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Financial Instruments and Risk Management | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Disclosure of detailed information about financial instruments [abstract] |
Note 21 - Financial Instruments and Risk Management | Note 21 - Financial Instruments and Risk Management A. General The Company has extensive international operations wherein it is exposed to credit, liquidity and market risks (including currency, interest and other price risks). In order to reduce the exposure to these risks, the Company holds financial derivative instruments, (including forward transactions, SWAP transactions, and options) to reduce the exposure to foreign currency risks, commodity price risks, energy and marine transport and interest risks. Furthermore, the Company holds derivative financial instruments to hedge the exposure and changes in the cash flows. The transactions in derivatives are executed with large Israeli and non-Israeli financial institutions, and therefore Company management believes the credit risk in respect thereof is low. This Note presents information about the Company's exposure to each of the above risks, and the Company's objectives, policies and processes for measuring and managing risk. The Company regularly monitor the extent of our exposure and the rate of the hedging transactions for the various risks described below. The Company execute hedging transactions according to our hedging policy with reference to the actual developments and expectations in the various markets. B. Groups and measurement bases of financial assets and financial liabilities
| As of December 31, 2023
| Financial assets | Financial liabilities
| Measured at fair value through the statement of income | Measured at amortized cost | Measured at fair value through the statement of income | Measured at amortized cost
| $ millions
Current assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | - | 420 | - | -
Short-term investments and deposits | - | 172 | - | -
Trade receivables | - | 1,376 | - | -
Other receivables | - | 94 | - | -
Foreign currency derivative designated as economic hedge | 43 | - | - | -
Foreign currency and interest derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedge | 10 | - | - | -
Non-current assets |  |  |  |
Foreign currency and interest derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedge | 1 | - | - | -
Other non-current assets | - | 22 | - | -
Total financial assets | 54 | 2,084 | - | -
Current liabilities |  |  |  |
Short term debt | - | - | - | (858)
Trade payables | - | - | - | (912)
Other current liabilities | - | - | - | (180)
Foreign currency derivative designated as economic hedge | - | - | (4) | -
Foreign currency and interest derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedge | - | - | (3) | -
Non-current liabilities |  |  |  |
Long term debt and debentures | - | - | - | (1,829)
Foreign currency and interest derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedge | - | - | (7) | -
Other non- current liabilities | - | - | - | (41)
Total financial liabilities | - | - | (14) | (3,820)
Total financial instruments, net | 54 | 2,084 | (14) | (3,820)
| As of December 31, 2022
| Financial assets | Financial liabilities
| Measured at fair value through the statement of income | Measured at amortized cost | Measured at fair value through the statement of income | Measured at amortized cost
| $ millions
Current assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | - | 417 | - | -
Short-term investments and deposits | - | 91 | - | -
Trade receivables | - | 1,583 | - | -
Other receivables | - | 55 | - | -
Foreign currency derivative designated as economic hedge | 3 | - | - | -
Foreign currency and interest derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedge | 7 | - | - | -
Non-current assets |  |  |  |
Foreign currency and interest derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedge | 19 | - | - | -
Other non-current assets | - | 35 | - | -
Total financial assets | 29 | 2,181 | - | -
Current liabilities |  |  |  |
Short term debt | - | - | - | (512)
Trade payables | - | - | - | (1,006)
Other current liabilities | - | - | - | (198)
Foreign currency derivative designated as economic hedge | - | - | (28) | -
Foreign currency and interest derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedge | - | - | (16) | -
Non-current liabilities |  |  |  |
Long term debt and debentures | - | - | - | (2,312)
Foreign currency and interest derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedge | - | - | (1) | -
Other non- current liabilities | - | - | - | (45)
Total financial liabilities | - | - | (45) | (4,073)
Total financial instruments, net | 29 | 2,181 | (45) | (4,073)
