifamily, as well as a segment for the Company’s lending business. The Company’s reportable segments for the year ended December 31, 2022 consisted of two types of commercial real estate properties, namely office and hotel, as well as a segment for the Company’s lending business. The products for the Company’s office segment primarily include rental of office space and other tenant services, including tenant reimbursements, parking, and storage space rental. The products for the Company’s hotel segment include revenues generated from the operations of hotel properties and rental income generated from a garage located directly across the street from the hotel. The income from the Company’s lending segment includes premium income recognized from the sale of the government guaranteed portion of loans receivable, income from the yield on its loans receivable and other related fee income earned on its loans receivable. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements—In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which was subsequently amended by ASU No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (“ASU 2018-19”) in November 2018. Subsequently, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-04, ASU No. 2019-05, ASU No. 2019-10, ASU No. 2019-11 and ASU No. 2020-02 to provide additional guidance on the credit losses standard. ASU 2016-13 and the related updates improve financial reporting requiring more timely recognition of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments that are not accounted for at fair value through net income, including loans held-for-investment, held-to-maturity debt securities, net investment in leases and other such commitments. ASU 2016-13 requires that financial assets measured at amortized cost be presented at the net amount expected to be collected, through an allowance for credit losses that is deducted from the amortized cost basis. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 require the Company to measure all expected credit losses based upon historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the financial assets and eliminates the “incurred loss” methodology under current GAAP. ASU 2018-19 clarified that receivables arising from operating leases are not within the scope of Topic 326. Instead, impairment of receivables arising from operating leases should be accounted for in accordance with ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). For smaller reporting companies, public entities that are not SEC filers, and entities that are not public business entities, the ASU is effective for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2022. Early adoption is permitted for annual reporting periods (including interim reporting periods within those periods) beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 and the related updates on January 1, 2023 and the adoption did not have a material impact. On March 31, 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures (Topic 326) (“ASU 2022-02”). ASU 2022-02 eliminates the recognition and measurement guidance for troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) and, instead, requires that an entity evaluate (consistent with the accounting for other loan modifications) whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The ASU also enhances existing disclosure requirements and introduces new requirements related to certain modifications of receivables made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. The ASU became effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2023 and was applied prospectively. ASU 2022-02 did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2023. In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-05, Business Combinations-Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement (“ASU 2023-05”). ASU 2023-05 applies to the formation of a joint venture and requires a joint venture to initially measure all contributions received upon its formation at fair value. The guidance is intended to reduce diversity in practice and provide users of joint venture financial statements with more decision-useful information. The amendments are effective prospectively for all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025. The Company does not believe the adoption of ASU 2023-05 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 enhances the disclosures required for reportable segments on an annual and interim basis. ASU 2023-07 is effective on a retrospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2023-07 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

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