C. Credit risk (1) General (a) Customer credit risks Credit risk is the risk of financial loss to the Company if a customer or counterparty to a financial instrument fails to meet its contractual obligations, and it arises mainly from the Company’s receivables from customers and from other receivables as well as from investments in securities. The Company sells to a wide range and large number of customers, including customers with material credit balances. On the other hand, the Company does not have a concentration of sales to individual customers. The Company has a regular policy of ensuring the credit risk of its customers by means of purchasing credit insurance with insurance companies, other than sales to government agencies and sales in small amounts. Most of all other sales are executed only after receiving approval of coverage in the necessary amount from an insurance company or other collaterals of a similar level. Part of the Brazilian companies are using uninsured model based on self-disclosure underwriting, with local collateral structure and credit committee policy. The use of an insurance company as aforementioned ensures that the credit risk is managed professionally and objectively by an expert external party and transfers most of the credit risk to third parties. Nevertheless, the common deductible in credit insurances is 10% (even higher in a small number of cases) thus the Company is still exposed to part of the risk, out of the total In addition, the Company has an additional deductible cumulative annual amount of approximately $6 million through a wholly‑owned captive reinsurance company. Most of the Company’s customers have been trading with the Company for many years and only rarely have credit losses been incurred by the Company. The financial statements include specific allowance for doubtful debts that appropriately reflect, in Management’s opinion, the credit loss in respect of accounts receivables which are considered doubtful. (b) Credit risks in respect of deposits The Company deposits its balance of liquid financial assets in bank deposits and in securities. All the deposits are with a diversified group of leading banks preferably with banks that provide loans to the Company. (2) Maximum Exposure to credit risk The carrying amount of financial assets represents the maximum credit exposure. The maximum exposure to credit risk at the reporting date was:
| As of December 31
| Carrying amount ($ millions)
| 2023 | 2022
Cash and cash equivalents | 420 | 417
Short term investments and deposits | 172 | 91
Trade receivables | 1,376 | 1,583
Other receivables | 94 | 55
Derivatives | 54 | 29
Other non-current assets | 22 | 35
| 2,138 | 2,210
The maximum exposure to credit risk for trade receivables, at the reporting date by geographic region was:
| As of December 31
| Carrying amount ($ millions)
| 2023 | 2022
South America | 409 | 434
Europe | 352 | 457
Asia | 313 | 317
North America | 196 | 242
Israel | 80 | 104
Other | 26 | 31
| 1,376 | 1,585
(3) Aging of debts and impairment losses The aging of trade receivables at the reporting date was:
| As of December 31
| 2023 | 2022
| Gross | Impairment | Gross | Impairment
| $ millions | $ millions | $ millions | $ millions
Not past due | 1,258 | (3) | 1,485 | (3)
Past due up to 3 months | 102 | (1) | 97 | -
Past due 3 to 12 months | 27 | (7) | 10 | (4)
Past due over 12 months | 2 | (2) | 1 | (1)
| 1,389 | (13) | 1,593 | (8)
(3) Aging of debts and impairment losses (cont'd) The movement in the allowance for doubtful accounts during the year was as follows:
| 2023 | 2022
| $ millions | $ millions
Balance as of January 1 | 8 | 9
Additional allowance | 5 | 1
Reversals | - | (2)
Balance as of December 31 | 13 | 8
D. Liquidity risk Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its financial obligations as they fall due. The Company’s approach to managing liquidity is to ensure, as far as possible, that it will always have sufficient liquidity to timely meet its liabilities, under both normal and stressed conditions, without incurring unwanted losses. The Company manages the liquidity risk by holding cash balances, short-term deposits and secured bank credit facilities. The following are the contractual maturities of financial liabilities, including estimated interest payments:
| As of December 31, 2023
| Carrying amount | 12 months or less | 1-2 years | 3-5 years | More than 5 years
| $ millions
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Short term debt (not including current maturities) | 283 | 300 | - | - | -
Trade payables | 912 | 912 | - | - | -
Other current liabilities | 180 | 180 | - | - | -
Long-term debt, debentures and others | 2,445 | 666 | 599 | 653 | 1,339
| 3,820 | 2,058 | 599 | 653 | 1,339
Financial liabilities – derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency and interest derivative designated as economic hedge | 4 | 4 | - | - | -
Foreign currency and interest derivative designated as cash flow hedge | 10 | 3 | 7 | - | -
| 14 | 7 | 7 | - | -
| As of December 31, 2022
| Carrying amount | 12 months or less | 1-2 years | 3-5 years | More than 5 years
| $ millions
Non-derivative financial liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Short term debt (not including current maturities) | 313 | 322 | - | - | -
Trade payables | 1,006 | 1,006 | - | - | -
Other current liabilities | 198 | 198 | - | - | -
Long-term debt, debentures and others | 2,555 | 288 | 1,080 | 547 | 1,468
| 4,072 | 1,814 | 1,080 | 547 | 1,468
Financial liabilities – derivative instruments |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency and interest derivative designated as economic hedge | 28 | 28 | - | - | -
E. Market risk Market risk is the risk that changes in market prices, such as foreign exchange rates, interest rates and equity prices will affect the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument. 1. Interest risk The Company has loans bearing variable interests and therefore its financial results and cash flows are exposed to fluctuations in the market interest rates. From time to time, the Company uses financial instruments including derivatives in order to hedge this exposure. The Company uses interest rate swap and cross currency swaps contracts mainly in order to reduce the exposure to cash flow risk in respect of changes in interest rates. As part of the global reform in interest rate benchmarks, the USD Libor and the Libor GBP settings ceased from July 1, 2023 and January 1, 2022, respectively and replaced by SOFR (USD) and SONIA (GBP) Benchmark. (a) Interest Rate Profile Set forth below are details regarding the type of interest on the Company’s non-derivative interest‑bearing financial instruments:
| As of December 31
| 2023 | 2022
| $ millions | $ millions
Fixed rate instruments |  |
Financial assets | 387 | 339
Financial liabilities | (2,017) | (2,140)
| (1,630) | (1,801)
Variable rate instruments |  |
Financial assets | 49 | 38
Financial liabilities | (682) | (696)
| (633) | (658)
(b) Sensitivity analysis for fixed rate instruments Most of the Company’s instruments bearing fixed interest are not measured at fair value through the statement of income. Therefore, changes in the interest rate will not have any impact on the profit or loss in respect of changes in the value of assets and liabilities bearing fixed interest. (c) Sensitivity analysis for variable rate instruments The below analysis assumes that all other variables (except for the interest rate), in particular foreign currency rates, remain constant.
| As of December 31, 2023
| Impact on profit (loss)
| Decrease of 1% in interest | Decrease of 0.5% in interest | Increase of 0.5% in interest | Increase of 1% in interest
| $ millions
SWAP instruments |  |  |  |
Changes in Israeli Shekel interest | 17 | 8 | (8) | (15)
(d) Terms of derivative financial instruments used to hedge interest risk
| As of December 31, 2023
| Carrying amount (fair value) | Stated amount | Maturity date | Interest rate range
| $ millions | $ millions | Years | %
Israeli Shekel |  |  |  |
SWAP contracts from fixed ILS interest to fixed USD interest | (5) | 344 | 2024-2034 | 2.4-4.74%
| As of December 31, 2022
| Carrying amount (fair value) | Stated amount | Maturity date | Interest rate range
| $ millions | $ millions | Years | %
Israeli Shekel |  |  |  |
SWAP contracts from fixed ILS interest to fixed USD interest | 23 | 462 | 2024-2034 | 2.4-4.74%
2. Currency risk The Company is exposed to currency risk with respect to sales, purchases, assets and liabilities that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the Company. The main exposure is the New Israeli Shekel, Euro, British Sterling, Chinese Yuan Brazilian Real and Turkish Lira. The Company enters foreign currency derivatives – forward exchange transactions and currency options – all in order to protect the Company from the risk that the eventual cash flows, resulting from existing assets and liabilities, and sales and purchases of goods within the framework of firm or anticipated commitments (based on a budget of up to one year), denominated in foreign currency, will be affected by changes in the exchange rates. (a) Sensitivity analysis A 10% increase at the rate of the US dollar against the following currencies would have increased (decreased) profit or loss by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that all other variables, in particular interest rates, remain constant.
| As of December 31,
| Impact on profit (loss)
| 2023 | 2022
| $ millions | $ millions
Non-derivative financial instruments |  |
US Dollar/Euro | (82) | (131)
US Dollar/Israeli Shekel | 70 | 152
US Dollar/British Pound | 2 | (1)
US Dollar/Japanese Yen | - | (2)
US Dollar/Brazilian Real | 31 | -
US Dollar/Chinese Yuan | 21 | 2
A 10% decrease of the US dollar against the above currencies as of December 31, 2023, would have the same effect but in the opposite direction. Presented hereunder is a sensitivity analysis of the Company’s foreign currency derivative instruments. Any change in the exchange rates of the principal currencies shown below would have increased (decreased) profit and loss and equity by the amounts shown below. This analysis assumes that all other variables remain constant.
| As of December 31, 2023
| Increase 10% | Increase 5% | Decrease 5% | Decrease 10%
| $ millions
US Dollar/Brazilian Real |  |  |  |
Forward transactions | 1 | 1 | (1) | (2)
US Dollar/Israeli Shekel |  |  |  |
Forward transactions | (64) | (33) | 41 | 84
Forward transactions hedge accounting | (28) | (14) | 16 | 34
SWAP | (30) | (16) | 17 | 36
US Dollar/British Pound |  |  |  |
Forward transactions | (1) | - | - | 1
Options | (1) | - | - | 1
Euro/ US Dollar |  |  |  |
Forward transactions | 6 | 3 | (3) | (5)
Options | 3 | 1 | (2) | (4)
Other |  |  |  |
Forward transactions | - | - | - | (2)
(b) Terms of derivative financial instruments used to reduce foreign currency risk
| As of December 31, 2023
| Carrying amount | Stated amount | Average
| $ millions | exchange rate
Forward contracts |  |  |
US Dollar/Israeli Shekel | 35 | 735 | 3.7
Euro/US Dollar | 5 | 12 | 1.1
US Dollar/Brazilian Real | - | 14 | 5.0
British Pound/US Dollar | - | 8 | 1.2
Euro/Chinese Yuan Renminbi | (1) | 82 | 7.7 |  |
Other | - | 54 | 293.9
Forward contracts hedge accounting |  |  |
US Dollar/Israeli Shekel | 6 | 345 | 3.7
Currency and interest SWAPs |  |  |
US Dollar/Israeli Shekel | (5) | 344 | 3.7
Put options |  |  |
US Dollar/Israeli Shekel | - | - | 3.7
Euro/US Dollar | - | 45 | 1.1
US Dollar/Japanese Yen | - | 5 | 140.7
British Pound/US Dollar | - | 12 | 1.2
Call options |  |  |
US Dollar/Israeli Shekel | - | - | 3.7
Euro/US Dollar | - | 45 | 1.1
US Dollar/Japanese Yen | - | 5 | 140.7
British Pound/US Dollar | - | 12 | 1.2
| As of December 31, 2022
| Carrying amount | Stated amount | Average
| $ millions | exchange rate
Forward contracts |  |  |
US Dollar/Israeli Shekel | (12) | 746 | 3.4
Euro/US Dollar | (4) | 146 | 1.1
US Dollar/Brazilian Real | 2 | 111 | 5.2
Euro/British Pound | - | (17) | 1.2
US Dollar/British Pound | - | 11 | 1.2
Other | (1) | 35 | -
Forward contracts hedge accounting |  |  |
US Dollar/Israeli Shekel | (14) | 360 | 3.4
Currency and interest SWAPs |  |  |
US Dollar/Israeli Shekel | 23 | 462 | 3.4
Put options |  |  |
US Dollar/Israeli Shekel | (11) | 240 | 3.4
Euro/US Dollar | 1 | 47 | 1.1
US Dollar/Japanese Yen | - | 3 | 130.4
US Dollar/British Pound | - | 12 | 1.2
Call options |  |  |
US Dollar/Israeli Shekel | 1 | 240 | 3.4
Euro/US Dollar | (1) | 47 | 1.1
US Dollar/Japanese Yen |  | 3 | 130.4
US Dollar/British Pound | - | 12 | 1.2
(c) Linkage terms of monetary balances – in millions of dollars
| As of December 31, 2023
| US Dollar | Euro | British Pound | Israeli Shekel | Brazilian Real | Chinese Yuan Renminbi | Other | Total
Non-derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 78 | 10 | 15 | 2 | 65 | 230 | 20 | 420
Short term investments and deposits | 163 | 1 | - | - | - | 5 | 3 | 172
Trade receivables | 523 | 261 | 58 | 66 | 355 | 78 | 35 | 1,376
Other receivables | 50 | 22 | 1 | 14 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 94
Other non-current assets | 10 | 4 | - | 1 | 7 | - | - | 22
Total financial assets | 824 | 298 | 74 | 83 | 428 | 314 | 63 | 2,084
Short-term debt | 483 | 143 | 24 | 199 | 6 | 3 | - | 858
Trade payables | 194 | 225 | 33 | 308 | 91 | 57 | 4 | 912
Other current liabilities | 42 | 82 | 3 | 27 | 14 | 11 | 1 | 180
Long term debt, debentures and others | 808 | 689 | 12 | 269 | 19 | 28 | 4 | 1,829
Other non-current liabilities | 1 | 39 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 41
Total financial liabilities | 1,528 | 1,178 | 72 | 803 | 131 | 99 | 9 | 3,820
Total non-derivative financial instruments, net | (704) | (880) | 2 | (720) | 297 | 215 | 54 | (1,736)
Derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward transactions | - | 12 | 8 | 735 | 14 | - | 136 | 905
Forward transactions hedge accounting | - | - | - | 345 | - | - | - | 345
Cylinder | - | 45 | 12 | - | - | - | 5 | 62
SWAPS – US dollar into Israeli shekel | - | - | - | 344 | - | - | - | 344
Total derivative instruments | - | 57 | 20 | 1,424 | 14 | - | 141 | 1,656
Net exposure | (704) | (823) | 22 | 704 | 311 | 215 | 195 | (80)
| As of December 31, 2022
| US Dollar | Euro | British Pound | Israeli Shekel | Brazilian Real | Chinese Yuan Renminbi | Others | Total
Non-derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | 41 | 17 | 7 | 1 | 30 | 306 | 15 | 417
Short term investments and deposits | 84 | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | 3 | 91
Trade receivables | 659 | 329 | 73 | 89 | 308 | 78 | 47 | 1,583
Other receivables | 15 | 18 | 1 | 12 | 1 | - | 8 | 55
Other non-current assets | 25 | 2 | - | - | 7 | - | 1 | 35
Total financial assets | 824 | 368 | 81 | 102 | 346 | 386 | 74 | 2,181
Short-term debt | 161 | 137 | 18 | 178 | 7 | 10 | 1 | 512
Trade payables | 202 | 229 | 27 | 372 | 103 | 69 | 4 | 1,006
Other current liabilities | 49 | 91 | 1 | 27 | 15 | 15 | - | 198
Long term debt, debentures and others | 1,141 | 659 | 14 | 453 | 8 | 34 | 3 | 2,312
Other non-current liabilities | - | 44 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 45
Total financial liabilities | 1,553 | 1,160 | 60 | 1,030 | 134 | 128 | 8 | 4,073
Total non-derivative financial instruments, net | (729) | (792) | 21 | (928) | 212 | 258 | 66 | (1,892)
Derivative instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward transactions | - | 146 | 11 | 746 | 111 | - | 17 | 1,031
Forward transactions hedge accounting | - | - | - | 360 | - | - | - | 360
Cylinder | - | 47 | 12 | 240 | - | - | 3 | 302
SWAPS – US dollar into Israeli shekel | - | - | - | 462 | - | - | - | 462
Total derivative instruments | - | 193 | 23 | 1,808 | 111 | - | 20 | 2,155
Net exposure | (729) | (599) | 44 | 880 | 323 | 258 | 86 | 263
3. Hedge accounting The Company is exposed to changes in the exchange rate of the Israeli shekel and euro against the dollar in respect of principal and interest in certain debentures, loans, labor costs, sales and other operating expenses. The Company's risk management strategy is to hedge the changes in cash flows deriving from liabilities, labor costs and other operational costs denominated in Israeli shekels by using derivatives. These exposures are hedged from time to time, according to the assessment of the exposure and inherent risks against which the Company chooses to hedge, in accordance with the Company's risk management strategy. In view of the above, the Company designated several forward contracts and options transactions for cash flow hedge and applied hedge accounting. These transactions, which include a portion of labor costs and other operational costs denominated in Israeli shekel and sales denominated in euro, are intended to secure the effect of the change in the exchange rate of the dollar against the hedged portion, thereby protecting the Company's operating income from currency fluctuation. The Company applies a 1:1 hedging ratio. The main source of potential ineffectiveness in these hedging ratios is negligible schedule differences between the hedged item and the hedging instrument. As of the date of the hedge transaction, the total balance of the hedged instruments amounted to about $390 million. F. Fair value of financial instruments The carrying amounts in the books of certain financial assets and financial liabilities, including cash and cash equivalents, investments, short-term deposits and loans, receivables and other debit balances, long-term investments and receivables, short-term credit, payables and other credit balances, long-term loans bearing variable interest and other liabilities, and derivative financial instruments, correspond to or approximate their fair value. The following table details the book value and the fair value of financial instrument groups presented in the financial statements not in accordance with their fair value:
| As of December 31, 2023 | As of December 31, 2022
| Carrying amount | Fair value | Carrying amount | Fair value
| $ millions | $ millions
Loans bearing fixed interest (1) | 337 | 306 | 339 | 302
Debentures bearing fixed interest |  |  |  |
Marketable (2) | 1,208 | 1,118 | 1,335 | 1,270
Non-marketable (3) | 196 | 194 | 195 | 191
| 1,741 | 1,618 | 1,869 | 1,763
| (1) | The fair value of the Israeli Shekel and Euro loans issued bearing fixed interest is based on calculation of the present value of the cash flows in respect of the principal and the interest and is discounted at the market interest rates on the measurement date for similar loans having similar characteristics and is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The average discount interest as of December 31, 2023 for the Israeli Shekel and Euro loans was 5.5%, 5.3% respectively (December 31, 2022 for the Israeli Shekel and Euro loans 5.2%, 4.9% respectively).
| (2) | The fair value of the marketable debentures is based on the quoted stock exchange price and is classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.
| (3) | The fair value of the non‑marketable debentures is based on calculation of the present value of the cash flows in respect of the principal and the interest and is discounted at the SOFR rate customary in the market for similar loans having similar characteristics and is classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy. The average discount interest as of December 31, 2023 was 8.1% (December 31, 2022 – 7%).
G. Hierarchy of fair value The following table presents an analysis of the financial instruments measured by fair value, using the valuation method. (See Note 4). The following levels were defined: Level 2: Observed data (directly or indirectly) not included in Level 1 above.
Level 2 | As of December 31, 2023 | As of December 31, 2022
$ millions | $ millions
Derivatives designated as economic hedge, net | 39 | (25)
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedge, net | 1 | 9
| 40 | (16)

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